Volume 42 / Issue 1 January / February 2019

Water Reuse European sector review. Page 12

Circular Economy ZERO BRINE pilots underway. Page 16

Water & Sanitation Affordable microloans. Page 30

Training Chlorine safety. Page 43

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WASTEWATER TREATMENT FUNDAMENTALS I LIQUID TREATMENT

For further information please see the Advertiser Contact List on page 50 Published by

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Western U.S. and Canada Suzanne Shutty Features Regulars [email protected] Cell: 703-407-0289 11 Advanced Water Treatment 6 Commentary South East US and Latin America 7 Global News Cari McBride Steady growth for water reuse in Europe; Dynamic 601 Wythe St., Alexandria, 10 Milestones VA 22314 USA growth for desalination and water reuse in 2019; ZERO Office phone: +1 703 535 5266 45 Technology Update Mobile: +1 703 626 7449 / Fax: +1 703 229 6499 BRINE: Circular economy approach to industrial [email protected] wastewater 49 Events Other information 18 Resiliency Subscription rates 1 Year: UK and Rest of the World £150 Planning for natural disasters to strengthen resiliency © WEF – 2019 Editorial Advisory No part of this publication may be reproduced by 22 Water & Wastewater Management Board any means without prior written permission from the publishers. Every effort is made to ensure the Transforming the economics of water utility operations; accuracy of material published in World Water & Improving municipal management with smart Albert Cho Environmental Engineering. However, WEF will not VP for Strategy & Development be liable for any inaccuracies. The views expressed infrastructure; Plant-based solution neutralizes odors by contributors are not necessarily those of the Xylem Inc. Editor or publishers. Dr. Hoshik Lee, Vice President The title WORLD WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL 28 Resource Recovery ENGINEERING is registered at Stationers’ Hall. Korean Society of Water Jersey’s sludge digestion facility achieves early payoff Environment The magazine is printed on environmentally friendly paper. Both text paper and cover stock are elementary chlorine free and sourced from paper 30 Water & Sanitation Yosuke Matsumiya suppliers with a well planned environmental policy. Director, International Division, Microloans to expand water access in Cambodia The magazine includes editorial photographs Technical Department, Japan Sewage provided and paid for by suppliers. Works Association World Water is published bi-monthly by WEF and 32 Decentralized Treatment Shannon McCarthy distributed in the USA by Asendia USA, 701 Ashland Fluence establishes footprint in China; New financing Ave, Folcroft PA. Periodicals postage paid at Secretary General, International Philadelphia, PA and additional mailing offices. strategy expands reuse opportunities; Effluent sewer POSTMASTER: send address changes to World Desalination Association Water, 701 Ashland Ave, Folcroft PA 19032 and treatment system solves wastewater crisis Paul O’Callaghan ISSN 1354-313X / USPS No: 024-544 Founder & CEO, BlueTech Design and Repro www.j-graphicdesign.co.uk 37 Landfill Leachate Research Printed by Buxton Press Ltd, Buxton, Derbyshire UK Onsite evaporation using waste energy Cindy Wallis-Lage President, Global Water Business, 39 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Black & Veatch Corporation Cyanide analysis in mine treatment; U.S. Water solution optimizes creamery operations 41 Training Cover image: A Dollar in the water Water associations enhance chlorine safety training Photo by: blackpixel, Shutterstock

World Water January / February 2019 6 Commentary Collaborate to Innovate

and through creativity and determination have but it may take some creativity to identify partners developed water-recycling collaborations that that can share expertise and resources. Fortun- inspire others. A few examples follow. ately, there are many great examples that we can learn from and modify to fit local needs. Many The City of Wichita Falls, Texas more examples will be presented at the 34th In 2014, faced with catastrophic drought, record Annual WateReuse Symposium. The Sympos- high temperatures, and a rapidly depleting ium’s theme, Collaborate to Innovate, seeks to reservoir, the City of Wichita Falls rushed imple- showcase how effective collaborations within the mentation of the first high profile direct potable recycled water community can lead to innovative Patricia Sinicropi reuse (DPR) project in the US. Anticipating solutions for managing water resources. Technical Executive Director potential public skepticism over the safety of and plenary sessions will examine: recycled water, Wichita Falls undertook a colla- • The latest water management strategies WateReuse Association boration with its local medical community to adopted by business, industry, technology effectively address the public’s concerns over the providers, and utilities that incorporate recycled safety of its potable reuse system. Wichita Falls water solutions was able to develop a DPR project rapidly to • Practical management tools used by forward- avoid a dire water shortage while simultaneously looking community leaders to prepare their educating the public and planning for a long-term water utilities for a recycled water future solution to add purified water to its drinking • How technology innovators work with utility and ommunities are finding innovative water reservoir, Lake Arrowhead. industrial customers to ensure that the right ways to incorporate water reuse treatment systems are available into their water management Pure Water Monterey, California • How utilities and industries work with research- strategies to ensure a safe, The Pure Water Monterey project is a collabor- ers to ensure that decision-making is informed reliable, locally controlled water ation between two public agencies to provide a by good science. supply and manage an increas- sustainable source of water for Monterey County Cingly complex water resource management residents. Jointly developed by Monterey system. Water recycling is becoming an essential Peninsula Water Management District and This collaboration is a multi- ingredient for ensuring livable communities with Monterey One Water, Pure Water Monterey healthy environments, robust economies, and a emphasizes advanced water recycling technology, benefit, integrated, regional high quality of life. replenishment of the groundwater supply, and solution that will no doubt The WateReuse Association represents utilities, protection of the environment. Pure Water businesses, and end users that are on the lead- Monterey provides both purified potable water for become a model of water ing edge of innovation in water recycling, and one domestic use as well as a supply for irrigating one recycling for other regions key component in the success of these endeav- of the country’s most fertile agricultural regions in ors is identifying creative ways to collaborate with the Salinas Valley. The project will be the first of in California and around other entities. While the addition of water recycling its kind to use not only wastewater but also storm- to a water management plan will put a commu- water, food industry processing water, and the world. nity on a more sustainable path, these projects impaired surface waters. This collaboration is a sometimes face economic, technical, and social multi-benefit, integrated, regional solution that will The Annual WateReuse Symposium will also barriers. Creative collaborations can help over- no doubt become a model of water recycling for include, for the first time, a collaboration with the come these barriers and lead to innovations that other regions in California and around the world. Water Research Foundation resulting in a track protect a community’s water future while serving on the latest in water reuse research. Collabor- as models for others. Because collaborations play National Blue Ribbon Commission ation is the key to innovation, and you can learn such an important role in water recycling projects, The National Blue Ribbon Commission is a from many inspiring examples in San Diego this Collaborate to Innovate is this year’s theme for the collaboration of 30 municipalities, public health September at the 34th Annual WateReuse 34th Annual WateReuse Symposium taking place agencies, water utilities, and national organiza- Symposium. I look forward to seeing you there! in San Diego, California, United States (US), on tions to advance best management practices for September 8–11, 2019. The many faces of onsite non-potable water systems. Onsite water Author’s Note collaboration can include: recycling systems collect wastewater, graywa- Patricia Sinicropi has nearly two decades of • Partnerships between individual or multiple ter, stormwater, or rainwater and clean it to a level experience as a policy expert and advocate public and private entities necessary for non-potable uses inside or outside on water-related issues in Washington, DC, • Utilities working with industrial, commercial, and of a building. When integrated with a city’s cen- United States. Prior to joining the WateReuse agricultural recycled water users tralized water and wastewater systems, these Association, Sinicropi served as Senior Legislative • Utilities working with the scientific and research smaller-scale, onsite systems can contribute to a Director for the National Association of Clean community more resilient and sustainable water management Water Agencies (NACWA), overseeing and • Industry collaborating with technology providers system by reducing stress on potable supplies or directing NACWA’s legislative advocacy program, • Utilities collaborating with technology providers minimizing strain on overburdened wastewater including policy analysis and advocacy on federal • Commercial developers working with comm- systems. The Commission is a model for stake- water policy related to infrastructure funding unity facilities such as stadiums and arenas holder-driven collaboration meeting an important and financing, climate and energy, integrated • One Water approach to collaboration. policy need for the broader water community. planning, rate-payer affordability, and agriculture. These examples illustrate how creative Sinicropi joined NACWA in 2008 after serving WateReuse Association members – with their collaboration leads to innovation. Sustainable 4 years as Legislative Counsel to the Water diverse needs, drivers, and geographies – have water management is in the interest of every Environment Federation, where her policy embraced the concept of Collaborate to Innovate agency, business, and person in the community, advocacy also included biosolids management.

January / February 2019 World Water Global News 7

Brown and New documentary Brave Caldwell to upgrade Palo New World showcases Alto facility water solutions The City of Palo Alto, California, US, selected Brown and Caldwell to provide design services for secondary treatment upgrades at the city’s Regional Water Quality Water Environment Federation situations,” says Eileen O’Neill, the planet.” Control Plant. The consultancy will (WEF) is a supporting partner for the Executive Director of WEF. “It’s The documentary will follow provide engin-eering services during new documentary film Brave Blue important to also show that we are Paul O’Callaghan, water industry all phases of the $31-million project World, which will be released in fall in an era of incredible progress with expert and CEO of BlueTech from preliminary design, design, bid 2019 and showcase how innovation great possibilities for enhanced water Research, as he visits sites that are period services, engineering services and technology can solve water security, and WEF is excited that employing novel ways of tackling during construction, and support challenges and advance resource Brave Blue World will highlight this water problems and turning them during commissioning and start- recovery around the planet. positive paradigm shift.” into opportunities. up by spring 2022. Brave Blue World will spur Filming took place at WEFTEC “The Brave Blue World docu- Operational since 1934 and people to rethink the management 2018 in New Orleans, Louisiana, mentary is an industry collaboration serving the communities of Los of water by showing the positive United States (US), and WEF and celebration of the scientific and Altos, Los Altos Hills, Mountain changes underway and the potential President Tom Kunetz was inter- technology advancements that have View, Palo Alto, Stanford Univer- for a sustainable water future. viewed for the documentary. been taking place, often behind the sity, and the East Palo Alto The circular economy, One Water, WEF intends to use the film as an scenes, to deliver water services,” Sanitary District, the facility, with a sanitation, and water reuse will opportunity for public outreach, says O’Callaghan. “This is the first capacity of 148 million liters, treats all be covered in the film. From particularly in collaboration with its time a documentary of this scale – wastewater before it is recycled or the International Space Station to network of 75 member associations. bringing together global projects discharged to the San Francisco Bay. developed and developing countries, “Innovation and technology are and partners – has been produced Upgrades are viewed as a key driver the film will take the audience on a driving exciting solutions to many of specifically on water.” in the city achieving long-term thought-provoking ride across four the problems facing humanity, and WEF is joined as a supporting utility performance and value as it continents to show how the human the water sector is no exception,” partner for the documentary by manages population growth-driven relationship with water is being says Kunetz. “Brave Blue World Dow Water Solutions, L’Oréal, and capacity constraints, heightened re-imagined. will showcase the promising break- SUEZ – Water Technologies & effluent quality regulations, and “Often we see the state of water throughs taking place in water Solutions. aging infrastructure challenges. portrayed from perspectives of science and engineering that will For more information, visit The facility underwent several difficult challenges and desperate contribute to a sustainable future for http://www.braveblue.world/. expansions and improvements, primarily in the 1970s and 1980s, so many assets are now in need of rehabilitation and replacement. The 4-year project will be con- ceptualized through energy- saving design principles with the goal of achieving energy use reduction throughout the plant. Innovations within Brown and Caldwell’s design include improved aeration and pumping systems and reconfiguration of the treatment process to provide higher quality, energy-efficient wastewater treatment.

Credit: SilverV, iStock

World Water January / February 2019 8 Global News

Biwater awarded Imagine H2O’s Water Innovation solar drying Week features 2019 Accelerator facility contract in Morocco companies In Morocco, the Office National de l’Electricité et de l’Eau Potable (ONEE) awarded a contract to the Imagine H2O, a nonprofit Altered: Water-saving product water agencies to manage and global consultancy Biwater, based accelerator based in San Francisco, range includes a dual flow atomizer respond to flooding and sewer in the United Kingdom (UK) to California, US, will hold its annual nozzle that retrofits in bathroom overflow events. design and construct a solar sludge Water Innovation Week from March and kitchen faucets to reduce up SwiftComply: Automated drying facility for a new wastewater 18–21, 2019. With a focus on to 98 percent water use with full compliance platform connects treatment plant in Laâyoune, “The Next Generation” of water functionality. water and wastewater regulators southern Morocco. professionals, Thursday, March Infinite Cooling: Easily with their customers to streamline The solar drying greenhouse will 21, will include the third annual retrofitted device for cooling towers compliance processes and reduce be designed to sustainably dry the IH2O/WEF Water Innovation reduces water losses in industrial administrative burden. effluent sludge produced as a by- Summit in addition to WaterGala power plants due to evaporation Zilper Trenchless: Technology product from the Laâyoune waste- ’19: CASCADE – Imagine H2O’s and enables water reuse. that can install and replace water water treatment plant. The treated celebration of 10 years of innovation Noria: Real-time membrane pipes without trench excavation, sewage sludge will be reduced to a and impact in the water sector. monitoring and decision-support minimizing disruption and realizing dry solids content of approximately Water Innovation Week Demo tool is used to reduce fouling project cost savings of over 40 80 percent, which will be transferred Day on March 20 will feature and mineral scaling in RO water percent. offsite for disposal. the following 2019 Accelerator treatment systems. ZwitterCo: Nanofiltration companies, selected from more than Orb: Hand-held, real-time membranes separate complex 250 applicants across 46 countries: molecular scanner to detect organics from wastewater with This new waste- 120WaterAudit: Cloud software pathogens and contaminants uses unprecedented fouling resistance, water infrastructure solution uses point-of-use testing kits a photon-based technology that enabling safer and more affordable and a cloud-based data management emits a unique fluorescent signature wastewater management. will provide treated platform to monitor and manage captured by an AI platform. WateROAM: Easy-to-use, low- water for reuse and lead compliance programs for cities PowerTech Water: Capacitive cost, portable water filter for off- and schools. coagulation modules remove grid communities and disaster- irrigation. Aquafortus: Non-thermal, 99 percent of toxic metals from affected areas. The filter requires fully regenerable zero liquid industrial wastewaters with near no electricity and achieves 99.99 The solar sludge drying facility discharge technology for high- 100 percent water recovery while percent bacteria removal. will provide state-of-the-art technol- salinity produced wastewaters to producing zero sludge. ogy, ensuring the sludge treatment continuously recover clean water SenZ2 BV: Wireless, real-time Visit www.imagineh2o.org for meets environmental requirements and reduce operating costs of radar-based level sensor monitors more information. and emission standards, says Giles treatment. water and wastewater levels for Jackson, Biwater’s regional director for Africa. Following construction, Biwater will provide 12 months of operational assistance and mainte- nance to the local workforce. Under a separate ONEE contract, Biwater is constructing Laâyoune’s main wastewater treatment facility, with approximately 75 percent of the construction already completed and proceeding ahead of schedule. This new wastewater infrastructure will reduce the ecological impact of wastewater disposal and provide treated water for reuse and irrigation. Laâyoune is home to approx- imately 40 percent of the regional population in southern Morocco. The city does not currently have adequate wastewater treatment infrastructure; therefore, this construction program is vital for providing improved sanitation to the people of Laâyoune.

January / February 2019 World Water Desalination facility un- derway in central Peru Fluence Corporation plans to de- sign, build, and operate a sea- water desalination plant in central Peru, including a 10-year Water Purchase Agreement (WPA) with an industrial client. The facility will use NIROBOX™ Smart Packaged units, with five NIROBOX SW-XL units being deployed initially and plans to expand to 10 units. The initial plant will be a US$8.4- million investment for Fluence and is expected to deliver a minimum of 1.1-million cubic meters of in- dustrial-grade water per year for the WPA customer. Fluence ex- the principal distributor of Landia pects the plant to be operational equipment in France, which also by the end of Q2 2019. The initial supplies former French-speaking WPA alone is expected to gener- countries in sub-Saharan Africa. ate US$1.7 million in annual rev- enue for Fluence. Negotiations Aqua Enviro to research for WPAs with additional industrial microalgae reuse customers are currently underway. As part of an Innovate UK grant, Fluence Managing Director and “Commercial use of biomass gen- CEO Henry Charrabé comments erated by microalgal treatment of THE on the project: “This is the third wastewater,” Industrial Phycology project-financed build own oper- (I-Phyc) commissioned the en- ate contract we have announced vironmental consultancy Aqua in 2018.” He explains that the Enviro to conduct market research PERFECT NIROBOX seawater system pro- in the wastewater and biomass vides a modular solution for areas sectors. that suffer from freshwater scarcity. Based in the United Kingdom In this instance, the system will (UK), Aqua Enviro will carry out the FLOW provide highly sought-after relief for market research to assess the vi- industrial clients in this arid region ability and economics of recycling of Peru. “As Fluence expands into algae generated from wastewater this new geographical and indus- treatment by the I-Phyc-patented Electric actuators for all types of trial region, the provision of reliable algae reactor. process water will allow our indus- In the domestic wastewater industrial valves trial customers to continue to plan market, I-Phyc has been devel- for sustainable growth,” he says. oping an algae reactor to remove Reliable and long-term service. AUMA phosphorus from wastewater as Landia pumps for Mali an alternative to metal ion dosing offers a comprehensive portfolio. university project (commonly ferric sulphate), which ■ An expansion project at the is the method of choice currently Customised solutions thanks to the University of Bamako in Mali calls used by UK water companies. The modular scheme for the installation of four new reactor is initially targeted at small pumps, designed and manufac- wastewater treatment works with ■ Simple power supply tured by Landia of Denmark. The a domestic population of less than pumps will be housed in a new in- 1,000. It has also been used suc- ■ Low operating costs let pump station at a wastewater cessfully for treatment of domes- ■ treatment facility close to comple- tic wastewaters and wastewa- Integration into all conventional tion in the district of Kabala by the ters from fruit juice, tin mining, and distributed control systems banks of the River Niger. dairy farming. Designed for pumping heavily I-Phyc Chief Scientist Lucie ■ Service worldwide contaminated fluids as well as ef- Novoveska says, “This is a great fluent with a high content of sol- opportunity to move towards Discover our solutions for ids, the Landia DG-I 80 pumps are chemical-free wastewater treat- the water industry equipped with an external knife ment, and with the potential to www.auma.com system at the inlet to the pump to produce a valuable by-product, prevent clogging problems. allowing us to approach a more The pumps will be supplied via environmentally friendly meth- HYDRANET’s Atlantique Industrie od of removing phosphorus from Groupe of Ancenis near Nantes, wastewater.” For further information please see the Advertiser Contact List on page 50

World Water January / February 2019 10 Global News

Field Notes

Chemical Company complex, a discharge. It has implemented more generate sodium hypochlorite and joint venture developed by Dow than 50 projects in five countries and mixed oxidant solution onsite for Oman and Saudi Aramco. The new provided more than 200,000 people water disinfection applications. production line is scheduled to access to clean water, sanitation, De Nora has been supplying An AquaPak desalination plant begin operations in early 2019. and hygiene. electrodes to MIOX for more than from Modern Water plc, based The facility will manufacture, A UK school, St Benedict’s 20 years. in the United Kingdom, will be distribute, and supply FILMTEC™ Primary School in Birmingham, installed at a major new safari Reverse Osmosis Elements to England, was also included in the United States: Process equip- theme park, owned by a senior the Saudi Arabian market and finalists with a plan to repair build- ment and control solutions provider member of the sultanate’s royal help meet aggressively growing ings and create an eco-school that Energenecs now provides onsite family. The desalinated water will demand for membranes in Middle would be a model for the inner-city support of Microbe Detectives be used in the theme park, guest East and Africa regions as well as community in which it is based. The DNA diagnostic services. Microbe accommodations in hotel villas in emerging economies including project includes solar panels, LED Detectives pioneered the appli- and camp sites, theme park rides, Eastern Europe, India, China, and lighting, water harvesting systems, cation of next-generation DNA irrigation, and animal welfare. Southeast Asia. and an onsite organic vegetable sequencing to analyze and help The AquaPak system is low and fruit garden. optimize wastewater treatment on energy consumption, capable biological processes. of supplying from 100-500 Energenecs will help wastewater cubic meters (m3) per day, and can UAE facilities with Microbe Detectives’ be combined in a modular way to United States services by identifying opportunities achieve higher capacity. The self- The 2019 Zayed Sustainability in addition to the process equip- contained system is designed for a Prize is the UAE’s pioneering On February 5, De Nora of Milan, ment and control systems to deliver variety of water supply applications global award that celebrates and Italy, announced its acquisition of optimal engineering solutions. – including potable, industrial, rewards innovators from small- MIOX, a manufacturer of onsite “More and more wastewater temporary, and emergency. and medium-sized enterprises, generator equipment, based in plants are starting to utilize our non-profits, and schools that have Albuquerque, New Mexico, from DNA services and need on site demonstrated positive impact and Johnson Matthey. The acquisition support and engineering solutions innovation in five categories: energy, strengthens De Nora’s portfolio of to convert insights intoaction,” says Kingdom of Saudi Arabia food, health, water, and schools. water purification technologies that John Tillotson, CEO of ThinkR3. In The winners were announced minimize environmental impact addition, Dr. Trevor Ghylin, Founder US-based DuPont Water during Abu Dhabi Sustainability through improved energy efficiency, of Microbe Detectives, is now serv- Solutions opened its new reverse Week (January 14-17, 2019). intelligent options, and chemical ing as Energenecs’ in-house osmosis (RO) production line in In the water category, the Singa- use reduction. De Nora’s onsite DNA expert. the Kingdom in December 2018. pore-based company Ecosoftt generation product offering includes Microbe Detectives LLC Located in Jubail Industrial City was awarded for its decentralized electrochlorination systems using was renamed ThinkR3 LLC in II, the facility will manufacture community water management either seawater or brine for water December 2018. The Microbe membrane technology and standard that outlines a set of treatment and biofouling control. Detectives brand was retained enhance production capabilities solutions for source management, MIOX chemical generators as the name for ThinkR3’s DNA at the fully integrated Sadara water use, water recycling and combine salt, water, and power to diagnostic services.

