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This document is archival in nature and is intended Le présent document a une valeur archivistique et for those who wish to consult archival documents fait partie des documents d’archives rendus made available from the collection of Public Safety disponibles par Sécurité publique Canada à ceux Canada. qui souhaitent consulter ces documents issus de sa collection. Some of these documents are available in only one official language. Translation, to be provided Certains de ces documents ne sont disponibles by Public Safety Canada, is available upon que dans une langue officielle. Sécurité publique request. Canada fournira une traduction sur demande. The Office of the Chief Coroner’s Death Review of the Youth Suicides at the Pikangikum First Nation 2006 – 2008 Table of Contents LETTER TO THE CHIEF CORONER....................................................................................... 5 PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 7 PROCESS OF REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 13 Pikangikum First Nation: The Social Challenges .............................................................. 13 Pikangikum First Nation: The Review of the Deaths of the Youth.................................. 15 Pikangikum First Nation: Health care.................................................................................. 15 Pikangikum First Nation: Education..................................................................................... 16 Pikangikum First Nation: Policing Services........................................................................ 17 Pikangikum First Nation: The Provision of Child Welfare Services................................ 17 Pikangikum: Social Determinants of Health....................................................................... 19 Advocate for Children and Youth’s Report: Summary...................................................... 20 The Key Recommendations of this Report......................................................................... 21 Summary.................................................................................................................................. 23 PART A: THE DEATHS OF THE YOUTHS BY SUICIDE.................................................. 25 A1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 25 A2. Method of Review............................................................................................................ 25 A3. The Deaths ....................................................................................................................... 26 A4. Emerging Themes from Review of the Individual Cases .......................................... 32 A5. The Cumulative Report and Identified Trends............................................................ 33 A6. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 35 A7. Concluding Remarks....................................................................................................... 40 PART B. SUICIDE ..................................................................................................................... 41 B1. Definition of Suicide ........................................................................................................ 41 B2. History of Suicides in Pikangikum................................................................................. 41 B3. Adolescent Suicide in Canada ...................................................................................... 41 B4. Canadian Suicide Rate Statistics.................................................................................. 43 B5. Suicide Among Aboriginal People ................................................................................ 43 B6. First Nations Youth Suicide Rates................................................................................ 44 B7. Suicides in Ontario and in Pikangikum, 2006 - 2008................................................. 44 B8. Concluding Remarks....................................................................................................... 45 PART C: HEALTH IN PIKANGIKUM..................................................................................... 47 C1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 47 C2. The North West Local Health Integration Network (LHIN) ....................................... 47 C3. The Sioux Lookout First Nation Health Authority (SLFNHA) ................................... 48 C4. Sioux Lookout Regional Physicians’ Services Inc. .................................................... 49 C5. Sioux Lookout Meno-Ya-Win Health Centre (SLMHC)............................................. 50 C6. The Pikangikum Health Authority (PHA) ..................................................................... 51 C7. Challenges ....................................................................................................................... 53 C8. Recent Successes .......................................................................................................... 54 C9. Land-based Solvent Abuse Program ........................................................................... 54 C10. The Nursing Station...................................................................................................... 56 C11. Relationship with the Federal Government............................................................... 57 C12. Concluding Remarks .................................................................................................... 77 PART D: EDUCATION ............................................................................................................. 79 D1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 79 D2. Education Governance: The Pikangikum Education Authority ................................ 79 D3. Truancy ............................................................................................................................. 82 D4. Overcrowding and the Inadequate Physical Plant ..................................................... 87 D5. Federal and Provincial Involvement in Education Delivery ...................................... 90 D6. Concluding Remarks ...................................................................................................... 94 PART E: POLICING SERVICES IN PIKANGIKUM............................................................. 97 E1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 97 E2. Pikangikum First Nation ................................................................................................. 97 E3. Community Expectation of Policing.............................................................................. 99 E4. Governance Structures................................................................................................. 100 E5. Pikangikum Policing Statistics..................................................................................... 100 E6. Concluding Remarks..................................................................................................... 102 PART F: THE PROVISION OF CHILD WELFARE IN THE NORTH AND TO PIKANGIKUM........................................................................................................................... 103 F1. Tikinagan Child and Family Services ......................................................................... 103 F2. Pikangikum: A community in crisis.............................................................................. 109 F3. The Development of Child Welfare in Ontario .......................................................... 109 F4. Cultural Tension............................................................................................................. 110 F5. The Functions of a CAS ............................................................................................... 112 F6. Children in Care (CIC) .................................................................................................. 112 F7. Funding...........................................................................................................................