MISSOURI ISTORICAL REVI EW.

CONTENTS

Missouri As A Pioneer In Criminal Court Reform A. C. Breckenridge and W. G. Colman

Educational Opportunities In Early Missouri, Part II Margaret McMillan and Monia Cook Morris

Letters of George Caleb Bingham to James S. Rollins* Part VIII

Edited by C.B. Rollins

Missouriana

Historical Notes and Comments

Missouri History Not Found In Textbooks

5TATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY of MISSOURI

VOL. XXXIII JULY 1939 No. 4 OFFICERS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, 1939-1942 ALLEN McREYNOLDS, Carthage, President. WALTER B. STEVENS, St. Louis, First Vice-President. GEORGE A. ROZIER, Perryville, Second Vice-President. MARION C. EARLY, St. Louis, Third Vice-President. B. M. LITTLE, Lexington, Fourth Vice-President. OHN T. BARKER, Kansas City, Fifth Vice-President, OY H. MONIER, Carrollton, Sixth Vice-President. £R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer. FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Secretary and Librarian.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1940 JESSE W. BARRETT, St. Louis. W. J. SEWALL, Carthage. ALBERT M. CLARK, Richmond. H. S. STURGIS, Neosho. HENRY J. HASKELL, Kansas City. JONAS VILES, Columbia. McMILLAN LEWIS, St. Louis. L. M. WHITE, Mexico. WM. R. PAINTER, Carrollton.

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1941 BEN L. EMMONS, St. Charles ISIDOR LOEB, St. Louis. STEPHEN B. HUNTER, E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville. Cape Girardeau. CHAS. H. WHITAKER, WALDO P. JOHNSON, Osceola. Clinton. LANGDON R. JONES, Kennett. ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville.

Expires at Annual Meeting, 1942 LUDWIG FUERBRINGER, WM. SOUTHERN, Jr., St. Louis. Independence. HENRY KRUG, Jr., St. J HENRY C. THOMPSON, DULANY MAHAN, Hannibal Sonne xcrrc JU STUS R. MOLL, Springfield. GEORGE H. WILLIAMS, JOOH N F. RHODES, St. Louis. Kansas City. CHARLES L. WOODS, Rolla.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-six trustees, the President and the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and * of the University of Missouri, constitute the Executive Committee. THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

VOL. XXXIII JULY 1939 NO. 4

CONTENTS

Page Missouri As A Pioneer In Criminal Court Reform 471 A. C. BRECKENRIDGE and W. G. COLMAN Educational Opportunities In Early Missouri, Part II 477 MARGARET MCMILLAN and MONIA COOK MORRIS Letters of George Caleb Bingham to James S. Rollins, Part VIII. 499 Edited by C. B. ROLLINS Missouriana 527 Historical Notes and Comments 558 Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 594

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FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Editor The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly. It is sent free to all members of the State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $1.00 a year. All communications should be addressed to Floyd C. Shoemaker, The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. "Entered as second-class matter at the postoffice at Columbia, Missouri, under Act of Congress, October S, 1917, Sec. ^22." CONTRIBUTORS

BRECKENRIDGE, A. CARLYLE, native Missourian, is a graduate assist­ ant in the department of political science at the University of Missouri. He received his A. M. degree from that institution in 1938. COLMAN, WILLIAM G., a native Missourian, is a graduate student in the department of political science at the University of Missouri. He received his A. M. degree from that institution in 1939. MCMILLAN, MARGARET, is an instructor in history and geography in Christian College at Columbia, Missouri. She received her A. M. degree from the University of Missouri. She has taught history in the summer sessions of the Central Missouri State Teachers College at War­ rensburg and of the Northwest Missouri State Teachers College at Mary­ ville. She and Monia C. Morris are joint authors of a Workbook in Mis­ souri History.

MORRIS, MONIA COOK, is research associate in the State Historical Society of Missouri. She is a native Missourian and received her A. M. degree from the University of Missouri. She held the position of cor­ respondence instructor in history in the University of Missouri from 1928 to 1938. She is also an instructor in social science in Christian College at Columbia, Missouri.

ROLLINS, C. B., native Missourian, is a graduate of the University of Missouri. He is interested in all phases of Missouri history and is an occasional contributor to the Missouri Historical Review. His home is in Columbia, Missouri. MISSOURI AS A PIONEER IN CRIMINAL COURT REFORM

BY A. C. BRECKENRIDGE and W. G. COLMAN Although Missouri has been credited with leadership in varied fields of legislation, her leadership in liberal legisla­ tion for criminal rehabilitation and reform has not been given true recognition. In the field of probation and parole, Mis­ souri led in the progressive movement away from the idea that the function of the criminal courts was to inflict punish­ ment rather than to aid in the rehabilitation of the criminal offender. Probation was used only in exceptional cases in the United States during the nineteenth century. One of the first applications of probation was in the case of children who had become caught in the tentacles of the law. Children's aid societies began to carry on investigations for the courts and to assume the role of guardianship for certain of these juvenile offenders. The next step was toward leniency with adults which steadily gained judicial favor. Under English common law various methods had developed, such as suspending or withholding sentence or releasing the defendant on good behavior.1 However, it was not until the passage of the Massachusetts law of 1878 that any statutory enactments appeared to give these common law methods any legislative approval. That law was quite limited in its scope, since it was concerned only with the appointment of a probation officer for the city of Boston. In 1891, Massachusetts required the criminal courts of the State to appoint probation officers.2 Yet, these provisions constituted no radical change in the gradual development of greater leniency for criminal offenders. The use of probation provides the courts with two significant devices. First, the defendant's past is investigated

1Chute, Charles L., "The Progress of Probation and Social Treatment in the Courts," in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 24, p. 61. 2National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, Report on Penal Institutions, Probation and Parole, 1931, p. 151. (471) 472 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

in order that all possible information be placed at the dis­ posal of the court. Second, for those persons deemed suitable, supervised release is provided. If the probation system is properly developed, the probation officer gives personal supervision for the guidance and discipline of the defendant.3 In the early practices, probation had taken the form of suspended imposition of sentence—that is, the offender was not sentenced at all, but was placed under the guidance of a probation officer for a certain period. Parole is a method providing for release of prisoners committed to prison upon conviction of crime. Groups in Missouri interested in legis­ lation of this nature aided in the adoption of a system which in reality constituted probation, since the offender was never committed to prison. The significance lies in the fact that the law permitted release before the offender had served any part of his sentence. This unique arrangement contained both parole and probation features. The technique of parole was applied in that sentence was imposed, though not executed. The feature of suspended execution of sentence was an in­ novation in American law, although it had been embodied in the system used by Australian courts.4 Suspended execu­ tion of sentence is now a familiar technique in the field of probation, but its origin is traced to Missouri legislation passed in 1897. The 1897 law employs the term "parol" (parole). The system provided by this law would now be considered an approach to probation. In view of the fact that the term parole is employed in the law itself, the treatment here will retain the use of that term. The Missouri law outlined several specific conditions with which paroled persons were to comply. The circuit and criminal courts of the State and the court of criminal cor­ rection of St. Louis were given power to parole persons con­ victed of a violation of the criminal laws of the State. Grant­ ing paroles to persons convicted of felonies was limited to those offenders under twenty-five years of age. Persons con-

3Chute, "The Progress of Probation and Social Treatment in the Courts,' op. cit., p. 61. 4Wines, Frederick Howard, Punishment and Reformation, p. 221. MISSOURI AS A PIONEER IN CRIMINAL COURT REFORM 473 victed of murder, rape, arson, or robbery were ineligible for parole under this 1897 law.5 The court was empowered to parole convicted persons subject to the rules prescribed by the court, providing the court was convinced that the offender would not again violate the law if permitted to go at large. The court was given the authority to terminate the parole at any time by simply in­ structing the sheriff to take the person into custody and execute the sentence already imposed. However, after the termination of a parole in this manner, the court was allowed to grant a second parole after the costs of the case had been paid by the defendant. The courts were limited by the law to two paroles to any one person under a single conviction. Any person confined in jail under judgment of conviction before a justice of the peace might be paroled. His parole could be terminated or an absolute discharge granted by the court having appellate jurisdiction from the justice court in that county in the same manner described above for the circuit and criminal courts in general.6 The court was given the authority to grant an absolute discharge to any paroled person under jail sentence after a period of six months from the time the parole was granted and to any felonious offenders under parole after two years. A person thus discharged was restored to all the rights and privileges of citizenship. A person paroled under this early law was required to give bond for regular appearances in the court and to furnish proof to the satisfaction of the court that he was comply­ ing with the conditions upon which the parole was granted. In addition he was required to give evidence that he was con­ ducting himself as a law abiding citizen. Should a parole be terminated by the court and sentence be executed, the time spent on parole was not to be counted as a part of the sentence itself.7 This law was introduced as House Bill No. 575 by Representative George T. Collins of Scotland county. Mr.