Milestones

Blue-White Industries promoted expositions on behalf of Blue-White a bachelor’s degree in business with operators, regulators, non- former sales engineer Andrew throughout the United States as administration and earned his MBA government organizations, and Snyder to the position of sales well as in Australia and Southeast at Walsh College. stakeholders for more than 25 manager in early January 2019. Asia.The company is based in The specialty and custom chem- years. Prior to joining Stantec, After earning a bachelor of science Huntington Beach, California, US. ical manufacturer is headquartered Mooij was an executive director degree in mechanical engineering in Dalton, Georgia, and operates at Intertek Energy and Water from the University of California at MFG Chemical named Darin four manufacturing facilities in north- Consulting Services with a career Irvine in 2014, Snyder joined the Gyomory to the position of chief west Georgia and Pasadena, focus on the development of high company as sales engineer. During financial officer (CFO). Gyomory Texas, US. value environmental engineering his employment with the company, comes to MFG Chemical with consultancy services for the water Snyder has taken an active role in 25 years of experience, having In the United Kingdom, the global industry. assisting customers with technical served previously as CFO of WL consultancy Stantec appointed Based in High Wycombe, Mooij questions and concerns, calling Plastics (INEOS), Scepter Inc., and Chris Mooij as strategic technical will be responsible for building on on customers personally, and as area controller at Dean Foods. consultant for water. Mooij is Stantec’s services and resources visiting installation sites. Snyder He graduated Magna Cum Laude experienced at the executive- in areas of asset and catchment has attended trade shows and from Northwood University with director level and has worked solutions in the water sector.

January / February 2019 World Water Advanced Water Treatment 11

The European water reuse sector is experiencing significant growth as reuse schemes for municipal and industrial use throughout the region are being generated in response to water scarcity challenges. Chair of the Water Reuse Europe Board of Directors, Paul Jeffrey presents key findings from a comprehensive report prepared by the association that provides a clear picture of the sector’s current status. Steady growth for water reuse in Europe

As in any other region or country in the world facing water resources challenges, water reuse is now widely recognized across Europe as a suitable strategic water management option. While it was a widely held belief that the European water reuse sector had grown significantly since the early 1990s, few attempts have been made to characterize this growth and assess its actual extent. In this context, Water Reuse Europe (WRE), the industry association for the water reuse sector in Europe, published a comprehensive review of the sector, Water Reuse Europe Review 2018, in order to provide an update on its current status as of 2018 and illustrate how it has evolved since 2006. The last in-depth review was published in the scholarly journal Desalination in 2006. In Europe, water resource availability and demand are highly variable across regions and even across individual countries. However, it is known that water availability is relatively low in a third of European Union (EU) countries that have fewer than 5,000 cubic meters (m3) of water available per person per year. By 2007, it was estimated that at least 17 percent of the EU territory was affected by water scarcity, and in 2014 the European Environment Agency reported that thirteen Mediterranean river basins varying from 0.0 percent in the UK to 97 were facing water stress issues, with Portugal percent in Cyprus. Overall, less than 3 percent and the eastern coast of Spain having water of urban wastewater is reused in Europe, with …the lack of any exploitation indexes above 40 percent in some agricultural irrigation representing 52 percent coordinated attempt to of the most severely water stressed areas. of the total volume of recycled water in Europe. Northern EU regions are not spared the In that context, the EU has recently called for provide specific EU-wide challenges of water scarcity issues. Belgium, water reuse to be made a central feature of the regulatory support for for example, suffers from an ever-increasing transition toward a more circular economy. pressure on water supply as a result of growing The European water reuse sector is growing water reuse in Europe urbanization and industrialization combined steadily despite representing a small percentage over the past decades with particularly unhelpful climate change of the global reuse market when compared to the impacts. In 2018, for a second year in a row, United States and Asia Pacific region. According has served as a barrier Belgium, and more specifically the Western part to a report prepared by Deloitte for the European of Flanders, suffered from a severe drought Commission in 2015, the volume of reused to further and steady event spanning from early spring to the end of water in the EU was estimated at 1,100 million growth of the sector. the summer, with only 68 percent of the normal m3 per year, accounting for about 2.4 percent average rainfall of 213 millimeters (mm) being of treated urban wastewater and less than 0.5 recorded. percent of annual EU freshwater withdrawals. Despite the potential for water reuse to Extrapolating the expected growth in urban help address water scarcity issues in Europe, wastewater flows, this means that by 2025, up to according to a 2017 report from the European 6,000 million m3 of treated wastewater per year Commission, only a limited number of countries could be recovered across the 28 EU member reported reusing treated wastewater on a states – representing a water reuse rate that is regular basis. These included Greece, the United equivalent to 4 percent of the combined annual Above: An aerial view of the effluent reuse Kingdom (UK), France, Italy, Malta, Cyprus, freshwater withdrawals in Spain, Italy, Denmark, for irrigation project in Fasano, Italy. Spain, and Belgium, with reuse percentages France, Portugal, and Greece. Photo by Aquasoil srl, Italy

World Water January / February 2019 12 Advanced Water Treatment

The 2018 Water Reuse Europe report Table 1. Examples of recent water reuse success stories in Europe identified 787 reuse schemes distributed across 16 European countries, an increase of 437 schemes (including 45 pilot-scale schemes) Scheme Country End use Incentive for reuse Volume reused since 2006, with Spain counting the highest 3 number of schemes (361), followed by France The Wulpen Toreele Torreele, Indirect potable • Urbanization / tourism About 3.5 M m of water reclamation Belgium reuse • Efficient use of resources drinking water recovered (112), and Italy (99). Of these 787 schemes, 62 scheme • Environmental protection from the site per year percent are located in water-scarce areas with 3 high population densities along coastlines where Wastewater Chessy, Non potable, • Drought and water scarcity 780,000 m per year treatment and reuse France recreational, • Efficient use of resources freshwater resources are limited and adversely at Disneyland Paris urban reuse • Environmental protection affected by over-abstraction due to tourism and (street cleaning intense agricultural production. For instance, pond) 47 percent of the listed schemes are located Bakkavor Cucina Old Leake, Onsite industrial • Efficient use of resources 122,000 m3 in 2017 along the Mediterranean coast, with more than Sano England for food • Environmental protection 200 schemes alone situated on the east coast processing • Cost saving of Spain stretching from the Murcia to the Arla foods Rødkærsbro, On site industrial • Wastewater discharge Approx. 1,000 m3 per day Barcelona regions. Denmark - dairy food costs imposed by the In terms of final use of recovered effluent, production municipality the schemes cover a wide range of potable process • Discharge consents and non-potable applications for agricultural, Effluent reuse in Fasano, Italy Agricultural • Drought and water scarcity 1M m3 of tertiary treated industrial, and urban activities. Overall, agri- irrigation at Fasano irrigation and • Strong seasonal water water in 2017, 50% cultural reuse remains the most common water Forcatella aquifer recharge demand from tourism and distributed for irrigation reuse application in Europe (39 percent of agriculture and 50% for groundwater the schemes), especially in southern European • Groundwater salinization recharge due to seawater intrusion countries, followed by industrial reuse (15 • Issues associated with percent), and recreational use (11 percent). the discharge of treated When compared to 2006, the proportion of effluents to the sea (on schemes classified as industrial increased from shore) 8 percent to 15 percent, with particular growth The Segura River Spain Agricultural • Drought and water scarcity 100M m3 of recycled being seen in food processing such as at the Basin irrigation • Tourism/ urbanization water produced by 100 Bakkavor site in the UK or the Arla Foods • Environmental protection facilities, representing company in Denmark, which reuses 1,000 m3 90 percent of the total of water every day (see Table 1 highlighting treated wastewater recent EU success stories). Contrastingly, the The Rhuys-Kerver St Gildas Golf course • Environmental protection 65,000 m3 per year proportion of water reuse schemes dedicated to Golf Course De Rhuys, irrigation for the irrigation of 19 agricultural reuse decreased from 49 percent in France hectares of turf (peaks at 2006 to 39 percent in 2017. Reductions were 900 m3/d in summer) also recorded for urban schemes (down from 17 percent to 16 percent) and for environmental enhancement schemes (down from 18 percent to 11 percent). New initiatives toward indirect potable reuse (IPR) are also currently being reported in France and Spain. For instance, Vendée Eau, the French public utility in charge of the production and distribution of drinking water on the west coast of France, is exploring IPR as a solution to the ever-increasing pressure on water resources in this water scarce area. In 2019, a one- quarter scale demonstrator including a tertiary treatment unit, a 20-kilometer (km) recycled water distribution pipe, and an artificial wetland prior to river discharge or reservoir storage will be implemented and intensively monitored over 5 years to evaluate the impact and benefits of such a scheme for the region.

Reasons for growth Although it may be difficult to precisely identify the factors that have contributed to the observed growth of the EU reuse sector over the past decade, the analysis provided in the WRE review provides some clues. For example, water utilities in areas such as the eastern coast of Spain face numerous supply and demand challenges, as do those in other areas where supply enhancement options are limited or not economically viable. Higher wastewater treatment and water supply costs, tighter regulatory discharge standards, and increased public awareness of industries’ environmental and water footprints may also explain the particular needs for the industrial sector to promote onsite water reuse, which

January / February 2019 World Water Advanced Water Treatment 13

The European water reuse sector is at an exciting juncture in its development with increasing public recognition of the need for, and advantages of, various types of reuse.

Left: Number and type of reuse schemes across Europe. Source: Water Reuse Europe Review 2018

Opposite: Water Exploitation Index showing areas of water stress in Europe Source: Water Reuse Europe Review 2018, adapted from EEA (2012) has contributed to the fast growth observed. the benefits of its implementation on the EU reuse schemes where resource enhancement Overall, this growth also suggests increasing reuse sector have been questioned due to the drivers and financial expediency are aligned. confidence among water users, water supply level and cost of treatment that the standards Furthermore, by extending their support for professionals, regulators, and politicians in the would imply and additional constraints where research on water reuse challenges (much of it safe, cost-effective design and operation of national quality criteria are already in place. in collaboration with international partners), reuse schemes. Improving public trust in reuse schemes and the EU and member states are building a much Despite the encouraging growth seen in attracting investment into the sector remain needed evidence base and creating further the sector and the potential of water reuse to major challenges, and the provision of common opportunities for innovation and investment. alleviate pressures on freshwater resources, standards for agricultural reuse will go some The European water reuse sector is at an the statement in the EU’s 1991 Urban Waste way to improve the confidence of both these exciting juncture in its development with Water Directive that “wastewater shall be used communities. However, any major increase increasing public recognition of the need wherever appropriate” has perhaps not had in the volumes of water being recovered and for, and advantages of, various types of the intended impact and remains an illusive reused in Europe will require underpinning by reuse. Europe’s traditional strengths in water ambition. Six of the EU members states have more ambitious and wide-ranging regulatory treatment technologies and water management legislation in place setting compulsory national machinery. Additionally, the EU reuse sector are being melded with novel business models standards, including mandatory microbiological remains highly fragmented, with a multiplicity and regulatory philosophies to create a targets for unrestricted irrigation, but the lack of stakeholders involved across the spectrum of significant grouping of organizations and of any coordinated attempt to provide specific possible reuse purposes and distinct entities in individuals who can take their place among EU-wide regulatory support for water reuse charge of potable water supply and wastewater the leaders of the global water reuse market. in Europe over the past decades has served treatment, hence limiting opportunities for as a barrier to further and steady growth of integrated water reuse schemes. Finally, further Author’s Note the sector. However, several recent initiatives barriers to a dynamic growth of the sector Water Reuse Europe is an industry-focused, have met with a broad (though not universal) must be addressed including water pricing, not-for-profit association launched in welcome, the most prominent being a proposal institutional capacity, and skills that are evident September 2016 to promote the safe and for minimum quality criteria and recommended at the country and regional level. effective use of recycled water in Europe. Chair risk management framework for water reuse Over the past 12 years, the water reuse sector of the Water Reuse Europe Board of Directors, in agricultural irrigation and groundwater in Europe has grown significantly, both in terms Paul Jeffrey is also a professor of water recharge. of the number of operational reuse projects management at Cranfield University, head Introduced in May 2018 to the European and in terms of a steadily maturing regulatory of the Cranfield Water Science Institute, and Parliament, the proposed regulation aims to system at both national and federal levels. director of the STREAM Industrial Doctorate contribute to the harmonization of standards Although arguably still lagging behind other Centre, United Kingdom. Visit www.water- for agricultural reuse across Europe while also international water reuse markets, the EU has reuse.eu to download a pdf version of Water lifting potential trade barriers on irrigated invested in the development of new regulatory Reuse Europe Review 2018 with a complete list agricultural produce. Although such a regu- instruments that should help catalyze the of references. For further information on Water latory tool has the potential to stimulate the sector, and both private and public institutions Reuse Europe, contact Kristell Le Corre Pidou implementation of agricultural reuse schemes, are moving forward with the development of at: [email protected].

World Water January / February 2019 14 Advanced Water Treatment Dynamic growth for desalination and water reuse in 2019 Non-conventional advanced water treatment solutions are considered essential to coping with increased water scarcity. The IDA Water Security Handbook, released in January 2019, provides the latest market overview for the global desalination and water reuse markets.

In 2019, the seawater desalination McCarthy relates this industry are related to several factors market is set to experience its most growth to global trends. “As not only specifically linked dynamic year since the late 2000s, climate change continues to impact to technological progress, according to the new IDA Water our world, along with industrial says Carlos Cosín, IDA Security Handbook, published and population growth, the officer and CEO of Almar by the International Desalination demand for clean water increases. Water Solutions. “From Association (IDA) and Global Desalination and water reuse: non- my perspective, the Water Intelligence (GWI) in conventional, environmentally contractors’ experience January 2019. sound water supply solutions are after years of building large- In the past 3 years, the overall in keeping with the circular water scale projects in the region desalination market has remained economy and offer solutions to has led to a cost-efficient steady; however, several factors are water scarcity. The trends we are optimization of the construction driving the surge in desalination seeing point to a broad recognition process. New contractual and projects. These include rising de- that these advanced water treatment financial models have contributed mand for clean water, decreasing solutions are essential to the health to the creation of strong, solid projects totaling well over 1 million capital and operational costs of de- and well-being of people and consortiums, which have the m3/d in additional new capacity in salination, and the need to replace economies around the world, both knowledge to accommodate the region. older facilities with energy-efficient now and in the future.” risk in a more efficient manner. No single factor is catalyzing the processes, among others. At the Together with lower interest rates boom of desalination projects in same time, water reuse has become Desalination costs down in the financial sector, these are all GCC countries, says IDA President an increasingly important part “The big breakthrough in the important factors that are helping Miguel Angel Sanz, who is also the of water resources management past year has been on the cost of to push tariffs down.” director of strategic development around the world. The global con- desalination,” says GWI Publisher Material and design changes for treatment infrastructure at Suez tracted reuse capacity has almost Christopher Gasson. “Recent have also contributed to price International. Instead, he explains doubled since 2010, with cumula- project tenders in Saudi Arabia reductions, Cosín explains. Lower that several elements are driving the tive contracted capacity increasing and Abu Dhabi have seen the petroleum prices have reduced momentum in a region with limited from 59.7 million m3/d in 2009 price fall below $0.50/m3 for the the cost of desalination plant natural water resources that are to 118 million m3/d in 2017. first time. After a decade in which components, many of which are decreasing each year. These include According to the 31st desalin- price drifted upwards as a result manufactured from oil-derived high population growth, the need ation inventory, which covers July of high materials costs and higher materials, such as membranes and to update old desalination facilities, 2017–June 2018, the total global energy costs, this is very good news. plastic pipes. Additionally, energy and the crude oil crisis. installed desalination capacity Indeed, we expect 2019 to be the savings has been realized through Sanz also notes that the boom stands at 97.4 million cubic meters best year ever in the desalination advances in membranes that require of renewable energies producing per day (m3/d) while the total market. In terms of water reuse, less inlet pressure, energy-efficient electricity at a cost as low as US$20 global cumulative contracted prices for indirect potable standard recovery devices, and larger reverse per megawatt hour (MWh) has capacity is 104.7 million m3/d. water are in the $0.30-$0.40 range, osmosis trains with larger pumps finally put into the market a trend As of June 30, 2018, more than but the market is still held back by and motors capable of higher to reduce drastically the production 20,000 desalination plants had been public perceptions.” efficiencies. cost of desalinated water, where the contracted around the world. Significant price reductions in energy is half of the tariff. In the IDA Secretary General Shannon desalinated water pro-duction costs Construction activity case of the UAE, another special gains momentum catalyzer is the next commissioning The expected surge in desalination of nuclear power reactors that is largely a result of gathering will force the end of coupling momentum in construction plans conventional power plants to ...the epicenter of the global wastewater in the Middle East, especially for thermal desalination. the six Gulf Cooperation Council “All these factors have shifted the reuse market has shifted from North (GCC) nations: Bahrain, Kuwait, balance toward building new mega America to Asia, with China accounting Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, plants in the area, producing water and the United Arab Emirates. more efficiently and drastically for 49 percent of capacity contracted According to the 2018-2019 IDA reducing the cost by economy of between 2010 and 2017. India is now the Water Security Handbook, 1.9 scale, ‘aligning the planets’ in a million m3/d of seawater capacity very short period and causing this fastest growing market in the region, was contracted in the first half of desalination boom,” Sanz adds. with new environmental legislation as 2018, up 26 percent over the same period in 2017. Since that time, Global construction trends one of the drivers. preferred bidders have emerged on Not all of the contracted large

January / February 2019 World Water Advanced Water Treatment 15

seawater plants are located in the Middle East. The largest seawater desalination award listed in the 31st desalination inventory is the 378,000-m3/d seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) project in Rosarito, Mexico. This was followed by projects at Hamriyah (Sharjah, UAE, 272,760 m3/d), Shoaiba 3 expansion 2 IWP (Saudi Arabia, 250,000 m3/d) and Al No single factor is catalyzing the Khobar (Saudi Arabia, 210,000 m3/d). boom of desalination projects in Globally, contracted capacity for brackish water desalination GCC countries. declined by 19 percent over the prior year, but in the United States Miguel Angel Sanz, President of IDA (US), contracted brackish water desalination rose significantly, totaling 205,600 m3/d, the highest for large-scale projects remaining driving the need for water reuse, 2010 and 2017. However, new level since 2012 and a 26-percent concentrated in the Middle East. particularly in industry. capacity in India and Taiwan is also increase over 2016, with a fairly “All of this, coupled with significant. India is now the fastest even split between municipal and Industrial desalination grows industry’s demand for higher growing market in the region, with industrial plants. 21 percent purity, is creating an interesting and new environmental legislation as Desalination of lower-concen- The industrial desalination market emerging market need for better one of the drivers. tration feedwater, such as waste- grew by 21 percent in contracted advanced water technology. Water The Americas is the second water and low-concentration capacity between 2016-2017, is a widely used raw material in largest region according to installed surface water, also increased, according to the IDA Water Security industry, and the way in which it is capacity, with the majority of water comprising almost 25 percent of Handbook. Increased activity in treated can have a significant impact reuse focused on the agricultural total capacity in 2017 compared upstream and downstream oil on process efficiency. In certain and industrial sectors in the US, to approximately 15 percent in and gas accounted for more than cases, it takes more water to mine which remains the world’s second 2016. The majority of this capacity one third of contracted industrial the same element than it did in the largest market by contracted is made up of large wastewater capacity in 2017 while rising past, and end-users are also finding capacity at 10 percent of the total. treatment plants in China and India. commodity prices have revived opportunities where higher purity of However, the awarding of three From a geographic perspective, desalination activity in the mining water in the process results in better projects in Latin America accounts contracted capacity in the Middle industry, with 201,000 m3/d of production yields. This is also being for the majority of the region’s East – the largest market for new capacity contracted in the first seen in the oil and gas industry with increase in contracted capacity. desalination – fell from 2016 half of 2018 alone. Rapid growth the advent of smart water processes Water reuse is gaining traction to 2017, but this decline was in the microelectronics industry that adjust the water quality to the in the Middle East as well although offset in 2018 by the awarding is also creating opportunities geology in the well to minimize desalination remains the primary of several large projects in Saudi for desalination technologies, issues such as biological fouling or unconventional water source for Arabia and Bahrain as well as with contracted capacity in this precipitation, all with the objective arid countries in the region. Large- expansion projects in both Dubai sector more than doubling from to maximize yield. scale upgrades of sewage treatment and Sharjah. Dubai Electricity and 2016-2017. “Removing dissolved salts from plants in the Gulf and Egypt have Water Authority (DEWA) awarded IDA Director and Managing water and other technologies, which driven strong growth in reuse. contracts for a 181,840-m3/d Director of Aquatech Devesh turns low-quality wastewater and Spain has led the European SWRO expansion at its Jebel Ali Sharma sums up the principal raw water sources into high-quality wastewater reuse market since power and desalination complex reasons for the recent 21-percent process water, will be an important 2010, with large projects aimed at as well as a 272,360-m3/d SWRO rise in the industrial desalination driver of industrial efficiency agricultural users in that country. expansion of Federal Electricity market: “The intersection of water moving forward.” However, a proposed EU directive and Water Authority’s (FEWA) scarcity and corporate water that would require treatment of Hamriyah desalination plant in risk is driving growth in the use Global water reuse market microbiological pathogens to Sharjah. of desalination and other forms strengthens facilitate water reuse for agricultural The Asia-Pacific desalination of advanced water technology The importance of water reuse irrigation has the potential to market grew in 2017, primarily in industry. Concerns about as a solution to the world’s increase water reuse in the EU from due to the Chinese desalination operational risks, corporate social growing water issues has escalated 3 million m3/d to 18 million m3/d. market where contracted capacity responsibility, sustainability, and significantly in the past few years. Industrial water demand is a reached its highest level since 2010. water’s direct impact on P&L Increasingly, many regions are key driver of the wastewater reuse In the Americas, 2018 was the [profit and loss] have made this a looking to wastewater reuse over market. This trend is especially most active year for desalination boardroom issue for a majority of large-scale desalination as a solution apparent in water-intensive since 2013. In sub-Saharan Africa, large companies.” to drought-induced water scarcity. manufacturing and extraction Kenya’s Mombasa County awarded The most significant driver of For example, both Cape Town and industries as well as in regions two projects of 100,000 m3/d and expenditure on advanced water California are pursuing potable where population growth has 30,000 m3/d while three smaller technology is water scarcity, he water reuse of wastewater, and created a conflict between industrial projects were awarded in Cape explains. “Most industrial develop- reuse of wastewater in industry and municipal water users, driving Town to help avert its looming ment occurs either in highly water plays a vital part of policy responses the industry to seek alternative “Day Zero” water crisis. scarce regions or densely populated to degradation of water resources in water sources, as municipal users In terms of technologies, mem- regions where there is an emerging China and India. are typically prioritized, especially brane technologies continue to and extreme competition for fresh As contracted capacity continues in times of drought. dominate the desalination market. water resources. Water scarcity to rise, the epicenter of the global Ninety percent of desalination has driven more stringent environ- wastewater reuse market has shifted The 2019 IDA World Congress will capacity contracted since 2010 mental regulation demanding from North America to Asia, with be held on October 20-24 in Dubai, employs membrane technologies, lower volumes of discharge as well China accounting for 49 percent UAE. For more information, visit with the use of thermal technologies as higher purity of wastewater, thus of capacity contracted between www.wc.idadesal.org.

