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The Politics of Planning for Atikaki, 1972-1983 George Warecki

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The Politics of Planning for Atikaki, 1972-1983 George Warecki Document generated on 09/26/2021 4:44 p.m. Ontario History Balancing Wilderness Protection and Economic Development The Politics of Planning for Atikaki, 1972-1983 George Warecki Volume 102, Number 1, Spring 2010 Article abstract This article is about the politics of planning for wilderness in northwestern URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1065597ar Ontario. It blends environmental history and political science to discuss the DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1065597ar relationships between diverse interests in provincial policy-making for the “Atikaki” region between Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Red Lake, Ontario. In See table of contents 1972, a Minnesota-based conservationist launched a campaign to establish a huge, interprovincial wilderness area encircled by a multiple-use buffer zone, to protect a canoeists’ paradise. Supporting conservation groups formed a Publisher(s) coalition, opposed by local “productive” interests – forestry, mining, and fly-in fishing camp operators. The conflicted Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources The Ontario Historical Society reviewed the Atikaki proposal and weighed public input. When negotiations for a national park in Manitoba stalled in the late 1970s, the two provincial ISSN governments, recognizing key resource conflicts, replaced the original wilderness proposal with smaller, separate designs. Manitoba established 0030-2953 (print) Atikaki Provincial Park in 1985. Some 4,600 square kilometres on the Ontario 2371-4654 (digital) side became Woodland Caribou Provincial Park in 1983. Explore this journal Cite this article Warecki, G. (2010). Balancing Wilderness Protection and Economic Development: The Politics of Planning for Atikaki, 1972-1983. Ontario History, 102(1), 56–77. https://doi.org/10.7202/1065597ar Copyright © The Ontario Historical Society, 2010 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ ONTARIO HISTORY Balancing Wilderness Protection and Economic Development The Politics of Planning - for Atikaki, 1972-1983 By George Warecki Woodland Caribou Provincial Park Back Park Provincial Caribou Woodland (MNR, 1986). ground Information n January 1978, Marc Wermanger, a civil servants and the public to adopt his wilderness conservationist from Min- grand scheme for a 4,950 square-mile nesota, presented a brief to the On- protected wilderness in the Atikaki area, Itario Royal Commission on the Northern straddling the Ontario-Manitoba border. Environment. The commission, with rep- He charged that structural aws in gov- resentation from the Federal and Provin- ernment and society stacked the deck in cial Governments and First Nations, was favour of resource extractive industries, established to investigate “the needs and at the expense of protectionist interests. special problems facing the environment The upshot was “the inability of the av- and citizens of Northern Ontario.”1 Wer- erage person to inuence the system and manger vented frustration. He had spent to have a say in the future of northwest- four years trying to persuade politicians, ern Ontario.”2 This critique raised crucial 1 Harvey McCue, “The Modern Age, 1945-1980,” inAboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on The First Nations, edited by Edward S. Rogers and Donald B. Smith Ontario Historical Studies Series (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1994), 405. Premier William Davis’s Progressive Conservative minority Gov- ernment appointed the commission to defuse a political crisis sparked by the Reed Paper Company. See Doug Macdonald, The Politics of Pollution: Why Canadians Are Failing Their Environment (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1991), 105-7; and W. Robert Wightman and Nancy M. Wightman, The Land Between: Northwestern Ontario Resource Development, 1800 to the 1990s (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), 322-3. 