3.4 Promoting International Science and Technology Activity [PDF:312KB]

3.4 Promoting International Science and Technology Activity

3.4 Promoting International Science recycling-oriented society (through the promotion and Technology Activity of Reduce waste, Reuse and Recycle resources). The Initiative has gained support from other coun- 3.4.1 Developing Leading Activities tries. Regarding climate control, the Prime Minister also stressed the importance of the early entry into for International Cooperation force of the Kyoto Protocol. In particular, the Earth Observation Summit, wh- Science and technology creates intellectual assets ich was first held on the occasion of the Evian that should be the common property of all mankind, Summit in June 2003, held its second meeting in and also contributes to the resolution of various April 2004 and its third meeting in February 2005, global issues such as those related to the enviro- adopting a 10-year implementation plan starting in nment, energy, and resources. Science and tech- 2006. nology also contributes to the promotion of industry and economy. To develop international science and (The United Nations (UN)) technology activities positively in these areas is At the United Nations, various activities, inclu- important for fulfilling Japan's role in international ding intellectual forums for education, science and society and for more fully developing science and culture, creation of international norms, and develo- technology in Japan. Based on the close scientific pment cooperation, are being implemented through capabilities between Japan and Western countries, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cul- scientific and technological cooperation between tural Organization (UNESCO). Japan and the West continues to advance effectively UNESCO has designated “water and associated through burden sharing and complementary work. ecosystems” as the principal priority in the natural At the same time, scientific and technological science field and is dealing with the water problem cooperation with developing countries not only leads throughout the world through the International Hy- to the transfer of technologies that serve as infrastr- drological Programme (IHP). Through this prog- ucture for independent and sustained development ramme, preparations are now under way to establish and strengthening of human resources in those cou- the “International Center for Water Hazard and Risk ntries, but is also important to the resolution of glo- Management” (ICHARM) in Japan as a hub for bal problems. Therefore, Japan is not only coope- research, capacity-building and information network rating through multilateral frameworks, such as the activities on water-related disasters and risk manage- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), but ment. At the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Com- also promoting bilateral cooperation according to mission (IOC), oceanographic scientific surveys the conditions, needs, and potential of each country. and research activities, such as oceanographic

observation concerning global climate change and 3.4.4.1 Development of Frameworks establishment of tsunami-warning systems, and for Multilateral Cooperation regional cooperation projects are being impleme- nted. Japan is cooperating in oceanographic surveys (Summit Meeting of Major Nations and education and training mainly in the western (G8 Summit)) Pacific. First discussed at the 8th Versailles Summit at the In the areas of human and social sciences, proposal of French President Mitterrand, science UNESCO elaborates the draft “Universal Declar- ation on Bioethics and Human Rights” to be and technology has subsequently been discussed rd frequently in summit meetings. adopted at the 33 session of its General Confere- At the 30th G8 Summit at Sea Island held in June nce in 2005. 2004, members adopted the “Science and Techno- logy for Sustainable Development – A G8 Action (The Organisation for Economic Plan.” At the summit, Prime Minister Koizumi Co-operation and Development stressed the importance of environment issues, such (OECD)) as forest protection and new energy resources and The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and proposed the “3R” Initiative aimed at creating a Development (OECD) works through its Comm-

