ARCH ITECT·S

Journal of The American Instittite of ARCH ITECT·s

PHILBERT DE L'ORME

May, 1947

The Gold Medal to Eliel Saarinen Fine Arts and Craftsmanship Medals Design and Techniques-I Newly-Elected Fellows Washington-Past and Future St. Louis' Jefferson Memorial Competition Architectural Education & Church Architecture 35c PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT THE OCTAGON, WASHINGTON, D. C. lJN VERS.TY Or ILLINOIS SMALL H01v ES COUNCii MUMFORD HOUSE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

MAY, 1947 VoL. VII, No. 5

Contents Design and Techniques-Part I. . 211 European Study Tour. 229 By Richard If. Sheppard, The Gold Medal . 230 F.R.I.B.A. Advanced to Fellowship in 1947 230 Loolcing Ahead to 1950 . 216 The Fine Arts Medal and a Cit a- Washington-Past and Future. 217 ti on. 240 By Lt. Gm. R. A. Wheeler Honorary Corresponding Member. 241 Sixth Pan American Congress of The Craftsmanship Medal . 2'12 Architects. . 221 Architectural Education and By Luis Miro Quesada G. Church Architecture-Part I. 243 St. Louis' Jefferson Memorial By He nry L. Kamphoefner Competition . . 223 Architects Read and Write: Books for War-Devastated Li- The Policy of The Journal . 250 braries 224 By Ely .Jacques Kahn, F.A.I.A. Honors . 225 Safety and the One-Story House 251 An Adventure in Education 226 By D. Kenneth Sargent By Carl C. Britsch Credit for the Architect . 252 There Stands the Job . 227 By A. E. Klueppelberg By L. Sylvester Sullivan., What's Wrong wit h The Ins ti- F.R.I.B.A. tute? . 253 News of the Chapters and Other By Chester E. Nagel Architectural Organizations . 228 The Editor's Asides. 253

ILL USTRATIO NS

Eliel Saarinen, F.A.I.A., Recipient of the Gold Medal of The Institute...... 231 Newly-Elected Fell ows of The Institute ...... 232-234-

The Journal of The American Institute of Architects, offi ci::il organ of The Institute, is published monthly at The Octagon, 1741 New York Avenue, N.W., Washington 6, D. C. Editor: Henry II. Sayior. Subscription in the United States, its possessionii and Canada, $3 a year in a

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T IS UNFASHIONABLE to talk of we can only approach our problems I brave new worlds, to get up on with doubt, misgivings and humil­ one's feet and prattle about the op­ ity-certainly not with the confi­ portunities which exist today for dence of preceding centuries. We architects and planners and roundly have inherited two legacies - a assert that we are capable of build­ somewhat elderly revivalism and ing a new Jerusalem in a manner the conscientious functionalism of we shall find satisfying when it is the 'twenties, and we are all aware completed. Few of us can be suf­ that neither of them matches up to ficiently confident of our architec­ the conditions they will encounter tural past to be vainglorious about in the immediate future. We must, the future. We do well to be cau­ I think, modify the ideas which we tious, we are uncertain of ourselves had before the War if we are to and of our architecture, and even function effectively as architects though the community may be and if we are to set about the task convinced that good architecture is of creating a new architecture. desirable, they are clearly in doubt I am concerned with technique as to how it can be obtained .... tonight, not as an end in itself, ... The times are uncertain and be­ but with architecture, which is fore we can plan the lives of others building beautifully and is the (a much less difficult job than special concern of this Institute. planning one's own) we must de­ I can only deal with one very cide where we are and where we limited aspect-that of the relation want to go and keep checking our between the design of buildings and position. In this post-Mumford age the evolution of technique displayed

}OURN AL OF THE A. I. A. 211 in their construction .... For one tilation in adolescent dormitories. thing the War itself has only had The first essential, according to the effect of accelerating or accen­ this theory for good architecture, tuating tendencies already apparent is that the purpose of the building before-even the rise in wages. In­ must be satisfied in exact terms deed, there is nothing new; even (function) and that this process the pre-fabricated services unit was would, in its turn, determine the a favourite concept of Victorian type of structure and, consequently, thinkers and no doubt there were the materials to be used. A beauti­ noble Romans with similar ideas. So ful building is the result and is I will limit myself to a discussion created as a matter of exact diag­ of the evolution of materials as they nosis. Both attitudes are necessary are employed structurally and to to architecture but they do not of the ideas prevailing in our society themselves make an architecture. about design. Ideas of this sort have There is an essential fallacy com­ always affected the introduction of mon to both and each is a reflex of systems of construction and modi­ the social background of their re­ fied their use and expression. . . . spective periods. The Victorians maintained that man was made for The architect has to choose be­ monuments, the neo-Victorians that tween two attitudes to architecture. he was made for machines. The One is based upon the idea that a first attitude is moribund but the building does not so much express second still holds the field since it a function but an abstraction­ has been translated into the me­ truth, justice and honour are ab­ chanistic theory of design, and has stractions of this sort ... fortitude proved to be an excellent servant and chastity were considered as and a bad master. suitable abstractions for a boys' To quote a recent and anony­ school. The second attitude-that mous writer: "The reason for this of the so-called modern architect­ i~credible situation is not far to is concerned with the function of seek. The struggles to overthrow the subject, and its expression is the Beaux-Arts system, with its subordinate to this; he is more dead cliches of standardised design, anxious to know that crowds can proved to be so long and arduous enter and leave the trains and to that no instruction at all in design ensure an adequate degree of ven- could be tolerated for a while. The

MAY, 1947 212 eternal secrets were thrown away which is important enough in itself at the same time as the glib formula to alter existing social relationships. -the baby with the bath water­ Everything proceeds gradually, by so that now the student has only s c a r c e 1 y perceptible movements either an arid functionalism to lean along a line determined by much upon, or if he revolts from that, as wider considerations.... the better ones do, he claims the That enables me to isolate one personal right of the god-almighty condition of the problem I am try­ artist to design as he sees best, re­ ing to discuss this evening. That sponsible only to his inner con­ building technique seldom or never sciousness." This theory was partly proceeds by the abrupt introduction founded on a misconception of the of a new material, by the replace­ part played by building materials in ment or substitution of a new one design. It was held that new ma­ for an old, by the emergence of one terials must, if properly used, material which is inherently su­ produce original and vital architec­ perior in all respects to another. tural forms. The arguments were Furthermore, the development of a never adequately developed by the new material is seldom accom­ theorists of the time but were first panied by the creation of forms put about in a simplified and handy which are characteristic of its form, a declension to which archi­ physical and mechanical structure. tectural principles are especially Indeed, the first stages of develop­ liable. One has only to apply this ment usually see it forced into an theory to some random examples to unhappy reproduction of the char­ see that it is not entirely true. acteristics of the material it is intended to replace. In architecture and building the Materials, methods of construc­ same cycles, the same phases of tion, are never to be observed in a technical development are to be static condition; they are always observed as in other arts and developing, always subject to cer­ sciences. First of all, no material is tain pressures and stresses created ever introduced as a sudden inno­ in society itself - like the social vation. Nothing, I was almost say­ reasons underlying the architec­ ing, is ever invented, and no person tural development in France dur­ can ever be said to have invented ing the eighteenth century, or the some new implement or material dynamic established by the very

JOURNAL OF THE A. I. A. 213 force of the structural conventions factory shapes were to be swept in twelfth-century Gothic. · into limbo. How far can we rely on When the Greeks substituted this assumption as a guide to condi­ stone for timber in the temples, tions in the immediate future? they were not using a new material, In the first place, where "new" but one which they had long used materials were introduced they in other ways; for example, in their only found themselves properly tombs, and they were familiar with used (i. e. , with a full realisation its physical characteristics. Even so, of their physical properties) where they reproduced a system of enrich­ they were exploited to meet the ment based upon a timber tech­ new apparatus of industry-that is nique. Again, when cast iron was in the stations, the warehouses and first applied to building in the the wharves. Secondly, that tradi­ nineteenth century, it already had tional types of building did not de­ a long tradition of use and was be­ mand new materials-since their ing employed in bridge construc­ form had for so many centuries tion. But it was not introduced been modified by the materials exclusively for structural purposes available, in fact until our modes -indeed that phase came rather of life were based upon these forms later-but as cheap imitation of -and that where steel and iron stone forms. The Crystal Palace, was used for such types of building the only complete use of iron in small regard was paid to their con­ this country, came late in the de­ structional properties. . . . velopment of cast iron as a struc­ tural material and was almost its Lastly, and worst of all, we final monument. have witnessed the deliberate repro­ It was also held as a second duction in new materials of old article of faith (new materials techniques-that most familiar and create new forms, to quote Cor­ irrational part of the daily struggle busier) that new materials-what­ of designers to educate their bet­ ever they may have been-when ters. This is perhaps the most built as a container even for old common error of all - what uses (like sleeping and ea ting) psychologists would call a devia­ were somehow to result in a new tion of aim. and daring esthetic, in which the This serves to point the fact that traditional and therefore unsatis- many of the axioms adopted in the

MAY, 1947 214 1920's were based upon Victorian suggested by concrete seemed to art ethics and Victorian technique, overarch eve ry other consideration by which a work had, as I have during those years. It seemed like said, a moral standard independent a fourth dimension, the possibility of its purpose .... of realising a kind of Coleridge These tenets : dream of vaults and shapes, of be­ 1. That new materials promote ing the final answer to the problem new forms; of spatial enclosure. In a way I 2. That new materials because suppose reinforced concrete does they provoke new forms will offer everything to the designer so lead to new forms of tradi­ that building can become a purely ditional building, spatial exercise .... Yet what are do not, therefore, form a very the results in the larger realm? ... satisfactory theory, and upon them Some of them are of great tech­ a good deal of our rationalisation nical interest - cellular concrete about a new architecture is based. construction, monolithic reinforced We wanted new forms and we had concrete, shell concrete-all forms to be prepared to justify them. But ex p 1 o i t i n g the possibilities of it is just as well to go underneath moulding shape to our convenience the defense mechanism. and fancy. Unfortunately a rein­ These principles formed the basis forced-concrete structure and form of much of our own thought about was often imposed arbitrarily and architecture in the twenty years th_e material was pushed into shapes before the War, and I will show for which there was no justifica­ how they were applied in different tion in the nature of the material fields so that we shall know itself. For reinforced con crete con­ the commandments when we next struction depends upon the board break them. for shuttering, whether in steel or wood, and upon the steel rod for First, what were the "new" its prop, and these must be bent and materials which were exploited fashioned. It is my contention that during this time? Steel and rein­ the material still lies largely un­ forced concrete are perhaps the developed and that in its early most obvious examples, although stages its possibilities have been introduced long before this time. obscured by indiscriminate applica­ The immense plastic possibilities tion which often ignored other

JOURNAL OF THE A. I. A. 215 physical considerations, and that we have been selected as being the have a new and exciting possibility characteristic forms of this century to realise. Bentley was the last per­ and I do not know why such sound son to build domes on a big scale in structural elements as the dome, this country and it is high time we the vault and the arch have been put this element back in circulation neglected-anyway in reinforced­ again. The column and the beam concrete design.

