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Home , Jebe, Kublai Khan

APPEARANCES IN THE AP CURRICULUM: . Existing Trade Routes flourished () . Growth of Regional Trade . The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge and technological adaptations to it (Central Asian Pastoral groups used horses) . The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well-established paths of trade and military conquest. . Pastoral peoples in Eurasia built powerful and distinctive that integrated people and institutions from both the pastoral and agrarian worlds. . In some places, new forms of governance emerged, including the () . Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers across the Mongol . In response to increasing demand in Afro-Eurasia for foreign luxury goods, crops were transported from their indigenous homelands to equivalent climates in other regions. . As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and hierarchies. Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence, most notably among the Mongols

1221 CE 1215 CE 1227 CE 1236 CE 1258 CE CONQUER THE KHWARIZEM DEATH OF THE CONQUER BAGHDAD JIN DESTROYED DESTROYED

1162 CE 1206 CE 1207 CE 1218 CE 1223 CE 1240 CE 1260 CE 1210 CE 1210 CE 1229 CE TEMUCHIN ENVOY KILLED BY DEFEATED THE CIVIL WAR TEMUCHIN NAMED MONGOLS BEGIN CONQUER MONGOL SCRIPT OGEDEI CONQUER KHWARIZMI ENDS EMPIRE IS BORN CONQUEST WESTERN XIA INVENTED ELECTED KHAN KIEV SHAH MUHAMMAD SLAVS

THIRD SON AND THE MOST IMPORTANT SUCCESSOR TO MONGOL BEHIND SUBUTAI GENGHIS KHAN. GENGHIS. KUBLAI WAS GENGHIS KHAN’s TOP GENERAL, HE RULED THE GENGHIS GRANDSON MUCH OF THE WAS GENGHIS KHAN MONGOLS AT AND SERVED AS THE WON UNDER THE LEADERASHIP OF LAO TZU FOUNDER OF THE LARGEST THE PEAK OF GREAT KHAN FOR 34 FOUNDER OF DAOISM & SUBATAI. HE CONQUERED MORE EMPIRE IN WORLD HISTORY. HIS THEIR POWER & YEARS, MUCH OF AUTHOR OF THE TAO TE TERRITORY THAN ANY GENERAL IN HUBRIS AND LUST FOR EMPIRE EMPIRE. THAT RULING CHING HISTORY (32 NATIONS). LED HIM INTO , AFRICA, OVER and JAPAN. (NO ONE KNOWS WHAT HE LOOKED LIKE… THIS IS A STATUE IN ) KUBLAI OGEDEI KHAN KHAN

. BORN IN 1162?, 1167? . FATHER POISONED BY ENEMIES . POOR PASTORAL NOMAD . KILLED HIS BROTHER FOR STEALING HIS FISH . LIVED ON THE STEPPE . KIDNAPPED (TWICE) o ROUGHLY 2x THE ATLANTIC OCEAN . MARRIED BORTE (ARRANGED)  FLAT, HARSH o BORTE KIDNAPPED FOR 9 MONTHS  KNOW LITTLE: o GAVE BIRTH TO (PARENTAGE?) o APPEARANCE? . WORSHIPPED BLUE SKY/MTN RANGE o DEATH? BURIAL? . UNITED THE MONGOL TRIBES VIA WAR

BELOW ARE SOME GENERALITIES ABOUT THE MONGOLS

1. HORSES 2. THE BOW . STEPPE WAS PERFECT . 160 POUNDS/150 ARROW QUIVER TERRITORY FOR HORSES . ARMOR PIERCING ARROWHEADS o GRASSLANDS . SHOOT 12 ARROWS A MINUTE . CUTTING EDGE TECH. . COULD SHOOT A BIRD OUT OF . 2000 BCE or 1800 CE: THIS IS THE SKY THE TOP SPEED FOR PEOPLE . 5 MONGOL ARCHERS ONCE HIT 3 . EACH MONGOL HAD UP TO 20 TARGETS FROM 500 m HORSES WITH THEM . FIRED MID HORSE STRIDE (ALL . WOULD COME AT A WHISTLE FEET OFF GROUND)