344 3.4.1 Developing Leading Activities for International Cooperation ittee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP), October 2004. Japan has been actively participating Committee for Information, Computer and Commu- in SFRI as a lead country of one of the three sub- nication Policy (ICCP), Committee on Industryand groups. Business Environment (CIBE), Committee for Agriculture (AGR), Environment Policy Committee (3) Working Party on Innovation and (EPOC), the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), the Technology Policy (TIP) International Energy Agency (IEA), and others to TIP is aimed to discuss the promotion of pro- engage in activities related to science and techno- ductivity, the creation and application of knowledge, logy, including the exchange of opinions, experien- the sustainable development and the creation of a ces, information and personnel between member skilled work force. countries, preparation of statistical information, and TIP has discussed and evaluated technology poli- implementation of joint research. cies, focusing in particular on the National Innova- The CSTP established of the following five tion System (NIS). subgroups, which implement specific activities in For two years from 2005 to 2006, TIP held their respective fields. discussions on such topics as the evaluation of inn- ovation policies, globalization of R&D and inno- (1) Global Science Forum (GSF) vation, diffusion of IPR, innovation and knowledge, The forum was established in June 1999, in order and the NIS of China. to take over the activities of the Mega Science For- um, and to serve as a forum for science and tech- (4) Working Party on Biotechnology nology policymakers to exchange opinions about (WPB) important issues within the science and technology WPB is to support the promotion of safe and sector that require international cooperation and effective utilization of biotechnology. concerted action. The forum is also intended to Continued discussions were held on the establi- issue proposals that contribute to design of science shment of a “Global Biological Resource Center and technology policies.At the GSF meeting held in Network (GBRCN)”. It was reported that a task July 2004, an expert WG was established to hold a force bureau for the establishment of GBRCN was conference on declining student enrolments in set up at a meeting held in Paris in December 2004. science and technology. Japan is an active member in the WG. At the GSF meeting in February 2005, lively discussions were held under the strong initi- (5) Working Party of National Experts ative of Japan with two new activities – “WS on on Science and Technology Science and Technology for a Safer Society” and Indicators (NESTI20) “A Project on interdisciplinary issues” – approved. At a NESTI meeting held in June 2004, partici- pants discussed revising the Oslo Manual, an (2) Ad Hoc Working Group on international standard in the collection and interpr- Steering and Funding of Research etation of data on innovation activities, as well as Institutions (SFRI) improving new indicators about the Human Resou- rces for Science and Technology (HRST) and the Following a ministerial meeting of CSTP in globalization of R&D, etc. January 2004, the first meeting of SFRI was held in

20 The Working Party will monitor, oversee and advise on statistical work undertaken for the Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP) taking into account the priorities established by the Committee.

345 3.4 Promoting International Science and Technology Activity

3.4.1.2 Cooperation with Nations in Based on recommendations from the ASEAN the Asia-Pacific Region Committee on Science and Technology (COST), the third ASEAN / COST+3 meeting convened in (Cooperation under the Asia Pacific Pattaya (Thailand) in September 2004 with Japan, Economic Cooperation (APEC) China, South Korea, and other ASEAN countries. Forum) The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) (Cooperation with Various Countries) forum was established in 1989 as a forum for eco- In relations with China, in addition to cooperation nomic cooperation, with the aim of achieving sus- based on a science and technology cooperation agr- 21 tainable economic growth in the Asia Pacific region. eement , the Japan-China seminar was jointly held in June 2004 with the Chinese Academy of Sci- APEC promotes open regional cooperation, and ences, and Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, carries out cooperative activities in areas such as Sports, Science and Technology and China’s Mini- industrial science and technology, human resources stry of Science and Technology held the third development, and energy, with the aim of promoting inter-government talks in November 2004 to pro- the liberalization and smooth implementation of trade mote exchanges of science and technology admini- and investment and economic and technological strative officials between the two countries. cooperation.In particular, the Industrial Science and In trilateral relations among Japan, China, and Technology Working Group promote the dissemi- Korea, as a result of an agreement at the Second nation of science and technology information, the Japan-China-Korea Directors-General Meeting on Science and Technology Cooperation held in Tokyo mutual use of research facilities, and a variety of in March 2004, a ministerial-level meeting is slated concrete cooperation projects. The theme of the 4th for 2005. APEC Science Ministers’ Meeting, held in Chris- In relations with Australia, the 11th meeting of the tchurch, New Zealand in March 2004, was “Enh- Japan-Australia Science and Technology ancing the capacity of science, technology, and inn- Cooperation Joint Committee was held in Tokyo in ovation to deliver sustainable growth across the APEC August 2004 based on the Japan-Australia Science region.” The follow-up to that meeting is being con- and Technology Cooperation Agreement. Participants ducted at present. in the meeting exchanged views on future cooper- ation between the two governments in various fields,

such as science and technology policy, research (Cooperation with the Association of cooperation activities, life science and earth sci- Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)) ence. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations In relations with South Korea, Australia, Indo- (ASEAN) was established with the aim of nesia, India, and Israel, among others, under agre- accelerating economic growth, social progress, and ements for science and technology cooperation,c- cultural development in the region. Dialogues ooperation is progressing in the form of information between ASEAN member countries and Japan, and research personnel exchangesand the implem- enttation of joint research. China, and the Republic of Korea take place within Opinion exchanges on the possibility of future the framework of ASEAN+3. At the 1999 ASEAN+3 cooperation are also being pursued with other cou- Summit, recommendations were made for strengthening ntries that have not signed science and technology cooperation in the science and technology area. cooperation agreements with Japan.

