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Coercive Treatment in Psychiatry Coercive Treatment in Psychiatry: Clinical, Legal and Ethical Aspects, First Edition. Edited by Thomas W. Kallert, Juan E. Mezzich and John Monahan. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-66072-0 Coercive Treatment in Psychiatry Clinical, Legal and Ethical Aspects Editors: Thomas W. Kallert, Juan E. Mezzich and John Monahan This edition first published 2011 Ó 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. 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R727.35.C64 2012 174.2’9689–dc22 2010054029 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 978-0-470-97854-2; Wiley Online Library 978-0-470-97857-3; ePub 978-0-470-97865-8 Set in 10.5/13pt Times by Thomson Digital, Noida, India First Impression 2011 Contents List of Contributors vii Introduction xi Thomas W. Kallert, Juan E. Mezzich and John Monahan SECTION 1 Conceptual and clinical aspects of coercive treatment 1 1. Person-centred psychiatry perspectives on coercion and cooperation 3 Juan E. Mezzich 2. Coercive treatment and stigma – is there a link? 13 Wolfgang Gaebel and Harald Za¨ske 3. Mandated psychiatric treatment in the community – forms, prevalence, outcomes and controversies 33 John Monahan 4. Is it possible to define a best practice standard for coercive treatment in psychiatry? 49 Tilman Steinert and Peter Lepping 5. How to de-escalate a risk situation to avoid the use of coercion 57 Dirk Richter SECTION 2 Legal aspects of coercive treatment 81 6. Psychiatry and the law – do the fields agree in their views on coercive treatment? 83 Julio Arboleda-Flo´rez vi CONTENTS 7. Reducing discrimination in mental health law – the ‘fusion’ of incapacity and mental health legislation 97 George Szmukler and John Dawson 8. Mental health care and patients’ rights – are these two fields currently compatible? 121 Thomas W. Kallert SECTION 3 Ethical aspects of coercive treatment 151 9. Cross-cultural perspectives on coercive treatment in psychiatry 153 Ahmed Okasha and Tarek Okasha 10. Historical injustice in psychiatry with examples from Nazi Germany and others – ethical lessons for the modern professional 161 Rael Strous 11. Paternalism in mental health – when boots are superior to Pushkin 175 Tom Burns SECTION 4 Users’ views on coercive treatment 185 12. The moral imperative for dialogue with organizations of survivors of coerced psychiatric human rights violations 187 David W. Oaks 13. Resisting variables – service user/survivor perspectives on researching coercion 213 Jasna Russo and Jan Wallcraft 14. Seventy years of coercion in psychiatric institutions, experienced and witnessed 235 Dorothea S. Buck-Zerchin 15. Coercion – point, perception, process 245 Dorothy M. Castille, Kristina H. Muenzenmaier and Bruce G. Link SECTION 5 Coercion and undue influence in decisions to participate in psychiatric research 269 16. Ethical issues of participating in psychiatric research on coercion 271 Lars Kjellin 17. Coercion and undue influence in decisions to participate in psychiatric research 293 Paul S. Appelbaum, Charles W. Lidz and Robert Klitzman Index 315 List of Contributors Paul S. Appelbaum Brummerskamp 4 Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor Hamburg, 22457 of Psychiatry, Medicine and Law Germany Columbia University, Department www.dorothea-buck.de of Psychiatry Director Tom Burns New York State Psychiatric Institute, Professor of Social Psychiatry Division of Law, Ethics, and University of Oxford, Warneford Psychiatry Hospital 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 122 Oxford, OX3 7JX New York, NY, 10032 UK USA Dorothy M. Castille Julio Arboleda-Flo´rez Health Scientist Administrator Professor Emeritus National Institutes of Health, Queen’s University, Department National Institute on of Psychiatry and Department Minority Health and Health of Community Health and Disparities Epidemiology 6707 Democracy Boulevard, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Suite 800 Canada Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA Dorothea S. Buck-Zerchin (work completed while Honorary Chair at Columbia University German Federal Association of (ex-) and New York State Psychiatric Users and Survivors of Psychiatry Institute, New York) viii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS John Dawson Lars Kjellin Professor of Law Associate Professor, Research Manager, University of Otago, Faculty of Law Psychiatric Research Centre PO Box 56 O¨ rebro University, School of Health and Dunedin 9016 Medical Sciences New Zealand PO Box 1613 O¨ rebro, SE-701 16 Sweden Wolfgang Gaebel Professor of Psychiatry, Director of the Robert Klitzman Department of Psychiatry and Professor of Clinical Psychiatry Psychotherapy (in Sociomedical Sciences) Heinrich-Heine University, Department Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, of Psychiatry and Mailman School Medical Faculty of Public Health Bergische Landstrasse 2 Director, Masters € Dusseldorf, 40629 of Bioethics Program Germany New York State Psychiatric Institute, HIV Center, Thomas W. Kallert Ethics, Policy and Human Head of the Department of Psychiatry, Rights Core Psychosomatic Medicine and 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15 Psychotherapy New York, NY, 10032 Park Hospital Leipzig USA Morawitzstrasse 2 Leipzig, 04289 Peter Lepping Germany Visiting Professor, Associate Medical Director and Consultant Medical Director Psychiatrist Soteria Hospital Leipzig Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Morawitzstrasse 4 Board and Glyndwˆ r University, Leipzig, 04289 Wrexham Academic Unit Germany Ffordd Croesnewydd Wrexham LL13 7YP, Wales Professor of Psychiatry UK Dresden University of Technology, Faculty of Medicine Charles W. Lidz Fetscherstrasse 74 Research Professor Dresden, 01307 of Psychiatry Germany University of Massachusetts Medical School LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ix 55 Lake