World Water January / February 2019 16 Advanced Water Treatment ZERO BRINE: Circular economy approach to industrial wastewater

The ZERO BRINE project, coordinated by Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), aims to reduce industrial saline wastewater streams by recovering and reusing minerals and water from brine. Project Innovation Manager Dimitri Xevgenos and Danielle Kutka and Vanessa Vivian Wabitsch of REVOLVE provide an overview of the European Union Innovation Action initiative that will demonstrate circular economy solutions at four pilot plants.

In January 2018, the United final Horizon 2020 work program streams (external valorization). The Nations-backed report, “The state from 2018-2020. project will demonstrate new ways of desalination and brine produc- As one of the largest EU of raw material production through tion: A global outlook,” raised Innovation Action projects the recovery of resources including alarm on the environmental impacts launched within the Horizon 2020 water, energy (through waste heat of global brine production as de- framework, ZERO BRINE offers recovery), minerals, magnesium, salination plants are increasingly circular economy business solutions potassium salts, sodium chloride, used to meet growing water needs. and technological innovations in the carbonates, and other salts, addre- The report cites the need for further field of industrial wastewater. The ssing environmental concerns innovations in brine management $12.5-million project, which has while strengthening Europe’s solutions that involve stakeholders and disposal, highlighting that the been in operation since June 2017 competitiveness. throughout the value and supply recovery of resources is possible, and will continue until May 2021, To achieve these aims, ZERO chains to help advance the project yet it remains largely economically offers a circular economy approach BRINE integrates technologies toward commercialization. uncompetitive. for the recovery of resources from focused on organics treatment, The demonstrations will take In addition to desalination, saline-impaired effluent generated brine purification/ion separation, place at four large pilot plants in process industries are a major by process industries, integrating brine concentration, and brine Europe. At the industrial cluster of generator of brine. In Europe alone, existing and novel technologies to crystallization. Nearly half of the Rotterdam Port in the Netherlands, the chemical industry accounts for recover end-products of high quality fourteen technologies that the the demineralized water supplier nearly 11.5 million tons of chloride and sufficient purity. project will employ have been Evides Industriewater uses a per year, representing a complex The concept of ZERO BRINE is developed within other EU-funded combination of ion exchange and challenge for companies in terms ambitious: to close the loop of these projects. One of its main objectives membrane technology: dissolved air of management and costs. But problematic effluents and eliminate is to effectively demonstrate these flotation, reverse osmosis (RO), and what if brine was regarded not as wastewater discharge, minimizing technologies at pilot sites to help mixed bed ion exchange. To produce waste – but rather as a resource? To the impacts of industrial processing bring the innovations to market. demineralized water, the softening of help unlock the potential of waste while recovering minerals and Having identified specific industrial raw water is required, which is often streams such as brine, the European resources that can be recycled in the sectors for its pilot studies in water, performed by ion exchange units. Union (EU) has pledged US$1.14 same process industries (internal mining, silica, and textile industries, During this process, the calcium billion (€1 billion) to finance valorization) and other process ZERO BRINE will showcase real and magnesium ions are exchanged circular economy projects in the industries that do not produce brine examples of circular economy with sodium ions. The ion exchange unit requires regeneration before it is again used, which is done with a solution of sodium chloride. To create this sodium chloride, the plant consumes close to 2,000 tons of solid salt per year, which is mined and transported from a site that is 300 kilometers (km) away. The salt is then diluted to a solution of 9 percent weight for weight to regenerate the ion Above: View exchange resins. In its current of the Evides operation, large amounts of energy Industriewater demineralized are consumed to evaporate brine at water plant, the production stage. This brine is located at the again diluted at the consumption/ Botlek industrial end-user stage, releasing greenhouse area at the Port of Rotterdam. gas emissions that could be avoided through employing a ZERO BRINE Left: The approach. demonstration In the demonstration plant, the plant at the Evides Industriewater chemicals needed to regenerate the site in the softening units will be recovered Netherlands. from the brine effluent (internal

January / February 2019 World Water Advanced Water Treatment 17

valorization). The aim at the The pilot project in Zaragoza, ZERO BRINE process diagram Evides site is to demonstrate Spain, will be implemented at the nanofiltration–evaporation Industrias Quimicas del Ebro SA concept for the treatment of ion (IQE), a producer of soluble silicas, exchange regenerate and RO with the objective of demonstrating concentrate at large industry the technical and economic scale as well as demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a anionic ion exchange–nano- circular economy scheme in the filtration–evaporation–eutectic silica industry to recover water, freeze crystallization concept at sodium sulphate, waste heat, acids, demonstration scale. and alkalis. The technologies that Part of the energy for the will be evaluated here include brine treatment will be supplied nanofiltration for concentrating from waste heat. Waste heat effluents with high sulphate and wastewater streams will be concentration, eutectic freeze combined in a multi-company crystallization and forward-feed site environment eliminating evaporation to crystallize sodium brine effluent (target: zero liquid sulfate from concentrated streams, discharge) of the industrial water and electrodialysis with bipolar supplier, recovering high purity membranes (EDBP) to recover magnesium products (NaCl sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. solution and sulphate salts) and Nanofiltration and crystallization recycling streams within the site pilot plants will be implemented (target: greater than 70-percent at IQE to demonstrate these internal recycling of recovered technologies while EDBP will be materials). evaluated at bench-scale. The large-scale demonstration The final pilot study focuses on at Evides is expected to provide a the development of an innovative new paradigm of circular economy brine treatment system for the industrial water production that textile industry, with the aim to provides a solution for both brine recover concentrated salt solutions streams that are generated while for reuse in the textile dyeing waste heat from neighboring process baths. TUBITAK MRC advance the industrial symbiosis in factories exhibit industrial symbi- will complete the pilot study in Europe and worldwide. In addition, osis. Bringing the industry water cooperation with ZORLU Textile But what if brine five Brine Excellence Centres producer closer to the design and Energy Groups in Kırklareli, was regarded not will be developed within partner and production phase for salt Turkey. The methodology involves organizations in the Netherlands, production will result in sustainable initial comprehensive physical and as waste – but Italy, Greece, Poland, and Spain to sourcing of raw materials and chemical characterization studies, rather as a provide the opportunity for end- avoid overproduction, waste, which are followed by bench- users to test and develop customized and other environmental impacts scale treatability studies. Removal resource? and validated brine treatment while enabling the optimization of of impurities such as color and solutions. production processes through the hardness from the salt stream is As the pilot plants progress, internal valorization of minerals achieved. These parameters are a series of site visits will be recovered. crucial for the recovery of the coordinated to display the At the Bolesław Ŋmiały coal brine solution for textile process innovative technologies at each mine in Łaziska Górne, Poland, requirements; therefore, pre- of the demonstrations. For more a pilot plant demonstrating the treatment options will be carried information on the project, visit application of circular economy out and optimized. Technologies The expected results from the www.zerobrine.eu. principles will aim to decrease such as nanofiltration, oxidation, textile industry brine recovery the energy consumption by 50 and ion exchange will be tested system have been pre-assessed Authors’ Note percent when compared to the at this stage. at 50 kilotons per year of water Dimitris Xevgenos is the Innovation energy consumption of a reverse Secondly, the increase of the consumption reduction due to Manager of the ZERO BRINE osmosis (RO)-vapor compression salt concentration up to the achievement of additional water project. Danielle Kutka and system, which represents the concentration of the targeted reuse, the recovery of 400 tons Vanessa Vivian Wabitsch are project current best practice. The coal reuse criteria will be tested. In this of sodium chloride per year for managers at REVOLVE, based mine water, which has a salinity of case, the proposed technology production processes, and a in Brussels, Belgium. approximately 23 grams per liter options are membrane distillation reduction of 200 tons per year of (g/L) and is rich in calcium sulphate, – by making use of waste heat carbon dioxide emissions due to will be treated using an integrated from the enterprise – and RO. the sodium chloride recovery and About ZERO BRINE: system consisting of nanofiltration, Furthermore, tests on the fabric to attainment of waste heat recovery. The ZERO BRINE project – RO, and electrodialysis. A new check suitability of the developed In addition to the pilot plants, “Re-designing the value and crystallizer solution, developed by system for the point-of-production the ZERO BRINE project has supply chain of water and the University of Palermo, will also process will be carried out. The developed the Online Brine minerals: A circular economy be tested. The aim of the plant treated effluent generated after these Platform – an active web service to approach for the recovery of is to demonstrate that coal mine processes will be assessed for reuse. connect stakeholders at all stages resources from brine generated water, considered to be a waste In the case of failure for fulfilling along the value and supply chains by process industries” – is by the industry, can be the source the textile process requirements, salt of brines, industrial water, and coordinated by TU Delft and of valuable raw materials such as recovery will also be investigated salts. The platform facilitates the includes 22 partners from concentrated brine, magnesium and tested by using the evaporation/ exchange of information and data, research institutes, small and hydroxide, calcium chloride, clean crystallization processes to obtain automatically matching partners medium-sized enterprises, water, and gypsum. The plant recoverable salt as an external according to their economic and construction companies, and is scheduled to be operation in valorization option for other environmental objectives. The first end-users from 10 countries. February of 2019. sectors. of its kind, this digital platform will

World Water January / February 2019 18 Resiliency

Hygiene kit distribution following Tropical Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu. Photo by Philippe Metois/Oxfam Planning for natural disasters to strengthen future resiliency

Given its longstanding and widespread engagement in the Pacific Region, Oxfam in the Pacific and Oxfam New Zealand share effective practices in disaster response and recovery as well as lessons learned from the Oxfam confederation’s work with several natural disasters in the region aimed at strengthening communities’ resiliency to future events, including those arising from climate change. Garry MacDonald of Beca and Darren Brunk, Kata Duaibe and Angela Wilton of Oxfam explain.

While natural disasters are extreme- – storms, droughts, and sea-level and solutions work across events Oxfam’s particular technical focus ly distressing and often devastating rise – are exacerbated by the effects in the Pacific is vitally important. on WASH solutions, this overview to Pacific Island communities, they of human-induced climate change. Disaster responders need to gather aims to provide a snapshot of the do provide the opportunity and im- However, in the face of these and share experiences so that the response approach that Oxfam petus to implement long-term wa- hazards, Pacific Island populations lessons from events in one Pacific has undertaken in this complex ter, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) face daunting logistical challenges Island country can be used to region through Oxfam country solutions, which can strengthen when it comes to mounting an inform approaches and options offices and local in-country partner community resilience and signifi- effective disaster response, with in others. Given its longstanding organizations. cantly reduce public health risks small and often lower-income island and widespread engagement in during and after events, well into populations spread across vast the region, Oxfam New Zealand Ring of Fire the future. ocean distances. In short, the Pacific with Oxfam in the Pacific provides The Pacific Ocean extends from Disaster response in the Pacific is a region where a complex web several case examples of different the Arctic Ocean in the north to Ocean poses a unique set of chal- of natural disaster risks converge interventions and approaches Antarctica in the south and is lenges, unlike those of any other with significant barriers to effective that have proven effective across bounded by Asia and Australia region on earth. On the one hand, response. numerous hazard types, including in the west and the Americas in Pacific Island countries face a range With such challenges, under- tsunami, drought, cyclones, and the east. Bounding the Pacific of natural hazards, some of which standing what response approaches volcanic eruptions. Drawing on Region is the aptly named “Ring

January / February 2019 World Water Resiliency 19

of Fire,” which comprises more islands of Vanuatu. TC Pam is longer-term programming. Planned activities included water than 450 volcanoes and is home the second most intense tropical Oxfam also distributed hygiene system repairs and extension, to approximately 75 percent of the cyclone in the South Pacific region kits and educational materials drought mitigation, public health world’s active volcanoes. About 90 in terms of sustained winds and about good sanitation practices and hygiene promotion activities, percent of the world’s earthquakes is regarded as one of the worst to families on Ambrym, Epi, and and Non Food Item (NFI) and 81 percent of the world’s largest natural disasters in the history of Efate islands to provide them with distribution. The response was earthquakes occur along the Ring of Vanuatu. The eye of the Category basic essentials for maintaining initially planned to focus on inland Fire, often generating large tsunami. 5 cyclone passed close to Efate good hygiene and personal health. parts of East Sepik; however, severe Climatically, the region experiences Island – where Vanuatu’s capital, Additionally, Oxfam worked with food and water shortages in other a wide range of conditions, con- Port Vila, is located – affecting long-term partner Wan Smolbag areas were also being reported. trolled by coupled ocean-atmos- about 188,000 people across 22 Theatre to present plays promoting Oxfam coordinated its plans phere phenomena known as El islands. An estimated 15,000 homes good hygiene and health promotion with the international charity Save Niño and La Niña, and subject to were damaged or destroyed, about to communities in which hygiene the Children, which delivered cyclones which arise from tropical 96 percent of food stocks were kit distribution and other WASH health and hygiene promotion, storms in the western Pacific. Forty- decimated, and the water supply activities were carried out. water management, and nutrition two countries border on or are of 110,000 people was disrupted, In total, Oxfam was able to components of the response located in the Pacific Ocean. destroyed, or contaminated. deliver 265,800 liters of locally program in the Schouten Islands. The exact number of islands In the three months after the produced clean water to 3,474 Between mid-April and mid-May in the Pacific Ocean has not yet event, more than 50 organizations, beneficiaries through water 2016, 1,204 households (7,296 been determined, but according both local and international, trucking activities on Efate Island, individuals) in the Schouten Islands to estimates, there are more than worked together under the lead of and an additional 10,305 people and in Turubu received NFIs, which 25,000 islands, many uninhabited, the Vanuatu government to ensure accessed clean water through water included a 20-liter water container, but all of them generally relatively relief efforts were coordinated and system rehabilitation. Hygiene 12 bars of soap, mosquito nets small in populated land area. Pacific aid was getting those who need it kits were distributed to 16,797 (Turubu only) and water manage- Island countries are some of the most. Oxfam’s response focused people on Efate, Epi, and Ambrym ment/ hygiene promotion materials most vulnerable in the world to on both immediate water supply islands, with complementary good per household. the effects of climate change and and rehabilitation of water sources hygiene training reaching 3,406 In May 2016, Oxfam began natural disasters. According to for the longer term. This approach through Wan SmolBag’s theatrical training local artisans and the 2017 World Risk Report, five ensured people were provided with performances. constructing water supply and Pacific countries are among the top clean water when they urgently storage infrastructure in the 20 in the world with the highest needed it after the cyclone. It also El Niño Drought – East Sepik Schouten Islands. Concurrently, average annual disaster losses scaled ensures they have ongoing access Papua New Guinea Save the Children delivered its by gross domestic product. to clean water following these Natural disasters in the Pacific components of the response, emergency provisions. are not just immediate or acute in which included establishing Recent natural disasters When the life-saving phase of nature; some of the most severe, water management committees These four case studies of events an emergency response passes, it such as drought, can take effect to maintain and manage access in three different countries illustrate is critical that communities are slowly over weeks and months. to the water systems in order to the wide range of impacts and provided with sustainable solutions El Niño drought patterns seriously preserve water supplies. Local responses to natural disasters in that will help them recover and, affected parts of Papua New Guinea knowledge and ownership of the the Pacific Region. Each event importantly, be better prepared (PNG) from mid-2015 to early WASH improvements strengthened description here is followed by for the next emergency that 2016. National Disaster Committee- the sustainability of the response a summary of the responses, the may arise. In Vanuatu, Oxfam led impact assessments identified beyond the immediate response lessons learned, and how Oxfam, therefore installed water tanks and that close to 3 million were affected phase. their in-country partners, and island extended water piping networks nationwide. governments are planning for great in areas previously not reached Oxfam in PNG was awarded Tropical Cyclone Gita resiliency to future events, including by the system. The organization a grant by the NZ Ministry of Tonga those arising from climate change. also surveyed community latrines Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) The 2017–2018 tropical cyclone and gravity-fed water systems in to enhance community resilience season in the Pacific was a slightly Tropical Cyclone (TC) Pam communities where it conducted and protect the wellbeing of people below-average one, but it did Vanuatu initial response activities to in severely and at-risk drought include a particularly vicious On March 15, 2015, Tropical shape the focus affected locations in East Sepik. Category 5 cyclone – TC Gita. Cyclone (TC) Pam caused wide- of future and On February 12, 2018, Gita spread destruction across the made a direct hit on two of the eastern and south-eastern most populous islands in the low- lying island Kingdom of Tonga. More than 70,000 people on the islands of Tongatapu and ‘Eua were affected, with homes, community buildings, and crops destroyed. Most Tongans rely on rainwater tanks at their homes or shared by the community for their drinking water. After TC Gita, thousands of rainwater tanks were

Left: Oxfam coordinated with Save the Children to provide disaster assistance to parts of Papua New Guinea affected by severe food and water shortages during a drought in 2015-2016. Photo by Rodney Dekker/Oxfam

