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Evaluación Ecológica Rápida En La Propuesta Área Protegida Trinacional Montecristo En Territorio Guatemalteco Y Hondureño

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Evaluación Ecológica Rápida En La Propuesta Área Protegida Trinacional Montecristo En Territorio Guatemalteco Y Hondureño 33 Ave. Sur No. 640, Col. Flor Blanca, San Salvador, El Salvador. Teléfono 503-2-2791515, Fax 503-2-2790220 www.salvanatura.org Evaluación Ecológica Rápida En la Propuesta Área Protegida Trinacional Montecristo En Territorio Guatemalteco y Hondureño Coordinador, y Editor del Informe Final Oliver Komar ([email protected]) Equipo Técnico Gerardo Borjas (Fauna acuática y calidad de agua) Gustavo A. Cruz (Anfibios, reptiles y peces) Knut Eisermann (Aves) Néstor Herrera (Mamíferos) José L. Linares (Flora) Con asistencia de Claudia Avendaño Carmen Elena Escobar Saúl Flores Carlos Funes Manolo García Luis Girón Wladimir Illescas Esmeralda Martínez Walter Monge Carlos Zaldaña Cita recomendada: Komar O, Borjas G, Cruz GA, Eisermann K, Herrera N, Linares JL, Escobar CE, Girón LE. 2005. Evaluación Ecológica Rápida en la Propuesta Área Protegida Trinacional Montecristo en Territorio Guatemalteco y Hondureño. Informe de Consultoría. San Salvador: SalvaNATURA Programa de Ciencias para la Conservación. Fecha Borrador: 26 de octubre de 2005 Informe Final, EER Parque Trinacional Montecristo 2005 1 TABLA DE CONTENIDOS 1. Antecedentes de estudios ecológicos en el macizo Montecristo ........................ 3 2. Metodología de campo ................................................................................................. 5 3. Resultados ..................................................................................................................... 6 A. Especies de interés para la conservación ............................................................ 7 A.1. Especies amenazadas a nivel mundial .................................................................... 7 A.2. Especies con distribución restringida a Montecristo ............................................. 11 A.3. Especies endémicas a las ecoregiones que incluyen Montecristo .......................... 13 A.4. Especies migratorias ............................................................................................ 13 A.5. Especies amenazadas a nivel nacional.................................................................. 15 A.6. Especies de especial interés para ecoturistas ........................................................ 15 A.7. Especies de potencial aprovechamiento sostenible ............................................... 17 B. El estado del inventario de flora y fauna de Montecristo ............................... 18 C. Establecer línea base para sistema de monitoreo ........................................... 19 D. Temas claves ........................................................................................................... 20 D.1. Ecosistemas y ecoregiones de importancia para la conservación ......................... 20 D.2. Vacíos en conocimiento taxonómico ..................................................................... 21 4. Discusión y conclusiones ........................................................................................... 22 (1) Comparación de los resultados con estudios previos en Montecristo .......................... 22 (2) Condiciones ecológicas en el área de estudio. ............................................................ 23 Agradecimientos .............................................................................................................. 27 Literatura citada ............................................................................................................. 28 LISTA DE ANEXOS ............................................................................................................ 30 Anexo 1: Estudio de Fauna Acuática y Calidad de Agua, incluyendo Gasterópodos Terrestres y Crustáceos (Gerardo Borjas) ................................... 30 Anexo 2: Estudio de Flora (José L. Linares) .............................................................. 30 Anexo 3: Estudio de Anfibios, Reptiles y Peces (Gustavo A. Cruz et al.) ............. 30 Anexo 4: Estudio de Mamíferos (Néstor Herrera et al.) .......................................... 30 Anexo 5: Estudio de Aves (Knut Eisermann) .............................................................. 30 Anexo 6: Términos de Referencia ............................................................................... 