6Laws of Missouri, 39th G. A., 1897, p. 72. *Laws of Missouri, 39th G. A., 1897, p. 71. 7Laws of Missouri, 39th G. A., 1897, p. 72. 474 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Collins was admitted to the bar in 1877, having served in the Union army in the war between the states. The biographical appendix of the History of Lewis, Clark, Knox, and Scotland Counties, published in 1887, says of Mr. Collins that, "our subject is a radical Democrat, and as such was elected to rep­ resent his county in 1886 in the Legislature."8 The Official Manual of the State for that period lists Mr. Collins as a farmer-lawyer.9 This bill was introduced in the House of Representatives on February 11, 1897.10 It was referred to the House Com­ mittee on Criminal Costs and Fees on February 13, being reported out with a recommendation that it "do pass" on February 15.11 It was ordered engrossed on February 25 and was placed at the head of the calendar on March 4.12 It was brought before the House on March 5 and was passed by a vote of 120 to 2 without amendment. The dissenting votes were cast by Cashion, Republican, of Perry county, and Daugherty, Democrat, of Jasper county.13 The bill was sent to the Senate where it was referred to the Committee on Criminal Jurisprudence on March 6.14 The Committee recommended its passage on March 17 and it was passed by a vote of 30 to 0 on March 19. It was signed by Governor Lon V. Stephens on April l.15 The passage of the bill created very little attention in the newspapers of the day. Mention was made of the fact that the advocates of the measure claimed the hearty endorse­ ment of nearly all the circuit judges of the State. The follow­ ing article is taken from the Globe-Democrat:16 The bill was passed authorizing circuit and criminal court judges to parole persons guilty of their first offense from term to term of the court, until the term for which they were sentenced to the penitentiary or jail has expired. The advocates of the measure introduced by Mr. Collins of Scotland said it has the hearty indorsement of nearly all the circuit

8P. 1159. ^Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1897-1898, p. 519. 10House Journal, 39th G. A., 1897, p. 336. nHouse Journal, 39th G. A., 1897, p. 398. uHouse Journal, 39th G. A., 1897, p. 673. lzHouse Journal, 39th G. A., 1897, p. 715. uSenate Journal, 39th G. A., 1897, p. 466. 16House Journal, 39th G. A., 1897, p. 1143. 16St. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 8, 1897. MISSOURI AS A PIONEER IN CRIMINAL COURT REFORM 475 judges. It includes the City of St. Louis and the Court of Criminal Correction. The system proposed is a vast improvement on the old French idea, since the paroled prisoner never sees the penitentiary or jail after conviction, unless again caught violating the law, when execu­ tion is ordered and the original judgment enforced.

After the bill had been signed by Governor Stephens, Major T. W. Park of the secretary of state's office made the statement that he believed this law would revolutionize the punishment of criminals sentenced by the courts.17 Through a conference with Judge North Todd Gentry,18 it was learned that in the year prior to the passage of the law, the circuit judges of Missouri at a state convention had petitioned the legislature, presenting a suggested parole bill and asking its enactment. The judges, having observed many harsh applications of the statutes, such as the sentenc­ ing of a man to two years in the penitentiary for stealing twenty cents worth of tobacco, were of the opinion that some method should be afforded whereby the law might be applied more leniently if circumstances warranted. In an effort to locate the text of this petition, the chief clerk of the secretary of state's office, the clerk of the Missouri supreme court and the secretary of the State library commission were consulted regarding the existence of records of the petition, but expressed the opinion that they must have been lost in the fire which destroyed the State capitol in 1911. A search in the archives of the State Historical Society seems to support that con­ tention. At the sixteenth annual meeting of the Missouri Bar Association, mention was made of the passage of the act, but no further explanation was given as to the particular groups that may have fostered its introduction and passage through the legislature.19 The new law was also mentioned at the 1897 meeting of the American Bar Association.20

^Columbia Missouri Herald, April 9, 1897. 18Judge Gentry is an attorney at law in Columbia, Missouri. He has served on the State supreme court, is a former judge of the 34th circuit of Missouri (Boone and Callaway counties), and a former attorney general of Missouri. ^Proceedings of the Missouri Bar Association, 1898, p. 54. ^Report of the American Bar Association, 1897, p. 233. 476 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

A considerable proportion of the membership of the Missouri General Assembly of 1897 were members of the legal profession, the House having thirty-three lawyers in a total of 139 members, and the Senate seventeen out of thirty-four.21 The lawyer group in both houses might be presumed to have backed the bill more or less solidly. No evidence was disclosed which would indicate that welfare groups in the State wielded particular influence in securing the enactment of the law, although the State Board of Charities and Corrections was created by the same legis­ lature that enacted this parole law.22

21Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1897-1898, pp. 499-522. 22Laws of Missouri, 39th G. A., 1897, p. 45. The National Bulletin of Charities and Corrections (February, 1897, p. 82) mentions the existence of a vigorous movement in Missouri for the adoption of a parole law. EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN EARLY MISSOURI 477

EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN EARLY MISSOURI BY MARGARET MCMILLAN and MONIA COOK MORRIS PART II PEDAGOGUES AND SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS IN THE ST. LOUIS AREA Opportunities for formal education offered to girls of early St. Louis were less adequate than those offered to boys.1 A few girls, daughters of the more prosperous settlers, were sent away from the home community for training. Mention has already been made of the daughters of John Mullanphy (by tradition the first Missouri millionaire)2 and of Colonel Rufus Easton.3 Most Missouri girls, like most Missouri boys of the same period, depended solely on the educational facil­ ities of the local community. Many valuable lessons were learned from either or both parents. Children's schools, for little boys and girls, seemed to have been rather frequent and many girls must have received only such scanty training in the rudimentary branches as they offered.4 Such a school was kept by a Mrs. Rochfort as early as 1804.5 Mrs. Penniman in 1812 assured those parents who entrusted their children to her care "of her most strenuous exertions for their improve­ ment."6 About one year after Mrs. Penniman's advertise­ ment, appeared one of Miss Jane Richard who likewise

Educational opportunities offered to boys of early St. Louis were discussed in Part I of this article in Missouri Historical Review, Vol. 33, No. 3 (April, 1939), pp. 319-320. 2The daughters of John Mullanphy after a brief stay at a convent near New Orleans attended Ursuline Convents in Rouen and Lyons. (Encyclopedia of the History of Saint Louis, Vol. Ill, p. 1592.) 3Templin, Lucinda de Leftwich, "Two Illustrious Pioneers in the Educa­ tion of Women in Missouri: Major George C. Sibley and Mary Easton Sibley," in Missouri Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 3 (April, 1927), pp. 426-427. 4Houck, Louis, History of Missouri, Vol. II, p. 275. In the Missouri Gazette of April 12, 1820, Edmund McManus, in advertising the opening of such a school, promised to give the "strictest attention to the manners, morals and scientific improvement of the pupils." ^Encyclopedia of the History of Saint Louis, Vol. Ill, p. 1592. Scharf, J. Thomas, History of Saint Louis City and County, (Vol. I, p. 834) mentions a man named Rotchford as teaching in St. Louis in 1804. ^Missouri Gazette (St. Louis), March 28, 1812. 478 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW pledged herself "to give every possible attention to the educa­ tion of those children submitted to her care/'7 In conformity with eighteenth and early nineteenth century opinion, Missouri parents, if their financial condition allowed and the opportunity was offered, preferred to educate their daughters in private schools. Schools maintained ex­ clusively for the education of "young ladies" were not numerous in colonial and territorial Missouri. The earliest known one was opened in St. Louis shortly after the time of the American Revolution by Madame Marie Josepha Pinconneau dit Rigauche who with her husband, a trader, had traveled to St. Louis from New Orleans.8 Encouraged by the promise of a monthly salary of fifteen dollars from Baron Carondelet,9 she opened a school in which "the daughters of the French families were instructed in their own tongue.,,1() Her efforts seem to have been fairly successful. The school was still in operation at the time of John Mullanphy's arrival in St. Louis in 1804.11 The promised salary was not received, but com­ pensation was made to Madame Rigauche by De Lassus by a grant of 1,600 arpents of land.12 A second opportunity for female education was offered by a Mrs. Bourne early in 1810. Through an advertisement in the Gazette, Mrs. Bourne notified the public of her intention to open a school for young ladies of St. Louis and the neighboring towns and added that she "indulged the hope that the sedulous attention she intended to pay to those intrusted to her care would insure the patronage of a generous public."13 We have no information concerning the response of the "generous public," but we do not find any

7Missouri Gazette, May 8, 1813. 8Houck, History of Missouri, Vol. II, pp. 275, 276. Encyclopedia of the History of Saint Louis, Vol. Ill, p. 1592. Scharf, History of Saint Louis, Vol. I, p. 823. Houck gives the date of the arrival in St. Louis of Madame Rigauche as 1777, while Scharf gives 1797 as the date for the opening of her school. The authors of this study have used the date given by Scharf. Houck also states that Madame Rigauche was encouraged by Baron Carondelet to open a school. The Dictionary of American Biography (Vol. Ill, p. 508) dates Carondelet's stay in New Orleans from December 30, 1791, until the close of his term as governor, August 5, 1797. 9Houck, History of Missouri, Vol. II, pp. 275, 276. ^Encyclopedia of the History of Saint Louis, Vol. Ill, p. 1592. 11 Encyclopedia of the History of Saint Louis, Vol. Ill, p. 1592. 12Houck, History of Missouri, Vol. II, p. 276. ^Missouri Gazette, March 29, 1810. EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN EARLY MISSOURI 479