3. LIFESTYLE

. STEPPE-LIFE=HARSH LIFE . PASTORAL PEOPLE . FOLLOWED THEIR ANIMALS . LIVED IN YURT (TENT) FOR MOBILITY . WOMEN HELD HIGHER STATUS (SEE TOROGENE BELOW) . PHYSICAL ADVANTAGE OVER THE SEDINTARY PEOPLE

“WE WANT YOU TO BE KHAN. TEMUCHIN, IF YOU WILL BE OUR KHAN, WE WILL SEARCH THROUGH THE SPOILS FOR THE BEAUTIFUL WOMEN AND VIRGINS; THROUGH THE GREAT PALACE TENTS FOR THE LOVELIEST WOMEN, FOR THE FINEST MARES. WE WILL GATHER ALL OF THESE AND BRING THEM TO YOU. IF WE DISOBEY YOUR COMMAND DURING BATTLE, TAKE AWAY OUR

POSSESSIONS, OUR CHILDREN, AND OUR WIVES. LEAVE US BEHIND IN THE DUST, CUTTING OFF OUR HEADS WHERE WE STAND AND LETTING THEM FALL TO THE GROUND. LEAVE US BEHIND IN THE DESERT. WE PROCLAIM YOU, GENGHIS KHAN (UNIVERSAL RULER).” -OATH TAKEN AT THE 1206

. STEPPE PEOPLE HAD BEEN . BEGAN USING UYGUR SCRIPT RARELY MORE THAN A . TATARS UNAWARE THAT NUISANCE TO THE SETTLED GENGHIS KHAN (GK) WAS MADE PEOPLE OF CHINA* (SEE BELOW) RULER OF ALL STEPPE PEOPLE . BIG FEAR=UNIFICATION AT THE 1206 KURULTAI . CHINA OFTEN PLAYED ONE o “ALL PEOPLE WHO DWELL IN FELT TENTS” GROUP OFF OF ANOTHER . SECOND STOP: THE NAIMAN . 1206-TEMUCHIN BECAME o QUICKLY CONQUERED AS WELL GENGHIS KHAN WHEN HE . NEW CONFEDERATION WAS UNITED THE STEPPE MONGOLS FUELED BY ONE THING: . FIRST STOP: THE TATARS o LOOT, PLUNDER, BOOTY o QUICKLY CONQUERED BY THE . BEST PLACE IN THE WORLD TO GET THE GOODS? CHINA MONGOL CAVALRY *WARNING: AT THIS POINT IN HISTORY, CHINA IS DISUNIFIED AFTER THE FALL OF THE TANG. SO… THERE WERE ACTUALLY THREE CHINAS

