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Marijuana Production, Governance, and the Drug War Détente

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Marijuana Production, Governance, and the Drug War Détente City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2016 Through the Gateway: Marijuana Production, Governance, and the Drug War Détente Michael Polson Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/744 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Through the Gateway: Marijuana Production, Governance, and the Drug War Détente By Michael Polson A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2016 Through the Gateway Michael Polson © 2016 MICHAEL POLSON All Rights Reserved ii Through the Gateway Michael Polson Through the Gateway: Marijuana Production, Governance and the New Drug War Détente by Michael Polson This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology to satisfy the dissertation Requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dr. Leith Mullings ______________________________ _______________ ______________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee Dr. Gerald Creed ______________________________ _______________ ______________________________ Date Executive Officer Dr. Jane Schneider_________________ Dr. Donald Robotham______________ Dr. Jeff Maskovsky________________ THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Through the Gateway Michael Polson Abstract Through the Gateway: Marijuana Production, Governance and the New Drug War Détente By Michael Polson Adviser: Professor Leith Mullings Since the 1996 voter approval of medical marijuana laws in California, marijuana policy has become increasingly liberalized. Producers, however, have remained in the greyest of grey market zones. Federal anti-drug laws and supply-side tactics have intensively targeted them even as marijuana has become more licit. In this legally unstable environment, marijuana patient- cultivators and underground producers have begun to articulate and assert themselves politically and economically, particularly as the likelihood of full legalization increased. This dissertation explores how producers navigated the nebulous zone between underground and medical markets. I argue that even as producers supplied marijuana to a formalizing, regulated medical industry they proved trenchantly resistant to government regulation. In the process they carved out new claims on citizenship, well being, property rights, community, and relations to nature. This politics provides an insight into how the emergence of marijuana production into civic life is transforming the political economy of rural and exurban Northern California, a region that has been a historical locus of marijuana production in the United States. More broadly, this politics from the informal-illegal margins offers a unique insight into the role of domestic marijuana producers in challenging the global War on Drugs. As a gateway moment for “the gateway drug,” this dissertation points to the new drug war détente. iv Through the Gateway Michael Polson The dissertation is based on 19 months of participant-observation fieldwork in Northern California, spanning from 2010 to 2014. It is focused on two subregions: the North Coast and the Sierra Foothills. Both case studies are explored in three chapters focused on: the historical entrenchment of marijuana prohibition and production; the destabilization of these systems as producers vied for political voice; and the governmental retrenchment of the War on Drugs. Prior to these explorations, I narrate a legal, medical, and economic history of marijuana and, in conclusion, I explore some of the implications of this study for our understanding of Northern California’s political economy, domestic marijuana politics, politics of the new peasantry and the informal market, systems of criminalization and social control and recent efforts to reform them, and the relation of the War on Drugs to the arc of US global empire. v Through the Gateway Michael Polson ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For people living in legally unstable situations, talking with anthropologists can be a dicey and anxious interaction. There was no reason for people to talk to me, good reasons they shouldn’t have, and yet so many did. This dissertation would not have been possible without them and their desire to make their stories known and build a grounded knowledge of their world that was not contained in headlines, caricatures, and simplistic debates over policy. This dissertation is dedicated to all the people who took their time with me and, more importantly, for all the people who have fought against the war machine called the War on Drugs. They have seen that this perpetual war is less a war against plants and more a war against people that fall outside the dominant systems of political-economic rule. When I first arrived in Humboldt County I found myself not knowing a soul, living in a moldy room, having asthma attacks nightly. Without Pam Brown, the