advertisements of a competitor for two years. On May 9, 1812, Madame Pescay announced the proposed opening of an "Academy for the instruction of Young Ladies."14 Madame Pescay seems to have been a versatile woman; for some time previous to this venture into the educational field she had operated a store on Main Street. The advertisement of the Academy was intended undoubtedly to appeal to both American and French residents15 and seems to have had an encouraging response. On June 20 announcement was made that the school would open the next Monday.16 Madame Pescay's proposals and promises are interesting. She admitted herself to be "sensible of the importance of the task—and of the many qualifications required." She promised, however, "to supply by attention what she might want in ability." Her course of study consisted of reading, writing, French grammar, arithmetic, and geography. In case any parents so desired she would arrange instruction in the English language taught "grammatically by a capable assistant." She hoped by select reading, either ancient and modern history or morality, to enlighten the minds of her students as well as to form their hearts. Dancing and drawing were both offered, but they were not included in the regular program and for instruction in these subjects additional charges were to be made. Extra- class activities were not neglected but were not to interfere with other duties. These were planned mostly for the board­ ing students and included "lessons in domestic economy" and "salutary amusement taken under the teacher's eyes." The purpose of the "lessons in domestic economy" was to early accustom the girls to habits of order and industry and it was hoped that "salutary amusement" would "recreate them after dinner and in the evening after the labor of the day." The recreation was to be simple. To meet this need Madame Pescay had chosen a house with an orchard "in which in fine weather the young ladies could take pleasure and exercise which were necessary to health." For this well planned program, together with board and room, the charge was one

uMissouri Gazette, May 9, 1812. 15The advertisement was printed in both French and English. 16Missouri Gazette, June 20, 1812. 480 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

hundred forty dollars per annum. Books, paper, quills, ink, and medical services were additional. Day students who ate the noon-day meal at the school paid seventy-two dollars tuition and those who boarded entirely at home paid thirty- six dollars. For the younger students who were "not suscep­ tible of the same instruction" the charge was less. Five years later in the neighboring settlement of St. Charles Mr. and Mrs. Flint opened a school for the "reception of young ladies."17 In addition to Mr. Flint's instruction in the usual branches Mrs. Flint contributed training in "designing patterns, the best principles of painting and plain and ornamental needlework." Mr. Flint it will be remembered was a Presbyterian minister who had been sent to the West as a missionary. This may account in part for the pledge that he and Mrs. Flint "will use every exertion to render the school respectable and will watch over the minds, the morals, and the manners of those pupils whom parents may please to intrust to their care, with tenderness and assiduity."18 Mr. Flint's venture was of short duration. In 1821 he advertised the sale of his home, brick-yard, and bricks.19 Early in the year 1818, Mrs. Peerce announced that she would open a school for young ladies. She proposed instruction in reading, writing, and various kinds of needlework. The suggested sewing courses seem to the casual reader to receive the greater emphasis. They included "counterpanes, ladies dresses, caps, handkerchiefs, toilets, and samplers of the latest fashions."20 Mrs. Peerce seems slightly non-conformist in promising to attempt improvement of her pupils in the branches taught and in giving only minor emphasis to the hope of improving their "moral deportment." Her price seems moderate—five dollars per quarter. Late in the year 1818, Mrs. Perdreauville opened in St. Louis an academy for young ladies in which were taught "reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, sacred and profane history."21 Mrs. Perdreauville also offered to give

^Missouri Gazette, February 15, 1817. ^Missouri Gazette, February 15, 1817. ^Independent Patriot (Jackson), June 16, 1821. ^Missouri Gazette, March 6, 1818. 21 Missouri Gazette, September 11, 1818. EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN EARLY MISSOURI 481 lessons in music, vocal and instrumental, and to tritse girls whose parents so desired, a Mr. Durocher would give lessons in dancing.22 During the next six months two other schools for young ladies asked the patronage of St. Louis residents. In March, 1819, Mrs. Love offered instruction in "spelling, reading grammatically, history and geography, the several branches of needlework, such as white and colored flowering, marking, and open-work."23 Again we see the program shared by academic and practical courses with probably more advanced work in needlework than in the scholastic field. In December, Mrs. Love announced her price as "nine dollars per quarter for those able to learn the different branches" and seven dollars for beginners. The fee was to be paid one month in advance.24 By this time, Mrs. Love was advertising her school to the "inhabitants of Franklin and its vicinity," but her advertise­ ment did not disclose the location of her school. She may have been soliciting patronage for her school in St. Louis yet it is probable that she had migrated to the frontier and was seek­ ing a livelihood. Later in the same year, in St. Louis, Mr. and Mrs. Hinkley attempted a "seminary for instruction in the different branches of an English education and plain and fancy needlework."25 A school which seems to have received a little more pub­ licity was a "Young Ladies French and English Academy" opened in February, 1820, by a Miss P. LeFavre.26 The usual course offering was enlarged by the addition of history and mythology. On August 25, 1821, Miss LeFavre announced that she had room in her school for five or six more young ladies. Her prices as announced at this time were six dollars per quarter for instruction in reading only. For an additional three dollars the young ladies would be given a program of much broader scope—"French and English languages, reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, history and all kinds

^Missouri Gazette, September 18, 1818; Houck, History of Missouri, Vol. Ill, p. 69. 23Missouri Gazette, March 10, 1819. ^Missouri Intelligencer (Franklin), December 10, 1819. ^Missouri Gazette, June 2, 1819. ^Missouri Gazette, January 26, 1820. 482 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

of needlework." The behavior of the young ladies was to receive the "greatest attention."27 In November, 1820, Mrs. Gay "respectfully informed her friends and the public" that she had opened a school "for Young Ladies." "From the retired and pleasant situation of her room, her determined zeal to render every exertion in her power, and her qualification as an instructress," she hoped to "give general satisfaction and to share a portion of public patronage.''28 It is interesting to observe that in the graduated scale of prices, geography, history, and ornamental needle­ work were highest. A year later Mrs. Gay had ventured further into the educational field. She, together with a Mr. Wilson, announced the opening of the St. Louis Academy for both sexes and under the semi-annual examination of the trustees of the public school lands in St. Louis.29 The most fascinating attempt to provide educational facilities for girls in the community neighboring St. Louis, must be credited to William Valentine Du Bourg, Bishop of Louisiana. While on a visit to France he appealed to the Superior General of the Society of the Sacred Heart for nuns who would brave the hardships of the frontier to teach in his Louisiana diocese. Five sisters, with Mother Philippine Duchesne30 as superior, left the security of their homeland and arrived in St. Louis in August, 1818.31 The sisters were lov­ ingly welcomed by both parents and girls.32 Here Mother Duschesne wished to establish her school. Nevertheless, in accordance with the bishops orders, but against the advice and wishes of influential business men,33 the nuns reluctantly left St. Louis and established their school at St. Charles. The cabin which became the home of their little school had been

27St. Louis Enquirer, August 25, 1821. 28St. Louis Enquirer, November 18, 1820. 29St. Louis Enquirer, September 29, 1821. 30A story of the interesting life of Mother Philippine Duchesne has been written by Marjory Erskine. The book contains many descriptions quoted from letters written by Mother Duchesne. 31 Houck, History of Missouri, Vol. II, p. 327; Rothensteiner, John Ernest, History of the Archdiocese of St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 301. 32Erskine, Marjory, Mother Philippine Duchesne, pp. 175, 176. 33Erskine, Mother Philippine Duchesne, p. 175. Mr. Pratte was so inter­ ested in keeping the nuns in St, Louis that (it is reported) he refused to arrange for a carriage to take them to St. Charles to look for a location. EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN EARLY MISSOURI 483 rented two years before to the Protestant clergyman and teacher, Timothy Flint. Daughters of several wealthy St. Louisans were sent to the sisters for instruction. Emilie and Celeste Pratte34 and their cousin, Pelagie Chouteau, Virginie Labbadie, Louise Chenier, Theresa Pratte,35 Emilie St. Cyr,36 and Mathilda and Eulalie Hamilton from Kaskaskia. A day school was conducted for local students who could pay fifteen francs a month and a free parish school was provided for the children of the poor. Here instruction was given in reading, writing, religion, and morals.37 In September of the next year the little school left St. Charles for Florissant where a new home was being built for its use. After three months of heroic existence in a small log cabin, eighteen by eighteen feet, located on a farm belonging to Bishop Du Bourg,38 the teachers and students of the school moved into their new home. It was a two story building of handmade brick and large enough to accommodate about twenty boarders. By May, 1820, the school had grown from nine to twenty- one boarding students, while the day school maintained for the children of the poor had an even larger attendance. Not­ withstanding the sisters' devotion and diligence, the school, while continuing to exist, did not prosper. Poverty or indiffer­ ence of the local community probably contributed to the lack of success. After years of dire poverty and privation the work at Florissant was discontinued and the efforts of the Sisters of the Sacred Heart were centered on their other American branches which included schools at St. Louis and St. Charles. These eleven schools for young ladies during the forty- four year period from 1797, when Madame Rigauche first began the task of educating the girls of St. Louis, until 1821, the close of the colonial and territorial periods, seem not an insignificant record for a frontier community. Undoubtedly other opportunities for the education of girls of St. Louis must have existed—small attempts made by persons who did not advertise in the current newspapers, but no records of

34Erskine, Mother Philippine Duchesne, p. 182. 35Erskine, Mother Philippine Duchesne, pp. 237, 238. 36Erskine, Mother Philippine Duchesne, p. 209. 37Erskine, Mother Philippine Duchesne, p. 197. 38Erskine, Mother Philippine Duchesne, p. 208. 484 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW these were available to the writers and their importance in the life of the community is difficult to estimate. The training given by the schools was often meager in the academic field, yet girls learned the rudiments of reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, possibly history, and sometimes drawing and painting. The moral, manual, and social training was dealt with in a perhaps more adequate manner. Surely the early schoolmasters and mistresses consciously or unconsciously educated for social efficiency— efficiency on a self-sufficing frontier where stern moral stand­ ards complemented the sometimes scanty governmental con­ trol, where articles of wearing apparel and of use in the home were made by the skillful hand of the housewife, and where gracious hospitality and competently managed homes at­ tracted the complimentary attention of visiting travelers.39