Looking Ahead to 1950

HE JOINT COMMITTEE ON son, one-time Minister to Japan, T THE NATIONAL CAPITAL, a bequeathed with its collections to committee of committees of na­ the Society of the Cincinnati. tional civic and professional asso­ ciations initiated by The Institute Speakers at the meeting were in 1932, held its annual meeting in Lieutenant General Raymond A. Washington on February 21st. The Wheeler, Chief of Engineers, and Institute Committee on the Na­ Major General Ulysses S. Grant, tional Capital is represented on this Chairman of the Planning Com­ organization through its Chairman, mission (both Honorary Members D. K. Este Fisher with E. R. of The A. I. A.) and Commis­ Purves as Alternate. The meeting sioner Guy Mason 'of the District date happened to coincide with the of Columbia. The Hon. Robert blizzard of the year, which left Woods Bliss of Washington was Este Fisher snowbound in Mary­ elected Chairman of the Joint Com­ land and the Fine Arts Commis­ mittee, succeeding C. C. Zant­ sion, with which the Joint Com­ zinger, recently appointed by the mittee was to have met, reduced to President as a member of the Plan­ the painter, the sculptor and one ning Commission. H o r a c e W. of the three architect members. Peaslee and Miss Harlean James, Otherwise, the Joint Committee Members-at-Large, were re-elected met with the District Commission as Vice-Chairman and Secretary, in the morning and with the Plan­ respectively. The meeting focussed ning Commission in the afternoon, upon the serious situation which winding up with a dinner-meeting has developed between local and at the mansion which Larz Ander- national interests in Highway De-

MAY, 1947 216 partment planning not in accord Committee will cooperate during with general Planning Commission the next three years to reconcile undertakings; and opposition to planning divergencies, to establish Federal expansion, including build­ recognized planning controls, and ing and park projects, because of to obtain an equitable basis of de­ encroachment upon District tax velopment cost division, all as part rolls not offset by an adequate of the program of the National Federal contribution. In an effort Capital Sesqui-Centennial Celebra­ to correct this situation, the Joint tion in 1950.

Washington-Past and Future By Lt. Gen. R. A. Wheeler CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY An address before the Joint Committee on the National Capital, meeting in Washington, February 21, 1947.

WENTY YEARS AGO I partici­ Arts and Planning Commissions; T pated in a meeting, similar to and his understanding of group re­ this one in its general objectives, sponsibility in his chairmanship of held at the Chamber of Commerce the Architect's Committee on Pub­ of the United States. The subject lic W ork:s helped to bring order assigned to me then was : "The Re­ and organization into our Public sponsibility of the Individual." Buildings Program. By sharp con­ I recall that two other speakers trast, the official who was to speak were scheduled to be heard on that on the responsibility of the Govern­ program. One was to talk on the ment failed to appear-which illus­ "Responsibility of the Group,'' the trates the fact that whether we are other on the "Responsibility of dealing with groups or govern­ Government." ments, prime responsibility for The exponent of group responsi­ success or failure rests with in­ ility was the late Milton B. dividuals. Medary, who gave so generously of It is with the recognition of such his life to public and professional responsibility that we are now con­ service. He had demonstrated his cerned. Some citizens have re­ fine sense of individual responsibil­ sponsibilities thrust upon them, by ity by years of service on the Fine position or election, while others

JOURNAL OF THE A. I. A. 217 deliberately assume them. In the own career, and the men who ac­ latter class was L'Enfant. Nowa­ cepted it and launched it, had far days, when we hear loose talk about greater vision and firmer courage the inadequacies of his plan, we and confidence in the future of our should recall the time and circum­ Country than their successors in stance of its conception. In 1789, our day. he wrote : " ... although the means It is peculiarly fitting for an of­ now within the power of the coun­ ficer of the Corps of Engineers to try are not such as to pursue the pay tribute to Major L'Enfant in design to any great extent, it will this headquarters of the Society of be obvious that the plan should be the Cincinnati, because this de­ drawn on such a scale as to leave signer of that Society's insignia was room for that aggrandizement and one of our Corps' earliest officers. embellishment which the increase In the 'seventies, there was an­ of the wealth of the nation will other contributor, known to his permit it to pursue at any period, day as "Boss" Shepherd. He had however remote." the courage to counter public opin­ ion in transforming a down-at-the­ And that is exactly the way it has heels town into a city worthy of its worked out for a century and a function, with graded and paved half. With that ideal firmly fixed streets and sidewalks, parks and in mind L'Enfant assumed the re­ street trees, sewer and water sys­ sponsibility for opposing J effer­ tems, at a cost of more than fifteen son's proposal for the "Old Baby­ million 'dollars. It was a tremen­ lon revived, as exemplified in Phil­ dous accomplishment, considering adelphia." Over the gridiron plan, the time and the means available­ he spread great radial avenues, re­ far greater in proportion than any­ serving all yard frontages in Gov­ thing we have since undertaken. ernment ownership. Within the Among the many individuals framework of this far-sighted plan­ who created their own opportuni­ ning, we have today all the elbow ties to contribute to city develop­ room we need for widenings, with­ ment, Daniel H. Burnham deserves out the condemnation costs which especial mention. He served as beset other cities. It has been said chairman of the McMillan Com­ that the man who created and jus­ mission and organized the first tified that plan, at the price of his Commission of Fine Arts. Subse-

MAY, 1947 218 quently, when commissioned by the the consummation - with the Ses­ Pennsylvania Railroad to redesign qui-Centennial - of the Capital's its station-strategically located in development. the center of the Mall-he took From such civic and professional the hard way and persuaded the groups have come other contribu­ president of the railroad to relin­ tions for which official recognition quish that site altogether. Presi­ has never been adequate. ·dent Cassatt, in turn, was broad­ It is not generally realized that visioned and far-sighted enough to the McMillan, Fine Arts, and propose a union station for all rail­ Park and Planning Commissions roads in an entirely new site-at were predicated upon contributed that time on the city's "fringe." service by the leaders in the various arts. It was a full-time nine-months Turning now to individuals task to produce the basic "Plan of working through groups, we have 1901." such organizations as the Commit­ On the Fine Arts Commission, tee of One Hundred, the local civic since 1910, seven men have con­ nucleus; the Joint Committee of vened at least one day a month, Committees, drawn from many na­ year after year, to ad vise on the tional organizations; and the new design of public buildings and Sesqui-Centennial groups. We have parks. the various professional committees On the planning Commission, which have rendered yeoman serv­ four citizens at large have left their ice in initiating and supporting off ices in various parts of the coun­ constructive legislation. We have try and have come here monthly the Architects Advisory Council for two-day meetings on planning which, for a decade, worked to problems. The public-spirited mem­ change the character of operative bers of those Commissions have building in this city and succeeded. been the most famous men in their The importance of such organiza­ respective fields, the deans of plan­ tion contributions must not be un­ ning, architecture, landscape archi­ derestimated. They launched the tecture, sculpture and painting, revival of planning with the Cen­ commanding the highest fees for tennial. They developed ways and their professional services. Yet, means during the subsequent years, they have served without any com­ and they offer our main chance for pensation except the privilege of

JOURNAL OF THE A. I. A. 219 helping to make their National should be-the highest expression Capital representative of the high­ of our culture." est ideals in American planning and As individuals, rccogmzmg our development. If we were to note responsibilities and obligations, we that these contributions total con­ nevertheless approach the City's siderably more than five thousand problems of planning and develop­ man days, it would not be amiss to ment from different angles. Some credit those individuals with half a may see only a Federal City; others million dollars' worth of services respond first to the pressing prob­ donated to the nation. lems of the City. Municipal problems must be Not all may serve on such com­ solved equitably and in such a man­ missions. Some of us must serve by ner as to set an example to every proxy. But there are few organized other municipality in the country. groups of individuals which could To that end we should bend every not contribute in some way, direct­ effort, while at the same time giv­ ly or indirectly, to the upbuilding ing full recognition to the basic law of the Capital. which established the District, not Theodore Roosevelt hoped that as a municipality, but as "the per­ we would utilize, to the highest de­ manent seat of the Government of gree, "the thought and the disin­ the United States." terested efforts of the architects, the artists-who stand foremost in If we are to achieve the an­ their professions and who ask no nounced objectives of the Sesqui­ other reward save the reward of Centennial-the consummation by feeling that they have done their 1950 of the replanning begun in full part to make as beautiful as it 1900-it will be necessary to heed should be, the Capital City of the the admonition of the President Great Republic." whose birthday we observe to­ Franklin Roosevelt broadened morrow: the basis of participation when he "I perfectly agree with you, Sir, said: "This Federal City of ours . 'that the City has infinitely more belongs to all of us and merits our to dread from the discord and want best united efforts in order that it of union among its friends, than may be recognized as an outstand­ from all the power of its enemies' ; in g example of what a Capital and am therefore persuaded that MAY, 1947 220 every considerate person, who is in­ and promote harmony among those terested in its establishment, will engaged in the execution of the use his influence to heal differences \VOrk."