1209 1211 1279

. WEAKEST OF THE THREE CHINESE . STRONGEST OF THE THREE CHINESE DYNASTIES . MOST CHINESE OF THE THREE CHINAS . GK’s FIRST ATTACK ON A SEDENTARY SOCIETY . JIN WERE FORMER STEPPE PEOPLE WHO HAD DEFEATED . PAY ATTENTION TO THE DATE OF THIS VICTORY o TATARS & NAIMAN ARE STEPPE NOMADS THE CHITANS TO RULE o THIS ATTACK BEGINS UNDER OGEDEI AND IS NOT . MONGOL TACTIC: THE INDIRECT ATTACK o SINIFIED=NO LONGER STEPPE WARRIORS COMPLETE UNTIL IN 1279 o ENEMY THINKS YOU WILL ATTACK AT POINT A, o ARMY=600k CAVALRY=120k POPULATION=60 MILL . OGEDEI FINISHED OFF THE JIN DYNASTY YOU SHOULD ATTACK AT POINT B o RECENTLY DEFEATED THE o JIN COMMITS SUICIDE o IN THIS CASE, POINT B MEANS TRACKING o ALL THE RESOURCES OF CHINA o DURING ATTACK, SONG CHINA GETS 2 OFFERS: YOUR ENTIRE ARMY THROUGH THE GOBI . MONGOLS USED PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE . 1. “HELP”- JIN DYNASTY DESERT (CONSIDERED IMPASSABLE BY XIA) . IF YOU DID NOT SURRENDER, YOU WOULD ALL DIE . 2. “HELP”- MONGOL EMPIRE o INITIAL ATTACK IS SUCCESSFUL . COLLECTED EARS AS PROOF; BEHEADED WITH AXE . SONG CHOOSES THE LATTER (MONGOLS) . XIA QUICKLY RETREAT INTO THEIR CITIES . GK WENT TO THE MTNS. GODS TOLD HIM CHINA WAS HIS o AFTERWARDS, SONG TAKE KAIFENG & CHANG’AN o BEHIND WALLS/FORTIFICATIONS/DEFENSES . 1210: KURULTAI DECREED: BUILD WARFARE UNITS . (WITHOUT ASKING THE MONGOLS) . MONGOLS HAVE NO SIEGE WEAPONRY… o GK KNEW THAT THE JIN WERE INTERNALLY WEAK o MONGOLS INVADE THE SONG o A: TAKE TONS OF PRISONERS . OUTER DEFENCES WERE CHITAN (WHO HATED JIN) . 50 MILLION PEOPLE . CHARGE THEM AT THE WALLS . CONQUERED OUTSKIRTS; JIN GENERALS DEFECT . TAKES YEARS . HAD THEM DAM UP THE YELLOW RIVER . DRIVE OFF ALL OF THE JIN PASTURE ANIMALS  INTERNAL PROBLEMS IN MONGOL . DAM BREAKS AND KILLS MOST PRISONERS . LARGEST CONFLICT UNTIL WORLD WAR ONE EMPIRE HINDER THE ATTACK . FREAKS OUT XIA ENOUGH TO FORCE A PEACE o CENSUS AFTERWARDS: 10s of MILLIONS GONE o SUCCESSION, CIVIL WAR, ETC. . COMPLETELY DESTROYED THE JIN CAPITAL XIONGDU . 1279: SONG FALL; BEGINS o MODERN DAY (SEE QUOTE ON NEXT PAGE) o NEW EMPEROR=KUBLAI KHAN

“MONGOLS COMPLETED THE FINAL ASSAULT THAT CAPTURED THE CITY VERY QUICKLY. THE SACK WAS TERRIBLE TO BEHOLD. FOR SEVERAL DAYS, MONGOLS SET LOOSE AND DEVASTATED THE CITY. AS MANY AS 60,000 GIRLS COMMITTED SUICIDE… CARAVANS WITH THOUSANDS OF CARTS CARRIED LOOT BACK TO MONGOLIA FOR WEEKS AND THE FIRES STARTED IN THE CITY LASTED FOR OVER A MONTH. THE MONGOLS LEFT WHEN THE STENCH OF DEAD BODIES BECAME TOO MUCH. JIN DYNASTY SENT ANOTHER RELIEF FORCE, WHICH WAS QUICKLY SLAUGHTERED. ALL OF NORTHERN CHINA WAS DEVASTATED. ENORMOUS TRACKS OF CROPLAND WERE DESTROYED, FLOODED, OR BURNED. HUNDREDS OF VILLAGES, TOWNS, AND CITIES WERE DESTROYED. MANY MORE WERE EMPTIED AS A RESULT OF THE DEADLY DISEASES THAT ACCOMPANIED SUCH DESTRUCTION. IN SOME CASES THE MONGOLS FORCED ENTIRE GROUPS TO LEAVE AN AREA AND JOIN THE MILLIONS OF NEWLY HOMELESS.” -BAHA AL-DIN, EMISSARY FOR THE KHWARIZMIAN SHAH TO XIONGDU OTHER NOTATIONS MADE BY BAHA AL-DIN:  THOUGHT HE SAW A SNOW COVERED MOUNTAIN IN THE DISTANCE, TURNED OUT TO BE MOUNTAIN OF SKULLS  MANY OF HIS EMISSARY DIED FROM THE STENCH  CITY HAD 40 FT WALLS, 900 BATTLE TOWERS, 13 GATES, SUBTERRANEAN TUNNELS, TRIPLE MOAT  REPORT BACK TO SHAH: NOT ONLY ARE THE JIN WAY MORE  HAD TO ABANDON THE ROAD BECAUSE IT WAS TOO MARSHY FROM DECOMPOSING BODIES ADVANCED THAN US; BUT SOMEONE JUST CAME THROUGH AND DESTROYED THEM