World Water January / February 2019 20 Resiliency

overturned, and communal tanks erupting on January 5, 2018, which Oxfam’s WASH were flooded with contaminated prompted the evacuation of 590 interventions over water, leaving approximately17,000 people on Kadovar to the nearby the past few years, people without water or at risk of island of Rup Rup. After venting a number of trends contracting disease from the dirty ash for several days, the volcano and lessons are of water that was available. exploded, blasting out glowing red particular note. In Tonga, Oxfam has built a rocks and sulphur dioxide, which First, Oxfam’s strong partnership over a decade prompted the PNG government to experience across with a local youth organization, the evacuate Rup Rup as well. Oxfam these events Tonga National Youth Congress collaborated with Save the Children reinforces the (TNYC). Oxfam and TNYC were in establishing water distribution importance of at the forefront of the earliest emer- and catchment systems, as well as localization in gency response activities. Unique emergency toilets, around Dandan humanitarian amongst humanitarian internation- Camp on the East Sepik mainland – response. al non-governmental organizations a relocation site for people displaced Oxfam’s (INGOs), Oxfam, with its partner by the volcanic activity. experience Caritas Aotearoa NZ, pre-positions The main aim of the Kadovar working with emergency WASH supplies at Response Project was to provide and through warehouses across island groups necessary support to the Kadovar local civil throughout Tonga (with financial internally displaced persons (IDPs) society partners – in terms support from the New Zealand in Dandan, notably through safe, of building up their technical Oxfam partnered with government), for use by TNYC. secure, and accessible WASH capacity through joint disaster TNYC to make available WASH Therefore, when disaster strikes, services. Save the Children management training as well as supplies such as Skyhydrants following urgently-needed aid is already contracted Oxfam to install six sharing and co-managing relief Tropical Cyclone Gita in Tonga. Photo on the ground and ready imme- rainwater catchment structures with supplies, financial resources, by Darren Brunk/Oxfam diately for distribution by local taps and first flush systems as well and equipment – provides one organizations. as to construct a gravity-fed water model for localized humanitarian As part of its long-term disaster system with 11 water points serving response in the expansive Pacific risk reduction efforts in Tonga, all households (637 individuals) region. Partnerships with other Oxfam has also provided personnel at the Dandan Care Centre. One international humanitarian actors – ments in coordination systems, and resource support to the Tongan rainwater catchment was also such as Save the Children, Caritas, local partner relationships and Ministry of Health to build a per- established for access by the host UNICEF, and others – has helped capacity-sharing, pre-positioning, manent national coordination community and has contributed to Oxfam deliver more comprehensive culturally-sensitive WASH messag- capacity in health, nutrition, and improved relationships between the support than it could ever achieve ing, approaches, and programming WASH. Together in partnership host community and the IDPs. on its own. have all paid dividends in delivering with UNICEF in the Pacific and With advice from local protection The range of natural disasters effective disaster responses. Tonga’s National Emergency committees set up through the associated with severe earthquakes Management Office (NEMO), project with camp residents, all and active volcanoes also requires Authors’ Note Oxfam is building up permanent latrines were equipped with solar a wide selection of disaster plans Garry Macdonald is the market seg- emergency WASH coordination lights and locks, and positioned and approaches suited to the effects ment director of Beca, a global engi- systems in Tonga to improve the around the camp to provide of particular hazards on particular neering consultancy headquartered timeliness, efficiency, and coherence improved security and accessibility island contexts. Oxfam’s experience in Auckland, New Zealand. He is of WASH responses when disasters at WASH sites. All members of the in this respect has highlighted the co-chair of Oxfam New Zealand strike. IDP community also benefitted value of maintaining multiple, and a former member of the WEF Working together and using the from the construction of 23 mobile emergency water solutions – Board of Trustees. Angela Wilton disaster preparedness and response ventilated improved pit (VIP) including water filtration plants for heads the partnerships team, which training and skills developed and latrines. contaminated sources, desalination is responsible for long-term devel- practiced with Oxfam over many Oxfam also provided hygiene plants for stressed rain-fed systems, opment and humanitarian pro- years, TNYC volunteers were promotion training aimed at purification tablets, kits, and gramming of Oxfam NZ. Darren among the first responders in the improving WASH knowledge, public education programs for Brunk is a humanitarian specialist country. In the first hours and attitudes, and practices among the household systems – complemented at Oxfam NZ. Oxfam NZ is based days following the storm, TNYC target community. The training was by community emergency storage in Auckland and is part of the volunteers were mobilized to provided alongside hygiene kits systems (bladders and tanks) and Oxfam International confederation. distribute 1,431 relief items to the including soap and sanitary pads for distribution points for remote island Kata Duaibe is the regional human- worst-affected families, including women and girls. Save the Children locations and other key community itarian and security coordinator for hygiene kits, tarps, building and Oxfam also provided refresher sites. Oxfam in the Pacific. supplies, kitchen sets, blankets, and training to WASH committees and Finally, over the past few years, Oxfam started in 1942 as the emergency food items. TNYC also village hygiene volunteers trained Oxfam and its local partners have Oxford Committee for Famine produced more than 1.1-million in the 2016 El Niño emergency been called upon to respond to a Relief, a wartime campaign against liters of safe drinking water for response program to ensure that number of extreme weather-related starvation and homelessness that affected communities by filtering hygiene promotion and monitoring disasters, the likes of which will be- sowed the seeds for a worldwide contaminated water supplies and continues on a sustainable basis. come increasingly common as the humanitarian movement. Since providing repairs to more than effects of climate change continue 1995, Oxfam has become a tool 126 community water tanks – all Lessons learned to impact the Pacific. The increasing for a coordinated approach to in close coordination with other Oxfam and associated international frequency and intensity of drought, reduce poverty. Together, 20 Oxfam government, civil society and non-governmental organizations floods, and cyclones reinforce the affiliates raise more than US$850 international WASH actors. have gained valuable knowledge importance of efforts by national million a year to help people from their experiences in natural governments and local civil society suffering poverty and injustice, Kadovar eruption disaster response and recovery groups, in partnership with Oxfam recover from the devastation of Papua New Guinea efforts. Their role also includes in the Pacific and other humanitar- disasters, and lobby governments A previously dormant volcano disseminating these learnings ian actors, to invest in preventative and international institutions such on the island of Kadovar, located and practices to countries and disaster risk reduction, community as the IMF and World Bank for about 24 kilometers (km) north communities facing similar resilience, and climate change adap- changes to policies that affect the of the Papuan mainland, began natural disaster threats. Across tation programs. Long-term invest- poor and vulnerable.

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Thames Water worked with Xylem to install its Sensus brand two-way communication smart network that helps the utility address water loss and has already reduced water consumption by an estimated 13 percent. Photo by Shutterstock

Smart water solutions help water utilities increase operational efficiencies by delivering new ways to address industry challenges. Christian Blanc, SVP & President Europe Commercial Team, Xylem, offers insights to utility managers in their transition to smart water technologies. Transforming the economics of water utility operations

As the global water crisis deepens, the challenges Turning crisis into opportunity The good news is that utilities are already facing water and wastewater managers are While the situation is acute, advances in adopting these smart technologies, driven by intensifying. By 2025, more than 1.8 billion technology and in the generation of data are the need to mitigate water scarcity, improve people will be living in areas of absolute water unlocking powerful solutions and creating operations and efficiently meet emerging scarcity, where more than two-thirds of the new opportunities to solve water that were not regulations. In fact, utilities are expected to world’s population will face water-stressed possible a decade ago. invest US$14 billion in smart water technologies conditions. According to the 2015 United Smart water solutions – including physical through 2024. Nations World Water Development Report, by intelligent equipment and treatment, wireless 2050 water demand is expected to increase by 55 smart networks, and digital solutions such Putting the “smart” in water percent compared to 2015 levels. Declining water as cloud analytics, powerful data modelling, The key to transforming the economics of quality due to human activity is compounding and the internet of things – offer new ways water management lies in connecting the dots the situation. to address the industry’s challenges and between intelligent equipment, such as pumps Against this backdrop, water and wastewater opportunities. These are not prototypes being and meters; smart networks, which collect managers are facing acute infrastructure chal- tested in a laboratory but rather proven information from throughout the system; lenges including pipe leaks, main breaks, sewage solutions that are already delivering dramatic and digital solutions, which use algorithms overflows, storm water overflows, energy-inten- improvements in water productivity, quality, for proactive system management. Together, sive operations, and inefficient decision-making and resilience. these solutions drive major changes in the and asset management. The many value levers from smart solutions management of water utilities by enabling Cities are expanding at a rapid pace and put- include: an operator to confidently shift resources to ting water networks under immense pressure. In • Safety: Increasing safety and control data-driven preventative maintenance from Europe and the United States (US), non-revenue throughout water and wastewater operations far more expensive emergency interventions, water, or treated drinking water that is lost due • Operational cost: Reducing the energy and such as infrastructure repairs, water quality to leaks, faulty meters or unauthorized use, ac- maintenance cost in the distribution network alerts or flood management. Unlocking these counts for 24 percent of supply on average. In the • Resilience: Identifying, predicting and resources on a macro scale will enable water US, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) preventing failures and downtime in critical and wastewater managers to better meet the estimates at least 23,000–75,000 combined equipment needs of their growing customer base and help sewer overflow events per year. Rising global • Flexibility: Increased flexibility to address water operators make water more efficient, energy prices and regulations add further com- different situations (e.g., volumes, parameters) affordable, and safer for the people plexity. In short, water managers are under with existing infrastructure. they serve. pressure to do more with less.

January / February 2019 World Water Water & Wastewater Management 23

Water address water loss and identify supply Working with Xylem’s EmNet brand, issues such as continuous use that can indicate the City of South Bend installed a real-time non-revenue water (NRW) or wastage. The monitoring system of more than 120 sensor smart network, which is based on actual usage, locations throughout the city’s urban watershed. empowers Thames Water customers to more The monitoring system was designed to sense easily manage their water use. flow and divert water as necessary in instances As a result, customer engagement of flooding, while also monitoring pipe flow has increased, leading to a capacity to prevent future sewer overflows. decrease in water consumption In 2012, a distributed real-time decision by an estimated 13 percent, and support system (RT-DSS) was installed, providing water leaks were located and an additional layer of smart technology to remedied quickly. The smart augment the existing real-time smart monitoring network delivered more equitable system. The RT-DSS feeds real-time data to billing, as customers only pay for operators via SCADA screens, smartphones, what they use, and an enhanced tablets, and web portals, allowing operators Xylem’s Pure customer experience, as pressure to override the system at any time. Technologies brand, and temperature are monitored to Since 2012, 152 monitoring sites and 13 the SmartBall Platform, give Thames Water a better under- automated gates and valves have eliminated is a free-swimming inspection standing of the overall network dry weather overflows in the city and reduced technology that is used by pipeline owners to identify and locate hidden performance. Above all, water meters combined sewer overflows by more than 70 leaks and gas pockets, map the pipeline, have strengthened water conservation percent, or approximately 3.7 billion liters per measure dynamic pressure and identify potential by enabling customers to better understand their year. It is estimated that the city will reduce undocumented features; and helping them better water consumption via an online usage report. capital expenditure by as much as $500 million, manage their water and wastewater pipelines. due to the innovative monitoring and control South Bend mitigates overflows system. Following South Bend’s innovative Thames Water reduces water use In 2008, the City of South Bend in the US state lead, similar approaches to collections system As London and southeast England are already of Indiana became the first city in the world to management have been installed in more than facing water-stress challenges, Thames Water – build a citywide smart network of precipitation, 20 cities across the US with great success. the largest water and wastewater utility in the UK level, and flow sensors throughout its sewer – has taken steps to prevent a predicted shortfall system in order to mitigate overflows into the Sustainable water future in water supply by investing in smart water tech- St. Joseph River. Even at this early stage in the adoption of smart nologies aimed at enhancing the productivity of Aging infrastructure and a combined sewer water solutions, research indicates that annual its operations. and stormwater system, originally designed savings of $12.5 billion to $15 billion could Thames Water currently serves 15 million to carry only the maximum dry weather flow, be realized through reductions in capital and customers across London and the Thames Valley. meant that overflows into the St. Joseph River operational expenditure. It is forecast that by 2020, 133 million liters of would occur virtually every time it rained – Let’s build on this momentum and accelerate water will be consumed daily by Thames Water equating to approximately 5.6 billion liters the water industry’s migration to a smart, customers, and by 2040, with a population of wastewater annually. resource-efficient future. Let’s embrace the increase of 2 million expected in London alone, smart technology opportunity to solve water that number will rise significantly to 414 million. challenges. Working with Sensus, a Xylem brand, the utility installed a two-way communication Author’s Note smart network, which is now delivering Christian Blanc is the senior vice president comprehensive, accurate hourly data reads and president of the Xylem Europe of meter transmissions across the entire Commercial Team. network. This data helps Thames

Schematic shows an interconnected smart utility network that enables water and wastewater managers to unlock system resources on a macro scale to improve operations and better meet the needs of customers. Image by Xylem

World Water January / February 2019 24 Water & Wastewater Management Improving municipal management with smart infrastructure

The implementation of smart, integrated technologies through energy performance contracting helps municipalities and federal agencies afford water infrastructure upgrades. Lisa Brown of Johnson Controls’ Smart Cities & Municipal Infrastructure explains how this creative financial option can improve water and wastewater services while reducing energy and water loss.

Picture this scenario: It’s Monday morning and implementing technologies and systems that can a water main breaks, flooding a busy street and connect city-owned assets for added efficiency causing damage to the roadway and surrounding while ensuring public safety and enhancing businesses. Municipal leaders are in a frenzy to services for the overall community. When find funds within their existing budgets to help, making these citywide infrastructure updates, which unfortunately results in increasing city municipalities can benefit from innovative funding taxes. To make matters worse, an inspection of options, such as EPC. Driven by legislation at the the aging water main shows that the break was local and state level, EPC guarantees that the caused by a leak left undetected. Community projected savings generated by the upgrades will members are upset because their taxes are raised offset the cost of the infrastructure improvements due to an infrastructure failure that could have over a fixed period of time. These guaranteed been avoided if the right infrastructure had savings are generated by the connected tech- been in place. nologies that help drive a community’s operations. Many cities face challenges like those in this While estimated costs are crucial in determining scenario when it comes to urban water and waste how to pursue municipal upgrades, assumptions management. Addressing infrastructure upgrades are hazardous. It’s important to take a technical can be costly and can cause disturbances within a approach when analyzing the unique needs that community if issues are not addressed promptly. a city or town faces by working with an Energy Implementing a smart, integrated infrastructure Savings Company (ESCO). Under an EPC, an can help limit these disturbances and enhance ESCO designs, constructs, and installs an energy- the efficiency of city functions without increasing and water-savings project that meets a city’s or creating new taxes. Finding the funds to unique needs and provides financing. Having make those implementations, however, is what an ESCO conduct a comprehensive engineering limits actualization. Thankfully, there are analysis and visual inspections of infrastructures funding options specifically designed to help reduces associated risks from projections and in these situations such as Energy Performance assumptions by developing appropriate plans, While estimated costs are Contracting (EPC). suggestions, and costs. An additional benefit is that the ESCO provides financing at no initial crucial in determining how Smart developments through EPC cost to the agency. Outlining end goals up-front As the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to to better plan for upgrades keeps projects to pursue municipal advance, and as technologies become more running smoothly. upgrades, assumptions connected, smart cities and communities are becoming more prominent. The word “smart” Integrated technologies for more are hazardous. as it relates to cities conjures images of futuristic efficient operations metropolises, and while state-of-the-art Implementing connected, sustainable technologies applications are important, creating a smart city – like smart meters and LED lighting – is a key is more than just having the latest and greatest component to consider. These technologies can improve urban water and waste management technologies—it’s about creating the safest, most offer more accurate reads to provide greater while reducing associated costs for maintenance sustainable, and efficient environment possible. insights into operational issues and maintenance and repairs. Old meters tend to run more slowly To develop a smart, future-focused community, needs. Without these insights, municipal needs and can produce inaccurate readings. Upgrading municipal leaders must start by addressing aging can go undetected, resulting in urgent repairs, a city’s water infrastructure by connecting smart infrastructure while maintaining budget integrity. traffic flow disruption, and conflict with safety meters to centralized water and wastewater At one point or another, municipalities will face and water service. Integrated technologies make systems can help provide necessary data to the inevitable and costly decisions of making the use of real-time data more mainstream. public works departments, such as consumption infrastructure updates, and they should consider Integrating smart meters, for example, can help levels, and can track customer payments and

January / February 2019 World Water Water & Wastewater Management 25

Customer service is crucial, and customers include residents and business owners for municipalities.

egize future updates to stay ahead of damages. Additionally, the improved reporting capabili- ties can help free up employees to focus on other Left: With the goal of pressing issues. becoming a smart, more Customer service is crucial, and customers sustainable community, the City of Marquette, include residents and business owners for Michigan, implemented municipalities. By leveraging the data collected advanced, sustainable from smart meters and additional city systems, technologies through municipal leaders can proactively deliver an EPC with Johnson Controls. relevant information to residents and business owners to help with tailored operations and Below left: Johnson more efficient management. For example, Controls helped the City when a leak is detected in a water main on a of Marquette, Michigan, US, make infrastructure residential street, municipal leaders will receive upgrades to help reduce an alert, immediately allowing them to contact energy and operational the residents on that street to inform them of costs. Photos by the leak and send out maintenance crews to fix Johnson Controls the problem before the leak worsens. Residents, additional information on water usage variations. water levels can be monitored, and LEDs can business owners, and municipalities can all agree This information helps streamline management, be used to help evacuate residents to a safer that these infrastructure upgrades are necessary providing higher quality community service location in the event of a flood. A comprehensive in becoming a smarter, more efficient community. and water management. Municipalities can also overview of a city’s infrastructure is a core leverage the data compiled with smart meters to component of a smart city – a new goal many Expanding to the federal level define future priorities related to sustainability, cities wish to achieve. Infrastructure upgrades within the local infrastructure maintenance, and performance. Marquette, Michigan, US, is one such city government sector aren’t the only projects that EPC can help fund the implementation of these with a clear goal of becoming a smart community can benefit from using EPC. As EPC expands technologies. and leader in sustainability through energy into the federal government marketplace, On a limited budget and in need of upgrading conservation. The city worked with an ESCO to facilities in this sector can see a significant its aging infrastructure, Martinsville, Virginia, deliver a strategic, customized solution to cater impact on the resiliency, efficiency, and security United States (US), entered an EPC to make to the advancements of the city and community. of energy-related facility assets without raising water meter upgrades a reality. The upgrades Opting for a 20-year contract that would allow or creating taxes. For example, the Johnson would include replacing nearly 7,000 water them to fund $28.06 million in infrastructure Controls Federal Systems acquisition of Federal meters – most of which were more than 20 improvements through the contract’s guaranteed Energy Infrastructure Solutions will offer years old – with a projected cost of US$7.8 savings of more than $42.42 million, Marquette government sites the opportunity to increase the million to be offset by the guaranteed energy and wanted to make infrastructure upgrades that impact of their integrated solutions for a holistic operational savings of more than $582,000 per would reduce energy and operational costs. approach to energy and water conservation. year over 13 years. The implementation of smart Under an EPC, upgrades included water meter Working in conjunction with federal programs meters and additional smart water infrastructure replacements, LEDs on 2,498 street lights and – such as the Department of Energy (DOE III) upgrades offer the opportunity for data use from 125 bike paths, and improvements to building Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quality (IDIQ) these technologies to help improve sustainability envelopes, lighting, HVAC, and an electrical ESPC Contract Vehicle – the integration of smart, and efficiency – and even capture lost revenue. co-generation plant. These updates helped to connected technologies and systems at the federal Martinsville, like other cities that choose to self-fund the infrastructure projects through level can help with energy savings. The savings initiate smarter, more sustainable infrastructure the guaranteed energy savings. acquired can then be used toward additional upgrades, has seen an increase in meter-reading infrastructure upgrades that are critical to many accuracy and a reduction in maintenance costs. Community benefits of EPC and smart federal facilities. Since the meters are able to read electronically technologies From more accurate readings to reduced at offices rather than in the field, upgrades have Using an EPC to fund city infrastructure updates maintenance costs and improved customer resulted in a huge improvement over losing more for more efficient and sustainable operations is service, the implementation of smart, integrated than $170,000 annually from inaccurate water important, but the addition of smart technologies technologies can ensure a more efficient and and electric meter readings. into these communities is most impactful. In sustainable community. Municipal leaders are Water meters aren’t the only technology that addition to reducing energy consumption better informed to make current and future can help generate savings and improve efficiencies and costs, different areas of the community decisions using real-time data. The use of and safety. When LED lights are integrated can benefit from the outcomes delivered by innovative funding methods can help make with municipal systems, they can cut down on implementing these technologies. updates for a safer, smarter city by creating energy use and offer more efficient maintenance Real-time data is needed to provide critical new revenue streams and filtering funds into at a lower cost. For example, when LEDs are information for public works departments. For government budgets to make additional connected to centrally managed and wireless example, when sensors and water meters are community or federal updates. systems, outages can be pinpointed faster, connected with centrally managed systems, leak allowing for quicker repairs. Cities can benefit detection is more efficient, and damages can be Author’s Note most, however, when separate technologies are repaired more quickly. Leak detection can help Lisa Brown is the Performance InfrastructureTM integrated for a holistic approach to municipal capture lost revenue by using sensors and acous- Senior National Director of Smart Cities & infrastructure management. For example, when tic signatures to detect leaks. The connection Municipal Infrastructure at Johnson Controls, smart meters, LEDs, and sensors are connected, helps to define maintenance priorities and strat- which is based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US.

World Water January / February 2019 26 Water & Wastewater Management Plant-based solutions neutralize odors in wastewater facilities Plant-based odor control solutions are providing safe, natural, and effective treatment that neutralizes odors in wastewater handling facilities. Dr. Laura Haupert of OMI Industries explains how these natural solutions are implemented.