Sixth Pan American Congress of Architects By Luis Miro Quesada G. CHAIRMAN, PRESS AND ADVERTISI N G COMMI'l'TEE (Translation by the Central Translating Division, Department of State)

HE Organizing Committee of munication with this principal com­ T the Sixth Pan American Con­ mittee. gress of Architects, which for some The Committee has arranged the time has been working with great Agenda of the Congress which has effort on the organization of this been sent to Montevideo, and to all important cultural meeting which the Delegations of the Committee will take place in L.ima in the for their approval. At the present month of October, has finished the date, replies have been received work preliminary to its final organ­ from the United States, from ization. Cuba, and from Uruguay itself. At the present time, it is in close These countries are fully in accord contact with all the Delegations with the proposed Agenda. As soon which the Permanent Committee as replies have been received from has in all America and which are all the Delegations, we shall pro­ entrusted with their representation ceed to publish it. in the respective countries; it has It is the intention of the Com­ been in communication with the mittee that the Sixth Congress societies, schools and other institu­ should take place with an historical tions of an architectural character and architectural framework, since on the C o n t i n e n t, and, very it is considered that the foreign especially, with the Permanent delegates will have a special in­ Committee with headquarters in terest in knowing about Peruvian Montevideo. Thanks to the kind­ Inca and colonial architecture. It ness of Mr. Carlos Tassara, who was planned, therefore, to open the provided his private radio station, Congress in some ancient colonial it has been in radiotelephonic com- hall of special architectural value

}OURN AL OF THE A. I. A. 221 and to close it in the city of Cuzco, Tourism, on Inca and Colonial not only because of the unquestion­ Architecture in Peru; able luster which the Architectural 2) Choral concert of Spanish Capital may lend it, but also be­ music of the sixteenth and seven­ cause it will make it possible to or­ teenth centuries and of native ganize visits and excursions to one music in the cloister of the ancient of the most interesting architectural Monastery of Santo Tomas; centers of Peru. 3) Presentation of an Auto Sac­ ramental in the courtyard of the The Committee is organizing the church of San Francisco, such as following exhibits: it was presented in Lima in the 1) Pan American Exhibit of seventeenth century. Architecture and Town Plan­ Furthermore, the following ex­ ning ; cursions and visits are planned: 2) Development of Peruvian 1) Visits in the City of Lima: Architecture ; Museums, colonial churches, colo­ 3) Colonial Art ; nial monasteries, colonial houses, 4) Construction Industries; and modern buildings ... 5) Projects of the students of 2) Excursion to the ruins of the Engineering School. Pachacamac; In the Peruvian Section of the 3) Visits to the city of Cuzco; Pan American Exhibit there will colonial churches, colonial monas­ be an Exhibition of Pre-Inca teries, colonial houses, private col­ ( Mochica) Architecture w h i c h lections of colonial works, Inca M r. Rafael Larco Hoyle has been rums ... so good as to provide. 4) Excursions to places near Arrangements are being made Cuzco, Macchu-Picchu, Saccsahua­ with the administration of the man, Ollantaytambo ... Sch ool of Fine Arts for the presen­ Arrangements are being made tation of an exhibit of Peruvian with the proper authorities for pre­ painting. paring a program of trips, at re­ As cultural activities, the Com­ duced prices for all those attending mittee is organizing the following: the Congress, to the places of 1) Showing of a film in color, greatest architectural value, these especially made for the Congress trips to take place after the Con­ by the National Corporation of gress has been closed.

MAY, 1947 !2? In conformity with these activi­ poration of Tourism, an Archi­ ties, the Organizing Committee is tectural Guide to Peru which we preparing, in collaboration with the believe will constitute a publication National Council for the Preserva­ not only of interest to tourists but tion and Restoration of Historical also of cultural interest. Monuments and the National Cor- More news next month.

St. Louis' Jefferson Memorial Competition

TWO-STAGE COMPETITION is petition will be recommended for A announced, to select an archi­ employment by the U. S. Govern­ tect for a $30,000,000 Federal ment, through its Department of memorial to Thomas Jefferson and the Interior, in executing the de­ the pioneers of our Western expan­ sign. sion. The memorial is to be erected Drawings required in the first on an 80-acre site on the St. Louis stage are limited to three sheets, riverfront, an area historic as the 36" x 48", making participation funnel of early migration to the as little onerous as possible. Five West. competitors will be selected by the Sponsored by the Jefferson Na­ Jury of Award to participate in the tional Expansion Memorial Asso­ second stage, and will receive $10,- ciation, the competition in its first 000 each as compensation for: ( 1) stage is open to architects who are the outright transfer of ownership citizens of the U. S. A., including to the Association of his first- and construction engineers, and stu­ second-stage submissions, together dents in these fields. Landscape with any ideas they may contain; architects, painters, sculptors and and (2) the costs incident to par­ laymen may take part by associat­ ticipation in the second stage. At ing themselves with an architect. the judgment of the second-stage The land has been acquired and submissions, the Jury of Award cleared by the U. S. Government, will select a first-prize winner, who with the assistance of the City of will be recommended for employ­ St. Louis, and is under the adminis­ ment as architect of the project, trative control of the National and second- and third-prize win­ Park Service. The first-prize win­ ners. The prizes are : first prize, ner in the second stage of the com- $40,000; second prize $20,000;

JOURNAL OF THE A. I. A. 223 third prize, $10,000; and the two Expansion Memorial Competition, runners-up will receive $2,500 Old Courthouse, 415 Market each. Street, St. Louis 2, Mo. Copies of George Howe, F. A. 1. A., is serv­ the program will be mailed start­ ing as Professional Adviser, and he ing June 1. Names of the Jury of will distribute application blanks A ward will be announced before and programs to those who declare that date. Submissions in the first their intention to participate by stage must be shipped to the Profes­ sending their names and addresses sional Adviser not later than Sept. to him, c/o The Jefferson National 1, 1947.

Books for War-Devastated Libraries

HE American Book Center for materials among the libraries m­ T War - Devastated Libraries, volved. Inc., has come into being as the re­ The Center expects to receive sult of interest in the problems of materials as gifts from publishers, book and library devastation on the libraries, educational institutions, part of government agencies, li­ learned societies, professional or­ brary associations, labor groups, ganizations, and from scholars, publishers, industrialists · and many scientists, and other individuals others in the United States. It has throughout the United States. been recognized by both Govern­ Shipping facilities are precious ment and private bodies as the of­ and demand that all materials be ficial agency to coordinate activities carefully selected. Emphasis is in the restocking of war-devastated placed . upon publications issued libraries. during the past ten years, upon From its quarters in the Library scholarly books which are impor­ of Congress, the Center expects to tant contributions to their fields, ship from · one to three million upon periodicals (even incomplete books and periodicals abroad. These volumes) of scholarly importance, will go to appropriate organizations upon fiction and non-fiction of which represent the interests of all distinction. types of libraries and which will be All subjects - history, social responsible fo r distribution of such science, music, fine arts, literature,

MAY, 1947 224 and especially the sciences and tech­ be helpful if missing issues are nologies-are needed. noted on incomplete volumes. These materials are NOT need­ All shipments should be sent ed: textbooks, out-dated mono­ prepaid via the cheapest means of graphs, light fiction, materials of transportation to AMERICAN BooK purely local interest, popular maga­ CENTER, c/ o Library of Congress , zines such as R eader's Digest, Life, Washington 25, D. C. Although National Geographic, or popular the Center hopes that donors will non-fiction such Gunther's "Inside assume the costs of transportation Europe" or Halliburton's "Royal of their materials to W ashington, Road to Romance." when this is not possible, reimburse­ Only carefully selected Federal ment will be made upon notifica­ and local government documents tion by card or letter of the amount are needed, and donors are re­ due. quested to write directly to the The Center cannot accept ma­ Center with regard to specific terial whic h is sent transportation documents. collect. Reimbursement cannot be When possible, periodicals should made for packing or other charges be tied together by volume. It will beyond actual transportation costs.

Honors Upon ALVA R AALTO, now of RICHARD J. N EUT RA, F.A.I.A., of M. I .T ., Princeton University has Los Angeles, has been made an conferred the honorary degree of honorary Member of the Mexican Doctor of Fine Arts. Association of Architects, the Cuban Association of Architects EDGAR I. WILLIAMS, F. A. I. A., and the Bolivian Associ ation of practising in New York but resid- Architects. ing in New Jersey, was given the Annual Award of the Rutherford Chamber of Commerce for 1946, The Royal Institute of British "for contributing the most to Ruth­ Architects is presenting its Royal erford's community service" as Gold Medals for the W ar years to : chairman of the Planning Board. W. CURTIS GREEN, Professor Srn

}OURN AL OF THE A. I. A. 225 C HARLES REILLY (HoN. A. I. A.) gentlemen of England; to FRANK EDWARD MA UFEJ Professor SIR LLOYD WRIGHT of Taliessin, and PA TRICK ABERCROMBIEJ Professor to VICTOR VnsNIN (HoN. A. I. A.) A. E. RICHARDSON - these five of Moscow.

An Adventure in Education By Carl C. Britsch

URING THE WAR most of the flood of new life was motivated D drafting-rooms resembled the more by desire than experience. annex to the Old Folks Home, but, Toledo educational facilities of­ with the resurgence of private in­ fered nothing in the field of archi­ terests in building, came the G. I. itectural training above the high­ backed up by Federal aid for on­ school level. The G. L's dilemma the-job training or professional was in the lap of the local A. I. A. education. Chapter. Therefore, activated by Many of these architectural as­ an attitude of compassion as well pirants had shackled themselves as self defense, a few prime movers with marital obligations which of the Chapter approached the complicated the securing of an edu­ University of Toledo authorities. cation and providing subsistence for They were receptive. All of their a family at the same time. Ninety facilities were placed at our dis­ dollars' worth of the fifty-cent dol­ posal to inaugurate a course of lars offered by the Government instruction; the only thing they didn't seem to satisfy the demands lacked was teaching staff. That of the butcher and the baker. The was important. At this point the result was evident. These young wagon almost broke down. Then men found themselves in architect's came the moment of great decision. offices. If this work was to be done, we, who felt most keenly the need, The 1946 pressure of the awak­ would have to do it. Four qualified ened building enterprise was upon Chapter members volunteered to us. We needed draftsmen-trained dedicate some time to this enter­ draftsmen. The offices discovered, prise, and the new course in Archi­ somewhat to their sorrow, that this tectural Design was born in the

MAY, 1947 226 evening classes in Toledo Univer­ carry them to discover ways and sity. means of continuing their studies We are now looking toward the in some of the established schools of final design problems of our first architecture of our country. year. Much serious work has been done and a creditable advance can It is not in our present plan to go be manifested in the student ap­ beyond the two-year course of in­ proach to the subject. We are hope­ struction. Time alone can tell what ful that the enthusiasm generated demands may be made upon us for in some of these young men will having given birth to this child.