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. DURING THE JIN CAMPAIGN, THE . GK SENT TRADE EMISSARY TO NEW NEIGHBOR . KS FLEES; TELLS EVERY TOWN TO . 2. TABLISI GEORGIANS NAIMAN REVOLTED… BIG MISTAKE o SHAH of KHWAREZMID EMPIRE (KS) BURN EVERYTHING FOR HELL IS COMING WAITING ON THEM o 70k Geo.; 30k . KUCHLUG (SON OF NAIMAN KHAN) o SHAH STEALS GOODS/MERCHANTS KILLED BEHIND HIM (SCORCHED EARTH) . Steppe people FLED WEST & TOOK OVER . GK SENDS AMBASSADOR TO FIND THEM . GK SENDS SUBUTAI ( ) KARACHITAN EMPIRE (MAP) o SHAH KILLS SOME/SHAVES SOME (DISGRACE) o MONGOLS FEIGNED o TOP GENERAL IN PURSUIT RETREAT, GOT NEW o BUDDHIST WHO RULED OVER “YOU KILL MY MEN AND MY MERCHANTS AND YOU TAKE FROM o SHAH DIES IN HORSES, DESTROYED THE (PERSECUTED THEM) THEM MY PROPERTY. PREPARE FOR WAR, FOR I AM COMING . SUBUTAI RETURNS WITH NEWS GEORGIANS . KUCHLUG ALLIED WITH AGAINST YOU WITH A HOST YOU CANNOT WITHSTAND.” –RESPONSE FROM GENGHIS KHAN o RICH POWERFUL PEOPLE TO THE NORTHo FLED BEHIND WALL KHWAREZMIAN SHAH OF KHWARZEMIDS (EUROPE) o MONGOLS NEVER FOLLOW . KS IS NO CHUMP; CONSIDERED THE 2nd  MUSLIMS HATE KUCHLUG . GK SENDS SUBUTAI BACK FOR RECON . MONGOLS GET GUIDES  GK SHOWS UP ALEXANDER AT THE TIME (400k ARMY) o 1. HAMADANDEMANDS PROVISIONS THROUGH MOUNTAINS o KUCHLUG REFUSED TO . MONGOLS ATTACKED FROM 5 SIDES . GRANTED; ASK FOR MORE; REFUSE o 50k ARMY WAITING HELP THE JIN DYNASTY . KS HAD HIS ARMIES HIDE IN HIS FORTIFIED CITIES . KILLS EVERYONE IN TOWN o KILL THEM ALL o GK PROCLAIMS 1. OTRARKILLED EVERYONE . RUNS INTO THE 1st CHRISTIANTS: GEORGIA. DESTROY KIEV AS WELL 2. BUKHARA KILLED EVERYONE RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE “JUST KNOW YOU HAVE COMMITTED GREAT SINS. AND, IF YOU ASK ME WHAT PROOF I HAVE? . USES MUSLIM HELP 3.  KILLED EVERYONE I SAY, IT IS BECAUSE I AM THE PUNISHMENT OF GOD. IF YOU HAVE NOT COMMITTED GREAT KUCHLUG TO KILL KUCHLUG 4. URGENCH KILLED EVERYONE SINS, HE WOULD NOT HAVE SENT A PUNISHMENT LIKE ME UPON YOU.” 5. NISHAPUR (CAPITAL) KILLED EVERYONE –GENGHIS KHAN IN THE CENTER OF BUKHARA