Water resource recovery facilities, landfills, and other wastewater sites are facing increased pres- sures to reduce odor emissions around workers and surrounding communities. Consequently, odor control is evolving into a key element of wastewater treatment. Eliminating troublesome odors from these large facilities, however, is easier said than done. Some facilities implement multi-million-dollar ventilation systems, which often produce mixed results. Others use methods such as masking agents that do little other than temporarily cover odors, providing limited relief. Controlling odors is also a challenging task for engineers. We sense odors when the structure and characteristics of their molecules stimulate the body’s olfactory sensory cells that are responsible Credit: arif hidayatullah , iStock for processing smells. In addition to molecular structure, odors produced by plants and animals such as expensive ventilation systems or complex to bond with odorous gasses, effectively neutral- contain many different characteristics. For engi- scrubbers. Plant-based delivery methods includ- izing their smell. neers, facility managers, and public works direc- ing atomization, vaporization, and spray gel dis- Vapor delivery rates can be adaptable to many tors to safely and effectively eliminate odors in bursement are able to combat the different mo- different locations and applications, even freezing their facilities, an advanced approach to control lecular structures and characteristics of odor. temperatures. Because no water is used, vapor- is crucial. Atomization occurs when a concentrated odor ization allows for cost savings, enhanced cold- Natural plant-based odor control solutions eliminator is mixed with water to form drop- weather reliability, water conservation, and an are being implemented to neutralize the odor lets that are pumped through pipes to areas af- enhanced eco-friendly delivery method. molecules in facilities where masking agents fail fected by odor. As the droplets are applied, they Most facilities are opting for vaporization to accomplish more than temporary coverup. immediately come into contact with odor mol- systems where ducting carries the plant-based Through a unique mode of action, multiple deliv- ecules, and the neutralization process begins. solution in sub-micron form to the source of the ery methods, and rigorous safety qualifications, Atomization is used in many industrial processes odor, neutralizing it on contact. These systems these methods are able to result in safe and com- and in materials handling. are virtually maintenance free. plete control of odor emissions in wastewater The atomization process provides a high level Spray gel solutions are applied directly to an treatment facilities. of control. Depending on the system design, the odor source material to block odors from product volume, surface area, and spray method escaping. This application is ideal for: How plant-based solutions work can all be set. Atomization systems come in the • Sludge handling and transportation When dispersed into the air, the molecules of following formats: • Open-bed waste trucks plant-based solutions immediately bond with • Explosion-proof systems • Working faces of landfills present odor molecules. Once bonded, the plant- • High-pressure atomization systems • Soil remediation projects based molecules absorb odor molecules in a way • Air atomization systems • Solid/semi-solid materials that continuously that is similar to water droplets being drawn into • Fan atomization systems emit odors. a sponge. Odor neutralization is accomplished • Custom-designed systems. when the odor molecules are fully enveloped in Ecosorb™ Spray Gel from OMI Industries repre- these plant-based molecules through a combina- Plant-based solutions can be applied in either sents a safe, earth-friendly, plant-based solution tion of water solubility principles and natural oil high- or low-pressure systems. High-pressure to eliminate industrial odors. A range of systems reactions. In short, safe and natural odor con- systems treat odors by dispersing a fine mist into are available to evenly spray this semi-liquid trol stems from a process that involves atomiza- the air that treats both escaping gas emissions material over odorous materials in trucks and tion, contact, absorption, water solubility, and and surface odors. Low-pressure systems apply storage sheds, around landfills, or as they are re- reactions. a solution and water mixture through a fan’s jet leased from machinery such as tillers or graders. stream, creating a fine mist over a large area. Delivery methods Vaporization disbursement methods contain Treatment applications Flexible delivery methods are another key benefit no added water, only the undiluted odor solution. The process of converting wastewater into efflu- to plant-based solutions, which can be more ver- Like atomization, the plant-based solution ent contains many odorous problem areas. Plant- satile and cost-effective than implementing other is vaporized into sub-micron droplets, piped based solutions such as OMI Industries’ Ecosorb more capital-intensive odor control methods through a distribution system, and dispersed can be used in multiple wastewater treatment

January / February 2019 World Water Water & Wastewater Management 27

Tested to EPA standards Government authorities and public inter- Facility managers have est groups scrutinize how wastewater is being approved odor control treated and discharged into the environment. Therefore, environmentally safe biochemical products such as Ecosorb odor solutions such as Ecosorb must be consid- for use outside of ered for use in municipal and industrial waste- water facilities. industrial processing Independent laboratory tests have tested plants. Ecosorb products for human toxicity against US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) guide- lines. In all cases, the biochemical received the applications. These can include headworks, the increase in complaints about offensive odors safest possible classification, specifically in re- clarifiers, sedimentation basins, lift stations, was due more to urban sprawl than to addition- gards to acute oral, dermal, and inhalation toxic- lagoons, biosolids treatment, industrial waste- al odors being created by the plant. The culprits ity as well as primary eye and dermal irritation. water, and wastewater septage dumping. were believed to be odors emitted from the ac- Additionally, Ecosorb products were tested for These processes can create various odors tivated sludge plant, the treatment of biosolids, fish toxicity to establish potential problems from common to wastewater treatment including hy- and the operation of digestors and the belt filter the spillage or use in an exposed water stream. drogen sulfide, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, ska- press. Ecosorb was proven to be nontoxic to marine toles, mercaptans, amines, and indoles. The good WSA tested Ecosorb after receiving a referral life, based on EPA testing standards. news is that all of these odors can be effectively from another wastewater utility, and the facility Each wastewater treatment facility’s odor remedied through the use of plant-based solu- implemented a concentrated form of Ecosorb, situation is unique and can be as intricate as the tions such as Ecosorb, no matter the delivery which was diluted with water and applied via odor composition itself. However, with safe, method. atomization into odorous areas. The ratio ap- natural, and scientifically proven plant-based Hydrogen sulfide odor is a serious issue for plied varied between 1 and 1.5 to 208 liters (55 odor solutions, facility managers now have headworks and primary treatment operations in gallons) of water. A 19-liter (5-gallon) supply of more tools available for the elimination of water resource recovery facilities. To solve this concentrated Ecosorb typically treats odors at odorous emissions. issue, vapor or fan systems can be installed at the the plant for 10–14 days. Since implementing the bar screeds and digesters. In some cases, the bio- plant-based solution, the facility has seen a dra- Author’s Note chemical can be diluted with plant water for a matic decrease in complaints. WSA is finding suc- Dr. Laura Haupert is the direc- more cost-effective solution. cess throughout the entire plant, including partic- tor of research and development Activated biosolids basins are often large and ularly odorous areas such as sludge handling. at OMI Industries, headquartered uncovered, allowing malodors to drift freely into In another case, the Crystal Lake Wastewater in Long Grove, Illinois, United nearby areas. Custom biochemical delivery sys- Treatment Plant located in Crystal Lake, Illinois, States. tems can be developed to neutralize these previ- US, contacted OMI Industries to learn more ously uninhibited odors in a natural way. With about how Ecosorb could be used in the plant. Above: An Ecosorb odor control system installed low- or high-pressure atomization systems, plant- Plant managers wanted to remain good neigh- outside of a facility. based solutions can be disbursed over these bors to those occupying the surrounding area, as Below: ECO_VP-600-1200 system large areas. the plant is located near many commercial and Photos by OMI Industries Many industrial facilities have their own residential neighborhoods. wastewater treatment facilities. Controlling odors The treatment plant installed five Vapor Phase in these areas involves targeting both smells gen- systems from OMI Industries to help eliminate erated from process materials and those emanat- odor around the plant. Specifically, the plant uses ing from wastewater lagoons. Facility manag- (1) 130, (1) 250, and (3) 450 CFM Vapor Phase ers have approved odor control products such as units to control odors from wastewater, biosol- Ecosorb for use outside of industrial processing ids, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, plants. ethyl mercaptan, and methyl mercaptan. Raw septage from haulers can present odor The equipment runs 24 hours a day, seven problems for plants that otherwise would have days a week. their industrial emissions under control. Effective removal of these odors can be provided when fan or nozzle atomization systems are posted near the unloading point and when they are vented or open to downstream locations.

Ecosorb resolves odor issues OMI Industries’ Ecosorb plant-based odor control solutions provide safe and effective odor control programs to wastewater handling facilities. Two ex- amples of its successful application at wastewater treatment facilities follow. The Water and Sewer Authority (WSA) in Douglasville, Georgia, United States (US), has been delivering quality water and wastewater service to more than 90,000 county residents for more than 17 years. It treats approximately 9.5 to 11.4 million liters (2.5 and 3 million gallons) of wastewater per day. WSA began receiving complaints stem- ming from the neighbors surrounding part of its operation, the Southside Water Pollution Control Plant. As is often the case,

World Water January / February 2019 28 Resource Recovery Jersey’s sludge digestion facility achieves early payoff

Investment in high-performance sludge treatment equipment, including Doosan Enpure pasteurizers and Landia GasMix digester systems, pays off in self-sufficiency, low maintenance, and higher biogas yields. United Kingdom-based journalist Chris French reports.

Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands in the improve health and safety by eliminating the One of those trips was to Landia A/S in British Isles, is famous for its Royal new pota- need for working at height and confined Denmark. King was impressed with Landia’s toes and dairy products from its iconic pure- space entry.” GasMix digester mixing system, the company’s bred cattle. Now, for those who value exem- set-up, and its staff from the moment they arrived plary engineering standards of efficiency and Landia GasMix digester system at the company headquarters. King explained performance for anaerobic digesters in sewage Together with Principal Engineer Gary Davies that their visit gave them confidence in the type treatment works, the island’s sludge treatment at the Bellozanne facility, King took several of service and back-up that they would get. He plant in Bellozanne is well worth the investment. field trips to research suitable mixers, seeking added that their objective included procuring a Landia’s low-maintenance chopper pumps and equipment that would also mix the whole tank system that could produce the most gas without GasMix systems in the facility’s three-digester, instead of systems that provide little or no any breaks interfering with gas production. sludge treatment facility have enabled the com- rotation. While the lowest possible price wasn’t their bined heat and power (CHP) system to more primary consideration, they were searching for than pay for itself. The Bellozanne sewage treat- a system that would be easy to maintain and ment works already achieves carbon neutrality be the most appropriate for the long-term. at times, putting it in line with United Kingdom Landia’s GasMix, which uses its chopper (UK) government priorities on long-term strate- pump to break down particle size, also includes gies to increase resilience and manage supply and multiple venturi nozzles, depending upon demand of energy and water resources. requirements. Macleod explains how other The sludge facility, originally built in 1959, desirable features were incorporated into the was replaced in 2015 with a self-sufficient system system, “Landia was very helpful because we built by Doosan Enpure, based in South Korea, wanted everything at ground level, meaning no at the island’s sewage treatment works to meet access platforms at the side of the tanks – which future environmental standards and a growing saves time and money – putting the solenoid population, which is now in excess of 105,000. valves that power the pneumatic actuators down From the outset, Jersey’s Department for to a solenoid box at ground level in an explosion- Infrastructure, together with Doosan Enpure, proof enclosure. We also wanted an isolation knew that logistical challenges faced by the island valve included between digesters and the actuated made efficiency, ease of maintenance, and high valve so that we wouldn’t have to decommission performance crucial, particularly for the plant’s an entire digester if we had a problem with pumps and mixing systems. Self-sufficiency and a valve. Operating times also affected our backup are essential for the Bellozanne sewage decision rather than opting for systems that run treatment facility, as fog and high winds can continuously, so in effect, it gives the operator the soon stop goods (i.e., replacement parts and flexibility and confidence to fine-tune the mixing equipment) from reaching Jersey. for maximum gas yields.” “The new plant gave us the perfect opportunity to engineer out old unwanted problems,” says Bob King, senior engineer at the States of Jersey’s Department for Infrastructure, Doosan Enpure who has worked at the facility for 25 years. “Previously, for example, we had an ongoing has helped the nightmare with very costly maintenance for compressors, which went down even if there facility to achieve up to was just a small amount of foam in our old gas mixing system,” King says. Facility operations 500 kW of electricity also suffered from ragging and problems with (and the same in pipework and fittings caused by poor design. To reduce downtime, Doosan Enpure worked heat), a savings of on a design for a highly robust plant with low maintenance requirements. Doosan Enpure approximately $1,000 Principal Mechanical Engineer Michelle Macleod explains, “We agreed straightaway that for the to $1,400 per day. three new anaerobic digesters, all pipework and From left to right: Bob King, Gary Davies, and Landia moving parts should be on the outside of the key account manager Paul Davies at the Bellozanne Gary Davies, Principal Engineer, tank. Externally mounted equipment would also sewage treatment works. Photo by Landia Bellozanne Sewage Treatment Works

January / February 2019 World Water Resource Recovery 29

In the original Bellozanne plant, lime was Performance payoff used to enhance the treatment of sludge at a cost The Bellozanne facility is achieving high of US$102,740 per year, and it also caused a volatile solids (VS) destruction at an average distinctive rotten fish odor, but it is now of approximately 60 percent, gone due to Doosan Enpure’s according to Dave Garnett, established pasteurization a wastewater technical technology. In the new specialist at Doosan plant, the pasteurizers Enpure. “The kill pathogens and pasteurizers must help further break help, but good down solids, mixing is create more critical with consistency, the high and release temperature more gas. The feed to the pasteurizers digesters hold the to make sludge at 55 sure that degrees Celsius everything for a minimum is distributed of 4 hours prior properly. to passing to the Landia’s anaerobic digesters. GasMix is Davies explains working very that in addition to the well indeed because pasteurizers, the CHP we’re seeing plenty investment minimizes flaring of energy produced by of gas. Instead, all of the gas is the CHP, which has already used in the CHP, and the excess heat more than paid for itself,” Garnett is used to heat sludge. “The whole focus of our says. This outcome has significantly reduced operation has changed because we look at gas operational expenditures. production every day and see how, if possible, we Garnett adds, “Many digesters in the industry can tweak it to make it better,” he says. run on 2 to 2.5-percent solids, but with a simple Doosan Enpure has helped the facility to retrofit to a superior mixing system, they could achieve up to 500 kilowatts (kW) of electricity increase to 4 percent and see an immediate (and the same again in heat), a savings of approx- pay off.” Davies agrees: “From a process point imately $1,000 to $1,400 per day, according to of view, the good mixing we have here with Davies. “The pasteurizers significantly improve the Landia equipment is very important for the sewage sludge that is fed to the digesters,” he consistency. It has a very positive knock-on effect says. “Further on in the process, we now have all the way through, including that big reduction far less grit/silt and rag to deal with. Before, we in grit/silt because we can see that the digesters had to take a digester out of service, bring in are being mixed properly.” costly tankers to remove 2 to 3 meters of grit/ Further evidence of the plant’s optimized silt and rag, but now we’re heading in the performance comes in the shape of the sludge right direction.” cake. Without lime, there was some concern One area that did require much more than initially about how consistent it would be, but mere fine-tuning was the continuous sediment the plant now produces a far better product, build-up or crusting of the new plant’s heat according to King. The product meets the UK exchangers, which had to be cleaned every standards that require digestate output from week. To meet Bellozanne’s low-maintenance anaerobic digestion and biogas production to requirement, Doosan Enpure was tasked with be suitable for use as a biofertilizer. figuring out a solution. According to King, Therefore, the sludge cake is much more “Initially, we blamed the exchangers, as perhaps appealing to farmers, who are provided with most operators do. We tried linking them in technical assistance, including field testing, to series, in parallel, but eventually we found the ensure spreading compliance, King explained. remedy by introducing an air line. Our heat While there is yet more to be achieved in this exchangers now have no trouble reaching their area, a lot has been accomplished since the days required temperatures and require very little when farmers used to have to be paid to take in the way of cleaning. The downside to this away the treated sludge. was additional wear to the pasteurizer mixing Davies says, “Overall, we now have a far pumps, caused by aerated sludge. This issue was more complex plant, yet our investment in addressed by upgrading to hardened impellers to quality equipment is saving us money. Not improve service life.” everybody understands the drivers when being Bellozanne and Doosan Enpure also chose on an island. No point supposedly saving $1.3 Landia pumps for three separate tanks containing million on capital expenditures if it’s then going digested sludge, thickened sludge – fed to the to cost you an extra $3.9 million in maintenance. digesters via pasteurizers – and unthickened This plant’s performance proves that we are sludge that comes off the final clarifiers, which is winning the argument.” then thickened and added to the thickened tank to maximize overall residence time. As with the Author’s Note Landia chopper pumps on the GasMix systems Chris French is a freelance journalist in the of the three digesters, none of the tanks has United Kingdom who specializes in water required any spare parts since being installed and environmental topics.

3 years ago. For further information please see the Advertiser Contact List on page 50

World Water January / February 2019 30 Water & Sanitation Microloans to expand water access in Cambodia

Water.org and Winrock’s Sustainable Water Partnership (SWP) launch a US$4-million microloan financing program to bring water and sanitation to Cambodian households. Liz Kendall of Winrock International SWP explains current water challenges and how affordable microloans can help to expand water access.

In November 2018, the inter- Water challenges Water is used to irrigate 90 percent Cambodia. These estimates were national nonprofit Water.org Fundamental changes in of agricultural land in the area, produced by integrating current and the United States Agency for Cambodia’s population growth, where irrigation schemes are land use information with historical International Development (USAID) land use, and climate are primarily created by damming land use change maps with a Sustainable Water Partnership challenging the status quo in water the river and its tributaries. This hydrological model – Soil & Water (SWP), implemented by Winrock policy and practices. Many in the practice impedes the migration of Assessment Tool (SWAT). International, agreed to mobilize nation’s older generations who fish populations and endangers In addition to adjusting to a US$4 million in microloans within survived the Khmer Rouge in the the main source of protein in the growing population and intensi- 1 year to improve access to drinking 1970s were taken from the capital average Cambodian’s diet. fying agriculture, the Stung Chinit water and sanitation in Cambodia to the countryside to excavate In Cambodia, the population watershed must also contend with for 37,000 people. The end goal huge canals that now make up is growing more than 2 percent what these changes have wrought. is to accelerate access to improved extensive irrigation systems. For each year, increasing demands Land use changes and forest losses water and sanitation for people younger generations, water is an on the nation’s water supply have changed the water balance, living at the base of the economic annual reason for celebration – resources. Climate change effects creating more floods and erosion pyramid (BOP) in Cambodia Bon Om Touk, the Cambodian are compounding the pressure on while reducing natural water puri- Water.org is addressing the most Water Festival, which is usually available water. National historical fication. Without the important significant barrier to this crisis – celebrated in November and marks data shows a rising temperature of ecosystem services provided by the financial gap between the need the reversal of the flow of the 0.8°C since 1950 and decreasing forests, the Stung Chinit watershed’s for water and sanitation services Tonle Sap River, a waterbody that rainfall of 0.2 percent per year population is more susceptible and the ability to purchase those connects the Tonle Sap Lake with (Thoeun 2015). Between 2000 and to climate change. According to services. Through Water.org’s the Mekong River. 2015, 31 percent of the forest area climate models, the watershed will proven WaterCredit model, BOP The Stung Chinit River, located in the Stung Chinit watershed was see a rise in temperatures and more families will be able to redirect their in Kampong Thom Province in cen- lost, amounting to approximately erratic rainfall patterns, with more limited resources to pay for quality, tral Cambodia, is a major tributary 1,591 km2 of forests converted intense storms in the wet season household water and sanitation of the Tonle Sap Lake, the largest to cropland, plantations, or other and less rainfall in the dry season. resources. The sustainable solution freshwater lake in Southeast Asia – anthropogenic land uses. This puts health, time, and savings back and by far the most important lake research was carried out using Water security solutions into the lives of the world’s most in Cambodia in terms of livelihood Winrock’s Watershed Ecosystem Initiated in 2017, the Sustainable vulnerable. and water supply. The 264-kilome- Service Tool (WESTool) to assess Water Partnership’s (SWP) In 2019, Water.org will work ter (km)-long Stung Chinit River key ecosystem services in Cambodia Water Security with two of its most successful is located in a watershed approxi- Cambodia. Improvement Activity began microfinance partners to scale its mately 8,236 km2 in size. The WESTool estimates land use mobilizing communes, districts, WaterCredit portfolios and bring Rice is the primary crop grown in change, carbon stocks, greenhouse nongovernmental organizations water and sanitation services to the Stung Chinit watershed, where gas emissions, sediment and (NGOs), farmer water user more households. It will also visit more than 95 percent of rainfall nutrient loss, changes in river water committees, community forestry, households to raise awareness occurs in the wet season, making quality, impacts on biodiversity, community fisheries, and water of water access, sanitation, and flood irrigation popular; however, population, access to market, and user associations from across the hygiene (WASH) and to promote the opposite is true in the dry general agricultural production data Stung Chinit watershed to engage WaterCredit loans. season, when water is scarce. at the national and local levels in in the Water Security Improvement

January / February 2019 World Water Water & Sanitation 31

approached established WASH organizations’ similar approaches NGOs working in and around the to capacity building, awareness target area to join them in the raising, sustainability, and local WSI process. partner skill development. SWP brings a strong field presence, local Water.org launches knowledge, and its WASH Working WaterCredit Group to the partnership while One of the NGOs that SWP Water.org provides the technical Cambodia partnered with was guidance, financial oversight, Water.org, which had already and local microfinance institute identified Cambodia as a target partners. country for its WaterCredit In December 2018, the WASH solution that provides loans for Working Group received training the construction of piped water on the WaterCredit program and connections and latrines. Today, of began collaborating with Water. the more than 15.6 million people org representatives to develop new who live in Cambodia: ways to teach watershed residents • 12.6 million lack access to piped about WASH financial services and water and rely on manual hand promote this mechanism to water pumps. Of those, 3.9 million (25 users, especially those located in percent of the population) lack remote areas. Water.org will use access to improved water sources this information to better promote entirely. its services in the area; meanwhile, • 6.3 million are without toilets the working group will use what and practice open defecation. it learned about financing WASH • 3.4 million people live on less construction from Water.org to than the equivalent of $3.10 complete the planning of its first per day. small-scale intervention and begin (WSI) process to promote improved implementation soon. Together, behaviors and adapt more active Water.org identified a unique younger and older generations The Stung Chinit water security stewardship. The financial service need that was residing in the Stung Chinit River is a major 4-year process will identify and unmet in the Cambodian market watershed are working together support the implementation of and began laying the foundation to take the important first steps tributary of the key actions that build resilience for its Cambodia work in 2014. toward water security. Tonle Sap Lake to growing water security risks. The organization launched the Four working groups of water user first WaterCredit program in Author’s Note and the largest representatives were established, 2015 and is now engaging five Program Associate Liz Kendall at freshwater lake in one to address each stakeholder- microfinance institutions to meet Winrock International is based in identified water risk, including the demand of low-income families Arlington, Virginia, United States. Southeast Asia. environmental impacts from with its WaterCredit approach. Winrock manages more than 100 upstream land management; Greatly exceeding its initial goals, agricultural, environment, and agricultural pollution; irrigation Water.org continues to provide social development projects in operation and maintenance; and households access to affordable more than 40 countries. lack of access to drinking water, financing for water and sanitation, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) therein removing this barrier for Top: Man casting fishing net. Reference services. Having identified families who need safe water and Chan Thoeun, Heng & Sivakumar, M & Pauline Photo by: Phyroum Chourn insufficient access to water supply sanitation in Cambodia. Dube, Opha. (February 7, 2015). Observed and Above: School kids show off their projected changes in temperature and rainfall in recently repaired handpump. and sanitation in the Stung Chinit The partnership between SWP Cambodia. Weather and Climate Extremes, Photo by: Liz Kendall watershed, SWP Cambodia and Water.org springs from the Elsevier BV, 7, pages 61-71

World Water January / February 2019 32 Decentralized Treatment Fluence establishes footprint in China

Energy-efficient decentralized wastewater treatment is recognized in China as the way forward to improve water environment management. Jennifer Santaniello of Fluence reports on the company’s recent contracts to install its Aspiral™ Smart Packaged wastewater treatment plants along the highway system across Hubei Province.