21 Science and technology cooperation agreement: An agreement entered into between Japan and a foreign nation in order to promote cooperative relations in the science and technology sector for peaceful purposes. The agreement establishes the form of cooperative activities, the framework for intergovernmental discussions such as joint committees, and also how to handle intellectual property rights stemming from cooperation. Various cooperative activities are implemented under this agreement, including the exchange of R&D data, researcher exchanges, and joint research. Joint committee meetings are held every few years to report on cooperative activities up to those times, and to discuss future cooperative

activities.

346 3.4.1 Developing Leading Activities for International Cooperation

Furthermore, from a humanitarian viewpoint, 3.4.1.3 Cooperation with Nations in Japan is working on the research and development Europe and North America of technologies for safer and more efficient dete- ction and clearance of antipersonnel landmines, Cooperative activities such as holding joint com- which stand as a significant impediment to recons- mittee meetings based on bilateral science and tech- truction and development in Afghanistan and many nology cooperation agreements among European and other mine-affected countries. Japan is also pro- North American nations are actively being carried viding mine-clearing training to retired military out in order to resolve common challenges faced by personnel and other Afghan people. advanced countries, including those in the life sci- ences, nanotechnology, raw materials, the environ- ment, nuclear energy, and space development (Figu- re 3-4-1).

347 3.4 Promoting International Science and Technology Activity

Table 3-4-1 Joint committee meetings and other activities held in FY2004 based on bilateral science and technology cooperation among European and North American nations

Nation Name Date Location Agenda United States Second Japan-U.S. March Honolulu (1) Development of science and technology policies conducive to a safe Workshop on Science 10-11, and secure society and Technology for a 2005 (2) Prioritizing science and technology fields conducive to a safe and Safe and Secure secure society Society (3) Review of current cooperative activities and identification of new opportunities 1) Infectious diseases 2) National borders and transportation safety 3) Safety related to important information infrastructure protection 4) Public-private technology partnership 5) Review of international dialogues on science and technology fields 6) the safety of food 7) Science and technology for anti-crime and anti-terrorism measures Hungary 8th Japan-Hungary May 24, Tokyo About joint research projects Science and 2004 Technology Cooperation Conference Finland 3rd Japan-Finland June 17, Helsinki (1) Researcher exchanges (2) Signing of a memorandum between the Science and 2004 New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization Technology (NEDO) and the Finnish National Technology Agency (TEKES). Cooperation Joint (3) Bilateral cooperative activities (4) Technology forecasting Committee (5) Multilateral cooperative activities Norway 1st Meeting of June 21, Oslo (1) Existing cooperative activities (2) Materials and nanotechnology Japan-Norway 2004 (3) Energies and the environment (4) the safety of food Science and Technology Cooperation Joint Committee Switzerland 4th Japan-Switzerland July 8, Tokyo (1) Bilateral cooperative activities (2) Cooperation in 2 prioritized areas Science and 2004 (materials science and nanotechnology) (3) Improvement of research Technology environment Roundtable France 6th Japan-France Joint November Tokyo (1) Researcher exchanges (2) Life sciences (3) Genome Committee on Science 17-18, (4) Materials (5) Bioethics/humanities (6) Innovation and partnership and Technology 2004 (7) Space (Earth observation) (8) Energies and the environment Cooperation (9) Information science South Africa 1st Session of the May 13, Pretoria (1) New materials and nanotechnology (2) ICT (3) Biotechnology Joint Science and 2004 (4) Infectious diseases Technology Committee Between Japan and South Africa

