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Alpine Mudflows in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming by F

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Alpine Mudflows in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming by F BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA VOL. 54, PP. 457-472. 2 PLS., 2 FIGS. MARCH 1, 1943 ALPINE MUDFLOWS IN GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK, WYOMING BY F. M. FKYXELL AND LELAND HOBBERG CONTENTS Page Abstract............................................................................................................................... 457 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 458 Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. 458 Weather conditions bearing on mudflow formation...................................................... 458 Circumstances of mudflow formation............................................................................. 461 Distribution of the mudflows........................................................................................... 462 Description and interpretation of the mudflows........................................................... 463 Upper Leigh Canyon................................................................................................. 463 Description......................................................................................................... 463 Interpretation..................................................................................................... 466 Lower Leigh Canyon................................................................................................. 467 Description......................................................................................................... 467 Interpretation..................................................................................................... 467 Moran Canyon........................................................................................................... 468 Cascade Canyon......................................................................................................... 468 High Peak area.......................................................................................................... 469 Damage by mudflows........................................................................................................ 469 Discussion of mudflows..................................................................................................... 470 References cited................................................................................................................. 472 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Index map.................................................................................................................... 459 2. Generalized sketch of a Teton mudflow................................................................. 463 Plate Facing page 1. Large mudflow in Leigh Canyon.............................................................................. 464 2. Mudflows in Leigh and Cascade canyons................................................................. 465 ABSTRACT The mudflows described formed in August 1941 in the Teton Range, Wyoming, and are of the little-known alpine type. Most of them occur in the larger canyons at 7500 to 8500 feet altitude, beneath talus slopes at the base of couloirs in the canyon walls. Individual mudflows vary in pattern due to differences in volume, gradient, and topography. They are distinguished by sandy matrix and a profusion of relatively small boulders. Where mudflows invaded steep sections of the eanyons their lower portions were reworked by flood waters of the main streams, and conse­ quently typical mudflows grade downward into roughly sorted deposits somewhat like torrent fans. (457) Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/54/3/457/3416202/BUL54_3-0457.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 458 f k y x e l l a n d HOBBEEG----ALPINE MUDFLOWS IN WYOMING Factors responsible for the formation of these mudflows include (1) development of unstable talus slopes as they approached saturation following prolonged rainy and cloudy weather; and (2) exceptionally heavy and sudden rain which caused short­ lived torrents to descend the steep couloirs of the canyon walls onto unstable talus beneath. The Teton mudflows demonstrate that in alpine regions, as in semiarid, unusual weather conditions may initiate mudflows in numbers so large as locally to over­ shadow many other geomorphic agencies. They then play a significant role in moving rock , debris out into the zones of stream attack, in the central parts of the canyons. Here they ultimately lose their characteristic mudflow form as the fine matrix is swept away and the boulders are distributed downstream. INTRODUCTION A summer of record precipitation in west-central Wyoming was climaxed in Grand Teton National Park in August 1941 by the formation of approximately 100 mudflows, a phenomenon not previously reported from this region. Several major canyons were profoundly changed by scarring of canyon slopes and deposition on canyon floors, where stream courses were shifted or obstructed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper is part of a larger study of the Teton Range which in the summer of 1941 was supported by a grant from the Penrose Bequest of The Geological Society of America. The authors acknowledge their indebtedness to this source and also their obligation to officials of the National Park Service who assisted in many ways. Chief Ranger Allyn Hanks compiled meteorological data used in this study, and Superin­ tendent Charles J. Smith and Naturalist Carl Jepson contributed valu­ able observations. Robert Crist and Joseph Hoare were very capable assistants. Thanks are particularly due Dr. R. P. Sharp, whose critical reading of this text proved invaluable. WEATHER CONDITIONS BEARING ON MUDFLOW FORMATION Meterological records indicate a close relationship between the unusual weather and the formation of mudflows. There are no data for the uninhabited alpine zone within which the mudflows formed (altitude 7500 to 11,500 feet), but records are available for near-by co-operative weather stations outside the mountains. The closest station is that which has been maintained since 1936 by the National Park Service at the Headquarters of Grand Teton National Park, situated at Moose (alti­ tude 6627 feet) about 3 miles east of the nearest mudflows (Fig. I).1 This station has furnished pertinent data which are summarized in the tables. 1 The next closest station is that maintained by the Forestry Service at Moran, 8 miles east of the nearest mudflows (Fig. 1). Its record closely parallels that of the Headquarters station herein summarized. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/54/3/457/3416202/BUL54_3-0457.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 WE ATHEE CONDITIONS BEARING ON MUDFLOW FORMATION 459 F igure 1.—Index map Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/54/3/457/3416202/BUL54_3-0457.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 460 FRYXELL AND HOKBERG----ALPINE MUDFLOWS IN WYOMING T able 1.—Cloudiness and rainfall record Total for June July August 3 months period Days clear: Average number, 1936-1940.. 9.4 10.6 15.8 35.8 3 4 2 9 xnm a Days partly cloudy: *8 Average number, 1936-1940.. 11.8 12.8 10.6 35.2 *2 11 14 15 40 O Days cloudy: Average number, 1936-1940.. 8.8 7.6 4.6 21.0 16 13 14 43 Days with measurable rainfall (.01 inch or more): Average number, 1936-1940.. 11.6 9.8 7.2 28.6 17 16 20 53 Days with .10 inch or more rainfall: Average number, 1936-1940.. 5.4 4.6 3.6 13.6 Rainfall 7 7 11 25 Rainfall totals: Average rainfall, 1936-1940. 1.83 in. 1.20 in. .79 in. 3.82 in. 2.24 1.70 3.83 7.77 1941 departures from the + .41 + .50 +3.04 +3.95 * In June, July, and August 1941 only once did two clear days occur in succession, t During this 3 months at no time did more than three successive days elapse without precipitation. Table 2 gives the rainfall distribution for the 25 days in the 3 months when precipitation at Headquarters amounted to .10 inch or more, and the rainfall for each day. No specific data are available from the Tetons on altitudinal va­ riation of rainfall, but it is believed that the zone of maximum pre- T able 2.—Rainfall distribution June 4 . 10 in. July 7 17 in. August 5 .33 5 .12 8 17 8 .13 7 .30 14 27 9 1.04 8 .18 19 17 11 .29 9 .29 20 18 12 .60 20 .45 21 11 15 .24 28 .25 25 25 16 .10 17 .10 19 .35 24 .15 27 .11 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/54/3/457/3416202/BUL54_3-0457.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 WEATHER CONDITIONS BEARING ON MUDFLOW FORMATION 461 cipitation lies above the base of the range. If so, in the zone of mudflow formation there were probably more than 53 rainy days in the 3 months, and rainfall totals probably exceeded those of Headquarters, at 6627 feet on the floor of Jackson Hole a mile east of the mountains. The writers experienced several rains in the range, some of cloudburst proportions, not reflected in the Headquarters record. The cloudiness of the summer as indicated at Headquarters is significant because “partly cloudy” or “cloudy” in Jackson Hole almost invariably means rainfall somewhere in the adjacent Tetons. On the southwest slope of the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, A. J. Henry (1919, p. 40) found that in both 1914 and 1915 the precipitation from June to September inclusive increased with altitude between 8000 and 10,000 feet at the rate of 1 inch for each 1000 feet. A similar ratio of increase, if applied to the Tetons, gives
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