SPECIAL SCHOOLS IN THE ST. LOUIS AREA Private schools of the type usually maintained in a newly settled community did not meet the needs of all in the St. Louis area who desired to learn. Consequently we find notices of teachers who offered instruction in special subjects or to groups not reached by the usual schools. Some children who were unable financially to attend private schools could occasionally secure the rudiments of reading and some writing in the Sunday schools and in at least one free parish school. Both Protest­ ants and Catholics were interested in such schools. Mr. Peck opened what he thought was the first Sunday school in St. Charles April 18, 1818, and before long had an enrollment of one hundred.40 Work in this field must have continued; the St. Charles Missourian, in an editorial in 1820, endorsed the small local Sunday school by suggesting that ''through these schools the rising generation may be greatly benefited. Aside from strengthening their minds by memorizing and actually learning to read, which are immensely important considerations, their attention is called from the streets, the

39Paul Wilhelm, Duke of Wuerttemberg, First Journey to North America in the Years 1822 to 182^, p. 197. (Translated from the German by Wm. G. Bek. Typescript in library of the State Historical Society of Missouri.) 40Peck, John Mason, Forty Years of Pioneer Life, pp. 93, 161. EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN EARLY MISSOURI 485 field and immoral example."41 A Sunday school was begun in St. Louis early in the year 1820. Pupils were to be "admit­ ted gratuitously."42 The Sisters of the Sacred Heart during their stays in St. Charles and in Florissant always maintained a free day school.43 Mother Duchesne wrote frequently con­ cerning their under-priviledged children—once that in four months many had learned to read and to write.44 Religious workers of both groups were also interested in giving instruc­ tion to negro and half-breed Indian children.45 The instruc­ tion given was probably largely religious and moral. Instruction which must have met an evident need of the time was that offered in evening schools. These schools offered a variety of subjects and were often taught by individuals who were also operating day schools. Michael Cusake in 1816 proposed teaching "Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Book­ keeping, English Grammar, the theory of Surveying, including trigonometry, heights and distances."46 In 1818 Otis Turner and Warren Hunt announced their intention of opening a "Day and Evening School" to give instruction in such "sciences" as "Common Arithmetic, Geometry, Trigonometry, Surveying, mensuration, etc., with Geometrical and Arithme­ tical calculations," and numerous other subjects, concluding with "Landscapes in their true colors."47 The reader is tempted to wonder if these ambitious advertisers would not have offered to teach anything which they thought might draw students and to make the school a day or night venture to suit such patrons as they might interest. In 1820 and 1821 several night schools for giving instruc­ tion in the French language were proposed. Christoph Schewe, who had been a resident of St. Louis for sixteen years and who had previously taught a day school, planned to teach

A1Missourian (St. Charles), December 23, 1820. 42Missouri Gazette, January 26, 1820. 43Erskine, Mother Philippine Duchesne, pp. 182, 189, 190. 44Erskine, Mother Philippine Duchesne, pp. 197. 45Peck, Forty Years of Pioneer Life, p. 93; Erskine, Mother Philippine Duchesne, p. 190. ^Missouri Gazette, September 14, 1816. Mention is made in the Gazette for February 11, 1815, of an earlier night school. It was conducted by C. Stewart whose day school was mentioned in Part I of this article which discusses boys schools. ^Missouri Gazette, December 4, 1818. 486 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

French from 6:30 to 9:30 each night.48 One of the professors of St. Louis College proposed a course of lectures in the French language to which none would "be admitted but young gentlemen already grown up." The lecture days were to be Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday from 6:00 to 7:30 p. m. and the charge of twelve dollars per quarter was to be paid in advance.49 Two months later the advertisement still promised the beginning of the lectures as the "21st inst."50 We do not know whether the advertisement, through neglect, was carried without change or whether the desired number of "young gentlemen already grown up" had not yet signified their in- interest in such instruction.51 During the same period Mr. Peck, who has been mentioned frequently in this paper, was offering a course of lectures on history. Francis M. Geyol in 1821 showed a little more discretion by announcing that his class in French would begin as soon as a class of ten was secured. His price was twelve dollars per quarter.52 One may ask why this interest in French. By 1820 the incoming non-French settlers outnumbered the French.53 Since, however, many of the influential business men were from the old French families it is not surprising that ambitious young Americans felt it worth while to learn a little French. "The elegant and improved art of penmanship" is another subject which seemed popular among special students. N. B. Nichols opened such a school in 1814 in which he promised that "persons at a proper age and common capacity" might acquire with a little practice (and eighteen lessons of two hours each) "a fair, regular, and elegant hand writing."54 The editor, who seldom made comments on his advertisements, inserted an item in the local news column highly recommending the

^Missouri Gazette, October 20, 1819; January 5, 1820. 49Missouri Gazette, November 22, 1820. 50Missouri Gazette, January 17, 1821. 51One might wonder whether the seeming lack of interest in lectures on the French language on the part of young gentlemen could be connected in any way with the fact that a Mr. Guibert began advertising on November 18 the opening of a dancing school. Missouri Gazette, November 18, 1820. 52St. Louis Enquirer, April 28, 1821. 63Viles, Jonas, "Missouri in 1820," in Missouri Historical Review, Vol. 15, No. 1 (October, 1920), p. 41. ^Missouri Gazette, May 7, May 28, 1814. EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN EARLY MISSOURI 487 work of Mr. Nichols, saying that "astounding progress of his pupils is the best proof of his superior plan of instruction."55 It was noticed, however, that the editor of another publication did not personally commend the work of another writing teacher, a Mr. Laurent, who engaged "to rectify the worst writing in the short space of six days."56 Mr. Laurent adver­ tised that he had the exclusive privilege of teaching in Missouri a new method called "Tachygraphy" which had been invented by a Mr. Spraugh and patented June 20, 1818. Miscellaneous offerings include a military school in St. Charles, conducted for some time preceding September 8, 1821, by Major Augustus Me.57 A number of years earlier M. Guyol had offered his instruction to "a few young gentle­ men in arithmetic, geometry, plane and spheric trigonometry, algebra with drawing fortifications, etc., so as to prepare them for entrance into the engineer corps of the United States army."58 M. Guyol was versatile—he also offered to paint portraits in oil and to give lessons to his friends and the public "in architecture planimetry, landscapes, etc."59 At least two other opportunities were given to the people of St. Louis to learn something about architecture. A Mr. Deneumoulin opened an Academy of Architecture where the "fine art of Drawing was taught ... on the most reasonable terms."60 A rival "Evening Architectural Drawing Academy" was proposed by James Frewin for "mechanics of St. Louis and those who wish to acquire a competent knowledge of the useful science of architectural drawing."61 The special subjects which seem to have been most popular throughout the entire period were dancing and music. In a community which included a significant number of pleasure- enjoying French it is not surprising to learn that instruction in dancing was desired. A number of the schools for girls offered dancing lessons by special arrangement. Private

b5Missouri Gazette, May 14, 1814. &6St. Louis Enquirer, February 3, 1821. 57Missourian, September 12, 1821. 5SMissouri Gazette, March 7, 1812. 59Missouri Gazette, March 7, 1812. 60Missouri Gazette, November 6, 1818. 61 Missouri Gazette, November 13, 1818. 488 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW lessons in the home could be arranged through the school.62 Advertisements of dancing schools appear as early as 1809 and continue at intervals throughout the remainder of the period. Pierre St. Martin, teacher of the first noticed school, begged "leave to inform citizens of St. Louis" that he would teach "all the new European dances (particularly the waltz) in the handsomest style."63 Mr. Durocher opened a dancing school in October, 1817,64 and was still teaching in 1819.65 Styles in dancing had seemingly changed by 1819 when John Boudon promised to teach "many new and fasionable cotillions and figures,"66 while two years later a Mr. Montaes, who had had experience in "Europe and in many of the most fashionable cities in the United States," asserted that he was "master of the most easy and graceful steps, figures, and variations which greatly improve the graces of young ladies and gentle­ men."67 Practicing balls and cotillion parties under the direction of a dancing school began to receive attention in 1819 and 1820. Parents were "respectfully invited"68 to attend the balls, but non-members were charged two dollars admittance. At the time one dollar was added to the former price "to procure refreshments for the ladies." Classes for young ladies and for children were held on Saturday mornings from 9:30 to 12:30 and on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons from 3:00 to 6:00.69 The "graces of the young ladies" should have improved noticeably with three or three and one-half hour lessons twice a week. One of the early dancing teachers, Mr. Martin, offered to teach fencing and the use of the broadsword.70 Teachers of music did not solicit public patronage through the newspapers as early as the dancing teachers, although