348 3.4.1 Developing Leading Activities for International Cooperation

In relations with the United States, as a result of an EU for concluding the Japan-EU Science and Tech- agreement reac hed at the Ninth Meeting of the nology Cooperation Agreement and began negoti- Japan-U.S. Joint High Level Committee (ministerial ations with Switzerland to conclude a science and level) on Science and Technology, which was held technology cooperation agreement. based on the Japan-United States Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement, the Japan-U.S. 3.4.1.4 Taking on International Workshop on Science and Technology for a Safe Programs and Secure Society was held in Honolulu and the two countries discussed the roles science and technology should play in protecting society from (Promotion of the Human Frontier various threats and ensuring the safety and security Science Program (HFSP)) of society, the two nations’ common areas of The “Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP)” concern, and the direction of future research coo- was proposed by Japan at the Venice Summit of peration. Under the framework of the Workshop, June 1987, with the aim of promoting, through exchanges of researchers between the two countries international cooperation, basic research focused on have been implemented in various fields, such as the elucidation of the complex mechanisms of liv- science and technology for the protection of impo- ing organisms. Members of HFSP include the G-7 rtant information infrastructure and for measures nations (Japan, the U.S., Germany, France, the U.K., against crime and terrorism. Italy, and Canada), the EU, and Switzerland. Based In relations with Canada, the “Japan-Canada on the principles of “international cooperation among Female Researcher Exchange Program” was created continents,” an “interdisciplinary approach to the with the aim of promoting women’s activities in a life sciences,” and “youth-oriented” action, the Inte- wide range of science, technology and academic rnational Human Frontier Science Program Orga- fields through mutual visits of first-rate female res- nization (HFSPO) provides research grants to sub- earchers between the two countries. In March 2005, sidize international joint research teams, fellowships to two Canadian female researchers visited Japan. subsidize travel expenses, accommodation, and And, in May 2005, the Japan-South Africa other expenses for young researchers conducting Science Forum and the first meeting of the Science research abroad, and organizes meetings of HFSP and Technology Joint Committee were held based grant recipients for presentation of their research results. on the Japan-South Africa Science and Technology In May 2004, the 15th anniversary celebration and Cooperation Agreement. 4th award-winners meeting was held in Hakone and Elsewhere, there are joint committees on science attended by about 300 people, including former and technology with Germany, France, Italy, Finland, Prime Minister Nakasone, who is the proponent of Russia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and the Program, HFSP officials and researchers. Romania based on science and technology agre- With a total of 11 HFSP grant recipients having ements. In relations with Switzerland, the two cou- later been awarded the Nobel Prize as of FY2004, ntries regularly have a Science and Technology the Program has been highly acclaimed worldwide. Roundtable to exchange information on current sci- Japan has been actively supporting the Program ence and technology cooperation. In September since its inception. 2004, the Japan-Mexico Economic Partnership Agr- In 2005, South Korea and Australia joined the eement was signed (came into force on April 1, group of countries supporting the Program. 2005). The agreement includes science and tech- nology cooperation between the two countries. (Cooperation under the International Japan is implementing wide-ranging bilateral science Science and Technology Center and technology cooperation based on international (ISTC)) agreements, including science and technology coo- In March 1994, the United States, the EU (then peration agreements with forty-one nations around the world, and promoting multilateral scientific, the EC), and the Russian Federation established the technological, and academic cooperation. At present, International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) Japan is at the final stage for negotiations with the in order to provide an opportunity for scientists and