. MONGOL RECONAISSANCE FORCE OF 30k HAD JUST DEFEATED: o 70k GEORGIA KNIGHTS, 30k KIPCHAK CAVALRY, 80k RUSSIAN TROOPS o LONGEST CAVALRY RIDE IN THE HISTORY (5,500 MILES) o (SOME OF THE WERE TIED UP ALIVE UNDER VICTORY PLATFORM WHERE THEY THEN FEASTED TO THE SOUNDTRACK OF DEATH MOANS BELOW THEM) . RUSSIANS CONFUSED… MONGOLS DISAPPEARED… WHERE DID THEY GO? o MISSION WAS OVER. GK CALLS THEM HOME. o RIDE DIRECTLY ACROSS THE STEPPE ON THE WAY HOME . HIGHWAY TO EUROPE; NOTHING BUT STEPPE BETWEEN MONGOLS & EURO o JEBE THE ARROW DIES ON THE WAY BACK . THE SECRET HISTORY OF MONGOLS= DEVOTES 4 LINES TO THIS EXPEDITION… . GK’s LAST CAMPAIGN: XIA “GENGHIS KHAN SENT SUBATAI THE BRAVE OFF TO WAR IN THE NORTH WHERE HE DEFEATED 11 KINGDOMS & TRIBES, CROSSING o DIDN’t HELP AGAINST THE THE VOLGA AND URAL RIVERS; FINALLY GOING TO WAR WITH KHWARIZMIAN SHAH KIEV. ” o TAKE THE CAPITAL –ONLY MENTION OF SUBUTAI’s EXPEDITION TO EUROPE IN THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE . KILL EVERYONE o TAKE JIN CAPITAL TOO . KILL EVERYONE GENGHIS KHAN BORTE AUGUST 18, 1227: GENGHIS KHAN DIES 1162-1227 1161-1230 . BEFORE HIS DEATH, GK LAID OUT . OK INHERITED THE GREATEST MILITARY THE ORDER OF SUCCESSION ON THE PLANET o KURULTAI MUST BE HELD o EMPIRE COVERED 12 M Sq. Miles o UNANIMOUS DECISION MUST BE o FINISH HIS FATHER’s JOB MADE AMONGST FAMILY . GK ATTACKED ONE PLACE AT A TIME o CHOOSE OGEDEI (3rd SON) o OK ATTACKED EVERYWHERE! . SONS WILL GET ALONG AND . 1. JIN CHINA (AGAIN) FOLLOW THE SUCCESSION RULES o CHINA WAS ALWAYS THE PRIZE o GRANDCHILDREN WILL NOT o AFTER GK LEFT, JIN & SONG BEGAN JOCHI CHAGATAI OGEDEI . CIVIL WAR BETWEEN FIGHTING ONE ANOTHER 1181-1227 1183-1242 1186-1241 1192-1232 BROTHERS KUBLAI & ARIQ . (SEE SONG CHINA ABOVE) (1229-1241) . OGEDEI KHAN (O.K.) (1229-1241) . 2. MIDDLE EAST (AGAIN) o BIG ALCOHOL PROBLEM o EXPANDED THE EMPIRE INTO PERSIA o LIMITED TO ONE CUP PER DAY (THIS IS NOT THE TIME WHEN THE MONGOLS INVADED o CARRIED A MASSIVE CUP BAGHDAD AND KILLED THE CALIPH AND ALL OF HIS o EVENTUALLY KILLS HIM IN 1241 FAMILY. THAT WAS UNDER MONGKE IN 1258) o OGEDEI GETS SICK “THE EMPIRE CREATED ON HORSEBACK MONGKE o ORACLE BONES SUGGEST THAT A CANNOT BE RULED ON HORSEBACK.” BATU –DAOIST ADVISOR TO GENGHIS & OGEDEI KHAN MONGOL LEADER SHOULD BE GUYUK 1209-1259 SACRIFICED 1207-1255 1206-1248 (1251-1259) . OGEDEI HAD TO ADMINISTER . TOLUI DRINKS POISON… DIES (1246-1248) o BECOMES THE . OGEDEI GETS BETTER! OFFICIAL CAPITAL . 3. EUROPE (AGAIN) o HUGE WALLS AROUND CAPITAL o 150k SOLDIERS (7x SUBUTAI’s ARMY) o TAX SYSTEM CREATED o 4 GK GRANDKIDS; 2 FUTURE KHANS o STRENGTHENS COURIER o INVADE RUSSIA IN WINTER… & WIN SYSTEM o DEFEAT HUNGARY, POLAND… KUBLAI o CHRISTIAN, MUSLIM, DAOIST o OGEDEI DIES ADVISORS =GREAT KHAN 1215-1294 . RETURN FOR THE KURULTAI (YEARS OF REIGN AS GREAT KHAN) (1260-1294)

