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Zero Fossil Fuels for the Galápagos Archipelago: Sustainability Assessment of the Island Strategy Towards a 100% Renewable Energy System

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Zero Fossil Fuels for the Galápagos Archipelago: Sustainability Assessment of the Island Strategy Towards a 100% Renewable Energy System Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Diplom-/ Masterarbeit ist in der Hauptbibliothek der Tech- nischen Universität Wien aufgestellt und zugänglich. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.atMSc Program Environmental Technology & International Affairs The approved original version of this diploma or master thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/eng Zero Fossil Fuels for the Galápagos Archipelago: Sustainability Assessment of the Island Strategy towards a 100% Renewable Energy System A Master’s Thesis submitted for the degree of “Master of Science” supervised by Prof. Dr. Ing. Günther Brauner Katharina Rita Proestler 1227916 Vienna, 05.08.2014 Affidavit I, KATHARINA PROESTLER, hereby declare 1. that I am the sole author of the present Master’s Thesis, "ZERO FOSSIL FUELS FOR THE GALÁPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO – SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF THE ISLAND STRATEGY TOWARDS A 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM", 236 pages, bound, and that I have not used any source or tool other than those referenced or any other illicit aid or tool, and 2. that I have not prior to this date submitted this Master’s Thesis as an examination paper in any form in Austria or abroad. Vienna, 05.08.2014 Signature Abstract The delicate ecosystem of the Galápagos archipelago, a world natural heritage because of its unique biodiversity, appreciated by virtue of Charles Darwin’s research, is under threat. Flourishing tourism, a growing population and economic development have increased fossil fuel consumption and dependence. The supply of energy has primarily been based on diesel; while during the last ten years, there have been several initiatives to implement renewable energies (REs) on Galápagos. These have been receiving international support after the accident of the oil tanker Jessica in 2001 showed the possible damage oil spills can cause to the delicate ecosystem. In 2007, the Ecuadorian government emphasized the goal to change the energy matrix by announcing the “Zero Fossil Fuel Program for Galápagos”. Since then, some of the fossil fuels have been successfully replaced through the implementation of wind energy on San Cristóbal and vegetable oil on Floreana. Additional initiatives plan to repower the solar park on Floreana, to install wind turbines on Baltra, and solar photovoltaic on Santa Cruz, Isabella and Baltra. The goal of this thesis is to assess the sustainability of the current strategy towards a 100% RE-System and to find out why despite these efforts, fossil fuels have not yet been completely removed. For this purpose, adequate sustainability criteria are defined from the outset and are organized around the four major dimensions: technological feasibility, energy security, socio-economic energy equity and environmental sustainability. Based on these the sustainability of the electricity systems of all four of the populated islands are analyzed. This research found that the deployment of RE technologies could not only support the global combat against climate change by reducing CO2 emissions and mitigate other negative effects connected to fossil fuel combustion, but additionally could also increase socio- economic energy equity by promoting prosperity, increasing affordability and improving quality of life. From this comprehensive analysis, a set of recommendations are formulated and these suggestions aim at providing an inspiration to reconsider and reformulate the Zero Fossil Fuel Program for the Galápagos with a view towards creating a reliable, affordable, environmentally friendly and socially inclusive energy system. Keywords: Renewable Energy Sources, Galápagos, Sustainability Assessment, Zero Fossil Fuels, 100% Renewables, Hybrid Systems, Sustainable Energy Development Trend ii Resumen El archipiélago de Galápagos, un patrimonio cultural de la humanidad debido a su ecosistema único y de la biodiversidad, apreciado en virtud de las investigaciones de Charles Darwin, está bajo amenaza. Turismo floreciente, aumento de la población y el desarrollo económico han provocado constantemente el aumento del consumo de combustibles fósiles y la dependencia de ellos. El suministro de energía se ha basado principalmente en el diesel; mientras que durante los últimos diez años se plantearon varias iniciativas para la aplicación de las energías renovables, en Galápagos. Estos han recibido apoyo internacional después del accidente del tanque petrolero Jessica en 2001 ha mostrado que los posibles derrames de petróleo pueden causar graves daños al delicado ecosistema. En 2007 el gobierno ecuatoriano destacó el objetivo de cambiar la matriz energética, al anunciar el "Programa Cero Combustibles Fósiles para Galápagos". Desde entonces algunos de los combustibles fósiles se han sustituido con éxito a través de la implantación de la energía eólica en San Cristóbal y aceite vegetal en Floreana. Esfuerzos adicionales prevén realimentar el Parque Solar en Floreana, instalar aerogeneradores en Baltra, y paneles fotovoltaicos en Santa Cruz, Isabela y Baltra. A pesar de estos esfuerzos, sin embargo, los combustibles fósiles aún no se han eliminado por completo, ni se ha desarrollado un concepto integral y sostenible para el sistema de energía. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta tesis es evaluar la sostenibilidad de la estrategia actual hacia un sistema de 100% RE. Para este propósito inicialmente un conjunto de criterios de sostenibilidad adecuados se definen, organizados en torno a cuatro dimensiones: la viabilidad tecnológica, la seguridad energética, la equidad socio-económica de la energía, y de sostenibilidad ambiental. Sobre la base de estas la sostenibilidad de los sistemas eléctricos de las cuatro islas pobladas son analizados. Se ha encontrado que el despliegue de tecnologías de energía renovable no sólo podría apoyar la lucha mundial contra el cambio climático reduciendo las emisiones de CO2 y mitigar otros efectos negativos derivados de la combustión de combustibles fósiles. También pueden aumentar la equidad socio-económica de energía mediante la promoción de prosperidad, el aumento de accesibilidad y la mejora de calidad de vida. Sobre la base de este análisis global se formulan una serie de recomendaciones. Estas sugerencias tienen por objetivo proporcionar una fuente de inspiración para reconsiderar y reformular el Programa Cero Combustibles Fósiles para las Galápagos, con miras a crear un sistema energético fiable, asequible, respetuoso del medio ambiente y socialmente inclusivo. iii Table of Contents Abstract ii Table of Contents iv List of Acronyms vii Acknowledgements xii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Motivation 1 1.2. Objective, Hypothesis, Research Question and Scope 3 1.3. Structure 6 1.4. Methodology 7 2. ZERO FOSSIL FUELS ON GALÁPAGOS 11 2.1. Development of the Zero Fossil Fuel Program on Galápagos 11 2.2. Rationale for Renewable Energies on Galápagos 12 3. SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT: CONCEPTS AND FRAMEWORK 15 3.1. Defining Sustainability and Sustainable Development 15 3.2. Integrated Systems Approach for the Sustainability Assessment of a Renewable Energy System 17 3.3. Approaches for the Sustainability Assessment of Renewable Energy Systems 19 3.4. Sustainability Assessment Matrix for the Renewable Energy System on Galápagos 27 4. CRITERIA FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF THE GALÁPAGOS ENERGY SYSTEM 30 4.1. Technological Feasibility 30 4.1.1. Background Information about the Energy System on Galápagos 31 4.1.1.1. Energy Demand and Supply 31 4.1.1.2. Electricity Demand and Supply 34 4.1.2. Climate on Galápagos 39 4.1.3. Potential of Renewable Energy Technologies on Galápagos 40 4.2. Energy Security 59 4.2.1. Energy Independence 60 4.2.2. Reliability of the Energy Supply 61 4.2.3. Investment Security 63 iv 4.2.3.1. Global Political and Legal Aspects 63 4.2.3.2. Legal and Political Framework in Ecuador 64 4.2.3.3. Institutional Framework in Ecuador 72 4.2.3.4. Legal and Political Framework on Galápagos 76 4.2.3.5. Institutional Framework on Galápagos 77 4.2.3.6. External Governmental and Non-Governmental Actors 78 4.3. Socio-Economic Energy Equity 79 4.3.1. Background on Socio-Economic Aspects on Galápagos 80 4.3.2. Accessibility and Affordability of an Adequate Electricity Supply 81 4.3.2.1. Energy Access 82 4.3.2.2. Affordability from Demand Side 82 4.3.2.3. Affordability from Supply Side 89 4.3.3. Quality of Life and Social Well-Being 96 4.3.4. Public Acceptance of Renewable Energy Technologies 101 4.4. Environmental Sustainability 108 4.4.1. Climate Change and GHG Emissions 109 4.4.2. Freshwater Use 112 4.4.3. Land use 118 4.4.4. Other Environmental Impacts 121 5. SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS ON GALÁPAGOS 127 5.1. San Cristóbal 127 5.1.1. Technological Feasibility 127 5.1.2. Energy Security 133 5.1.3. Socio-Economic Energy Equity 135 5.1.4. Environmental Sustainability 137 5.1.5. Sustainability Assessment 138 5.2. Floreana 140 5.2.1. Technological Feasibility 140 5.2.2. Energy Security 144 5.2.3. Socio-Economic Energy Equity 146 5.2.4. Environmental Sustainability 148 5.2.5. Sustainability Assessment 151 5.3. Isabela 153 5.3.1. Technological Feasibility 153 5.3.2. Energy Security 158 v 5.3.3. Socio-Economic Energy Equity 159 5.3.4. Environmental Sustainability 160 5.3.5. Sustainability Assessment 162 5.4. Santa Cruz and Baltra 164 5.4.1. Technological Feasibility 165 5.4.2. Energy Security 170 5.4.3. Socio-Economic Energy Equity 172 5.4.4. Environmental Sustainability 174 5.4.5. Sustainability Assessment 175 6. CONCLUSION 177 6.1. Junction of the Sustainability Assessments
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