wonderful, dynamic freedom fighter, teacher, and human being (and also Faculty Emeritus of the Social Work Department at HSU), and her boy Oliver, my landing would have been much more rough and my research much less fruitful. I was blessed to find quick friends in Tibora Bea and Blake Hill and held from afar by Tom Kindling. Half of this research wouldn’t have been possible without the trust that Tom and Lauren Liberty had in me. They opened their home and their hearts to me and I am very grateful. There are so many individuals to thank but, because of confidentiality reasons, I am unable to name them. Often, however, it was through organizations that I came into contact with the “informants,” acquaintances, and often friends that populate this dissertation. Thank you to those involved with the Humbold Medical Marijuana Advisory Panel, the Humboldt Grower’s Association, Grow It in the Sun, the Humboldt Patient Resource Center, the Humboldt Patient vi Through the Gateway Michael Polson Dispensary Alliance, Two Rivers Tribune, Oaksterdam University and all the wonderful classmates I met there, Steephill Laboratories, CW Laborotories, SC Labs, the Association of Cannabis Testing Laboratories, Americans for Safe Access, United Food & Commecial Workers Local 5, Collective Patient Resources of Calaveras, Amador, and Tuolumne, Heaven Scent Organics Collective, and the numerous government officials throughout California. Over a decade ago I was first offered a glimpse into how intricately marijuana was interwoven into the fabric of Northern California. I am thankful to Joey, Eric, and Megan for those insights and to Dennis and Mary who first showed me the power of marijuana—and the bonds formed around it—to heal deep wounds. I would not have made it through to the dissertation were it not for the support of my cohort at CUNY Graduate Center, particularly Chris Grove, Risa Cromer, and John Warner. My broader community at CUNY not only read and commented on my work but also helped to keep me sane through this process, particularly Priya Chandrasekaran, Nazia Kazi, Jessie Goldstein, Stephen Boatright, Preeti Sampat, Naomi Adiv, Tina Lee, Maggie Dickinson and Martha Lincoln. I would not have made it to gradute school and New York City were it not for the political guidance and community I found from Andrea Morrell, Chris Caruso, Liz Theoharis, Willie Baptist and, most of all, my sister Diana Polson and her partner Dawn Plummer. I was lucky to receive guidance from Leith Mullings. I am thankful she was open to being convinced to take me on as a student and I am so grateful to her for being my star as I have navigated the doldrums and surges of this process. Jeff Maskovksy has been invaluable professionally and personally as I have grappled with becoming an independent intellectual and I am grateful for the immense amount of time and attention he has put into thinking this project through with me and encouraging me to always be better. I consider it an honor that Jane vii Through the Gateway Michael Polson Schneider has donated her time as an Emeritus Faculty to help craft this project and I am indebted to her for cogent, careful, and piercing thoughts on many drafts of this. Don Robotham has been a comrade and friend through this process and every moment I can absorb even his off- hand thoughts, is another moment that I have grown more deeply as an intellectual and an activist. Michael Blim, David Harvey, the late Neil Smith, Ida Susser, Cindy Katz, and Setha Low have all been critical in my intellectual development and I would never have gotten through this program were it not for the departmental guidance I received from Louise Lennihan, Gerald Creed and Ellen Deriso. As I have developed this work I have come into contact with many bright and curious minds that have helped me to refine my thoughts and sharpen my communication. I am thankful for the many insights provided by Micaela DiLeonardo, Joe Heyman, Howard Campbell, Brett Williams, Jeremey Campbell, Kate McCaffrey, Ken Guest, Rebecca Galemba, Kedron Thomas, Jeff Bannister, Dominic Corva, James Carrier, Josh Meisel, David Roediger, Bill Beeman and the anonymous readers at PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review and Territory, Politics, Governance. This dissertation would not be finished and in the shape it is in were it not for the support of Greg Falkin, George DeLeon and the wildly interdisciplinary cohort at the National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. I am so appreciative of the faith that the NIH put in me through the Behavioral Science Training Predoctoral Fellowship and for the funds provided to complete this project from the Wenner-Gren Foundation, National Science Foundation, the Horowitz Foundation for Social Policy, and CUNY. While writing this dissertation I have drawn on support from so many. Throughout this work I have surely leaned on my many friends scattered throughout this country and world, particularly Margot, Monica, Jenny and Charlotte.
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