There Stands the Job By L. Sylvester Sullivan, F.R.I.B.A. Part of a talk before a 11tudents' society, as reported, under the title "The Stuff Our Dreams Are Made of," in the Journal of the R.l.B.A., for 13 January, 1947.

w AS ASKED recently by a very nothing-he is disappointingly un­ I young man what it feels like observant and silent. As for your­ to see one's building finished, in self you have been living with it the first flush of its undraping, as so long and hoping for it so much it were. Well, there is a mixture that it is out of perspective and of feelings. One stands in the shel­ you are unable to attach any values. ter of some doorway opposite with You wonder what values the critics the clerk of works, who has had will give it, if they give it any the scaffolding removed, and who, values at all. P erhaps they will one notices, is looking at one rather talk about functionalism or unre­ quizzically. The job is done, fin­ solved duality. Almost certainly ished; there it is, unalterable. One their criticisms will not square cannot change one's mind or rub with the Building Acts, with which out the blots. There it is-real­ they seem to have nothing to do. the Portland-stone gleaming in the While there stands the building, sunshine ; what do you think­ steel-framed and enduring and what are you to think? You listen likely to see designer and critic for comments from the passers-by. alike into the grave and still go But the man in the street says on enduring and uncaring; then

JOURNAL OF THE A. J. A. 227 you feel that the cnt1cs do not you and you go into it as an inter­ matter a maravedi. The critic that loper and have to explain who you matters is yourself. You alone are, for you are a stranger within. know if you have done your best. Someone has struck matches on the Perhaps some years hence you may walls and written things in the come on your building unexpected­ lavatories-and you are hurt. That ly and see it in its proper light and is what I think one feels-but the perspective. Then you will know. predominating feeling is loss-it Meanwhile your building is com­ has gone from you, finished and plete-there is little left to do but you will know it no more. the accounts. Soon people manag­ ing your building will not know But a dream has come true.

News of the Chapters and Other Architectural Organizations THE ARCHITECTURAL LEAGUE same purpose. A regular Chapter OF NEW YORK regrets to announce Bulletin is a specific need for that the proposed exhibit-"To­ which means and an editor are be­ morrow's Buildings" - scheduled ing sought. for April 3rd to September 15th, 194 7, will have to be cancelled, as PENNSYLVANIA S 0 CI ET Y OF The League is reserving all its ex­ ARCHITECTS has r e c e n t 1 y had hibition facilities up to September printed its Schedule of Recom­ 15th for the use of the United Na­ mended Minimum Fees, copies of tions Planning Group. which may be purchased from the treasurers of Pennsylvania's local NORTHERN CALIFORNIA CHAP­ Chapters. TER, in its membership growth, is feeling the need of sub-chapters to BROOKLYN CHAPTER has organ­ achieve closer contact of widely ized a Student Associate Branch, distributed members with one an­ with 35 junior and senior students, other. Its committees are to have at Pratt Institute. Membership is regional sub - chairmen for the open to all such students attending

MAY, 1947 228 recognized schools of architecture Branch; Walter A. Taylor, Direc­ in Brooklyn or who are residents tor of the Department of Educa­ of Brooklyn. Draftsmen-students tion and Research, A. I. A. ; and of architecture residing or em­ William G. Kaelber, F. A. I. A., ployed in Brooklyn are also eligi­ Regional Director of the New ble. Among those who partici­ York District. pated in the ceremony of induction, in addition to the Chapter officers, PITTSBURGH CHAPTER has a were: James C. Boudreau, Direc­ tradition-or perhaps it is a by­ tor, School of Art, Pratt Institute; law. Of the delegates elected to Olindo Grossi, Chairman of their represent the Chapter in a Conven­ Department of Architecture; Allan tion, at least one must be a member G. McTaggart, a Pratt senior and who has never attended an Insti­ President of the Student Associate tute Convention.

European Study Tour LANS are under way for a six­ Hermann H. Field, A.I.A., direc­ P to - seven - week study tour, tor of research and planning in the starting in August and visiting architectural firm of Antonin Ray­ England, Czechoslovakia, Poland mond and L. L. Rado, will lead the and probably Russia, with stop­ group. Approximate overall cost, overs in F ranee and Germany. The including air passage to and from tour is intended primarily for Europe, will be $1,595, not includ­ specialists in the planning, archi­ ing Russia. Further information tectural and engineering fields, can be obtained from Mr. Field, with opportunity for intensive 101 Park Avenue, or from World study of devastation and the work Studytours, 417 West 121st St., of reconstruction. New York.

There were 37.3 million dwelling units in the United States in 1940-more than double the 17 :9 million in 1900. Occupancy per unit was one per­ son less, says a Twentieth Century Fund report. But more than 40 per cent of our homes in 1940 needed to be replaced or rehabilitated.

J OURN AI, OF THE A. I. A. 229 The Gold Medal

o ELIEL SAARINEN, F.A.I.A., of 1906 S1R ASTON WEBB, London T Cranbrook, The Institute 1909 CHARLES FoLLEN McK1M, awards its Gold Medal for 1946. New York In presenting the Medal at The l9II GEORGE B. PosT, New York Institute's Convention in Grand 1913 JEAN Loms PASCAL, Paris Rapids, President Edmunds read 1921 VICTOR LALOUX, Paris a citation which must await later 1922 HENRY BACON, New York publication. 1924 S1R EDWIN LANDSEER LuT- YENs, London 1925 BERTRAM GROSVENOR GooD­ The Gold Medal is the highest HUE, New York award that The Institute can be­ I927 HOWARD VAN DOREN SHAW, stow. It is presented on the recom­ Chicago mendation of the Board of Direc­ I929 MILTON BENNETT MEDARY, Philadelphia tors and, traditionally, is the sub­ 1933 RAGNAR OSTBERG, Stock­ ject of a ceremony at The Insti­ holm tute's Convention. Established in 1938 PAUL PHILIPPE CRET, Phila­ 1906, it has been conferred upon delphia the following distinguished archi­ 1943 Loms HENRI SULLIVAN, Chi­ tects : cago

Advanced to Fellowship in 1947 s this issue of the JouRNAL citations from the Jury of Fellows A appears, announcement is be­ follow: ing made at the Convention in G rand Rapids of the elevation to ARTHUR WARD ARCHER Fellowship of twenty members of Kansas City, Mo. T he Institute who have achieved Admitted to The Institute m eminence in their profession. T he 1922, is advanced to Fellowship in names of these members and the The American Institute of Archi-

MAY, 1947 230 To ELl EL SAA RI NEN, F. A . 1. A.

T he GOLD "'.\lEDAL of T he A merican I nstitute of Architects 1946

fownal '77w-'it I A 231 AR'l'HUR \i\TILLIAi\f WARD ]AMES ARCHER BAIN Kansas City, Seatle, :Mo. Wash.

vVELLs IRA BENNE'!"!' ]. \i\TooLSON BROOKS How ARD LovEvn~:LL Cm~NEY Ann Arbor, :Mich. Des Moines, Iowa Chicago, Ill.

GEORGE CARL 1 GRAN'!' ANl'HONY ELMSLIE ERIKSON Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Ill.

Journal 7n~~IA 232 CHARLES ALVIN EssIG ERNEST FIRES1'0NE HARLEY Canton, Detroit, Ohio Mich.

JEAN HEBRARD AR1'HUR KNOX HYDE WILLIAM EDWARD KAPP Ann Arbor , M ich. Detroit, M ich. Det roit, Mich.

J AlVU:S H. FRJ,; DERICK MITCHELL A. MuHLENm :Rc San Readi1 w Francisco. Pa. ''" Cali{

journal "ln~~JA 233 l~ICHARD - J. NEU'l'RA Los Angeles, HERBERT Calif. JAMES PoWELL San 1farino, Calif.

CHARLES FREDERICK OWSLEY Youngs­ town, Pa. \\TALTER THOMAS RoLFE Housto1i, Texas

\~i ARREN """'<•·"''"'-··._-.·-1.•. CHARLES PAUL PE:RRY .I .WEIGEL San Francisco, Kansas Calif. State College, ! !vfanhattan, Kan.

journal °'lhe-'i!IA 234 tects for his achievement in service made a harmonious and effective to The Institute and to the public. working unit of this school and has Throughout a long, successful ca­ taken a decisive lead in maintain­ reer as a practising architect he has ing its position as one of the major found time to work diligently and architectural schools of the country. continuously to advance the prin­ For these contributions, and his ciples for which The Institute valued service in many capacities to stands. The Institute, he is advanced to For his oustanding part in pro­ Fellowship in The American Insti­ moting and advancing the Missouri tute of Architects. State Registration Law for Archi­ tects and Professional Engineers, 'VILLIAM JAMES BAIN for his many acts of civic interest, Seattle, Wash. and for his devotion to the Kansa-s Admitted to The Institute m City Chapter of The Institute 1930, is advanced to Fellowship for which he served as President, he has his service to The Institute and the earned the respect and affection of public. Under his leadership his his fellow practitioners and of the Chapter continued as a very active public in his territory. and integral part of The Institute. WELLS IRA BENNETT In community, state, and national Ann Arbor, Mich. affairs he has liberally and intelli­ Admitted to The Institute m gently contributed of his training, 1930, he has given consistent and reflecting credit to his profession devoted aid in the promotion of the and benefiting the society of which best interests of the architectural he is so vital a part. profession. His extensive service to the Association of Collegiate ]OHN WOOLSON BROOKS Schools of Architecture led him to Des Moines, Iowa. the presidency of that organiza­ Admitted to The Institute m tion. Identified for many years ] 936; a sensitive and creative de­ with the teaching of architecture at signer, always seeking logic and the University of Michigan, he perfection in the solution of his now occupies the position of Dean problem; a generous and intelligent of the College of Architecture and servant of his Chapter and of his Design at that institution. He has community, in support of the honor-