Shortly after Emefcy merged with treatment and has been able to es- General Manager Wong Jin Yong. RWL Water in late 2016, the newly tablish a strong market presence in Next, a manufacturing plant was formed company, Fluence, began rural China. In 2016, China’s established, and a Fluence team to establish local operations in China’s water market is highly 13th 5-year plan from Israel spent several months China to market its modular waste- policy-driven, with the policies with the local Chinese team, trans- water treatment technology – the centralized in accordance with the called for an ferring knowledge of the MABR membrane aerated biofilm reactor government’s regular 5-year plans. increase in rural technology manufacturing process, (MABR) – as an energy-efficient, The 13th 5-year plan (2016-2020) which was identified as an ideal decentralized treatment solution focuses on making environmental wastewater solution for the Chinese market. for rural areas. Two years later, improvement a priority task for the treatment from 40 Shortly after Emefcy’s merger with Fluence’s production facility in country, especially with regards to RWL Water to form Fluence, the Changzhou is in operation, and water and wastewater treatment. to 90 percent by production plant was operational, partnership agreements covering In 2015, the Ministry of Environ- 2020. with local technicians able to half of China’s provinces have been mental Protection released the design, build, install, and maintain signed, including 10 commercial Water Pollution Control Action various configurations of Aspiral contracts through 24 local partners Plan, targeted at promoting the Smart Packaged wastewater treat- that cover 16 provinces to provide prevention of water pollution, pro- In an additional report produced by ment plants. Yong and his seasoned Aspiral™ Smart Packaged decen- tecting water ecology, and improv- the Chinese government in 2018, local sales team focused on building tralized wastewater systems. ing water resource management. water environment treatment was relationships with local partners in- As of January 2019, nine Aspiral This policy drive ushered China much more focused, targeting the volved in the industry and had part- facilities are operating in addition to into an era of water environment implementation of comprehensive nership agreements within a short six that are under construction, and management. treatment for key water areas, sea time covering half of the provinces an estimated 80 Aspiral treatment To further elaborate on the areas, and black water bodies, in China. These relationships have systems ranging from single to mul- plan in 2015, the Water Pollution building wastewater treatment been essential to Fluence’s success to tiple units will be installed along the Prevention Plan for Key Water facilities and improving pricing date in China, where commitment highway system in Hubei Province Areas was issued. The plan divides policies. Wastewater treatment has and respect are highly valued. in the next 18 months. The facilities the prevention and control of water continued to increase in importance Another key factor in Fluence’s will treat wastewater at toll stations, pollution into five major sections: in China. ability to establish itself quickly in parking lots, and service areas. drinking water sources, industrial this market is the suitability of its pollution, construction of urban Building partnerships product to the challenges faced in China promotes wastewater wastewater treatment and support- In late 2016, Fluence (then Emefcy) complying with this level of treat- treatment ing facilities, agricultural and rural began to establish local operations ment in a condensed time period. When China’s 13th 5-year plan was pollution, and comprehensive in China to penetrate this market In addition to the advantages of announced in 2016, it called for treatment of water environment. share. First, the company estab- MABR technology as it relates to an unprecedented increase in rural It formulated a nationwide plan for lished local offices in Shanghai and nutrients removal and the delivery wastewater treatment, from 40 to preventing and controlling water Beijing, which were staffed under of high-quality effluent, its pack- 90 percent of rural wastewater to pollution in these key water areas. the direction of Fluence China aged format allows it to require less be treated by 2020. This initiative created a US$15-billion opportu- nity for providers of sewage pipes, sewage treatment plants, sludge treatment plants, reclaimed water treatment plants, and rainwater harvesting and treatment facilities. Despite the significant opportu- nity, many international providers were unable to overcome the initial obstacles associated with penetrat- ing the unique Chinese market – and continue to struggle to do so. However, the wastewater and reuse specialist, Fluence, headquartered Aspiral™ units are comprised of membrane in New York, United States (US), aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) modules focuses primarily on decentralized (above). Photo by Fluence

January / February 2019 World Water Decentralized Treatment 33

infrastructure. It also requires less Table 1. Wastewater test report includes sampling data of the effluent achieved by the initial Aspiral Smart Packaged unit at energy than traditional aeration, is the Xiaogan Service Area on October 9–10, 2018. scalable due to its modular design, has low energy requirements, and Dated Item (mg/L) pH Ammonium- Chemical Total Total Suspended Biochemical can be operated via smartphone or Nitrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Solids Oxygen tablet. Demand Demand

Hubei Highway project 2018.10.09 Inlet 1 6.88 76.2 472 89 5.7 36 184 The first application of the Fluence 2018.10.09 Outlet 1 6.82 0.254 22 2.66 0.1 8 5.1 MABR technology for highways 2018.10.10 Inlet 2 6.85 68.3 452 86.3 5.26 38 172 and service areas in China, located 2018.10.10 Outlet 2 6.81 0.206 16 2.18 0.04 8 4.4 in the Hubei Xiaogan Highway Class 1A Standard 6 ~ 9 < 5/8 < 50 < 15 < 0.5 <10 < 10 Service Area in Hubei Province, treats 200 cubic meters per day of wastewater. Influent levels of am- Data Source: Testing report by Pony Testing International Group monium-nitrogen (NH4-N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phospho- Moreover, as the standards for 2 months. The plant has been op- Chinese wastewater treatment rus (TP) levels are higher compared effluent quality of wastewater erational since September 2018, market, and local business relation- to ordinary municipal and domes- treatment become stricter, it is providing much needed wastewa- ships. The Aspiral Smart Packaged tic wastewater, and the effluent difficult to update centralized plants ter treatment to the East Section of decentralized wastewater systems quality is required to meet China’s to comply. The original wastewater Xiaogan Highway Service Area and provide a fitting solution for ad- strict Class 1A standard. Due to its treatment plant that was servicing meeting the highest quality Class dressing wastewater needs while specific geographical location, the the Xiaogan Service Area was 1A standards in China. Following meeting policy requirements in Xiaogan Service Area receives a unpleasantly odorous and not well successful operation of the service China. Local relationships and heavy volume of traffic every day, operated. The effluent it produced area pilot for 2 months, in October business partners have also played and the need for wastewater treat- also failed to meet the strict Class 2018, Fluence and its local partner a vital role in Fluence’s business ment was quite urgent. For this ap- 1A standard. Therefore, a smarter received a volume order for the presence in China – and will plication, it is particularly compli- and more environmentally friendly remaining rest stops and service continue to do so into the future. cated to design and build large-scale solution was required to replace the areas along the highways in Hubei centralized wastewater plants, with existing one. province, to be delivered over the Author’s Note challenges including high capital In June 2018, Fluence proposed following 18 months. Jennifer Santaniello is Senior expenditures and high energy con- a single Aspiral unit to pilot the in- Many factors have contributed Manager of Branding & sumption in addition to difficult tense needs of the Xiaogan Service to the initial success of this project Communications at Fluence management, maintenance, and Area, and the entire project was de- including the delivery of a suitable Corporation, based in White Plains, operation. livered and commissioned within technology, an understanding of the New York, United States. For further information please see the Advertiser Contact List on page 50

World Water January / February 2019 34 Decentralized Treatment

In an interview with World Water, OriginClear CEO Riggs Eckelberry explains the company’s dynamic strategy targeted to small- to medium-sized projects in the rapidly growing industry of decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse. Together, point-of-use modular technology, new materials, and crowdfunding are opening up new opportunities in this expanding sector. New financing strategy expands reuse opportunities

World Water Decentralization is a major Eckelberry Just like Tesla in the auto trend in the wastewater treatment and reuse industry, we see ourselves as occupying a industry. How do OriginClear’s point-of-use disruptive technology role, intended to help the treatment systems fit into this trend? water industry absorb the rapid changes now Riggs Eckelberry Decentralization is the occurring as centralized solutions give way to centerpiece of our mergers and acquisitions point-of-use, as dramatically new materials (M&A) strategy, but we have gone much further. enter the stage, as crowdfunding revolutionizes In 2018, we recruited a leader in point-of-use finance, and as connected smart systems become water treatment systems, Daniel M. Early, PE, widely adopted. Meanwhile, our core technology, and built a new division around him, Modular Electro Water Separation™, is being deployed Water Systems (MWS), to deliver his patented in a dozen countries including China for the brand of reinforced thermoplastic (SRTP) worst effluents such as manure effluent and prefabricated water resource recovery facilities landfill leachate (black water). And advanced and pump stations. oxidation (AOx) is proving effective to remove Modular Water units are primarily a materials the RoundUp® that ordinary systems do not. breakthrough. SRTP is self-reinforced and is Finally, our M&A strategy is now in effect, with 3–4 times as durable as concrete, steel, and a US$.5-billion dollar funding organization, TCA fiberglass. With it, complete solutions can be Capital, committed to helping us finance these produced in the factory and trucked onsite, transactions. strapped down on a simple pad, and put into It has been a long path, but we believe that we immediate service. Initial costs are 5–15 percent are on the verge of an amazing 2019, when all lower than systems based on conventional of the pieces come together for us. materials. Proprietary specification software makes the entire architecting process happen World Water What explains the trend in minutes instead of weeks or months, and towards using onsite wastewater treatment research in military systems has resulted in and reuse? equipment that’s incredibly easy to operate. Eckelberry Just like computing, phones, Finally, Modular Water has the clear edge in and energy, all the activity in water is moving to long-life pump stations. In short, Modular Water the edge, or what we call the microhydrogrid™. delivers self-contained units with rapid design The biggest reason for this trend is the continuing and easy maintainability, perfect for point-of-use breakdown of central infrastructure in the United applications. States (US) or its inadequacy in developing In addition, we are developing WaterChain, which is a financial solution to the lack of financing for decentralized systems. Infrastructure banks in states like California can readily finance very large projects, but WaterChain intends to The solution isn’t put in place similar financing solutions for the much smaller point-of-use systems. Ultimately, more big centralized a grandmother in Korea will be able to invest in WaterChain’s water coin infrastructure systems – it’s point-of-use bank through her smartphone. This capability solutions. This development is expected to open vast new capital pools to accelerate decentralized water treatment systems also has an important side all over the world. benefit: the ability to recycle World Water OriginClear’s recent actions – China-based operations, mergers the water. and acquisitions, MWS, and WaterChain – show that the company is on a very dynamic Riggs Eckelberry, CEO and President and innovative growth path. What factors are of OriginClear driving OriginClear’s business strategy?

January / February 2019 World Water Decentralized Treatment 35

countries. The solution isn’t more big centralized and the like. These remain our most valuable systems – it’s point-of-use solutions. This intellectual property, and we continue to license development also has an important side benefit: worldwide. In mid-2018, we created Modular the ability to recycle the water. Water, which breaks no new ground in water The US recycles only 1 percent of its water. The treatment technology but is a breakthrough in reason is simple: look at a big sewage treatment system packaging and delivery. Modular Water plant like Hyperion in Los Angeles, California. is sold directly to industrial and commercial It really can’t send water back uphill to Beverly end-users through their consulting engineers. Hills because the return network is missing. On WaterChain is entering seed funding and is the other hand, a housing development upstream designed to enable funding of the smaller can treat its own flush water and reuse it to decentralized water projects. water the golf course. In drought locations that benefit alone can pay for the expense in as little World Water How is EWS:AOx used to Oilfield produced water processed in ECT’s ECOPOD, powered by OriginClear. as one year. So the modern treatment solution is treat difficult wastewaters? point-of-use. Eckelberry Extremely dirty, oily waters, but financing the new breed of decentralized such as landfill runoff and agricultural effluents, treatment is less so, mainly because the projects World Water Initially, OriginClear’s require our industrial water treatment process, are much smaller. However, smaller projects core technology, Electro Water Separation Electro Water Separation (EWS). In these represent the fastest-growing segment of the with advanced oxidation (EWS:AOx™), was applications, AOx can be combined with EWS water industry. WaterChain is a way to put the main focus of the company in its first 8 for final sanitation, further reduction of miscible in place capital pools to ensure that those years when it specialized in onsite treatment contaminants, and microtoxin reduction. AOx financings occur. This financing model will and the reuse of extremely difficult-to-treat technology is an evolution of known advanced ultimately support Modular Water, of course, wastewaters such as landfills and shale gas oxidation processes. The AOx reactor module is but it will also really support the entire industry. production. How is the company expanding specifically designed to focus on the generation In short, WaterChain will directly energize the into other applications? of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as ozone, decentralized water revolution. Eckelberry: We remain committed to licensing hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyls. Early technology to treat the worst effluents as well as laboratory studies carried out by OriginClear World Water Would you describe the treated influents that may still have micro- in partnership with California State University OriginClear as developing its own path in a toxins such as endocrine, drugs, RoundUp, at Bakersfield (CSU Bakersfield) indicated the fast-growing sector that’s in desperate need effectiveness of EWS:AOx, as measured by ROS of affordable solutions? generation. Eckelberry OriginClear is really a In China, OriginClear was asked to clean up technology company. We believe that disruptive black water contaminants coming out of landfills, technology is needed in the water industry, just which can be so thick that they can clog up any as it has been needed in the auto, energy and filter. OriginClear Technologies’ President Jean- telephone markets. For example, nearly one- Louis Kindler reports that EWS:AOx can do the fifth of US households are not connected to a job and is now in the commercial negotiation public sewer. More than 21 million households phase after a successful demonstration. in the United States use septic systems – not Overall, the system has shown a dramatic a public sewer – to trap and filter their toilet reduction in total organic compounds waste. Many of these homes will not be able to (TOC), which includes all forms of organic afford to connect to the public sewer, but septic contamination – solids, miscible, or dissolved tanks are on their way out, with better and more – to meet new stringent global discharge affordable technologies becoming available. requirements. A septic tank doesn’t readily enable recycling, and some rural homes face heavy pollution of World Water Why did OriginClear incoming water, both from nitrates and from launch MWS turnkey solutions for the water, RoundUp and other toxins. wastewater, and stormwater markets? What To solve this issue, a home unit could be used are the advantages for the company as well to filter incoming water and help reuse it for as for the client in licensing the product? lawn irrigation, pool filling, and so on. In arid Eckelberry We created the new Modular regions, a unit would pay for itself very quickly. Water division specifically to address the We think that there is a vast opportunity to tie market for robust, modular water resource in with smart home technologies, and we will recovery facilities (WRRFs) and pump station pursue it. systems. The WWRFs are typically for point- of-use applications. The pump stations have World Water What opportunities do broad application across all water markets. For you foresee for OriginClear in 2019? WWRFs, we are working with point-of-use users Eckelberry For us, we are looking at such as real estate developments, breweries, several opportunities. First, we’re working on industrial users, and even small municipal and a slate of acquisitions, which we believe we governmental requirements. The Modular can get done with the support of TCA Capital. Water division works on small- to medium-sized We believe these would be transformative for WRRFs and pump station projects to provide us as a company and create a federation of more reuse opportunities. Project prices have fast-growing water companies. Second, the ranged from $25,000 for a commercial pump rollout of Modular Water Systems into the station to $2.2 million for a school district water industry channel, into the home, and into WRRF. the international market is a new frontier for MWS. Third, we plan to continue growing our World Water How does the financing technologies division into country and regional mechanism WaterChain work? And how do partnerships, including the oil and gas industry you think it could help the water industry in foreign countries. Finally, we plan to continue address the global water crisis? developing WaterChain to dramatically improve Eckelberry Financing large capital the financing of decentralized water treatment Water treatment system projects in water is a well-established process, worldwide.

World Water January / February 2019 36 Decentralized Treatment Effluent sewer and treatment system solve wastewater crisis

A scenic community in New Zealand solves its wastewater collection and treatment challenges by installing an Orenco Effluent Sewer and AdvanTex Treatment System. Four years later, the system continues to provide reliable service. Bill Hensley of Orenco Systems, Inc. explains.

In 2007, the picturesque commu- Council, the Orenco treatment plant In the end, property owners nity of Piopio, New Zealand, was offered by Innoflow Technologies took note of the relative simplicity on the verge of a wastewater crisis. was selected because it provided the of the process, with the placement Located in a valley on alluvial soils, overall lowest whole-life cost while 2.8m of most residential septic tanks frequent rainfall and poor drain- meeting the regulatory requirements The total project costs were accomplished in less time than age create a high water table, espe- and public health needs of the US$2,810,000 in addition to goods expected. Furthermore, installing cially in wintertime. These condi- community. Because the effluent and services tax (GST) the shallowly buried collection tions, combined with septic tanks in would be discharged into a nearby lines that connect each home to excess of 30 years old, meant that river, it was also important to township’s effluent sewer is com- the wastewater system was also a nearly all soakage fields, also called choose a solution such as AdvanTex prised of approximately 65 percent fairly quick and easy process, thus drainfields, were failing. With a that had guaranteed results. Based Septic Tank Effluent Pump (STEP) minimizing disruption to the daily population of less than 400, Piopio in Auckland, Innoflow Technologies units and only 35 percent Septic activities and traffic flow within is home to a surprising assortment has completed several hundred Tank Effluent Gravity (STEG) units. the community. Two years after of retail attractions and services, commercial wastewater projects, Nevertheless, the small-diameter installation, effluent test results including a museum, several bed including about 20 effluent sewers. collection lines that feed into the continued to be excellent, averaging and breakfast establishments, the Total project costs were US$2.8 treatment system are well suited for well below allowable limits set by award-winning Fat Pigeon Café, million in addition to goods and a variety of terrain, as they are bur- the District Council, according to and an 18-hole golf course north services tax (GST). The District ied 76–91-centimeters (cm) deep Van Rooyen. of town. Council’s initial 2-year contract (30–36 inches) and designed to Former Waitomo District Residents may not have realized with Innoflow provided for the follow the contour of the land. Council Operations Manager Allen the urgent need for a sewer and design and installation of an Orenco Although residents of Piopio Scholtz adds, “I think the end result sewage treatment system, but Effluent Sewer, an AdvanTex Treat- were initially anxious about how demonstrates that we did choose the governing Waitomo District ment System, and a rock outfall for the installation of new tanks would the best solution for the project. The Council had identified the town as the final aeration of effluent prior to affect their gardens, driveways, big factors were price and quality of qualifying for wastewater funding dispersal into the Mokau River. The and the overall appearance of their results. The key was that we did not through the national Ministry of contract also included the purchase homes, Innoflow allayed these compromise quality for the sake of Health. After a thorough bidding and installation of 198 interceptor fears by engaging directly with affordability.” process that considered various tanks for all local homes and homeowners through a lengthy Local citizens are also satisfied treatment options, the Council businesses, plus the disposal of old public consultation process that with the way things have turned chose an Orenco® Effluent Sewer septic tanks. Finally, a subsidiary included discussion of specific out regarding their new wastewater and AdvanTex®s Treatment System, of Innoflow was contracted to tank placements and methods treatment facility. Placed near the given its robust treatment and low provide operating services during of remediation – such as topsoil southern edge of town in a residen- operating and capital costs. the initial 2 years. replacement, hand-seeding, and tial area just off the main road, the According to Christiaan Van Because Piopio and the surround- raking – that Innoflow would site is well landscaped and blends Rooyen of the Waitomo District ing countryside are rather hilly, the employ following installation. smoothly into its surroundings. Before the system was built, the creek that runs through town was known to give off a distinctly un- pleasant odor, undoubtedly caused by contaminated groundwater that found its way from the failing soak- age fields of nearby homes into the stream. The installation of the new reliable, efficient wastewater system enables Piopio to continue being a favorite stopping-off point for those passing through, in addition to be- ing a lovely refuge for those who call it home. Above: A rock outfall provides final aeration of effluent in Piopio. Photo by Innoflow Technologies Author’s Note Bill Hensley is the international Left: The Orenco Effluent Sewer and project manager at Orenco Systems, AdvanTex Treatment System that serves the community of Piopio. based in Sutherlin, Oregon, Photo by Orenco United States.

January / February 2019 World Water Landfill Leachate 37 Onsite evaporation using waste energy solves disposal challenges Water resource recovery facilities are increasingly refusing to accept landfill leachate due to rising treatment costs and environmental considerations. John Weigold of Heartland Water Technology explains how landfill managers can avoid these risks by treating leachate onsite using evaporation in a cogeneration configuration.