62Madame Pescay advertised such an arrangement as early as 1812. (Mis­ souri Gazette, May 9, 1812, September 18, 1818.) 63Missouri Gazette, September 20, 1809. ^Missouri Gazette, October 25; November 1, 8, 22, 29, 1817; December 6, 1819. 65Missouri Gazette, January 15, 1819. ^Missouri Gazette, October 27, 1819. 67Missouri Gazette, July 11, 1821. 6SSt. Louis Enquirer, November 18, 1820. 69Missouri Gazette, July 11, 1821. 70Missouri Gazette, September 20, 1809. EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN EARLY MISSOURI 489 mention of pianos and of piano playing is found. Notice of a piano for sale appeared in 1810.71 Another notice of a piano for sale was carried by the Gazette from August to November, 1815.72 This may show a lack of interest in piano music but more probably indicates that this piano, at least, was higher in price than St. Louis people would or could pay. Some pianos must have been owned and some instruction in their use must have been available because at a "Grand Concert" given in St. Louis in 1817 by two artists, Messrs. Thomas and Louther, several amateurs assisted.73 The earliest noticed newspaper advertisement for music pupils in St. Louis was made by A. C. Vanhirtum in 1818. Mr. Vanhirtum, "late from Amster­ dam," offered to teach forte piano, organ, and clarinet.74 His price was eight dollars for twelve tickets and his moral character was vouched for by the resident bishop. Four months later he thanked the citizens of St. Louis for their liberal encouragement and enlarged his offerings to include "theory and practice of piano, composition, method of cor­ recting and making accompaniments for almost every musical instrument."75 Instruction on the German flute was offered by Mr. King in the St. Louis Enquirer of March 31, 1819. Later this same year Mr. S. Willson, "anxious to improve society by all means within his power,"76 invited all who wished to improve them­ selves in the science of vocal music to meet at the Baptist meeting house on the evening of October 30, to hear his terms. What resulted from this generous offer we do not know, but a few months later Mr. D. Curden advertised a school for teaching the theory and practice of vocal music, to meet in the same place, the Baptist Church. This notice used a quaint style of announcing the time—"at 3:00 p. m. and at candlelight" every Tuesday and Friday.77 At least one girls' school, that of Madame Perdreauville, offered lessons in vocal

nMissouri Gazette, June 30, 1810. nMissouri Gazette, August 12, 1815; November 25, 1815. 73Missouri Gazette, February 22, 1817. uMissouri Gazette, January 16, 1818. 75Missouri Gazette, May 29, 1818. ^Missouri Gazette, October 27, 1819. 77'Missouri Gazette, May 31, 1820. 490 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW and instrumental music.78 Shortly after the period covered in this study, members of the family of Simon Philipson, formerly of Philadelphia but residing in St. Louis in 1822, were described by an English traveler, Sir William George Drummond Stewart, as "extraordinary pianists."79 Two other activities, while not grouped as schools, could have given valuable training to the young people of St. Louis— debating societies and theatrical societies. The debating society maintained by the schoolmaster, George Tompkins, is said to have been "famous for the ability of its members and the brilliance of its discussions." Joshua Barton and Edward Bates, both well known political leaders in a later period, were trained there.80 Amateur theatrical performances seem to have been popular in St. Louis during the early nineteenth century.81 Two societies, the Roscian82 under the management of Julius Pescay and Joshua Norvell and the Thespian83 put on frequent public performances and reported good attendance.84 The usual program included a five-act tragedy and a two-act farce.85 Shakespearean plays were occasionally performed.86 To attempt evaluation of their contribution toward educa­ tional advancement would be unwise.

SCHOOLS OUTSIDE THE ST. LOUIS AREA Although education was given far less attention in the settlements outside of the vicinity of St. Louis, schools of the elementary type almost kept pace with the westward advance of the population. When Brackenridge visited in Missouri in 1810-1811, he found that most of the settlements had schools where reading, writing, and arithmetic were taught.87

''^Missouri Gazette, September 18, 1818. 79Krohn, Ernst C, "A Century of Missouri Music," in Missouri Historical Review, Vol 17, No. 2, (January, 1923), p. 135. 80Scharf, History of St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 824. slMissouri Gazette, February 4, 1815; February 25, 1815; May 5, 1819. S2Missouri Gazette, February 10, 1816; April 6, 1816. ^Missouri Gazette, December 28, 1816. uMissouri Gazette, February 4, 1815. 85Missouri Gazette, January 18, 1817. 86Missouri Gazette, July 24, 1818. 87Brackenridge, Henry M., Views of Louisiana; Together with a Journal of a Voyage Up the Missouri River in 1811, p. 117. EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN EARLY MISSOURI 491

It has been said that by the time Missouri became a state, nearly every town had a teacher.88 Schools continued in the earlier settled regions, as in Ste. Genevieve, and were gradually established in other settlements. The village schools of the colonial French have already been described and these schools under the care of the priest continued among the French during the territorial period. As has been observed in the accounts of the St. Louis schools, Protestant ministers taught schools in addition to establishing their churches.89 These Protestant ministers were also responsible for the Sunday schools which gradually appeared. Peck credits Chariton with establishing (spring, 1817) the first Sunday school west of St. Louis.90 Sarah Barton Murphy has also been said to have organized the first Protestant Sunday school west of the Mississippi about 1800 in the vicinity of the present Farmington.91 Houck says that schools were established very early in the American settlements of Cape Girardeau District. The Mt. Tabor school in the Ramsay settlement near Cape Girardeau is said to have been established as early as 1799, and Houck states that "it is a well established fact" that this school was the first English school established west of the Mississippi river. Joseph McFerron is supposed to have taught at Mt. Tabor though the exact dates of his service are not known.92 Houck also mentioned a school near Bridgeton in 1806,93 and one was taught on Sandy Creek (Jefferson county) in the same year.94 The first school to be chartered by the territorial legislature was the Ste. Genevieve Academy incorporated in 1808.95

88Viles, Jonas, "Missouri in 1820," in Missouri Historical Review, Vol. 15, No. 1 (October, 1920), p. 47. 89See Part I of this article in Missouri Historical Review, Vol. 33, No. 3 (April, 1939), pp. 319-320. 90Peck, Forty Years of Pioneer Life, p. 143. 91Letter from H. D. Evans, Jefferson City, Missouri, September 6, 1921, in Missouri Historical Review, Vol. 16, No. 2 (January, 1922), p. 321. 92Houck, History of Missouri, Vol. II, p. 182; Douglass, R. S., History of Southeast Missouri, Vol. I, p. 77. 93Houck, History of Missouri, Vol. II, pp. 78, 260. 94Houck, History of Missouri, Vol. Ill, p. 67. 95Digest of the Laws of Missouri Territory, 1818, p. 397. 492 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

More schools were established after 1815, probably due to the influx of immigrants who came between 1815-1819. The available records of schools are few and no connected story can be given, yet the brief references found are worthy of attention. A private school was established in Ste. Gene­ vieve in 1815 by Joseph Hertich.96 In 1815, a school was also established at Herculaneum and subscription schools were taught in Jackson as soon as it was laid out in 1815.97 In 1817, the territorial legislature authorized the conveyance of a certain amount of land to be used for erecting a schoolhouse in Jackson.98 The first school in Cooper county was said to have been taught in 1813, though it lasted only one month.99 Another school was taught in that county again in 1817.10° In 1816, James McAlister opened an academy in Potosi,101 and, in 1818, John L. Watkins advertised that he would teach both boys and girls in the Potosi seminary.102 The trustees of Potosi Academy were incorporated in 1817.103 Two schools were established in 1818: John M. Peck and James Welch established a training school for teachers and preachers at St. Charles,104 and the Sisters of the Sacred Heart opened a school for girls at St. Charles.105 Work was begun on the building for St. Mary's Seminary in 1818, but the school was not incorporated until 1822.106 In 1819, another school was heard of on the frontier when William Chambers advertised one in Chariton.107 The legislature of 1820 incorporated academies in Jackson,108 St. Charles,109 and Franklin.110 Other schools were established which were not incorporated.

96Houck History of Missouri, Vol. Ill, p. 68. 97Houck, History of Missouri, Vol. Ill, p. 69. 9SLaws of the Territory of Missouri, 1816-1817, p. 68. "Houck, History of Missouri, Vol. Ill, p. 70. 100Houck, History of Missouri, Vol. Ill, p. 70. 101 Missouri Gazette, March 30, 1816. 102Missouri Gazette, January 16, 1818. 103Laws of the Territory of Missouri, 1816-1817, p. 62. 104Missouri Historical Review, Vol. 33, No. 3, (April 1939), p. 324. 105Discussed on pp. 482-483. 106Rothensteiner, History of the Archdiocese of St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 274; Laws of the State of Missouri, 2nd G. A., 1st Session, 1822, p. 13. 107Missouri Intelligencer, June 25, 1819. 10SLaws of the State of Missouri, 1st G. A., 1st Sess., 1820, pp. 10, 11. 1Q9Laws of the State of Missouri, 1st G. A., 1st Sess., 1820, pp. 18-21. mLaws of the State of Missouri, 1st G. A., 1st Sess., 1820, pp. 20-21. EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN EARLY MISSOURI 493