}OURN AL OF THE A. I. A. 235 able standing and authority of his served in many capacities with de­ profession. votion and distinction. The American I n s t i t u t e of Architects elevates John Woolson GEORGE GRANT ELMSLIE Brooks to Fellowship. Chicago, Ill. Admitted to The Institute in 1916, is advanced to Fellowship for HowARD LovEWELL CHENEY his contribution to architectural de­ Chicago, Ill. sign. During very difficult times, Admitted to The Institute m as new architectural forms made 1922, is advanced to Fellowship in their struggle for recognition in The American Institute of Archi­ what was called at the time "Amer­ tects for his achievement in the ican architecture," George Grant field of architectural design and Elmslie was among the vanguard for his service to The Institute. who, through their use, made a Possessor of a fine sense of propor­ definite and worthwhile contribu­ tion, an orderly mind, and a capac­ tion to the progress of architecture. ity for understanding the times in which we live, he has given to the C ARL ANTHONY ERIKSON many buildings he has designed a Chicago, Ill. character which reflects the hest of Admitted to The Institute m contemporary American culture. 1924, is advanced to Fellowship for As consulting a r c h i t e c t for his service to the profession in the the Treasury Department of the field of design. Through his direct United States Government, his ef­ and intelligent approach to the forts were of immeasurable value problems of hospital design, he has in raising the quality of the work made an outstanding contribution done by the Supervising Architect's which is reflected in structures Office to the high standard of ex­ throughout the world. cellence it reached between the two world wars. Throughout a busy CHARLES Essw FIRESTONE career of professional practice, and Canton, Ohio. service to his country in the Army Admitted to The Institute m Air Corps, he has given of his time 1921. Since early maturity Mr. and energy to the Chicago Chap­ Firestone's record has been one of ter of The Institute which he has sustained contribution in time and MAY, 1947 236 energy to his community, to his ice to The Institute and for the Chapter and to the profession. It high quality of his executed work, has been truly said of him that his he is advanced to Fellowship in continued assistance and vigilance The American Institute of Archi­ and his kind and thoughtful guid­ tects. ance have not only promulgated a better mutual understanding JEAN HEBRARD among architects but have con­ Ann Arbor, Mich. tributed in substantial measure to­ Admitted to The Institute in ward an intelligent comprehension 1935. A distinguished practitioner, on the part of the public of the a profound scholar, an alert and potentialities of the architect's serv­ understanding educator, he has ex­ ice to the community as well as to erted a sound and progressive influ­ the client. ence in the field of architectural In recognition of these notable design and architectural education. achievements Charles Essig Fire­ His career in America embraces stone is advanced to Fellowship in service at three leading archi­ The American Institute of Archi­ tectural schools, where his ability, tects. his extensive knowledge and ex­ perience, his unfailing good taste AL VIN ERNEST HARLEY and his devotion to the cause of Detroit, Mich. architecture have stimulated and Admitted to The Institute in inspired succeeding generations of 1920, he has rendered The Insti­ architects. tute and the profession invaluable In recognition of the work of a services over the many years. He great teacher of architecture, he is acquitted himself ably and effec­ advanced to Fellowship in The tively as President of the Michigan American Institute of Architects. Society of Architects, as President of the Detroit Chapter of The In­ ARTHUR KNOX HYDE stitute, and in many other capaci­ Detroit, Mich. ties in both of these organizations. Admitted to The Ins ti tu te in He is gifted with a pronounced 1926. The fine character of his sensitivity in architectural design as work, his impeccable adherence to the work produced in his office so the highest ethical standards and eloquently testifies. For his serv- attitudes, and his devotion to the

JOURNAL OF THE A. I. A. 237 aims and purposes of The Institute, 1926. Has been advanced to Fel­ have earned for him the respect and lowship in The American Institute admiration of his fellow practi­ of Architects for excellence in de­ tioners. sign, for his unassuming devotion His service to the Detroit Chap­ to the profession in his Chapter, ter and to The Institute, in many his guidance in the formation of the and varied capacities, extends over California Council of Architects, a long number of years. For and in recognition of his leadership this generous, effective and distin­ in the planning and development of guished service he is now elevated the City of Burlingame. to Fellowship in The American In­ stitute of Architects. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG WILLIAM EDWARD KAPP Reading, Pa. Detroit, Mich. Admitted to The Institute in Admitted to The Institute m 1920; architect, engineer, states­ 1930, William Edward Kapp is man ; he stands a happy proof of the advanced to Fellowship for excel­ versatility of architectural precept lence in architectural design and and training to assume high re­ for service to The Institute. sponsibility in other fields. His executed work exhibits a By his record in the United high degree of merit and reflects States Army, in his high devotion the enthusiasm and fine talent with to civic, state, and national affairs, which he has not only imbued his and in his participation in the ac­ work but which has served as an tivities of his Chapter, he has truly inspiration to others in the profes­ made the profession of ever-increas­ sion. His tremendous energy and ing service to society. zeal for accomplishment have been The American I n s t i t u t e of translated into terms of unusual Architects elevates Frederick Au­ progress and increased prestige for gustus Muhlenberg to Fellowship. the Detroit Chapter and The American Institute of Architects. RICHARD J. N EUTRA Los Angeles, Calif. JAMES HERBERT MITCHELL Admitted to The Institute in San Francisco, Calif. 1930. Has been advanced to Fel­ Admitted to The Institute m lowship in The American Institute

MAY, 1947 238 of Architects for his individual con­ Architects for his contributions in tributions and achievements in the architectural education at the Uni­ field of contemporary design. He versity of California from 1907 to came to the United States from this date, and his generous contri­ Austria in 1923. Here he became butions and service in various a citizen and here he had the op­ capacities to his Chapter and to the portunities and facilities for de­ architectural profession. veloping his unusual talents. He has followed without deviation or HERBERT ]AMES POWELL compromise a difficult course, and Los Angeles, Calif. his fellow architects in this coun­ Admitted to The Institute in try and abroad recognize and appre­ 1936. Has been advanced to Fel­ ciate his manifold contributions. lowship in The American Institute of Architects for his achievements CHARLES FREDERICK OWSLEY in design of educational buildings. Youngstown, Ohio. The numerous school projects de­ Admitted to The Institute m signed by him indicate a thorough 1930, he is acknowledged as a understanding of the problems of leader in the affairs of his com­ planning, selection of materials, munity and among the members of and adjustment to the site, and his chosen profession, serving as have resulted in work of high President of the Board of Examin­ merit. He has given devoted and ers in his state and as President of effective service to the public, The his Chapter. Institute, and the Southern Cali­ In recognition of his many not­ fornia Chapter. able and selfless services to the pub­ lic and to the architectural profes­ WALTER THOMAS ROLFE sion, Charles Frederick Owsley is Houston, Texas. advanced to Fellowship in The Admitted to The Institute m American Institute of Architects. 1925; eager, alert, and ardent in spreading the appreciation of good w ARREN CHARLES PERRY design, he has opened, in his un­ San Francisco, Calif. stinted ·devotion to architectural Admitted to The Institute in education, a bright vista to the 1927, he is advanced to Fellowship young man entering the profession. in The American Institute of Through his wide and generous

JOURNAL OF THE A. I. A. 239 participation in the public affairs of tion, service to the profession and his community, through his effec­ to the public. A pioneer in archi­ tive and loyal service to his Chap­ tectural education in Kansas, he ter, he has shed luster on the pro­ has not only worked assiduously fession. in his chosen field but he has taken The American I n s t i t u t e of active part in the affairs of the Architects elevates Walter Thomas Kansas Chapter of The Institute Rolfe to Fellowship. which he has served with distinc­ tion in many capacities. As Secre­ PAUL WEIGEL tary-Treasurer of The Association Manhattan, Kansas. of Collegiate Schools of Archi­ Admitted to The Ins ti tu te 111 tecture he has done much to de­ 1923; is advanced to Fellowship in velop a broad understanding among The American Institute of Archi­ the schools of architecture in this tects for his achievements in educa- country.

The Fine Arts Medal and a Citation THE FINE ARTS MEDAL of The in recogmt10n of distinguished Institute was established in 1919. achievement in the art of painting, It has been awarded at a Conven­ sculpture, music, literature, city or tion, usually on recommendation regional planning, or landscape of the Committee on Allied Arts, architecture." The second resolu­ for ·distinguished achievement in tion amended the Rules of the the Fine Arts, embracing painting, Board to read: "An award of the sculpture, music and literature. At Fine Arts Medal may be made by the last annual meeting of the the Board to any individual who, Board of Directors, held in Miami in its judgment, has qualified him­ Beach a year ago, two resolutions self for the honor by a distin­ affecting this Fine Arts Medal guished achievement in his art." were adopted; the first amending the Rules of the Board to provide To SAMUEL CHAMBERLAIN, of that "The gold Fine Arts Medal Marblehead, Mass., is awarded the of The Institute shall be awarded Fine Arts Medal of The Institute MAY, 1947 240 for distinguished achievement in ning." This new Rule provides etching, the presentation being that: A Citation of The Institute made at the Convention in Grand may be awarded in recognition of Rapids. The citation must await distinguished achievement by an later publication. organization. This Citation shall Previous awards of the Fine be the highest honor of its kind Arts Medal have been to: which The Institute can bestow, and not more than one Citation 1921 PAUL MANSHIP, Sculpture shall be awarded in any one year. 1922 ARTHUR F. MATHEWS, Paint­ mg An award of the Citation may be 1925 JoHN SINGER SARGENT, made by The Board to any organi­ Painting zation, governmental or otherwise, 1926 DR. LEOPOLD STOKOWSKI, which in the judgment of The Music Board has qualified itself for the 1927 LEE LAWRIE, Sculpture honor by distinguished achievement 1928 H. SIDDONS MOWBRAY, in planning. Painting In accordance with this provision 1929 DIEGO RIVERA, Painting The Board, at its semi-annual 1930 ADOLPH ALEXANDER WEIN­ meeting in New Orleans last De­ MAN, Sculpture cember, passed the following reso- I 93 I FREDERICK LA w OLMSTED, 1ution: Landscape Architecture 1934 ]AMES HENRY BREASTED, "That a Citation of The Insti­ Literature tute be awarded to the TENNESSEE 1936 ROBERT EDMOND ]ONES, Theatre Design VALLEY AUTHORITY for distin­ 1938 CARL MILLES, Sculpture guished achievement as an organi­ · 1943 JoHN TAYLOR ARMS, Etching zation in the field of planning­ for presentation in 1947 ."

Under the heading "Awards of Honorary Corresponding Honor" The Board of Directors Member recently added to its Rules a new provision, entitled "Recognition of HENRY HARRISON M AD I L L, an Organization for Distinguished head of the Department of Archi­ Achievement in Any Field related tecture at the University of To­ to Architecture or Other Plan- ronto, was elected an Honorary

JOURNAL OF THE A.I.A. 241 Corresponding Member of The In- of the Board of Directors in New stitute at the semi-annual meeting Orleans in December last.

