Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure?
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• November 2020 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was made possible through the contributions of many dedicated individuals. City of Alexandria Staff Support Consultant Team Jose Ayala Helen Chang, Cadmus Martin Barna Elise Emil, Cadmus* Alex Block Damon Fordham, Cadmus Mary Christesen Chad Laurent, Cadmus Rodrigo Costas Oana Leahu-Aluas, Cadmus Brian Dofflemeyer Geoff Morrison, Cadmus* Jeff Duval Debra Perry, Cadmus Bill Eger* James Schroll, Cadmus Ellen Eggerton *Lead authors Chris Evans Smail Farid Russel Furr Bob Garbacz Alicia Hart REPORT DEVELOPMENT Bill Miner This report was developed during 2020. In April Ray Mui 2020, due to COVD-19, City staff provided a pre- Corinna Nowak recorded presentation and opportunity for the Megan Oleynik* Alexandria community to provide input and Hillary Orr feedback. In July 2020, the City sought further Joshua Pearson community input via an online survey to evaluate Emilio Pundavela charging needs and to help evaluate locations for Darrel Reynolds publicly accessible chargers. This report builds on Archie Robinson several prior initiatives in Alexandria, such as the William Skrabak Driving Alexandria Safely Home (DASH) zero Jennifer Slesinger* emission bus project and the Environmental Eli Smith Action Plan 2040 goals. Ryan Touhill Khoa Tran *Project managers Special thanks to participants of surveys and to those who provided detailed comments to the City. Please visit the City’s website (www.alexandriava.gov) for questions or contact information. i | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS Glossary ........................................................................................................................................................ iv Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Motivation................................................................................................................................................. 1 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................... 2 Charger Projections ................................................................................................................................... 3 Importance of Equity ................................................................................................................................ 5 Organization of Content ........................................................................................................................... 5 Limitations and Opportunities for Future Consideration ......................................................................... 5 Chapter 1. Recommendations for Alexandria ............................................................................................... 9 Meeting Charging Demand ..................................................................................................................... 10 Residents of Multifamily Dwellings ..................................................................................................... 10 Residents without Driveways or Garages ........................................................................................... 11 Residential, Fleets, and Visitors Requiring Charging ........................................................................... 13 Enhancing Communications and Awareness .......................................................................................... 16 Strengthening and Standardizing Zoning, Building Codes, and Permitting ............................................ 22 Advocating in State Government or with Dominion Energy................................................................... 28 Building Successful Business Models for Chargers ................................................................................. 32 Implementing the Recommendations .................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 2. Context and History .................................................................................................................. 39 Climate Action and Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...................................................................... 39 Public Health and Improving Local Air Quality ....................................................................................... 39 Equity ...................................................................................................................................................... 40 Comparison with Other Regions ............................................................................................................. 40 Literature on Electric Vehicles and Charging .......................................................................................... 42 State and Utility Actions on Electric Vehicles ......................................................................................... 43 Municipal Plans and Actions on Electric Vehicles ................................................................................... 47 Chapter 3. Basics of Electric Vehicle Charging ............................................................................................ 51 What are Electric Vehicles? .................................................................................................................... 51 What is Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure? .................................................................................. 52 What are Common Locations for Chargers? ........................................................................................... 53 ii | P a g e What are Networked or Smart Stations? ................................................................................................ 54 What Types of Connectors are Used at Charging Stations? ................................................................... 54 Who Develops and Operates Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations? ............................................... 55 Chapter 4. Current and Future Charging Needs ......................................................................................... 57 Charging Infrastructure ........................................................................................................................... 57 Influence of Housing Stock ..................................................................................................................... 58 Scenarios of Future Electric Vehicle Ownership ..................................................................................... 59 Future Charging Needs ........................................................................................................................... 60 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 61 Results: Charging Gap in Alexandria ................................................................................................... 63 Future Electricity Load from Electric Vehicles ........................................................................................ 65 Chapter 5. Community Perspectives on Charging ...................................................................................... 67 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 67 Survey Results ......................................................................................................................................... 68 Chapter 6. Priority Charging Locations ....................................................................................................... 73 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 73 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 74 Example of Using Heat Maps .................................................................................................................. 76 References .................................................................................................................................................. 79 Appendix A. Survey #1: Detailed Questions and Results from First Public Engagement Survey ................ 86 Appendix B. Survey #2: Detailed Questions and Results from Second Public Engagement Survey ........... 89 Appendix C. Electric Vehicle Registrations ................................................................................................ 104 Appendix D. Charger Cost Estimates ........................................................................................................ 105 Appendix E. Detailed Results of Charging Needs Assessment .................................................................. 107 Appendix F. High Priority Locations in Alexandria .................................................................................... 108 iii | P a g e GLOSSARY AC Alternating current. BEV Battery electric vehicle. A vehicle powered exclusively by electricity, such as the Nissan LEAF. CCS Combined charging system. This is a direct current fast charging standard supported by Volkswagen, General Motors, BMW, Daimler,