30 Informe Final, EER Parque Trinacional Montecristo 2005 2 El presente estudio ha sido realizado bajo un contrato financiado por el Banco Interamericano del Desarrollo (BID), en apoyo a la preparación de un proyecto para la conservación del Área Protegida Trinacional Montecristo. Esta área se ubica en el núcleo de la zona del trifinio compartido por Guatemala, Honduras, y El Salvador. Los términos de referencia del presente estudio se presentan en el último anexo. En breve, requerían una evaluación ecológica rápida de las zonas del área protegida menos estudiadas, Guatemala y Honduras, durante 20 días de trabajo de campo. El proyecto para la conservación del área será presentado al Global Environment Facility por el BID, para consideración de financiamiento, por parte de la Comisión Trifinio. Por la naturaleza rápida del presente estudio, las determinaciones de algunas especies, especialmente moluscos, plantas, y algunos anfibios y reptiles, no ha sido posible, ya que requieren consultas internacionales entre especialistas, un proceso que lleva bastante más tiempo del que ha sido dispuesto para la preparación de este informe. Por consecuente, algunos resultados son preliminares. Personas quienes desean citar este informe deben contactar a los autores para corroborar los resultados o averiguar si se han publicado informes científicos arbitrados en revistas técnicas que corroboran los contenidos del presente en el registro científico formal. 1. Antecedentes de estudios ecológicos en el macizo Montecristo La mayoría de investigaciónes biológicas en el macizo Montecristo fueron expediciones de colecta taxonómica realizadas en El Salvador desde la década de los 1950s. En Guatemala han habido algunas expediciones de colecta de flora, mamíferos pequeños, e insectos, pero la mayoría de los resultados no han sido presentados en publicaciones arbitradas. En Honduras casi no se conocen trabajos científicos biológicos. Los trabajos salvadoreños de colecta de orquídeas, muestras de árboles y otras plantas, escarabajos, mariposas, anfibios, reptiles, mamíferos y aves, reportadas en 10 o más publicaciones científicas, contribuyeron al inventario nacional. De estos trabajos resultaron varias descripciones de nuevas especies para la ciencia (Hincks 1953, Fryxell 1980, Hidalgo 1983, de la Maza E. & de la Maza E. 1984, Schuster 1989, Zamudio 1997, Anderson & Ashe 2000, Greenbaum 2004). Sin embargo, en muy pocos casos se publicaron resultados sólo por el sitio o con fines de divulgar el inventario del sitio. Estudios ecológicos primarios, publicados en revistas arbitradas de ciencia, incluyen estudios de escarabajos (Anderson y Ashe 2000, Schuster et al. 2000) y aves (Komar et al. 2000, Komar 2002a, Komar 2002b). También se han realizado varias tesis sobre flora y mamíferos, y otros estudios todavía no publicados o solamente disponibles en literatura gris. Además de las tesis y otros estudios de literatura gris se han realizado estudios en conexión con varios esfuerzos de conservación del área natural. Por ejemplo, en 1998, la Fundación para la Conservación de los Ecosistemas Mayas, financiado por el Plan Trifinio con fondo de la Unión Europea, realizó una serie de estudios para apoyar una propuesta de establecer una reserva de la biosfera, llamada La Fraternidad. El estudio de fauna (Herrera et al. 1998) lastimosamente no presentó la metodología o esfuerzo de muestreo y no indicaba los sitios donde las especies se registraron, sólo indicaba que fueron dentro de la propuesta reserva. Sin embargo, la reserva nunca se formó. En 2001 y 2002, CATIE realizó una serie de estudios de Informe Final, EER Parque Trinacional Montecristo 2005 3 flora y fauna en apoyo de un plan de manejo para el Parque Nacional Montecristo en El Salvador. Unos estudios planificados para el 2004 por NORPLAN, en colaboración con Fundación Vida, en apoyo de un Plan de Manejo para el Área Protegida Trinacional Montecristo, nunca se realizaron. Los estudios realizados bajo consultorías dentro del macizo Montecristo, en su gran mayoría, han presentado problemas metodológicos. En general han sido realizados por técnicos sin mayor experiencia, y no han sido arbitrados por científicos. En cima de estos problemas, algunos de los informes ya han sido perdidos o incluso nunca fueron finalizados. Por ejemplo, el estudio de las aves realizados por CATIE en 2002 no podría ser localizado ni en la oficina de CATIE (en San Salvador) ni en el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de El Salvador. Los problemas de llevar a cabo una investigación científica como producto de consultorías, sin incluir el requisito de publicar los resultados formalmente, son evidentes. En resumen, estudios formales taxonómicos o biológicos realizados en Montecristo en el pasado resultaron en el conocimiento de algunas 1160 especies, incluyendo aproximadamente 700 especies de plantas, 116 especies de escarabajos, 39 anfibios y reptiles, 50 mamíferos y 260 aves. Con el presente trabajo, se aumenta el número de especies registradas a 1439, y estimamos que la riqueza de especies en estos grupos pasa las 3300 especies (Cuadro 1). Cuadro 1: Biodiversidad conocida y estimada en el macizo Montecristo Taxon Especies Especies Especies Estimado de registradas en registradas conocidas riqueza de Guatemala, en Honduras,
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