The Craftsmanship Medal STABLISH ED in 1915, the The distinguished craftsmen E Craftsmanship Medal is the who previously have been honored highest honor The Institute can with The Institute's Craftsmanship bestow for craftsmanship in the in­ Medal are: dustrial arts, and is given in recog­ 1917 HENRY C. MERCER, Cera­ nition of distinguished craftsman­ mics ship in the metals, masonry, wood, 1919 SAMUEL YELLIN, Iron Work glass, pottery, textiles and other ind us trial arts. 1922 FREDERICK w. GOUDY, Typography 1925 CHARLES ]AY CONNICK, On the recommendation of the Stained Glass Committee on Allied Arts, the 9126 V. F. LossBERG, Metal Work Craftsmanship Medal for 1946 is 1927 FRANK J. HoLMEs, Ceramics awarded to DOROTHY "\.VRIGHT LIEBES fo r her outstanding contri­ 1928 WILLIAM D. GATES, Cera- mics butions in the field of textiles. The l 929 CHENEY BROTHERS, Tex tiles citation must await later publica­ tion. 1930 JoHN KmcHMAYER, Wood Carving 193 1 LEON V. SOLON, Terra Cotta, Upon nomination by a member Faience of The Board it was voted to 1934 WALTER W. KANTACK, Metal award the Craftsmanship Medal and Glass for 1947 to WILBUR HERBERT 1936 JoHN J. EARLEY, Masonry, BURNHAM for distinguished crafts­ Concrete manship in stained glass. The cita­ 1938 J. H. DULLES ALLEN, Cera­ tion must await later publication. mics

MAY, 1947 242 Architectural Education and Church Architecture

IN TWO PARTS-PART l By Henry L. Kam pthoefner PROFESSOR OF ARCHITECTURE, THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA An address to .the North American Conference on Church Archi­ tecture, The National Arts Club, New York City, January 4, 1947 N THE early 'thirties, shortly through the fi fteen or sixteen years I after I left architectural school, since then. It was a quotation made my father, who is a minister, sug­ by Ralph Adams Cram at an even gested that I attend the North earlier Conference when Cram dis­ American Conference on Church missed the new architecture by Architecture in Chicago. I think saying, "People can't worship God that was the first contact that I in a bird cage." That remark had ever had with a large group seemed to set the tone for most of from the profession that I hoped the subsequent discussion. There soon to join. Faint rumblings of was the evident fe ar of a full an upheaval in architecture had understanding of modern architec­ been evidenced in the work of the ture and its force and meaning. schools during my latter years in the University, and this was vague­ Well, most of us have come a ly reflected in the teaching of the long way in our architectural few progressive members of the thinking since that day, and, when faculty. I recall some of the dis­ we know that it took at least four cussion that took place at the Con­ hundred years to develop Gothic ference. There seemed to be a architecture in M edieval times, general resentment that contempo­ twenty years is a comparatively rary architecture would eventually short time in an architectural de­ move into the hallowed ground of velopment. Perhaps we are now the eclectics in the field of church beginning to work toward an archi­ architecture. A few of the pro­ tecture expressive of our own time. gressive group at the Conference In a talk at the B,9ston Archi­ seemed to welcome that develop­ tectural Club a year or so ago, ment, but one remark which was one of the country's leading prac­ made there has remained with me titioners commented that the teach-

JOURNAL OF THE A. l. A. 243 ing of architecture is always ten That, of course, is as it has been or more years behind its practice. for many years in all the schools. He went on to say that men tend Howeve r, it is in beginning pro­ to teach as they wish they had been fessional work that the real change taught in college in order that has taken place in the last decade they might have done the work of and a half. Where hours of time the last ten or more years better, were formerly given to the tedious and that they overlook the fact copying of plaster casts, we now that what is really important is to work toward a development of turn their minds to the needs of study processes in a much different the next ten years. I believe that way. This, we find, can be accom­ the speaker on this occasion in­ plished best by closer individual formed his audience only of the attention to the student. If he is schools with which he was most encouraged in the development of intimately acquainted. Such an in­ his own technique, he will be more dictment of architectural education likely to express his own person­ is not accurate for the progressive ality and character in the whole schools of 1947. I believe it is not process necessary for architectural true for the school ·with which I creation. Creative activity can be am associated, nor does it sum up stimulated without resorting to the educational policies and proc­ methods whereby the student mere­ esses in the progressive schools with ly copies the work of others. Such which I am most familiar. The activity naturally led in the past schools must always be the gesta­ to a career of eclecticism. Even tion ground for the best of th~ the progressive primary schools of radical thinking and progressive art have known for a long time development in architecture. When that art activity with a very young the schools fail to be that, it is student can not be constrained time for them to close their doors within a rigid pattern that denies and embalm their faculties. expression to the individual. Put­ At the University of O klahoma, ting colors in predetermined rec­ most of the beginning work for the tangles with a crayola is deadening young student in architecture is in to the personality, even in the the humanities and the basic kindergarten, but no more so than courses in the physical sciences. much of the work that passed

MAY, 1947 244 under the name of "freehand" in portions in the Classical Greek the architectural school of twenty architecture changed from the pro­ years ago. portions of the Egyptian because Not so long ago, architectural of the Greeks' intellectual ques­ design was taught as an eclectic tioning and desire for refinement. exercise, and the student was ex­ The Greeks found that, through pected to base all creative effort an increased knowledge and under­ on some precedent, just as though standing of the materials in which such a thing were possible. Nat­ they worked, a refinement of pro­ urally that ruled out experiment portions could be achieved. Suppose and architectural novelty. Design the Greek architects Callicrates in the first few years was taught and Ictinus had learned proportion through careful, meticulous, and pa­ by following the Egyptian rules. tient rendering of the Doric, Ionic Egyptian temples would then be and Corinthian orders. After that, found on the Acropolis and not small problems in the sophomore that superb example of architec­ year were developed around pre­ ture, the Parthenon. The Parthe­ conceived stylized forms-a bank non is a great building because, in in the Classical, a school in the its concept, stone has been wrought Georgian, a church in the Gothic. to do the work of stone as no other After a long series of exercises architecture up to that time had where Classic proportions were ever been able to do. The Classical used, the student's drawings would Greek architects were well aware indicate a complete lack of knowl­ of so-called architectural prece­ edge of the real reasons for pro­ dent. Through commerce and mili­ portions in a Classical building. It tary conquests they knew of the was not pointed out to the student great work already done by the that materials are the true basis for peoples of the Nile Valley in Egypt the proportion of an architecture and the Assyrian and Babylonian and, as a people find new materials, work in the Tigro-Euphrates Val­ new proportions are developed in ley. It would have been so much their architecture. Proportions in easier to transplant the Egyptian the Egyptian architecture are as or Assyrian building forms to they are because of the Egyptians' Athens rather than to go through knowledge of the limitations and the long and complex process neces­ possibilities of their material. Pro- sary to establish an architecture

JOURNAL OF THE A. I. A. 245 based on an expression of the Greek their goddess. The materials used way of life. were expressive, honest and logi­ By a complicated and experi­ cal. The structural forms were mental effort Greek architecture indicated simply and truthfully. grew from the crude and cumber­ The principles behind the design some forms of the early Minoan of the great Greek buildings were and Mycenean period, through at the same that should be used now least 1,000 years, to a perfection for the development of an archi­ of form as great as the world has tecture of the twentieth century. ever known. It should be empha­ Why is it we are so indifferent sized that Greek architecture be­ to this means of imitation when at came great because it was experi­ the same time we like to think of mental, because of the constant and our civilization as the highest ever persistent character of the Classical to be developed? Perhaps we have Greek to do something better than become accustomed to look on our it had ever been done before. The buildings as stunts or spectacles Parthenon, the Erechtheum, and rather than space shells to serve other beautiful buildings on the actual human needs. Acropolis in Athens were modern Recently the world's greatest architecture in their time. If con­ architect, Frank Lloyd Wright, servative reaction had been as suc­ created a modern gallery where the cessful then as it is now in thwart­ Guggenheim collection of non­ ing expression and progress in objective painting will be shown. architecture, we should not have The gallery has been published in a famous work of the Periclean model form in Time and Life Greek period to enrich our cultural magazines and last winter beauti­ heritage. The Parthenon was de­ fully presented in the Architec­ signed by the architects Ictinus and tural Forum. The building is base d Callicrates, with Phidias, the sculp­ on Wright's concept of the best tor, to fulfill a specific need of form a building should take to ful­ the time. The building was ad­ fill the requirements of a modern justed and conditioned to the site gallery. Unthinking critics have on the Acropolis so that it became called the building "strange," an organic part of it. The form "queer," and "bizarre." The ed­ it took answered the Greek need itors of the Architectural Forum for the actual living qu arters for comment that if the building is

MAY, 1947 246 queer so is a chambered nautilus, of the leading architects of today the structure of a leaf, or the wing say that they could not design and of a bird. They comment further plan with an insight into the future by saying that we have become so without a thorough knowledge of hardened to the illogical and arti­ the history of the past. So the ficial in architecture that the nat­ teaching of the history of archi­ ural and organic are almost in­ tecture becomes more important comprehensible. than it ever has been before. Facts, With the eclectic method of of course, are always important teaching architectural design in the in the study of history, but it is schools, whereby the student solved an understanding and appreciation his problems within the frame of of those facts as they relate to our reference of one of the so-called own lives and our architecture that traditional styles, now no more a is the all-important lesson to learn part of the educational process, from a study of the history of history of architecture becomes in­ architecture. If we can arrive at creasingly important. In the study logical conclusions toward an in­ of archeology in the drafting­ terpretation of the facts of history, room students learned the facts and and fix that interpretation in the forms of history, but not the causes mind of the student, I believe we and the reasons. History in the will develop students too wise and new school has come to mean much too understanding to copy the work more than the kaleidoscopic parad­ of others. ing of plans and building facades Then too, professional training on the screen for exercises in mem­ · has so often been so coldly im­ ory. The teacher of the history of personal in the faculty-student re­ architecture today has a greater lations. If more attention would be obligation to his students now that given by the teacher to character his courses ·of study are the most molding and less effort to spoon­ likely sources of a profound cul­ feeding facts, the results might be tural background in architecture. more satisfactory. A student will Critics of modern architecture probably not create good architec­ have often damned the movement ture, or good churches, who has by saying that the contemporary the dollar for his god, the business architect denies all that is fine and man for his high priest and the rich in the past. I have heard many department store for his cathedral.