In Franklin, A. D. Young,111 Mrs. Flournoy,112 and Donald Fisher113 taught during 1820, and Houck says that J. B. C. Washington opened a school then also.114 During the late summer of 1820, Charles D. Hass announced himself as quali­ fied to teach sword exercise and cavalry discipline, having been educated in a military academy at Philadelphia and being possessed of army experience. He expressed his intention of opening the "Franklin Military Academy" at Mr. Mean's Inn.115 In 1821, Donald Fisher was continuing, while new schools were opened by J. S. Findlay and by J. T. Cleveland.116 Greater interest was probably taken in education than could be translated into definite action. Articles appeared in the newspapers from time to time lauding towns where "seminaries of learning"117 were established and commenting upon systems of education.118 Education and schools were favorably mentioned in articles and orations.119 Toward the end of the territorial period, newspapers outside of St. Louis voiced the interest of subscribers in education. A farmer of the Cape Girardeau region expressed his belief in the value of education and in the need for schools.120 The editor of the Missouri Intelligencer urged the importance of education and proposed that a seminary of learning be established in Frank­ lin.121 A citizen of Franklin advised the people of Franklin to provide a seminary for the seventy or eighty children in the community. This citizen possessed the vision of the true westerner when he suggested that such a school might well grow into a university in the new State.122 The economic arguments which he advanced showed a keen interest in the school lands, which make one wonder if his interest in educa­ tion were solely cultural. The people of Potosi were able to

111 Missouri Intelligencer, March 25, 1820. 112Missouri Intelligencer, July 22, 1820. mMissouri Intelligencer, September 30; October 7, 1820. 114Houck, History of Missouri, Vol. Ill, p. 70. 115Missouri Intelligencer, July 29, 1820. mMissouri Intelligencer, January 29, March 19, and June 1, 1821. 111 Missouri Gazette, July 4, 1811; July 13, 1816. 118Missouri Gazette, November 22, 1817. n9Missouri Gazette, January 23, July 17, July 24, 1818. 120Missouri Herald (Jackson), June 24, 1820. 121 Missouri Intelligencer, July 1, 1820. mMissouri Intelligencer, July 1, 1820. 494 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW secure recognition from the territorial legislature to the extent of authorization of a lottery for the benefit of Potosi Academy when private subscriptions were not sufficient.123 The act of Congress which provided for the donation of lands to be used for public schools inspired Governor Alexander McNair to urge the establishment of a common school in each township and to endorse the establishment of a state seminary when he addressed the first legislature of the State.124 Occasionally, an expression of interest in female education was found. Articles usually presented arguments favoring the education of women125 or applauded the establishment of girls' schools else­ where.126 Separate schools for girls did not develop on the frontier or in any of the settlements outside of the area of St. Louis until the latter part of the territorial period. When Ste. Genevieve Academy was founded in 1808, provision was made in the law that an institution would be provided for girls as soon as funds would permit.127 Graham says that Ste. Gene­ vieve did not afford secondary education for girls until after 1837.128 Perhaps some girls may have gone elsewhere to be educated. As early as 1793, a daughter of Francois Valle had attended dancing school in St. Louis,129 but there seem to be no records of girls from Ste. Genevieve going to other towns to attend secondary schools before 1823. It is possible that some may have gone elsewhere in Missouri or to schools in other states, for Emily Austin, daughter of Moses Austin, attended school in Kentucky between 1804 and 1808 and in New Orleans in 1811-1812.130 In the period surveyed by this article, the only school advertised for girls alone beyond St.

mLaws of the Territory of Missouri, 1816-1817, pp. 24, 25. 12iThe Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri, Vol. I, pp. 25-26; Missourian, November 11, 1821. mMissouri Gazette, November 22, 1817; Missouri Intelligencer, September 9; December 9, 1820. mSt. Louis Enquirer, November 10, 13, 1819. 127Digest of the Laws of Missouri Territory, 1818, pp. 397-398. mGraham, Hugh, "Ste. Genevieve Academy: Missouri's First Secondary School," in Mid-America, Vol. 4, No. 2 (October, 1932), p. 78. 129Dorrance, Ward A., The Survival of French in the Old District of Sainte Genevieve, p. 36. 130Barker, Eugene C, The Austin Papers, in Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1919, Vol. II, Part I, pp. 2, 3. EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN EARLY MISSOURI 495

Louis and its immediate vicinity of St. Charles131 was that announced in the frontier settlement of Franklin.132 This ''boarding school for the tuition of young ladies" was to begin its work on July 24, 1820, under the direction of Mrs. W. H. Flournoy. Mrs. Flournoy apparently had the support of a number of women who were to provide a visiting committee and to arrange for public examinations twice each year. Ac­ cording to the advertisement, the curricula were designed to meet the needs of women in a new country and the subjects taught were both "useful and ornamental." Three curricula and optional special subjects were offered. "Reading, Writ­ ing and Plain Work" were inexpensive, costing only $3.75 per quarter. English grammar and needlework might be added for $5.00, while the addition of arithmetic, geography, and ornamental needlework would make the tuition $6.25 per quarter. Lessons in special subjects were higher priced; embroidery and filigree were $8.00; piano lessons, $12.00; drawing and painting, $10.00. Boarders would be received at the rate of $100 per year, with the students furnishing their own beds and bedding.133 This advertisement indicates that the piano had invaded the frontier and that the French lan­ guage might even be taught as a special branch. How suc­ cessful the school may have been could not be ascertained. Coeducation met with greater popularity on the frontier than strictly female education, for at least five such schools were established outside the vicinity of St. Louis. The school established at Potosi, January 1, 1818, by John L. Watkins,134 constituted the first such coeducational effort. This school was to be open to "young persons of both sexes" and was to be held in the building used by the Potosi seminary which had been established earlier.135 Not only would the students learn

mThe Sisters of the Sacred Heart established the first school outside of St. Louis definitely provided for girls alone. This school was founded in St. Charles in 1818 and has been discussed in preceding pages. 1Z2Missouri Intelligencer, July 22, 1820. Mrs. Love's advertisement in the Missouri Intelligencer, December 10, 1819, preceded Mrs. Flournoy's announce­ ment and if Mrs. Love taught in Franklin, her school would take precedence over the one advertised by Mrs. Flournoy. 133Missouri Intelligencer, July 22, 1820. mMissouri Gazette, January 16, 1818. 135Missouri Gazette, March 30, 1816. 496 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW arithmetic and geography, but Latin, Greek, geometry, alge­ bra, surveying, and trigonometry. Two years later, in Jack­ son, the Reverend and Mrs. Timothy Flint opened a school for both "lads and misses" on August 7, 1820.136 The courses offered were to be rather elementary in the beginning but the Flints hoped that a permanent classical seminary might be established. Students could board in the Flint home where their morals, habits, and general improvement would be given careful attention. The Reverend Flint137 taught such subjects as grammar, geography, composition and the languages, while Mrs. Flint taught the girls needlework, and possibly elementary designing and painting.138 Franklin also became interested in coeducation. Accord­ ing to Houck, a coeducational school was established there in 1820 by J. B. C. Washington.139 In 1821, Donald Fisher offered to teach young men the classics at the same time that he was teaching boys and girls the rudiments of learning. He was not altogether pleased with his arrangement, however, for he expressed a desire to teach the boys and girls in separate rooms. He also arranged to take boarding school students in 1821.140 In March, 1821, J. S. Findlay opened a school for the instruction of "both young ladies and gentlemen."141 Most of the students were day pupils except a few young ladies who might board in the Findlay home. Like the Flints, Find- lay was concerned with the manners and morals of the stu­ dents within his home. His students must not have been numerous and his school was not financially successful for he became bankrupt in June, 1821.142 It has been difficult to determine if the arrangement for the instruction of the young ladies boarding in the Findlay home constituted a separate school for girls. A Young Ladies' Institute of Learning, presumably taught by J. S. Findlay, has been referred to as the first prominent school for

136Missouri Herald, July 29, 1820. 137Flint has been referred to previously; he taught in St. Louis and in St. Charles. 13sMissouri Herald, July 29, 1820. 139Houck, History of Missouri, Vol. Ill, p. 70. U0Missouri Intelligencer, January 29, February 26, 1821. ulMissouri Intelligencer, March 19, 1821. 142Missouri Intelligencer, June 11, 1821. EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN EARLY MISSOURI 497 girls in the southern part of Howard county.143 Another school which would offer instruction to boys and girls was to be opened on June 4, 1821, near Franklin, with J. T. Cleveland as teacher.144 The education and training of Indian children was never undertaken on a large scale in Missouri and the few schools established were not particularly successful. The United Society for the Spread of the Gospel, which was "formed to spread common schools in the western part of America among the whites and Indians," tried to establish an Indian school near Pilot Knob in 1818 and 1819.145 Efforts to do so failed, however, and no further attempts were made by the Society. The only school definitely established for Indian children in the period under discussion was the school known as Harmony Mission located in the present Bates county. This school began to operate in the early fall of 1821 and was under the direction of a group sent out by the United Foreign Missionary Society which was sponsored by the Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed, and Associate Reformed Churches.146 The mission was established in response to a call from the Osage Indians. The Jesuit Indian school for boys known as St. Regis Seminary was not organized until 1824 in Florissant.147 The Sisters of the Sacred Heart also began to teach Indian girls in 1824.148 By the end of the territorial period, schools had been established not only in St. Louis, but in St. Charles, Floris­ sant, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau county, Jackson, Potosi, Herculaneum, Cooper county, and Howard county, as well as in some more isolated areas, as Harmony Mission on the Osage river in western Missouri. Schools for boys predomi­ nated, though children of both sexes received elementary

H3Ridgway, Walter, "Howard County Has Two Celebrations," in Mis­ souri Historical Review, Vol. 11, No. 1 (October, 1916), p. 55. mMissouri Intelligencer, June 1, 1821. 145Peck, Forty Years of Pioneer Life, p. 93. 146Hill, John B., The Presbytery of Kansas City and Its Predecessors, 1821- 1901, p. 11; Garraghan, Gilbert, The Jesuits of the Middle United States, Vol. I, p. 187. 147Rothensteiner, History of the Archdiocese of St. Louis, Vol. I, pp. 340-34 1. 148Rothensteiner, History of the Archdiocese of St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 343. 498 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW training. Schools for girls had been established in St. Louis, St. Charles, and Franklin, and five coeducational schools had developed outside St. Louis and its immediate vicinity. The legislature of the territory had incorporated five academies before Missouri formally became a state.