2 Archives of Ontario (hereafter AO), Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Provincial Parks Records, RG-1, [formerly] IB-3, box 58, file WOODC-3, 1977-8, Typescript [Brief by Marc Wermanger to the Royal Commission on the Northern Environment, 19 January 1978]. Ontario History / Volume CII, No. 1 / Spring 2010 issues about democracy Abstract This article is about the politics of planning for wilderness in northwest- and land use planning ern Ontario. It blends environmental history and political science to in the north during the discuss the relationships between diverse interests in provincial policy- 1970s. A closer look re- making for the “Atikaki” region between Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, veals that many interests and Red Lake, Ontario. In 1972, a Minnesota-based conservationist launched a campaign to establish a huge, interprovincial wilderness shaped public policy for area encircled by a multiple-use buffer zone, to protect a canoeists’ para- Atikaki, as the Provincial dise. Supporting conservation groups formed a coalition, opposed by local Government struck a bal- “productive” interests – forestry, mining, and fly-in fishing camp opera- ance between wilderness tors. The conflicted Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources reviewed the Atikaki proposal and weighed public input. When negotiations for a protection and economic national park in Manitoba stalled in the late 1970s, the two provincial development. governments, recognizing key resource conflicts, replaced the original This paper contrib- wilderness proposal with smaller, separate designs. Manitoba established utes to environmental Atikaki Provincial Park in 1985. Some 4,600 square kilometres on the Ontario side became Woodland Caribou Provincial Park in 1983. history in two ways. First, it adds to literature that Résumé: Dans cet article nous traitons de la politique de planification examines the impact of de parcs naturels dans le Nord-Ouest de l’Ontario, en prenant pour exemple le cas du parc projeté pour la région ‘Atikaki’ entre le lac Win- state-sponsored conserva- nipeg, Manitoba, et Red Lake en Ontario. Pour analyser les relations tion programs upon local entre les différentes parties prenantes dans l’élaboration de ce projet, communities.3 Previous nous ferons appel aussi bien à la science politique qu’à l’histoire des works confirmed the val- politiques environnementales. En 1972, un partisan de la protection de l’environnement lança une campagne pour établir un vaste secteur ue of local studies to il- sauvegardé interprovincial, un parc naturel qui serait lui-même encerclé luminate broad themes of par une seconde zone, une zone tampon ouverte à des utilisations multi- changing resource use and ples, et cela afin de protéger un paradis pour les canoéistes. À la coalition formée par les groupes qui soutenaient ce plan, s’opposa différents groupes competing ideologies. By d’intérêts locaux, représentants des industries minières, forestières, ou devoting greater atten- même touristiques, notamment, dans ce dernier cas, les opérateurs de tion to local and regional camps de pêche accessibles par avion seulement. En raison de ce conflit, le dynamics, and changing Ministère des Ressources Naturelles de l’Ontario rouvrit le dossier, réex- aminant la proposition du parc Atikaki à la lumière des réactions que power relations between ce projet suscitait dans la population. Quand les négociations ouvertes user groups, these stud- pour l’établissement d’un parc national au Manitoba se trouvèrent ies—in the language of dans une impasse, à la fin des années 1970, les deux gouvernements political science—exam- provinciaux substituèrent à la proposition originale, deux propositions séparées et moins ambitieuses : la province du Manitoba établit le Parc ined a wider range of the provincial Atikaki en 1985 ; et, en Ontario, quelque 4,600 kilomètres “policy community” than carrés, furent, en 1983, alloués au Parc provincial Woodland Caribou. earlier works. The focus here on distinct “policy networks” helps to explain how the state mediated conicts between competing 3 A sample includes Karl Jacoby, Crimes Against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hid- den History of American Conservation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Louis Warren, The Hunter’s Game: Poachers and Conservationists in Twentieth-Century America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997); Richard Judd, Common Lands, Common People: the Origins of Conservation in Northern New ONTARIO HISTORY interests.4 A second contribution is to residents, eager to protect their economic extend scholarship that explores the in- interests.6 Public controversy intensified teraction of ideas, institutions, and inter- during the late 1960s with the emergence est groups in Canadian park policy and of modern environmental politics, led by wilderness politics.5 the Algonquin Wildlands League (AWL, In Ontario, the establishment of “wil- established 1968) and Pollution Probe derness” parks has been controversial. An (established 1969). Both organizations American-based campaign to create an skillfully employed the mass media to international park in the Quetico-Supe- spread public awareness of ecological is- rior region from 1927 to 1960 drew local sues.7 In the successful campaign to ban opposition from northwestern Ontario logging from Quetico
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