JOURNAL OF THE A. I. A. 247 A greater spiritual perception is dwelling, the why of the thing we needed as a stimulating force m are. A statue coming all moist out the life of the young architect of of the earth, a rusted jewel, or a today. bit of pottery bearing the trace of Eli Faure, the French writer on painting, is a witness which tells art and esthetics, has the following us much more about ourselves than to say about the study of his­ about the bygone man who uttered tory. 'I'he two paragraphs that I this testimony. Art lives in the quote here have been reprinted in future. It is the fruit of the pain, Hoyningen - Huene's new book desires, and hopes of the people, "Hellas." Faure has this to say: and the promise contained in these "On condition that we respect feelings does not reach its slow ruins, that we do not rebuild them, realization until later, in the new that, after having asked their se­ needs of the crowds; it is our emo­ cret, we let them be recovered by tion which tells us if the old pre­ the ashes of the centuries, the bones sentiments of men did not deceive of the dead, the rising mass of them." waste which once was vegetations If we would try to understand and races, the eternal drapery of history as Faure suggests, I think foliage-their destiny may stir our we could also respect the true con­ emotion. It is through them that servative. For the real conservative we touch the depths of our history, means to conserve that which we just as we are bound to the roots already have and not the repetition of life by the griefs and sufferings of what we have seen before, with­ which have formed us. A ruin is out a full understanding of it. painful to behold only for the man Many of the Classical eclectics, who is incapable of participating such as the late Paul Cret, inti­ by his activity in the conquest of mated by their architecture that the present. they thought the Classical Greek "'!'here is no more vile luxury had achieved perfection of propor­ than that of asking our past griefs tion in his work, but, where the how they were able to determine Greek proportion was an honest ex­ our present actions. '!'here is no pression of his present-day knowl­ more virile luxury than that of edge of materials, the modern demanding, from the imprints of Classical eclectic may have only those who prepared our present clothed his steel or reinforced con-

MAY, 1947 248 crete building with a stone fabric. Abbey of St. Denis, where many of If concrete and steel had been the structural innovations took available to the Greeks, we would place that led to Gothic archi­ not know Classical architecture as tecture. The parable illustrates so we know it today. The Classical well the point that I am trying to proportions have lost their real make that I would like to read it significance in the Classical eclec­ here: ticism. "On a May morning the Abbot Suger walked in his garden amid Architectural proportions those good thoughts which were his changed again in the Romanesque, familiar poursuivants, when there and, when glass was added, a new came to him Brother Tomas, well architecture, the Gothic, was born. versed in antique theology who, Suppose that the Medieval archi­ having received permission to break tect had been so infatuated with the silence, spoke to him, saying, the Classical forms and propor­ "'Father, I would bring to your tions that he had insisted on using mind the young architect who is Classical proportions in the design vaulting our aisled choir. He of his churches. Obviously Gothic builds his arches, not in the good architecture could not have devel­ round Roman manner made vener­ oped with such an attitude, and the able by ancient use, but broken, world would have lost it in the having a pointed form like arches cultural heritage as we know it of the barbarous Persians. Let today. Proportion to the Gothic him be reproved, I pray, lest he architect became something quite profane further the crescent temple different from the proportion of our Holy Martyr.' used by the Classical architect. "To whom the good abbot, hav­ In the September, 1944 Archi­ ing remained a moment in medita­ tectural Record, Dean Hudnut tion, replied, saying, of Harvard University has writ­ " 'These forms are indeed strange ten a scholarly article on Mod­ to me, my son, and yet I think they ern Church Architecture. He are not without purpose. Let us be tells a story, which he read first patient. Some good thing may yet in Medieval Latin, about the grow out of them.' "

JOURNAL OF THE A. I. A. 249 Architects Read and Write L etters from readers-discussion, argu­ mentative, corrective, even vituperative. THE PoucY OF THE JouRNAL BY ELY]ACQUES KAHN, F. A. I. A., New York OST readers of the JOURNAL the JOURNAL does stand for. If it M OF THE A. I. A. will agree represents the profession it must that it is wise to have a sounding­ realize that there are very old, board for the profession. One point middle-aged and young members. that interests the writer, however, The very old may snort at the new is the subconscious or very subtly work, and they have that privilege. hidden desire of the JOURNAL* to The JOURNAL, however, must be decry any suggestion of contem­ above taking sides or it will dis­ porary work and build up a strong cover some day that quite a few appeal for the academic. members, and not necessarily the For example in the March num­ juveniles, are thoroughly interested ber is an article by Mr': Parks of in the kind of architecture which is Sarasota, Florida. Why Mr. Parks now being produced wherever de­ is accepted as a final critic of mod­ signers are seriously at work. ern architecture puzzles me. There is no point in going into detail, but \Ve are in a period of discovery the essence of Mr. Parks' article is and experiment, and nothing will that he has made thousands of ren­ be accomplished by attempting to derings and this experience gives brush aside efforts of many persons him the privilege to dismiss con­ who are aware of modern processes, temporary work as trivial. materials, new demands, and ask The point at issue is just what that we fold our arms sanctimoni­ *Not the desire of the JouRNAL, Mr. ously and go back to the books. Of Kahn. We publish the thoughts that course we know our books and our are expressed by members-whatever past. It is insulting to be reminded those thoughts may be. It is not the that we might forget such obvious function of the JouRNAL to emphasize or to restrict the expression of Insti­ inheritance. On the other hand, if tute members in these columns. If the we, as architects of our day, fail to letters to this department seem to bear lead the procession, there will still too much to the right of center, it is appear buildings in the new tradi­ because the members who disagree do not tell us so. No letter, or any sub­ tion without benefit of the sea­ ject, from left, right or center, has soned t r a i n i n g and experience ever been withheld from publication in which architecture demands. the three and a half years of the It is simple enough to ignore the JouRNAL's existence. Here is a sound­ board, but it reflects only that which JouRNAL if some of us are not in is directed against it.-Editor. sympathy with its objectives. Our MAY, 1947 250 responsibility as members of The ance to the freak and misunder­ Institute, however, demands that stood modern as to any other bad we do read it and protest if there architecture, and let there be no appears to be an effort to brush mistake about that. It is clear that straws, however weak, against a many silly designers use the clap­ real movement that has force. trap elements of corner windows, Modern architecture will be as fine pipe rails, etc., etc., indiscriminate­ as we are capable of making it. It ly because they fall short of being will go on blissfully towards its ob­ capable themselves, and use such jective with or without our bless­ stereotyped features because they ing, but it would appear to be fan­ also see them in the books. The tastic to have our JOURNAL become important factor is that the world truly reactionary when so much is moving towards something new, work of our day has a far different and either we will direct its growth trend. wisely or be pushed aside as being There is quite as positive a resist- useless and unimaginative.

SAFETY AND THE ONE-STORY HOUSE Bv D. KENNETH SARGENT~ Syracuse, N. Y. OUR unadvised and unsolicited our grandfathers built, without re­ Y publicity for home safety is gard for the 11 per cent of home indeed welcome; your mention of accidents ( 3,200 deaths) that oc­ my name with your last issue cur on . stairs of two-story resi­ prompts this reply. dences. The profession has seldom Evidently, without study of Na­ taken into account research con­ tional Safety Council percentages, cerning the home accident rate perhaps my statement concerning (which incidentally exceeded the one-floor houses does appear to you motor vehicle rate in 1946). startling, but I will still adhere to The 11.8 per cent you quote as its principle. being injured on stairs or in stair For years railroads have spent halls is correct. I would point out untold thousands of dollars to elim­ that this figure was taken for Cook inate rural grade crossings to pro­ County and can only be approxima­ tect the public though 5 per cent of tion of the national pattern. Of the motor vehicle accidents ( 800 this 11.8 per cent I will further deaths in 1945) occur at these admit but approximately 9.5 per crossings. While a far greater cent were the victims of falls on number of fatalities and injuries stairs. If, however, these figures occur in the home, some of the pro­ do approach the correct percentages fession would continue to construct of national figures, then 3,200 of housing in the same manner that the 33,500 deaths and 47 5;000 of

}OURN AL OF THE A. I. A. 251 the 5,000,000 injuries as computed in their insistence for the one-floor by the National Safety Council can house as a means of saving much be attributed to stairs. Not being work, and would agree with my oriental in my evaluation of life, I statement. think the American public could If elimination of second floors well afford to spend more for its and basements can save a portion housing, as long as it is safer and of the above estimated fatalities better. If 9.5 per cent of the $600,- and permanent disabilities resulting 000,000 yearly lost in wages and from falls on stairs I think it is medical expenses and insurance worthwhile. I don't mind being were applied to housing it might · "out on the limb" as to mv state­ better conditions. ment as I believe the limb. is high I need not mention the fact that enough to give me a good perspec­ many housewives are now positive tive.

CREDIT FOR THE ARCHITECT BY A. E. KLUEPPELBERG, Ringoes, N. J. An open letter to Mr. Gropius: size) in various newspapers, trade Your letter to Mr. Joseph D. papers, real estate papers, and some Leland and his answer as published magazines with descriptive ar­ in the last issue of the A.I.A. JOU R­ ticles, wherein just about everyone N AL is most interesting and what interested is mentioned but the you say under the titles of Infor­ architect? Outside of the archi­ mation, Education, and so forth, is tect himself not wishing to be men­ quite true; but my dear sir, I do tioned for one reason or another, I believe you and many others always can't think of a single reason which seem to miss one important point­ would justify the omission. this will no doubt come under the May I suggest to you, The In­ general heading of publicity which, stitute, our chapters, and all other nevertheless, should be given a architectural bodies that we look subtitle of some sort. To express into this matter and correct it by: my idea and for the want of a bet­ a) Looking through the publi­ ter title, let us call it "Seeing to It cations we read and noting articles That the Architect Gets Full pertaining to building and build­ Credit for the Work He Has ings and cutting them out, report­ Done." I know the New York ing same to our publicity committee Chapter Publicity Committee col­ who- lects favorable articles about archi­ b) Should write (a form letter tects and architecture, but has any would do) to the publishers, own­ committee ever thought of collect­ ers, and/or contractors, asking for ing data on how many new build­ information in a friendly sort of a ings are illustrated (regardless of way just "how come, no architect?" MAY, 1947 2S2 c) If an architect, why was his could be eliminated. We can write name omitted? If no architect, how volumes about the value of archi­ come the plans were approved by tectural services with questionable ~ - - the local authorities, and how come results. Performance and keeping (this to the builder) he built the constantly before our public is what building without a proper seal counts. thereon-most states require a reg­ Every time we catch an offender, istered architect's seal. let us remind him of the fact that I am sure if this were handled in he has slighted the architect. Peo­ a friendly way, a great many facts ple will soon connect architects and would come to light and just about their services with every building all of our difficulties on this score project, large or small.