349 3.4 Promoting International Science and Technology Activity engineers from the former Soviet Union, possessing Experimental Reactor (ITER) project is to develop knowledge and skills related to weapons of mass a tokamak experimental fusion reactor through destruction, to engage in peaceful activities and to international cooperative efforts, in order to demo- nstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of contribute to the resolution of technology issues, fusion energy, which is expected to become one of both internationally and within the nations of the the future permanent energy sources for humanity. former Soviet Union. The project originated in 1985 from proposals by To date, a total of approximately 600 million dollars leaders of the United States and the former Soviet has been approved to initiate specific projects ai- Union to promote international cooperation for rese- med at achieving the goals of the organization. arch and development on nuclear fusion for peaceful Furthermore, over 58,000 researchers have been purposes. Intergovernmental negotiations on matt- engaged in research activities. ers including a joint implementation agreement, site selection, and cost sharing have been taking place The number of projects supported by private- between the six parties of Japan, China, the Eur- sector corporations as partner projects has also been opean Union, South Korea, Russia, and the United increasing due to the high caliber and originality of States. Japan’s basic policy is to push ahead with science and technology in the former Soviet Union. the ITER project through international cooperation, Additionally, Japan is actively involved in the based on the conclusions laid down by the Council expansion of the number of new participants, inc- on Science and Technology Policy. The Cabinet luding corporations, and in the implementation of consented to the presenting of Rokkashomura, projects that contribute to the resolution of global Kamikita County, Aomori Prefecture as the candi- issues. date site for consideration at the Intergovernmental Conference. Under this policy, the government has (International Space Station (ISS) been pushing its bid to host the ITER. Program) The International Space Station (ISS) program (The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Project) participated by fifteen countries (Japan, the United The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a project to States, the European Governments, Canada, and construct a proton-proton colliding particle accele- Russia,) based on the Intergovernmental Agreement, rator proposed by the European Organization for is the international cooperation project to construct Nuclear Research (CERN). Construction is procee- a manned space facility at low Earth orbit with an ding under international cooperation between the altitude of approximately 400km. The aim of the ISS Program is to develop infrastructure enabling CERN member nations, Japan, the United States, full-fledged space environment utilization and man- Russia, Canada, and India, with experiments aimed ned space activities. Some components of the to commence in 2007. Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) “Kibo” have The LHC is a large circular accelerator with been shipped to NASA Kennedy Space Center. superconducting magnets placed in an underground The first module of the ISS was launched in tunnel 27 km in circumference. It will accelerate November 1998, and the first long-term crew stay protons to nearly the speed of light, in opposite on the ISS began in November 2000. To date, one directions, to enable proton collisions. The ultra-high Japanese astronaut has stayed at the ISS for a short period of time to conduct assembly work. Another energies generated by these proton collisions make Japanese astronaut Soichi Noguchi, who is to be on it possible to create previously undiscovered particles board the first space shuttle (around May 2005) that will be useful in exploring and revealing the since the accident of the Space Shuttle Columbia, is internal structures of matter. stayed at the ISS. In Japan, the LHC project is reviewed by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and (International Thermonuclear Experi Technology, which contributes to promoting the mental Re-actor (ITER) Project) project with funds for construction of the particle The goal of the International Thermonuclear

350 3.4.1 Developing Leading Activities for International Cooperation accelerator, anticipating both its scientific signi- deep seabeds primarily using Japanese riser drilling ficance as well as its potential to lead to the creation vessel “Chikyu,” capable of deep drilling up to of new industries. 7,000 meters below the seafloor 2,500 meters below the surface of the sea (in future: 4,000 meters) , and

(Integrated Ocean Drilling Program a U.S. drillship. Prior to the commencement of the program, the (IODP)) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Technology and the U.S. National Science Founda- is a multilateral cooperation project that began in tion (NSF) signed a memorandum on April 22, October 2003 led by Japan and the United States 2003 for setting the framework of IODP. and with the participation of Europe and China. The The riser drilling vessel “Chikyu” is scheduled program aims at elucidating global environmental for completion in FY2005 followed by shakedown changes, the structure of the earth’s interior, the and training. biosphere of the earth’s crust, etc. by drilling into