Landfill managers agree that dealing problematic. Treatment facilities with landfill leachate is challenging, are facing three major issues with expensive, and a regulatory head- respect to landfill leachate: nutrient ache – yet the leachate just keeps loading, contaminants of emerging coming. In fact, the annual costs concern (CEC), and the negative for managing landfill leachate are impact on ultraviolet (UV) counted in the billions and continue disinfection. to rise. Landfill leachate includes the Nutrient loading: Nutrient wastewater that accumulates in pollution (i.e., eutrophication) landfills from rainfall as well as the in waterbodies is a growing decomposition of organic waste. environmental concern. Some While percolating through the of the consequences of nutrient garbage, the wastewater dissolves pollution include algae blooms, and entrains organic material, anoxic water bodies, and a negative chemicals, metals, and minerals impact on biodiversity. While – whatever is in the garbage – landfill leachates contain a variety Heartland LM-HT® Concentrator resulting in a nasty mixture of of nutrients, the biggest concern is contaminants that is unlike any usually nitrogen. Nitrogen exists those pharmaceuticals, health UV disinfection: Prior to discharge other wastewater. Moreover, the in leachate in a variety of forms and beauty products, and other into the environment, WRRFs mix of contaminants in the leachate (ammonia-nitrogen, organic- chemicals that impact the human must disinfect the treated waste- changes constantly. Cover discipline nitrogen, nitrate/nitrite) and often hormone system when consumed. water to inactivate bacteria and by the landfill operator, volume in concentrations of up to 2,000 To be clear, endocrine disrupters are viruses. Increasingly, the facilities of precipitation, and variations milligrams per liter (mg/l), or more. still CECs, but the focus now has are switching from using chlorine in garbage make-up dramatically Treatment facilities are generally rapidly shifted to include per-and- to UV light systems to disinfect alter the contaminants in landfill good at treating low concentrations polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) wastewater. According to the leachate. of ammonia-nitrogen but less – and people are concerned. Water Environment Research According to the Environmental effective at treating other forms of PFAS are chemicals found in a Foundation (WERF) in Alexandria, Research and Education Found- nitrogen or higher concentrations of variety of products, such as aqueous Virginia, US, approximately 21 ation, based in Raleigh, North nitrogen. Leachate nitrogen loading film forming foam (AFFF) used percent of WRRFs today use UV Carolina, United States (US), not only causes problems with the in firefighting and in water and for disinfection. Logically, the UV approximately 62 percent of all treatment process itself but also stain repellants for textiles and light must be able to penetrate the leachate in the US today is managed makes it increasingly challenging for leather, paper coatings, non-stick water to dose all of the viruses by transporting the leachate to a treatment facilities to consistently coating products, and many other and bacteria sufficiently in order water resource recovery facility meet their National Pollutant Dis- applications. PFAS compounds are to be effective. It turns out, land- (WRRF), where the relatively charge Elimination Systems characterized by chains of carbon- fill leachate can be a big problem smaller volume of leachate is mixed (NPDES) permit limits for total fluorine bonds, which are extremely for treatment facilities using UV with a larger volume of sewage and nitrogen. When faced with being strong, making PFAS very stable because it contains high concen- then processed in the treatment out of compliance with NPDES and able to exist in the environment trations of humic and fluvic works. Leachate is transported permits, upgrading the treatment for long periods of time. Health acids, which absorb the UV light often by truck and less commonly facility itself, or refusing to accept studies suggest PFAS may increase before getting to the bacteria and by pipeline. leachate, the decision for facility the risk of cancer and impact viruses, ultimately decreasing operators becomes quite simple: cognitive and behavioral growth the transmittance of UV light in Landfill leachate rejection stop taking landfill leachate. in children, female fertility, and the the treated water. According to An increasing number of WRRF hormone and immune systems. Stephanie Bolyard at EREF, landfill managers are refusing to accept Contaminants of emerging While yet to fully regulate PFAS leachate volumetric contributions landfill leachate. The reasons for concern: CEC, very simply, are discharges, the US Environmental of as low as 0.01 percent can cause this trend include high contaminant contaminants found in drinking Protection Agency (EPA) has issued interference with UV disinfection loading and the nature of the con- water and wastewater that are a health advisory for PFAS, setting performance. taminants in the leachate. While under consideration for regulation an advisory threshold for PFAS of Individually, any one of these landfill leachate volumes are and for which the conventional 70 parts per trillion (ppt). PFAS can issues is a cause for concern for generally tens-of-thousands of liters processes used by WRRFs currently be found in landfill leachates often WRRF managers. Collectively, per day, and the treatment facilities do not treat. For years, discussions in concentrations that are many nutrient loading, contaminants of are often millions-of-liters per day, about CECs revolved mostly orders of magnitude above the EPA emerging concern, and the impact the leachate is proving to be highly around endocrine disrupters – health advisory limit. on UV disinfection are causing

World Water January / February 2019 38 Landfill Leachate

more and more treatment facilities biological and membrane systems to simply stop accepting landfill must be carefully designed to ensure leachate. While a comprehensive proper performance and requires a Evaporative system reduces survey has not been done, anecdotal team of skilled operators to run and evidence suggests that when the maintain. These systems can take leachate costs and risks cutoff notice comes, it comes a long time to design, permit, and quickly – either immediately or with construct. Moreover, when using a short warning period. When the RO, there is always a reject stream A large municipal solid waste easily installed and permitted. notice comes that the treatment (concentrate) to dispose of, which (MSW) landfill in the eastern The ease of operation highlights facility is no longer accepting can be 20 to 35 percent of the United States is demonstrating another important benefit of landfill leachate, landfill managers starting leachate feed rate. Because multi-faceted success of an evaporation over larger biological question who they can then call. RO reject is a concentrated stream, evaporative solution using waste treatment solutions. it is often more expensive to dispose heat. The landfill generates more By beneficially reusing thermal Onsite treatment of than the raw leachate (on a per than 379,000 liters (100,000 energy, the Heartland Concen- Finding a new disposal outlet for gallon basis). gallons) per day of landfill leach- trators allow the landfill a cost- leachate is often quite a challenge. According to Cooke, “Average ate requiring appropriate treat- effective way to gain maximal What was once a simple trucking daily volume of leachate gener- ment and/or disposal. The landfill control over its leachate manage- evolution to a local treatment ation, the concentration of regulated also operates a significant landfill ment. Use of the Heartland facility can become a multi-state, constituents, and where the treated gas-to-energy facility, which Concentrator has yielded environ- multi-modal logistics operation to leachate is ultimately discharged collects and treats the biogas mental benefits for the landfill haul leachate to a more receptive are all important considerations in formed from the decomposition by maximizing the value and facility. Leachate disposal costs determining the technology that of organic material within the productive use of its landfill can quickly become very expensive customers select for onsite leachate landfill, using Solar® Centaur gas gas, reducing greenhouse gas when managers are forced to find treatment. For example, if a landfill turbines to generate electricity emissions by taking trucks off new disposal outlets. cannot readily discharge treated from the biogas gas turbines. of the road and decreasing More and more, landfill leachate to a wastewater treatment Prior to using the evaporative the risk of an environmentally operators are choosing to treat plant or surface waterbody, leachate system to address its leachate damaging leachate spill. More leachate onsite and exercising firm evaporation should be considered.” volume, the landfill hauled lea- importantly, use of the Heartland control over their landfill leachate chate to a local water resource Concentrator in this cogeneration management. Sam Cooke, the Evaporation systems: Evaporation recovery facility (WRRF). Due configuration has dramatically national liquids management is a proven solution for onsite to the challenging nature of the lowered the landfill’s cost and leader for SCS Engineers, says, management of leachate and is leachate, the treatment facility other economic risks related to “Increasingly, landfill operators gaining broader acceptance by decided to stop accepting lea- leachate management. It virtually are asking for ways to control landfill managers for a number of chate, and the landfill was forced eliminates high trucking disposal their own destiny when it comes important reasons. First, evapor- to transport the leachate several costs and significantly reduces to leachate management. Onsite ation eliminates the leachate hundred miles, which resulted in the operator’s dependency on treatment can be a good way to stream entirely, resulting in a small a dramatic cost increase. municipal wastewater treatment reduce costs and reduce risk.” concentrate volume that can be The landfill now treats its plants. In short, use of the Heart- While multiple options are avail- safely returned to the landfill. leachate onsite using Heartland land Concentrator at this landfill able for treating leachate onsite, Evaporation systems that are Concentrators™ in a cogeneration shows the many benefits attain- two approaches are the most designed well with appropriate configuration with its existing able through using evaporation in common: biological membrane construction materials can last turbines. The simple, pre-tested, a cogeneration configuration. and evaporation systems. for many decades and are simple and skid-mounted system was to operate. However, to be cost Biological membrane systems: effective, evaporators require low- Biological systems alone, such as a cost thermal energy. For submerged sequencing batch reactor, used to combustion evaporators, this be a common approach for onsite typically means landfill gas, and for leachate treatment. However, Heartland’s LM-HT Evaporator, operators have learned that leachate it can mean either landfill gas or is a challenging wastewater for exhaust from an engine or turbine biological systems, as it can easily that is using landfill gas to make become toxic and kill the biologics. electricity. Use of waste heat in this Moreover, consistently achieving manner is generally considered the discharge limits with biological most cost-effective and environ- systems alone can be problematic mentally friendly leachate given the dynamic nature of evaporation option. leachate chemistry. More often today, biological Conclusion Cogeneration evaporation systems are combined with mem- Landfills around the world face a configuration brane systems consisting of reverse growing challenge because leachate osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF) treatment costs are increasing, or ultrafilitration (UF), or a with rising costs increasingly being solution that is gaining broader References 1. Staley, Brian, & Bolyard, Stephanie. (2018). combination of membrane driven by WRRFs that refuse to acceptance for onsite leachate State of Practice of Landfill Leachate technologies. The biological accept landfill leachate. Multiple treatment given its low total cost- Management and Treatment in the US. Environmental Research and Education system reduces biological oxygen onsite treatment options exist that to-treat and ease of design and Foundation demand/chemical oxygen demand can help landfill operators limit this operation. (BOD/COD) and nitrogen, and risk, regain control, and save real 2. Leong, Lawrence. (2008). Disinfection of Wastewater Effluent: Comparison of Alternative the membrane systems remove or potential costs. While biological Author’s Note Technologies. Water Research Foundation. suspended solids, dissolved treatment is an important and John Weigold is the senior vice Project 04-HHE-4 organics, and salts so that the water accepted treatment solution, the president of business developmen 3. Bolyard, Stephanie. (2016). Application of can consistently meet increasingly complexity of design and operation at Heartland Water Technology, Landfill Treatment Approaches for the Stabilization of Municipal Solid Waste. Electronic stringent discharge limits. While of these systems should be carefully based in Hudson, Massachusetts, Theses and Dissertations. 4878. effective, the combination of considered. Evaporation is a proven United States. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4878

January / February 2019 World Water Industrial Wastewater Treatment 39 Cyanide analysis in mine wastewater treatment The global mining industry takes cyanide process safety and environmental stewardship seriously. Josue Nduwa of OceanaGold and Anil Isaac of Electro-Chemical Devices explain how the ECD CN analyzer system helps the Haile Mine operation meet environmental safety protocols reliably and with minimal maintenance.

Cyanide (CN) is commonly used The global mining industry takes placed at each step to measure (ORP), or other parameters. in multiple industrial processes CN process safety and environ- treatment effectiveness and to The pION CNsensors can be in the global mining, metals, mental stewardship seriously. ensure that effluent levels meet the inserted into either immersion- or chemical, electronics, steel, and Industry CN process safety and regulatory limits prior to discharge. insertion-type packages that are pharmaceutical industries, among environmental protocols are rigidly Should the analyzer report CN designed with a 0.75-inch MNPT others. Five processes account for adhered to by mine management levels above the legal limit, the compression fitting as the process most CN wastewater streams: and employees. These protocols water is returned to the system for connection. The Haile Mine plant refining gold and other metal ores; include required equipment opera- additional treatment. Failure to operations team appreciated the metal plating; case hardening steel; tion and maintenance procedures. meet the US Occupational Safety flexibility of this design, which also neutralizing process acid; and In order to meet its high safety and Health Administration (OSHA) employs a variable insertion length scrubbing stack gases from blast and stewardship standards, the and US EPA regulations for the safe to accommodate installation in and process industry gas furnaces. global mining company Oceana- use and treatment of CN can result pipe tees and flow cells or through Well known for its toxic pro- Gold’s Haile Mine operation, in complex investigations, required tank walls. perties, CN is a carefully regulated located in South Carolina, United actions, and fines. The smart universal transmitter substance by environmental, States (US), is using Electro- is designed for the continuous health, and safety agencies around Chemical Devices’ (ECD) S80-T80 The solution measurement of multiple para- the globe to protect workers, Cyanide (CN) Analyzer System The ECD S80-T80 CN Analyzer meters in a general-purpose indus- surrounding communities, and to support its wastewater treat- System provided a reliable and trial environment. It communicates local water supplies. When used ment process. accurate CN solution at the Haile with multiple pre-calibrated sen- in the gold mining industry in the Mine while also requiring a less sors that measure various param- form of sodium cyanide (NaCN) The challenge frequent maintenance schedule than eters and automatically configures or calcium cyanide (CaCN2), the OceanaGold’s Haile Mine opera- the system used previously. the transmitter’s menus and display CN compound of choice is mixed tional staff contacted ECD’s The ECD system is designed with screens to the measured parameter. with water in a carefully controlled applications team to discuss its an advanced, precision pION CN With the ability to auto-configure process. After gold extraction, CN wastewater treatment process sensor and a smart dual-channel the transmitter to any of the avail- wastewater containing high levels after experiencing problems with universal transmitter. The Haile able sensor measurements, the of CN must be stored, treated, and their existing CN analyzers, which Mine plant operations team felt mine operations team no longer evaluated to ensure that the CN were requiring unusually high confident that the combination of needed to maintain an inventory level has been reduced to a safe levels of maintenance. This issue this sensor and transmitter would of multiple instrument types, saving level before it can be discharged also left open the possibility of help them achieve a more cost- time and reducing facility operat- as effluent into the water system inaccurate measurement, which is effective CN treatment system with ing costs. without contaminating the water unacceptable for a toxic substance. reduced maintenance at a lower or endangering people or wildlife. According to the US Environ- analyzer lifecycle cost. Conclusion mental Protection Agency (EPA), The pION CN electrode is a In December 2016, the new CN the best available technologies combination electrode with a analyzers were installed at the Haile for CN wastewater remediation silver cyanide/silver sulfide (AgCN/ Mine and operational in less than treatment are oxidation by chlorine, AgS) solid-state pressed crystal 30 minutes, each with no special ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. sensing element and a double technician training or tools. They As an additional challenge, CN junction reference electrode. The have been operational now for wastewater streams are mobile in CN ion selective electrode cartridge more than 2 years with no issues soils and have low adsorption to develops a millivolt (mV) potential reported. The mine operations soils with high pH, high carbonate, proportional to the concentration team has recommended ECD’s CN and low clay content. Untreated or of free CN ions in the measured analyzer system for use at additional ineffectively treated CN wastewater solution. company mines worldwide. streams can leach to groundwater. The speed of the pION CN Under typical conditions in natural sensor’s response varies from Authors’ Note waters (pH less than 9.2), most free a few seconds to a few minutes, Josue Nduwa is a development cyanide is expected to convert to depending on solution concen- metallurgist at OceanaGold’s Haile hydrogen cyanide, which is highly tration. The pION CN sensors Operation in South Carolina, volatile. are used with the dual-channel US. Anil Isaac is an applications The operations team at the transmitter, which allows for mix engineer at Electro-Chemical Haile Mine relies on a three-step and match capabilities that could Devices, Inc., based in Anaheim, oxidation process to treat its CN include the measurement of pH, California, US. wastewater. CN analyzers are oxidation-reduction potential

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Bioaugmentation US industrial water solution optimizes management Graf Creamery surpasses $10 billion operations

Two weeks of Megafloc treatment by U.S. In 2017, US industry spent $10.2 We analyzed Water deliver visual results at a butter and billion on water management, cream production plant in the US Midwest. including water acquisition, more than treatment, reuse, and discharge. Bluefield Research’s new report, 300,000 industrial Opportunities in U.S. Industrial facilities in more than Water: Market Size, Trends, and Forecast, 2018-2022, analyzes 3,000 counties, which U.S. Water’s Megafloc Bio 100 on the fats that were sampled in water management spend across 20 highlights the extreme treatment helped solve a fat buildup the holding cell. The results led water-intensive industries that cover within the Graf Creamery butter the company to conclude that oil and gas, chemicals, power, food geographic and and cream production plant, the facultative organisms in the and beverage, and light and heavy demand-side located in the United States (US) Megafloc Bio 100 product could manufacturing. Midwest region. Fat and grease effectively consume the fats sampled Overall, water use in the United variations. buildup in the holding cell retention from the holding cell. States is estimated at 322 billion Mike Kozar, Bluefield Research pond was restricting the ability to Through laboratory findings, gallons per day, with manufac- manage the wastewater leaving U.S. Water recommended seeding turing, mining, oil and gas, and the plant. The fat solids had the the holding cell in multiple areas power accounting for 47 percent potential to fill up the ridge and with Megafloc Bio 100. In May of total withdrawals. According furrow absorption wastewater 2018, Megafloc was introduced to Bluefield’s analysis, industrial process. Due to the fat buildup, the and began to build a biological sector withdrawals have steadily slower moving downstream plant—with a maximum holding population and start the breakdown declined 30 percent over the last oil segment that is limited to cell capacity of 379,000 liters process of fats and greases. The three decades. approximately 140 refineries in (100,000 gallons)—was also losing plant started to see visual results “It is evident overall water use a limited number of states, call treatment capacity, and the holding after 2 weeks of treatment, and for industrials is declining, but that’s for heavily customized treatment cell would emit foul odors during over the next couple of months only part of the story,” says Mike systems capable of handling summer months due to the septic it continued to add the Megafloc Kozar, senior analyst for Bluefield hundreds of thousands of gallons conditions of the cell operations. product on regular basis. After Research. “While withdrawals of effluent per day. Since the creamery runs 6 days 6 months, Graf Creamery saw a are shrinking through technology “We analyzed more than a week, and wastewater totals substantial breakdown of layers improvements and an evolving US 300,000 industrial facilities in average 57,000 liters (15,000 of fat, increased water flow, and industrial footprint, the allocation more than 3,000 counties, which gallons) per day, the plant needed to increased treatment capacity, of water spend from acquisition highlights the extreme geographic develop a solution to first remove resulting in better wastewater to reuse is changing within this and demand-side variations,” says buildup, which would increase system management. smaller pie.” Kozar. “Our goal was to break operational capacity, and prevent The treatment cost of the For water solutions providers, down which industries, segments, additional buildup from occurring Megafloc Bio 100 was significantly industrial demand for improved and regions offer the most oppor- in the holding cell. less than the alternative of pond water management presents tunities for water service providers Graf Creamery contacted dredging. Bioaugmentation treat- significant opportunities, partic- now and going forward.” U.S. Water, based in St. Michael, ment also presented much less risk ularly as companies’ attention Bluefield’s analysis identifies Minnesota, US, to explore treat- than dredging, as this mechanical to water costs and operational wastewater reuse as a key focus of ment alternatives. In previous process had the potential to damage risks increase. Facing a changing change. To make greater strides in years, Graf Creamery had trialed the lining of the holding cell pond, regulatory environment, emerging this area and improved efficiencies, a competitive treatment without which could allow the wastewater climate risks, and a need for decentralized treatment systems, success, so there was some initial to contaminate the soil in and access to reliable water supplies, digital monitoring, and alternative hesitancy when U.S. Water brought around the holding cell. The odor companies are deploying new water sources are expected to grow up the topic of bioaugmentation. reduction was a positive impact for technologies and strategies to better in adoption. While federal EPA In March 2018, U.S. Water the plant and community, as there address their water footprints. and state regulations pose longer- conducted a system audit and fats were no odor complaints due to Water demands vary significantly term drivers, the pace of regulatory examination of the wastewater foul smells in the summer of 2018, across a highly fragmented indus- change is having less of an impact process and holding tank at the regardless of the direction of trial sector in terms of treatment than bottom-line driven solutions. creamery. Jar testing was completed the wind. needs, effluent strength, water “Private, financially driven intensity, geographic consolidation, industrial firms are often considered and segment growth, according to to be prized opportunities by water Bluefield’s report. Food manufac- solutions providers,” says Kozar. turing, which makes up 10 percent “The challenge is navigating a of the annual total, is highly frag- highly fragmented landscape, both mented across US states and geographically and by client need. requires more commoditized We think this report is a perfect solutions, such as filters and mobile guide to hone one’s strategy.” treatment systems. For more information, visit At the same time, a more mature, www.bluefieldresearch.com.

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For further information please see the Advertiser Contact List on page 50 Training 43 Water associations work together to enhance chlorine safety training

Volunteer associations can play a dynamic role in organizing workshops for water and wastewater professionals that enhance worker safety in operations. Safety training professional Doug Prentiss shares his findings on common areas of concern and trends in the use of chlorine in the water sector while emphasizing the value of active, energized volunteers in expanding affordable training opportunities.