WHAT'S WRONG WITH THE INSTITUTE? BY CHESTER E. NAGEL_, Cambridge, Mass. HE SUBJECT of the Gropius­ The public knows the profession Leland letters is of great con­ only as expensive decorators. The Tcern to me. I should like to state Government (FHA) is much more briefly my own views. inclined to sanction the work of a The A. I. A. is not concerned copyist shyster than that of a gen­ with a sound approach toward the uine creative architect. And sadly practice of architecture; in spite of enough, all this only too clearly re­ its courageous founding principles, flects the spirit of the A. I. A. and the remarkable efforts of a leadership. minority of its members. By and Professional organization is nec­ large, The Institute is known for essary. But it must be aggresive, its puttering with hashed-up his­ far-sighted and related to the so­ torical forms. ciety in which it appears.

The Editor's Asides w HAT_, IF ANYTHING, has the The University of Illinois, through architectural profession ever done its College of Agriculture and its for the farmer? This is the man Small Homes Council is studying who is enjoying the highest cash in­ the problem. There is opportunity here for something wider in concep­ come in history. His farm mortgage tion than a few stock plans. is at the lowest point in many years. He has money in the bank. He wants a new dwelling or his present MRS. DOROTHY LIEBES, whom home brought up to new standards. The Institute honors this year with

JOURNAL OF THE A. J. A, 253 its Craftsmanship Medal, is not weapon ever devised - the atom only a master of the loom. Her bomb. ideas as to what can be done with THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON fabrics after you get them are no HousING, through its publication, less constructive. Elizabeth Mc­ Tomorrow's Town, demonstrates Causland has a good article about rather conclusively that further Liebes fabrics and Liebes ideas of liberalization of mortgage financ­ their use, in the April issue of ing is like giving an aspirin tablet Magazine of Art. to a patient with cancer. Easier mortgage credit merely makes it GASTON LECLAIRE, of Paris, easier to buy homes at inflated holder of the Delano & Aldrich prices, thereby giving another boost Scholarship, lunched with some of to inflation. Production of housing The Octagon staff recently. Hav­ at lower cost is the better way­ ing just made the circuit of this also the harder way-out. country, his impressions of our IN THE SAME MAGAZINE Fiske architecture and architects were en­ Kimball writes of, and illustrates, lightening. Like other keen ob­ "Form and Function in the Archi- · servers he sees evidences of a far tecture of Jefferson." Here is a more pronounced future develop­ sample of his contention: ment of regional character.istics­ "Jefferson was functional as well a more consistent use of materials as formal. Form did not 'follow locally at hand, and plan techniques function,' any more than it ever that fit local ways of living rather has; it was created in and with than continued efforts to register function, with extreme ingenuity "international" forms. and originality. Witness the re­ One of his most penetrating ob­ m·arkable analysis of the mountain­ servations had little connection top site at Monticello, with de­ with architecture. It was this : Our pressed service passages to the do­ TVA project was born of purely mestic offices facing outward and altruistic purpose-the betterment leaving a complete panorama from of man's physical environment; one the mansion over the terraces above of the project's by-products was them ...." vast electrical power; with this If that doesn't start something in power was made possible Oak the way of argument from the post­ Ridge and the greatest destructive S ullivan ites I miss my guess.

MAY, 1947 254 .while Dick does 1he car!

Thanks to a farsighted architect who specified "oversize" pipe

THE only qood water system i1 the one you never have to think about. Dad can revel in hi1 shower while Diclc works full-atream on the car and Mother soaks the flower bods. After the family moves into the hou•e ii the wronq time to discover that the water can't flow freely be­ cause meter and pipoa are too small -- a1 for instance, the third floor bath c;ioea dry if the hone is on. Re­ sponsibility for such a predicament muat go right hack to the original plans. Pinching pennies on piping is a poor way to cut cost. It's a sure way to incite the wrath of a di1- appointed client who wants water when he wanta it, where he wants it. The ·golden rule, water-wise, ia: Be Generous with Steel Pipe. Specify and install it in adequate diameter •• plenty big to accommodate to day's equipment plus o. 11 the w ater-consuminq appliances that homes will have tomorrow. '?d!/k ROLSCREENS

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To co mpare the durability of t

For perman ent stren gth a nd beauty, h elps prevent the mortar from becom­ mortar must be durabte- must be a ble ing saturat ed- therefore protect s it to withst and the alterna te freezing from the destructive action of freezing and thawing t o which it is subject ed a nd thawing. m an y times each winter. Walls built with Brixment mortar Brixment m orta r is ·1nore durable. therefore retain their original strength This great er durability is due partly a nd appearance. Even in to the strength a nd soundness of Brix­ parapet walls and chimneys, where ex­ ment m ortar, a nd part ly to the fact posure is particularly severe. Brixment tha t Brixm ent is wat er-proofed dur­ mortar will almost never require re­ ing m anufacture. This wat er-proofing poin ting. LOUISVILLE CEMENT CO., INC., LOUISVILLE 2, KENTUCKY CEMENT MANUFACTURERS SINCE 1830 ALDRED & CO. Montreal, Barott & Blackader, Architects BOARD OF TRADE Chicago, Holabird & Root, Architects EMPIRE STATE New York, Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, Architects FORD ROTUNDA Detroit, Albert Kahn, Inc., Architect FOREMAN & CLARK Los Angeles, Curlett & Beelman, Architects Limestone is elected to more GENERAL MOTORS Detroit, Albert Kahn, Inc., offices than any other stone . Architect GULF * These are only a few of the hundreds of great Pittsburgh, Trowbridge & American office buildings made of beautiful, du­ Livingston, Architects rable, inexpensive Indiana Limestone. Our Tech­ JEWEL TEA Barrington, Ill., Holabird nical Division, with a century's experience in all & Root, Architects applications of the nation's most freqmntly specified building stone, offers you personal counsel on KOPPERS Pittsburgh, Graham, questions unanswered by our Sweet's File Catalog. Anderson, Probst & White, Architects Yott are invited to forwrtrcl plans rmd specificrttions to the Institute for compet­ LEVER BROTHERS Cambridge, Mass., Shreve, itive cost estimates by our 20 member com­ Lamb & Harmon, Architects pm1ies. P. 0. Box 471 Becljorcl Indirtnrt. 1 1 MERCHANDISE MART BUFF • GRAY • VARIEGATED • RUSTIC • OLD GOTHIC Chicago, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, INDIANA LIMESTONE INSTITUTE Architects PALM 0 LIVE-PEET Chicago, Holabird & Root, Architects ROCKEFELLER CENTER New York, Reinhard & Hofmeiser; Raymond Hood, Godley & Fouilhoux; Corbett, Harrison & MacMurray, Architects STALEY Decatur, 111., Aschauer & Waggoner, Architects TISH MAN (New York, world's first completely air-conditioned office building), Kahn & Jacobs, Architects STALEY KOPPERS GULF I THE Al\ilERICAN INSTITUTE .OF ARCHITECTS BOARD OF ·DIRECTORS

OFFICERS ( Tttms expire I947) }AME 1MUNDS, JR., President IJO West . ·~ Street, Baltimore 1, Md. SAMUEL E. LUNDEN, Vice Presid, ALEXANDER C. ROBINSON, III. Secretary 458 S. Spring St., Los Angeles IJ, 1740 East I2th St., Cleveland 14, 0. CH>RLE •uus, Treasurer St. "!au.( ·ncinnati, Ohio 'lECTORS f. r.; I947) Louis JusT F. MENT, 2011 K Street, Washington 6, D. C. ______·------Middle Atlantic District ANGUS V. Mclv ER, 512 Strain Bid us, Mont______Western Mountain District RALPH 0. YEAGER, 200 Opera l/o 'a;: Terre Haute, Jnd. ______Great Lakes District expire I948) ARTHUR WARD ARCHER, Commerc: 71/dg., Kansas City, Mo. ______,. . ------Central States District EARL T. HEITSCHMIDT, 449 Souih h foe., Los Angeles, Calif. ______------Sierra-Nev ad a District RICHA RD KocH, 908 Queen and Cruc­ g., New Orleans, La. ______Gulf States District Jo1rn L. SKINN ER, Ingraham Bldg., 2, Fla.______South Atlantic District pire I<)49) PAUL GERHARDT, JR., 1012 City ;, ago, /l1. ______Illinois-Wisconsin District WILLIAM G. KAELBER, JII Alexa1. R ochester, N. Y. ______New York District JosEPH D. LELAND, 814 Statler Bldg Boston I6, Mass., .. New England District STATE A DIRECTOR ( 1947) BRANSON v. GAMBER ond Bldg., Detroit 26, Mich. THE EXECUTP C TTEE OF THE BOARD ire 1947) }AMES R. EDMUND S, ]R., Chairm • CHARLES F. CELLARIUS ALEXANDER c. ROBINSON, III, Stet WILLIAM G. KA ELBER SAMUEL E. LUNDEN BRANSON V. GAMBER (Alt1rnat1) QUARTERS 1741 New York Av e, N. W .• Washington 6, D. C. EDWARD C. K EMPER, Executioe Director HENRY H. SAYLOR, Editor of the JouRNAL and BuLLETIN EDMUND R. PURVES, Director of Public and Professional Relation1 WALTER A. TAYLOR, Director of Education and Research THEODORE IR YING CoE, Technical Secretary Official address of The Institut e as a N. Y. Corporation, 115 E. 40t h St., New York, N. Y. The Producers' Council, affiliated with The A. I.A., 815 15th St. N . W., Washington 5, D.C.