. GK’s TOP GENERAL . 1201: GK GETS SHOT BY . GK’s THIRD SON . =FEMALE NOBLE . IF YOU REMEMBER TWO o RANKING (TOP GENs) AN ARROW IN THE NECK . CHARISMATIC . CHECK THAT FAMILY MONGOLS EVER, THE . #11 WORLDHISTORIA . CHOSEN AS TREE ON THE PREVIOUS OTHER SHOULD BE . CONQUERED: SUCCESSOR AFTHER PAGE… KUBLAI KHAN th o 21 CAMPAIGNS JOCHI & CHAGATAI . THERE ARE SOME . TOLUI’s 4 SON o 32 NATIONS BRAWLED OVER WHO MISSING YEARS THERE . FOUGHT CIVIL WAR WITH o 65 BATTLES SHOULD BE IN CHARGE . Q: WHO WAS IN BROTHER TO BECOME o ONLY MAN TO . COURTEOUS CONTROL WHILE THE THE GREAT KHAN CONQUER RUSSIA . GENEROUS MEN WERE ARGUING . HIS EMPIRE WAS 20% OF . (AND HE DID IT 2x) . “NICEST” OF THE BROS. ABOUT WHO SHOULD EARTH’s SURFACE . GREATEST FEAT? . AFTER THE BATTLE, GK . ABLE TO KEEP THE TAKE OVER? . DISUNITY FROM CIVIL o DEFEATED TWO EURO ASKS, “WHO SHOT MY EMPIRE TOGETHER IT WAS THE WOMEN! WAR MEANT THAT HE ARMIES (POL/HUNG) HORSE IN THE NECK?” AFTER THE DEATH OF . OGEDEI’s WIFE REALLY ONLY . CAPTURED SOLDIER HIS FATHER CONTROLLED MONGOLIA 200 MILES APART ON . GUYUK’s MOM CONSECUTIVE DAYS NAMED ZURGADAI . RULED MONGOL EMPIRE . APPOINTED FEMALE & CHINA (KILLING THEM 40:1) RESPONDED AT ITS PEAK ADVISORS . ESTABLISHED THE YUAN o TURNED BACK DUE TO . “I SHOT YOU IN THE . CONTINUED HIS . CONTINUED ATTACKS ON DYNASTY IN CHINA NECK, NOT YOUR FATHER’s CONQUEST: . ONLY NON-CHINESE TO DEATH OF OGEDEI THE SONG CHINESE HORSE!” o JIN CHINA . SELJUKS, ABBASIDS, CONQUER ALL OF CHINA . PLEDGES LOYALTY TO o GEORGIA GEORGIANS, RUSSIANS . ONLY MONGOL TO GAIN GK o ARMENIA ALL SENT EMISSARIES NEW TERRITORY AFTER . GK MAKES HIM A TOP o KIEVAN RUS TO MEET WITH HER 1260 COMMANDER o HUNGARY . SCHEMED AS REGENT . VISITED . FOUGHT AGAINST o PERSIA TO GET HER CHOICE TO . SUSTAINED THE KHWARZ, RUSSIA, et al. o KOREA BECOME KHAN… HE DID. GREATNESS OF CHINA CONTEMPORARY CHINESE DEPICTION o DELHI SULTANATE