(The End.) LETTERS OF GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 499

LETTERS OF GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM TO JAMES S. ROLLINS

EDITED BY C. B. ROLLINS PART VIII LETTERS: JANUARY 3, 1878-MAY 6, 1879

3030 Franklin Ave. St Louis Jan 3 1878 Maj J. S. Rollins My dear Sir I arrived in St Louis feejing quite well, and have so con­ tinued until this writing. In fact I think that I am feeling about as well as I ever felt in my life. My appetite being unusually good, and my cough so slight as to give me no trouble either in the day or night. I did not visit Doct Phelps as I expected to do when I left you, but instead, and in pursuance of the advice of some of my best friends here, called upon Doct McAuliff, an ac­ count of whom, and of some of the extraordinary cures he has performed, I enclose you in a slip from the Evening Dis­ patch. I am assured that his healing powers are fully equal to those claimed by Doct. Phelps—that he is an old and well known citizen whose integrity is beyond question. I have now been under his magnetic treatment two days. He informs me that it will take five days to enable him to determine, with certainty, whether he can relieve me from my old cough or not. He says that the effects produced by his treatment is as much a mystery to himself as it is to others. That he has sometimes cured, even in a few minutes, persons whose diseases had defied medical treatment for years, while there were others upon whom he could produce no effect whatever. Whether he releives me or not I have no fears that my cough will ever seriously trouble me except when I take cold, and then its only effect is the fatigue consequent upon the muscular 500 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW action which it produces. I would like you to send the en­ closed slip to my more than friend Mrs M. A. Lykins as the deepest interest is felt by her in all that relates to my health, and as you are an expert in addressing ladies, you may allude to the fact of our matrimonial engagement in such terms as you may think proper, knowing as I do, that what you may say will be most acceptable to her. I would be glad if there was some interest of sufficient importance to take you to Washington this month. If you could be there I have scarcely a doubt but you would be able to procure for me the appointment of assistant commissioner to the Paris Exposition. There is no one there who would take any thing like the interest in that you would, or who would be able to exercise an influence equal to yours. I will be in the City until Mon­ day. Write to me and address your letter to care of Mrs. M. E. Birch, 3030 Franklin Ave. Yours G. C. Bingham

Lykins Institute Kansas City Jan 13, 1878 Maj J. S. Rollins My dear Sir I am here, as you perceive by the above, enjoying the hospitality of my more than friend and will remain until we hear something definitely from Washington in regard to the appointment of Commissioners to the Paris Exposition. Rollins is with me and seems very much pleased although I have not informed him of the relationship that is likely to take place between us and the principal of the Institute, he has, however, the benefit of the reports in circulation in regard to it. My miserable brother-in-law presumed to volunteer his counsel upon the subject, but I gave him to understand that his was not advice which I deemed worthy of a moments consideration. I discovered that he had attempted to poison the mind of Rollins against the lady whom he supposed would be his step mother, and I resented it in a manner which is LETTERS OF GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 501

likely to make a permanent breach between us. I have known Mrs Lykins so intimately and favorably for so many years, that, had there been no engagement existing between us, I would have resented any statement to her prejudice, coming from any source. I certainly can have no reason to fear that the lady who has dedicated the best years of her life to the service of orphan children, having no claims upon her, will be faithless to the son of her own husband. I am satisfied that were I to search the wide world, I could not find a mate better qualified to fill the place of the dear one whom I have lost than Mrs Lykins, and I feel confident that Rollins will be drawn to her as other motherless children have been, and learn to appreciate her as I do. I will not be altogether idle while I am here as there are two portraits at the residence of Doct. Wood which Doct Laws desired me to copy for him. They are the portraits of the father and mother of Mrs Laws.1 Rollins tells me that he has written to you since he received your last letter. You will do me a great favor if you will occasionally write to him, as I know that your counsel will be heeded. He is now looking very well, and I trust that a years excercise in the open air of Texas will enable him to resume his studies without danger to his health or life. Mrs Lykins tells me that she has written to you. Your letter was extremely gratifying to her. Your generous efforts in her behalf, while in the state senate, had already placed you with the highest in her estimation but the kind words of your letter have se­ cured you a warm as well as high place in her regards. I write this in haste hoping to hear from you soon. My love to Cousin Mary and all the dear members of your dear family. Gratefully yours G. C. Bingham

xNee Ann Maria Broadwell (1825-1917), a daughter of William Broodwell and a native of Fulton, Missouri; married Dr. Laws while he was president of Westminster College. Dr. Laws was her second husband, her first being John Doubleday. Mrs. Laws was a sister of Moses Broadwell, a business man of Kansas and one time business partner of Dr. Laws. 502 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Kansas City Jan 15 1878 Maj J. S. Rollins My dear Sir I enclose you the letter from Glover recommending me for the appointment of Commissioner, he having forgotten to address it to your care. I presume it is too late to be of any service. You can, however, excercise your own judg­ ment as to whether it should be forwarded or not. I see that Col Stevens2 of Boonville and Cheauto of St Louis have been appointed honorary commissioners. I am yet feeling quite well and hope so to continue. Rollins is out at the Lykins Institute and appears to be having a fine time there. I wrote to you yesterday and hope to hear from you soon. I also hope that you will soon be in St Louis to test upon yourself the magnetic power of Docts' Phelps or McAuliff. Love to all Yours G. C. Bingham

Lykins Institute Kansas City Jan 20 1878 Maj J. S. Rollins My dear Sir Your welcome letter of the 16th inst. came to hand in due time. I had noticed in the Republican the appointment of Cheuto of St Louis and Col. Stephens of Boonville as honorary Commissioners to the Paris Exposition, and took the same view of it that you have done, and did not suppose that it would lessen my chances for the appointment of Assistant Commissioner. Whether appointed or not I will ever remain

2Joseph Lafayette Stephens (1826-1906), law partner of George G. Vest, and candidate for governor of Missouri in 1872. In 1865, Stephens organized the Central National Bank of Boonville, Missouri, which continued under his management until his death. On each side of the entrance to the bank, stood for many years two large, bronze mastiffs, figuratively guarding the resources of the bank. These bronze dogs were presented to Col. Stephens by Jay Gould in appreciation of some service Stephens rendered him in one of his railroad projects. LETTERS OF GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 503 truly grateful to you for your disinterested efforts in my behalf. They are, however, but in keeping with your past kindness to me during a period of nearly half a century. No man could be blessed with a truer and more constant friend than I have ever found in yourself, and I trust that the ties which unite us here, of gratitude on my side, and favor on yours, such as always evinced for my interests the tenderest solicitude of a brother, will continue in that delightful world which I rejoice in feeling assured will be our future home. Rollins is with me and is delighted with the congenial society which he finds at the Lykins Institute, and has already become quite a favorite with the pupils, chiefly young ladies about his own age or a year or two younger. Mrs Piper doubtless loves him, but she was really no company for him, leaving him no amusement but books, which I desired him to avoid as much as possible, for the present. I gave you an account a few days ago of the disagreeable matter between Mr Piper and myself, which I then supposed would terminate our intercourse forever. He has since given me such an apology as he was able to give for his conduct, and on his wifes account I will hereafter treat him with respect, but will put myself in his presence as seldom as possible. I was alarmed at the thought of his filling the mind of my dear boy with his own unworthy predjudices against the lady who was to fill the place of his mother, but I am satisfied now that my fears were needless. Rollins had often accompanied his mother in her visits to Mrs Lykins and knew her sufficiently well to be fortified against any efforts that his uncle could make to lessen her in his estimation. Neither Mr Piper nor his wife could urge any thing against her stronger than that she persisted in being sovereign where it was her duty and her right to rule. Since her marriage with Doct Lykins she has never been other than a step-mother, and the children (now grown) to whom she stood in the place of a mother entertain for her the highest respect and the tenderest affection. The pupils under her charge all become strongly attached to her, although there is no suspension of discipline in their favor. I regard myself as having been most highly favored in secur­ ing the love of one of the dearest and most intimate friends 504 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW of my sainted wife, a love that would be an honor to any man however exalted his position. You doubtless exaggerate as usual in my favor, when you say that "the widows at Stevens College3 are disconsolate on account of my absence, and de­ clare that my place cannot be filled." Were you only a widower, as I am, how soon their tune would be changed. Yet it is very agreeable to me to know that I was not disagreeable to them. I expressed your thanks for the "delightful letter" you received from Mrs Lykins by showing her yours. That hers was delightful I have no doubt, if it resembled, even in a remote degree, those which she has written to me. I trust the time will come when she will be one of your frequent corre­ spondents, and stand in the affection of you and yours as did her beloved predecessor whose place she has consented to take. I will remain here as you suggest until we receive definite news in regard to the appointment of the Commissioners to the Paris Exposition. Mrs Lykins requests me to express her thanks to you for the beatiful photograph of the bright little Ulilee, and joins me in love to yourself, Cousin Mary and all who are near and dear to you. As ever yours G. C. Bingham