351 3.4 Promoting International Science and Technology Activity

3.4.2 Promoting International Research capable of demonstrating international leadership Exchanges by encouraging them to study hard at an inter- national level through promotion of researcher exc- 3.4.2.1 Promotion of International hanges. From this standpoint, various researcher exchange programs have been implemented, inclu- Research Activities ding the foreign researcher invitation program by Working with top rank researchers and gathering the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science the latest scientific information enables Japan to (JSPS). yield world-class outcomes, which can be expected The facilitation of international exchange among to resolve global problems. Therefore, internation- young researchers is particularly important from the alizetion of our Science and Technology environ- position of developing international joint research ments is recognized as an essential mission. in the future, and of fostering researchers with inter- For this purpose, through the “Leadership for national perspectives. For this reason, the Ministry International Scientific Cooperation” program, sup- of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Techno- ported with the Special Coordination Fund for Pro- logy is promoting the JSPS’s “Postdoctoral Fellow- moting Science and Technology, and the “Strategic ships for Foreign Researchers,” a program for invi- International Cooperative Program,” run by the ting first-rate young researchers from abroad to Jap- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan pro- an's universities and experimental research institu- motes the convening of international forums and the tions, and providing an opportunity for them to conducting of surveys and research for Japan’s pro- conduct joint research with Japanese researchers. active promotion of international cooperation on Another program being promoted is JSPS’s “Post- important research issues and creation of sustaina- doctoral Fellowships for Research Abroad,” a ble cooperative relationships in the international program for sending young Japanese researchers to community. overseas universities or research institutions so that In addition, through its Global Network of Ad- they can devote themselves to research. vanced Research Program and its Core University Moreover, efforts are being made to improve and Program, the Japan Society for the Promotion of expand housing for foreign researchers and services Science (JSPS) is promoting multilateral joint to support foreign researchers’ daily lives in Japan. research with Western and Asian nations. As a result of these measures, the number of

foreign researchers invited, and Japanese 3.4.2.2 Promotion of Researcher researchers dispatched overseas, has been rising at Exchanges Japan's universities and experimental research institutions (Figure 3-4-2). By region, there are In order for Japan to develop scientific, techno- active researcher exchanges with Asia, Europe, and logical, and academic research, it is necessary to North America. In terms of the acceptance of attract many first-rate researchers at home and researchers from abroad, nearly half are from the abroad by opening up Japan’s research system to Asian region (Figure 3-4-3). the world, and fostering Japanese human resources

352 3.4.2 Promoting International Research Exchanges

(People) 160,000 National universities, etc. Public universities 115,833 120,000 112,372 103,204 112,322 Private universities 94,217 Experimental research institutions, etc. 87,817 81,921 80,000 Total dispatched 61,461 60,944 50,927 53,645 55,603 57,911 58,495 41,965 56,630 31,622 33,480 52,414 34,265 32,113 35,254 40,000 27,224 26,971 27,660 31,212 33,880 26,504 26,330 24,410 14,726 10,984 9,423 3,866 4,554 5,094 14,107 0 5,662 5,038 4,909 5,840 (FY) 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Dispatched

(people) 40,000 National universities, etc. 31,922 Public universities 30,067 30,116 30,000 Private universities 24,493 Experimental research institutions, etc. 22,078 20,689 21,170 Total accepted 20,000 16,538 21,450 15,285 19,912 13,478 18,640 19,170 12,899 13,076 17,376 18,051

10,000 10,984 5,205 10,027 5,098 4,897 5,179 8,201 3,164 3,244 3,305 4,786 4,607 4,543 464 550 722 755 906 0 750 700 (FY) 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Accepted Figure 3-4-2 Progress of researcher exchanges in universities, research institutions, etc.

Note: "National universities, etc." indicates national universities, inter-university research institutes, national junior colleges, and national technical colleges. "Experimental research institutions, etc." indicates national experimental research institutions, incorporated administrative agencies, and public research and development corporations. Public and private universities and national junior colleges have been included in this research since FY1997. National technical colleges, national experimental research institutions, and public research and development corporations have been included since FY2000. Source: MEXT. "Survey of International Exchange (FY2003)"

Middle East Middle East Africa Africa 969(0.9%) Other 456(1.4%) 1,232(1.1%) 715(2.2%) Other Oceania Oceania 293(0.3%) 14(0.0%) 4,297(3.8%) 797(2.5%)

Asia North America North America 31,555 (28.1%) 5,545(17.4%) 32,593(29.0%) Central and Asia South America Europe 15,611(48.9%) Europe 696(2.2%) (Including NIS) (Including NIS) 8,018(25.1%) Central and 39,546(35.2%) South America 1,852(1.6%)

otal number of researchers dispatched Total number of researchers accepted from Japan in FY2003: 112,322 into Japan in FY2003: 31,922

Figure 3-4-3 Researcher exchanges (dispatch and acceptance) by region

Source: MEXT. "Survey of International Exchange (FY2003)"

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