In the United States (US), disinfection in the water treatment Sources of release: Unfortunately, volunteer members from three industry by those in attendance. The the trend identified is that 68- water associations organized a training objective of the class was kilogram (kg) (150-pound) cylin- chlorine safety training workshop, the prevention of chlorine leaks, ders did result in 33 percent of the held on September 5, 2018. The spills, and releases. Participation in reported chlorine leaks, an impor- workshop was hosted by Jefferson this class was intended to enable tant issue to note since many of County Environmental Services attendees to evaluate their chlorine these cylinders are used in remote Department and held at its Shades systems and adopt strategies that areas away from plants and in resi- Valley Wastewater Treatment Plant would result in dependable chlorine dential areas. An exciting trend is training facility in Birmingham, disinfection while using the most the significant improvement in 907- Alabama. Collaboration by the current prevention methods and kg (1-ton) container leaks, which Alabama/Mississippi Section of the equipment to minimize chlorine only comprised .06 percent of the American Water Works Association emergencies. Chlorine gas reported releases. That improve- (AL/MS AWWA) and the Alabama Since an important goal of detectors and ment is due to efforts by repack- Water Environment Association continuing education is to ensure agers in following Chlorine Institute (AWEA) added to the success of that the latest information is made operators doing safety procedures when processing this training session. available to water and wastewater rounds each the containers between filling, plant In 2017, Wes Cardwell of Garver, operators who ensure our water personnel efforts to communicate Matthew McDougald of Jacobs, safety, this workshop combined discovered leaks in effectively with the repackagers, and and other active association mem- the most current chlorine basics approximately 50 vastly improved knowledge levels bers identified chlorine as a topic of manual and recent chlorine-related among operators and maintenance interest to the members of each of occurrences. The author of this percent of reported workers. Keeping plant workers their associations in Alabama and article also presented the results incidents. current on the latest information is Mississippi. They recognized the of a recent study he developed the focus of continuing education. need for a chlorine training session that provides chlorine accident specialized for water and waste- and incident records in addition Cylinder and container leak points: water professionals who use to identifying common areas of Lead washers between the captive chlorine in its various forms on concern and new trends. yolk and the valve outlet were a daily basis for disinfection and responsible for the leak points in thus began planning the workshop. Chlorine report summary 26 percent of releases reported The author of this article, a pro- The author’s most recent chlorine as chlorine leaks. Valves that fessional safety instructor with 35 report covers details he compiled would not fully close to stop the years of experience, was contracted from US chlorine leak reports Industry represented 17 percent, flow of gas caused 21 percent of to provide training services. spanning November 2016 to July and transportation accounted for reportable leaks, yet this issue can Workshop attendees included 2018 including the locations of 12 percent of the incidents involved easily be avoided by a chlorine first water and wastewater operators, leaks, types of releases, sources in chlorine gas leaks. responder or personnel onsite with supervisors, plant managers, of leaks, cylinder- and container- basic training at the operations maintenance staff, and both utility specific leak points, and details Types of releases: Many reports level. Another 15 percent of engineers and professional engineers about leaks from rail cars and of chlorine leaks are not elemental reported chlorine leaks resulted working for private engineering scrubbers. The report also includes gas leaks at all but incompatible from a loss of water at the plant, firms. Sixty-six student participants when the leaks occurred, whether chemicals mixed improperly, sometimes over the failure of a from 38 organizations contributed injuries were associated with the which then do result in the release simple O-ring. to the member association costs leak, how the leaks were discovered, of chlorine gas or acid vapors. for the program. Twelve member and how they were stopped. A Chemical reactions comprise a Other leak points: Whips that get association volunteers worked summary of key findings follows: significant 29 percent of all reported bent and kink continue to cause countless hours in preparing, chlorine leaks, and a significant leaks, and along with leaking promoting, and organizing the Locations of reported chlorine number of these leaks that do header pipes, these two leak points event. leaks: Cylinder and container leaks not require evacuations and 911 represent 10 percent of reported During the workshop, attendees at water and wastewater treatment responses do not get reported. chlorine leaks. Scrubber failure, participated in lectures and plants accounted for 33 percent of Overall, about 59 percent of the which allows chlorine to be released facilitated discussions covering reported chlorine leaks, but pool reported chlorine leaks did result into the air, caused 10 percent of chlorine safety for chlorine-related chlorine leaks comprised 23 per- in some level of elemental chlorine leaks, the worst of which allowed products specifically used for cent of the reported chlorine leaks. gas release. the contents of an 82-metric ton

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Endress+Hauser Participation in this class was intended to Perspective: enable attendees to evaluate their Encourage launches chlorine systems and adopt strategies participation in Liquiline that would result in dependable chlorine water associations compact CM82 disinfection while using the most current Early in my career, I joined the transmitter prevention methods and equipment to Florida Water Pollution Control Operators Association, which minimize chlorine emergencies. combines both AWWA and In December 2018, Endress+ WEF members. Its focus Hauser launched the Liquiline com- is training for water-related pact CM82 transmitter that accepts (90-ton) rail car to be partially Stopping leaks: Closing the correct industries, including both water pH, ORP, pH/ORP, conductivity, released to the atmosphere when valve resolved 28 percent of the and sewer construction. The oxygen and chlorine sensor signals the fans that ran the scrubber lost reported chlorine leaks, and 22 plant manager at that time, from the company’s Memosens® electricity. Many plant operators percent were resolved by scrubbers. Joe Cheatham, signed me up sensor platform. Its housing mea- already think about dual sources of More organizations are moving to and paid my first year’s dues. sures only 11 cm long and 2 cm power for their treatment process, pelletized scrubbers from sodium I started receiving association wide, so even combined with the and a dual-powered scrubber hydroxide simply because pelletized magazines and started going sensor, it fits into almost every as- consideration is certainly an issue to scrubbers are safer and easier for to local meetings. The first sembly. Although small, it is a fully consider based on risk management workers to use during routine filling time I attended the national developed multiparameter trans- plan (RMP) hazard analysis. The and sampling. WEF and AWWA meetings, I mitter, with access available via US Environment Protection Agency began to see the real power of 4-20mA HART, or Bluetooth from (EPA) and the Occupational Safety Reasons for success volunteer associations headed any iOS or Android device. and Health Administration (OSHA) The chlorine safety training by energized professionals. Connectable to the CM82 are require a RMP when a threshold workshop held at Shades Valley If you are in a position of pH, ORP, pH/ORP, conductivity, amount of chlorine is exceeded at a Wastewater Treatment Plant was authority in the water industry, oxygen, and chlorine sensors with facility in order to prevent chlorine successful due to the volunteer please encourage participation the blue Memosens inductively- accidents and releases. association members’ efforts in in association activities. Your coupled plug-in head. determining a useful curriculum own organizational improvement When a CM82 measuring point When leaks occur: Fifty-one and identifying speakers and is one of the first benefits you is configured, all settings are saved percent of leaks occur during materials that were of value to the will see from participation in the compact CM82 transmitter. container or cylinder change-out participants. Each student received by your staff in association In the case of a sensor exchange, the or maintenance. Leaks discovered a copy of the Chlorine Institute’s functions. Improvement in our transmitter - and thus the measuring during transportation were 18 regularly updated Pamphlet #1, entire industry is happening point configuration – can remain percent whereas storage-only leaks which includes the best current every day, but the types of in place, with reconfiguration not were at 11 percent, and leaks during management practices available, catastrophes seen recently in necessary. In addition, the CM82 filling resulted in 3 percent of the and Chlorine Basics, Edition 8, an the Flint, Michigan, US, water reads all sensor and calibration data reported incidents. excellent reference book. Pamphlet disaster continue to identify the stored in the head of a Memosens #1 is free to download from need for water professionals sensor. As a result, the sensor is au- Injured workers: In the 50 the Chlorine Institute at https:// who understand the real value tomatically detected within seconds, incidents reported in the study, 50 bookstore.chlorineinstitute.org. of safe drinking water. and the measurement is immedi- workers were injured enough to be Volunteer efforts helped keep ately ready for use after a sensor transported to medical facilities, workshop costs low and aided in its Doug Prentiss, Safety Training change. but no fatalities were reported. The operation. The venue was generously Professional As a loop-powered two-wire de- number of resulting lost time days provided by Jefferson County, and vice, the CM82 can be connected was not available through public logistics were handled by member directly to a control component, reporting agencies. association agencies, including such as a programmable logic con- both private and public members. troller (PLC), which also serves as Leak discovery: Chlorine gas Member association volunteers Author’s Note the power supply, thus eliminating detectors and operators doing coordinated all local host activities Doug Prentiss is a safety the need for a power cable. A cable rounds each discovered leaks including parking, registration, professional with more than 35 for the sensor connection is also not in approximately 50 percent lunch, and refreshments. years of experience. For 24 years, necessary because the sensor plugs of reported incidents. While a By the end of the workshop, 60 he was the training officer for directly into the transmitter. The percentage was not determined, certified licensed operators received Gainesville Regional Utilities in measuring point’s required space it was clear that operators were 7.5 continuing education units Florida and one of the founders and wiring effort are thus minimal. injured to some degree in many (CEUs) for US$60.00 each. Several of the chlorine program presented The Liquiline compact CM82 of operator discovery cases. maintenance supervisors who do at University of Florida Training, can be operated and configured Tighter chlorine rooms that are not hold an operations license but Research and Education for via the free SmartBlue app, which now standard can pose hazards perform maintenance and emergency Environmental Occupations is available on Google’s Play Store for workers, especially if they are response were also in attendance. (UF TREEO). He has served or Apple’s App Store. Using the not wearing the correct personal The 8-hour workshop provided on several committees for the app, users can see all the measur- protective equipment (PPE). meaningful training that will result Chlorine Institute, among other ing points on their tablet or smart- Investigation of a chlorine leak is in enhanced safety for workers organizations, and has also been a phone. Special attention was paid a dangerous procedure, and when and the public. And as other member of the Water Environment to security: The Bluetooth con- the level of chlorine is unknown, water associations with young Federation Safety Committee since nection is protected with the same workers are required by standard professionals are coordinating 1983. Prentiss has provided safety technology that guards identity to wear a self-contained breathing training and performing similar instruction for the Florida Water cards against unauthorized access apparatus (SCBA) for respiratory outreach programs in others areas & Pollution Control Operators by third parties. This high security protection. of the United States, the success Association (FW&PCOA) schools level was confirmed by the German of this program will continue since 1985. For more information, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied to grow. visit www.dougprentiss.com. and Integrated Security (AISEC).

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WEF Members: Gain complimentary access to Water Environment Federation® Technical Exhibition and Conference (WEFTEC®) and Specialty Conference proceedings prior to 201. Access thousands of papers written by the industry experts covering

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The Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation is an archive of papers published in the proceedings of the annual Water Environment Federation® Technical Exhibition and Conference (WEFTEC®) and specialty conferences held since 2000. Proceedings for recent WEF conferences are available for purchase at www.wef.org/ShopWEF. www.wef.org/proceedings Not a WEF member? Visit www.wef.org/members to join.

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Katronic stream- lines water flow measurements

A non-invasive, clamp-on Katronic (3; KATflow 200 portable ultrasonic 6HULHV flow meter is helping the Indonesian water well drilling company, Supra Indodrill, to accomplish one of their key tasks - reliably measure debit (offtake) of water from a well to monitor pump performance and optimize well efficiency. Before Supra Indodrill purchased the KATflow 200, they had to inter- rupt the process and introduce an orifice meter or V-notch weir and mechanical flowmeter to measure Katronic’s KATflow 200 is a Caprari’s patented DEFENDER® both the clarification and filtration flow. The Katronic meter requires compact, battery powered system, features an innovative hydraulic de- processes are from a single provider, only that two compact transduc- part of a Katronic non-invasive sign that allows high flow rates with it also meets the need for flawless ers are clamped to the outside of the flowmeter range that includes wall- a reduced external overall diam- integration between processes. pipe, transmitting ultrasonic pulses mount, multi-point and hazardous eter. Notably, the Caprari E10PX RapiSand Plus’s two-stage sys- through the pipe wall and the water area options. Katronic Technologies Endurance electric pumps have an tem is simple and versatile. The bal- flowing through it. Each transducer Ltd. is based in Coventry, United operating range that covers duties lasted flocculation system in the first both emits and receives pulses, the Kingdom. normally met by 12-inch (or larger) stage mixes coagulated raw water flow rate being calculated from the pumps and delivers a high head per with microsand to create a bal- difference between the time taken stage, allowing a more compact lasted floc that settles rapidly. The for the pulse to travel “upstream” Caprari borehole and reliable pump to be selected for mixed-media filter in the second and “downstream” in the pipe. pumps feature new comparable hydraulic needs. stage removes turbidity, remaining Director of Supra Indodrill, The Caprari E10PX Endurance suspended solids, color, iron, and Aryanggi Iwan, said, ‘We used to hydraulic design 10-inch borehole range can be used manganese to produce a high-qual- use a conventional v-notch to test in a wide variety of applications in- ity effluent. the debit of the water well, which The new Caprari range of cluding captation from deep wells, “The RapiSand Plus water treat- took more time and led to high- Endurance borehole pumps – many civil and industrial uses, re- ment plant is the most advanced er costs than using the clamp-on E10PX – promises high efficien- verse osmosis, and heavy-duty ap- product of its kind because it com- Katronic flowmeter. We recently cy and long-lasting performance plications such as mining and off- bines the ballasted flocculation tech- used the KATflow 200 to test water due to its innovative hydraulic shore oil and gas drilling. nology from our RapiSand clari- debit from water production wells design, according to the Milan- fier, which clarifies flashy waters of of a gas company. They were really based Italian pump manufacturer up to 1,000 NTU turbidity, with satisfied with the method because Caprari. The design configuration RapiSand Plus™ the mixed media filter technology they could use their water well nor- uses precision-casting stainless steel for high solids from our Trident® package plants, mally while we were measuring the AISI 316 in order to withstand chal- producing up to 1,400 gallons flow.” lenging conditions and aggressive water (5,300 liters) per minute of high- “We can measure the debit ten water. The shaft and coupling of quality drinking effluent,” explains times faster than the convention- the E10PX are provided in Duplex WesTech Engineering, Inc. recently WesTech Product Manager Jayme al method, with higher precision. to maximize reliability in harsh en- added RapiSand Plus™, a complete Tuomala. We are the first water well drilling vironments, and the pump-motor package treatment facility for mu- The all-in-one treatment plant company in Indonesia to introduce coupling area is fitted with the de- nicipal and industrial applications is an ideal choice for customers this device, it really improves our vice protector, adding more protec- handling high solids water. with tight space constraints. The service.” tion against abrasion. The RapiSand Plus package RapiSand Plus fits into a standard- treatment plant provides both sized building, making it compar- clarification and filtration within a atively easy to install. It also of- single tank. It is designed to meet fers quick start-up times, reaching customer demands for a compact, steady-state operation in as little low-cost, high-performance sys- as 15 minutes from power-up. tem capable of treating high-solids Additionally, it delivers high perfor- and high-color influents to produce mance while saving on installation high-quality effluents. And because and operations-energy costs.

The KATFlow 200 offers easy, portable, non-invasive flow measurement, according to Katronic.

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Events 2019

March May July September

3-7 Dead Sea, Jordan 7-10 Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA 8-12 Eindhoven, The Netherlands 21-25 Chicago, Illinois, USA 5th Arab Water Week and Residuals and Biosolids Conference 14th International Conference on WEFTEC 2019, 92nd Annual Trenchless Arabia Conference 2019, organized by Water Catalysis in Membrane Reactors Technical Exhibition & Conference, and Exhibition, organized by Arab Environment Federation Organized by Eindhoven University of Stormwater Congress Countries Water Utilities Association www.wef.org Technology, The Netherlands www.weftec.org aww.acwua.org www.iccmr14.com 12-14 Santa Margherita, Italy October 5-8 Nashville, Tennessee, USA IDA International Conference: Creating 9-11 Yokohama, Japan The Utility Management Conference Resilient Solutions to Water Needs 11th International Symposium on 1-5 Prague, Czech Republic 2019, organized by Water www.idadesal.org Water Supply Technology, with co- 11th IWA EE YWP Conference: Environment Federation located exhibition Water for All, Water for Nature, www.wef.org June www.water2019.jp Reliable Water Supply, Wastewater, Treatment and Reuse 12-13 Johannesburg, South 3-5 Shanghai, China August www.iwa-ywa.eu Africa Aquatech China 2018, International The Water Show Africa 2019, Exhibition for Process, Drinking & 25-30 Stockholm, Sweden 20-24 Dubai, UAE Exhibition and Conference Wastewater in Asia World Water Week 2019, Water for IDA 2019 World Congress on www.terrapinn.com www.aquatechtrade.com/china/ Society – Including All Desalination – Crossroads to Organized by Stockholm International Sustainability 12-14 Kuwait 4-7 Indianapolis, Indiana Water Institute www.wc.idadesal.org WST 13th Gulf Water Conference on Collection Systems Conference 2019 www.worldwaterweek.org Water in the GCC: Challenges and Organized by Water Environment 21-24 Singapore Innovative Solutions Federation 27-30 Aalborg, Denmark Year in Infrastructure Conference, Organized by Water Sciences and www.wef.org 9th International Conference on YII 2019 Awards Technology Association Sewer Processes and Networks www.yii.bentley.com www.gulfwaterconference.com 5-6 London, England, UK Organized by Sewer Processes and 10th Annual BlueTech Forum: Driving Networks Research Group, Aalborg 22-24 Dubai, UAE April Value in a Resource Revolution University The 21st Water, Energy, Technology, www.bluetechresearch.com www.spn9.dk and Environment Exhibition, 7-9 Kampala, Uganda WETEX 2019 Intermittent Water Supply 10-14 Edinburgh, Scotland September Organized by Dubai Electricity Conference, organized by National LET2019- The 16th IWA Leading and Water Authority Water and Sewerage Corporation, Edge Conference on Water and 3-5 Mexico City, Mexico www.wetex.ae Uganda Wastewater Technologies. Aquatech Mexico, Exhibition for www.iws2019.org [email protected] Process, Drinking and Waste Water November www.aquatechtrade.com 10-12 Cincinnati, Ohio, USA 16-20 Berlin, Germany 5-8 Amsterdam, Netherlands Design-Build for Water/Wastewater 12th IWA International Conference 4-6 London, UK Aquatech Amsterdam Exhibition for Conference 2019 on Water Reclamation and Reuse Smarter Catchment Monitoring, Process, Drinking, and Wastewater, Organized by Water Environment www.iwareuse2019.org Cleaner Waters Conference co-located with Floodex Europe Federation www.conference.intcatch.eu 2019, both part of Amsterdam www.wef.org 23-27 Delft, Netherlands International Water Week. Includes 16th IWA World Conference on 8-11 San Diego, California, USA WEF International Pavilion 20-24 San Diego, California, USA Anaerobic Digestion 34th Annual WateReuse Symposium www.aquatechtrade.com 13th World Filtration Congress www.ad16conference.com www.watereuse.org www.wfc13.societyconference.com December 23-27 Toulouse, France 11-13 Dead Sea, Jordan 22-24 Muscat, Oman 9th IWA Specialised Membrane 5th IWA International Symposium on 1-4 Perth, Australia Oman Energy and Water Technology Conference and Exhibition Water and Wastewater Technologies 4th International Conference on Conference and Exhibition, includes for Water and Wastewater Treatment in Ancient Civilizations: Evolution Desalination Using Membrane WEF International Pavilion and Reuse of Technologies from Prehistory to Technology www.energyandwateroman.com www.mtc2019.sciencesconf.org Modern Times www.elsevier.com/events/ Organized by University of Jordan, May July Water Utility of Oman, IWA www.conferences.ju.edu.jo 7-9 Melbourne, Australia 5-9 Singapore OZWATER ’19, International Water Singapore International Water Week, 8-12 Venice, Italy Conference & Exhibition, includes co-organized by Singapore Ministry of 3rd IWA Resource Recovery WEF International Pavilion the Environment & Water Resources, Conference, Theme: Resource Organized by Australian Water National Water Agency PUB Recovery – from Concept to Association www.siww.com.sg Standard Practice www.ozwater.org www.iwarr2019.org

World Water January / February 2019 50 Advertisers Contact List

Company Page Tel Email Web

AdEdge IFC +1 866 823 3343 [email protected] www.adedgetech.com

Auma 9 +49 76318091264 [email protected] www.auma.com

Blue-White Industries BC +1 714 893 8529 [email protected] www.blue-white.com

Caprari SPA 3 +39 059897611 [email protected] www.caprari.com

Proco Products 29 +1 209 943 6088 [email protected] www.procoproducts.com

Vesco Plastics Sales 47 +27 116161111 www.vesconite.com

WEF IBC, 4, 21, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48 +1 5718301545 [email protected] www.wef.org

WateReuse Association 33 +1 703 548 0880 [email protected] www.watereuse.org

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ENHANCE YOUR INDUSTRY SKILLS ENRICH YOUR LEADERSHIP POTENTIAL Stay on top of advances, trends, and proven solutions through Gain leadership skills that can be applied to your career by WEF’s highly regarded technical education and training volunteering your service to WEF and a WEF MA committee. opportunities. INCREASE AWARENESS AND FACILITATE LIFELONG LEARNING RECOGNITION IN YOUR FIELD Choose your training and earn CEUs and PDHs through WEF’s Each year, WEF presents awards for outstanding contribution to educational programs, including: WEFTEC®, WEF Specialty the water environment profession. Conferences, hot topic seminars, workshops, and webcasts. MASTER YOUR CAREER GOALS CHAMPION PRODUCTIVE RELATIONSHIPS Tap into the leading career network for the water community, Within WEF and Member Associations (MAs), members WEF’s Job Bank, where dozens of new jobs are posted work to help each other develop and grow professionally, each month. while building valuable relationships with industry partners and prospects.

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