Lykins Institute Kansas City Jan 27 1878 Maj J. S. Rollins My dear Sir Your favor of the 23rd inst. came to hand in due time. In regard to the war claim of Missouri I have written a letter to Gov. Phelps a copy of which I enclose to you. You will perceive that I propose to attend to the claim, leaving it to

3Mr. Bingham was boarding at Stephens College at this time. After his marriage to Mrs. Lykins in the following June, he took his bride to live there. Here an amusing incident occurred. One evening at dinner, the waitress, in passing the dishes, caught the button on her sleeve in a curl of Mr. Bingham's wig and it was whisked half way round the table before it could be recovered, much to the amusement of the girls, but to the great embarrassment of the blushing bride. Bingham was the only one not in the least disturbed. He remarked in an off-hand way that you could hardly expect another's hair to stay on his head when his own would not do so. LETTERS OF GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 505

our state Legislature to determine what amount of compensa­ tion I shall receive. There is danger that the matter may be involved in confusion unless some one shall be sent to Wash­ ington, familiar with it in all its bearings. I have but little expectation that Gov Phelps will send me. And I will resign the position if sent, if appointed commissioner to Paris. I am very agreeably situated here, as you may well suppose. Rol­ lins is with me, looking better than I ever saw him. He is growing rapidly, and lacks but two pounds and a half of being as heavy as his father. He has greatly improved in drawing and I think will make a distinguished artist should his aspira­ tions tend in that direction. I think he is becoming greatly pleased with the lady, who, if Providence permits, is to be his step-mother. He has not been informed in reference thereto except so far as rumor may have reached his ears. I regret that you are still under the weather somewhat. The sudden changes in our atmosphere have given me another cold, and I am not feeling as well as when I last wrote, but hope to be all right in a day or two. Mrs Lykins joins me in love to your­ self Cousin Mary and all the dear household. Hope to hear from you soon. Ever yours G. C. Bingham

Lykins Institute Kansas City Jan. 31, 1878 Maj J. S. Rollins My dear Sir, It is stated in a communication to the St Louis Globe Democrat that all the commissioners to the Paris Exposition have been appointed except three, and that neither of these are to be taken from Missouri. If this be true I am not to re­ ceive the appointment, and as I have been detained in waiting until the winter has nearly closed I have almost concluded that it would be as well or better for me to give up my trip to San Antonio and go to Washington, as there is a claim pending there in favor of Mr Thomas's4 estate, in which I have the

4Father of Bingham's second wife. 506 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW largest interest, and which I may aid by being present. I can also make my stay there both pleasant and profitable by painting portraits. I see it stated that there are five vacan­ cies for Missouri in the Naval School at Indianapolis. I am inclined to believe that it would perhaps be well for Rollins if an appointment to this school could be obtained for him.5 He is well prepared for all the examination required and the sea air and excercise required in learning the practical duties of a Sailor would likely be better calculated to invigorate his physical system than such excercise as he would take were he sent to Texas. What do you think of it. I rely greatly on your advice. Rollins is not averse to it., He is now in very good health and looking very well. I wrote to you day before yesterday enclosing letter to Gov. Phelps offering him my services in prosecuting the war claim of Mo. I am very well and getting the better of my recent cold. Hope that you are also improving. If you think a place in the Naval School would likely be best for Rollins, you might serve me by addressing a line to Franklin and Gen. Cockerell. Love to all, ever yours G. C. Bingham [Postscript written in margin] I will write to Franklin but do not know that he will be disposed to serve me.

Kansas City Feb. 7. 1878 Maj J. S. Rollins My dear Sir I wrote to you more than a week since but having re­ ceived no reply I have concluded that you had gone on your contemplated visit to St Louis. I expect to leave in a few hours for Washington City, where I hope to hear from you. Please address me to the care of Gen. F. M. Cockrell as I do not yet know where I will be located. At the last accounts

6Bingham refers here, of course, to the U. S. Naval Academy at Annapolis. Application was made for the place, but Rollins did not receive the appoint­ ment as all vacancies had been filled. LETTERS OF GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 507

I have seen there were yet three appointments to be made to the Paris Exposition but I think it scarcely probable that either will be made from Missouri. As you stated in your last, the winter is so far advanced that I can derive but little advantage from a southern trip, and have therefore concluded it best, all things considered, to go immediately to Washington. I can paint portraits there, and also look after our old claim for the destruction of our house in this city by Gen. Ewing. In my last I informed you that I had offered my services to Gov. Phelps in the prosecution of the war claim of our state, but I have heard nothing from him. I enclosed you a copy of my letter to him. I left Rollins this morning at the Lykins Institute. He is looking very well and will remain there until March, when he expects to spend a month or two with his Aunt in Saline County. As he has every opportunity for excercise at the Institute and is quite a favorite there, I thought it best for him to remain. I think his future mother has already found her way into his heart, and will hold her position there for all time to come. I suppose if you are in St Louis, that you will try the efficacy of Doct Phelps's magnetic power. I sincerely hope that you will soon be restored to perfect health. Mrs Lykins joins me in love to yourself Cousin Mary and all the dear ones with you. I shall expect to hear from you soon after reaching Washington. Ever yours G. C. Bingham

Franklin House 468 Penn. Ave. Washington D. C. Feb. 17, 1878 Maj J. S. Rollins My dear Sir, Your letter of the 9th, inst. to the care of Gen. Cockrell, was placed into my hands yesterday. I had learned on leav­ ing Kansas City, that you were in St Louis, and thus releived of the fear that I had begun to entertain, that you were 508 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

perhaps so unwell as not to be able to answer my letters as early as had been your custom to do. I regret very much, however, that although you are not such an invalid as to be unable to correspond with your friends, you are still a sufferer from the trouble in your stomach, and that your visit to the healing powers in St Louis failed to give you releif. I sincerely trust that you have no organic disease located in that region, and that time and care, if not medicine, will soon enable you to get the better of the evil which is giv­ ing you so much pain. Gen. Cockrell tells me that he prefers not to make any suggestion to Gov. Phelps in regard to the appointment of a state agent to look after the claim of our state, as there may be a question as to whether he can legally do so even under the proposition which I have submitted to him. I think the General is a rather timid man and fears, all the time, that something may intrude itself into his record so as to affect his political prospects for the future.6 He likely wishes to secure a long lease upon the position which he now occupies. Senator Armstrong7 is not so extremely politic. He has written to Gov. Phelps, stating that I am here, and advising him, as I am the only person fully in­ formed upon the subject, to appoint me agent to attend to the claim. Judge Buckner8 also told me that he would write to him to the same effect. I do not know what may be the result. While here I will at least look after and endeavor to have allowed the claim of Mr Thomas's heirs for the de­ struction, by Ewing, of our residence in Kansas City. As to the vacancies in the Naval School, I learned from Franklin that there is no vacancy in his district. There is one however in Clarks district, which includes your county, and of which I could claim to be a resident, and by virtue of which Rollins would also be a resident. I have had a conversation

6General Cockrell may have been a timid man where his political interests were concerned, but he made a fine record as a gallant soldier on the Southern side throughout the civil war. That he was a great politician, his thirty years in the United States senate attest. 7David H. Armstrong (1812-1893), appointed by Governor Phelps United States senator in 1877 to fill the vacancy created by the death of Louis V. Bogy. 8Aylett Hawes Buckner (1816-1894), lawyer and representative in Congress from Missouri, 1873-1885. LETTERS OF GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 509 with Clark on the subject. He informs me that he has already received letters from about fifty applicants, and that he may possibly have committed himself to someone of them. This I scarcely think he has done, or he would not likely be uncer­ tain about it. He spoke of the compettive examination as amounting to nothing—saying that those best qualified were frequently rejected, and their inferiors taken in their stead. I think these appointments are generally secured to the sons of those who can best serve the political ends of the repre­ sentatives who nominate them, and as I am not very likely to be of any special service to Gen. Clark I can scarcely hope that he will depart from the usual course of the mere politi­ cian, and recommend my son, in place of the son of a con- stituant who in a future canvass may be expected to render him important service. Day before yesterday I received a letter from Mrs Lykins. She says that Rollins is well and looking well and is very well satisfied at the Lykins Institute. I requested her, when the weather was good, to see that he was out of doors as much as possible. When I left the Institute the teachers and pupils all begged me to let Rollins remain with them at least until March, and beleiving that by that time his heart would be completely possesed by the woman who has promised to fill the place of his sainted mother, I deemed it good policy to yield to their request. When the winter has entirely left us, I wish him to go to his aunt in Saline County, and join his cousin in work upon the farm. I would like him to resume his studies as soon as possible. It is hard that a mind so capable as his should be retarded in the pursuit of knowledge. Give my regards to Doct Laws. Tell him that I received the portraits from Doct Wood, have them with me, and will copy them faithfully while I am here. His own portrait is much admired here as a fine work of art by all who have seen it. I will make the duplicate equal to it. My love to Cousin Mary and all the dear family. Ever & gratefully yours G. C. Bingham. [Postscript written in margin] Write to me soon. The receipt of letters from those I love is now almost my only—certainly my greatest pleasure. 510 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Franklin House 468 Penn. Ave. Washington D. C. Feb. 22, 1878 Maj. J. S. Rollins My dear Sir Your favor of the 16th inst came to hand yesterday. It is true, as you state, that a measure has been introduced in Congress making an additional appropriation for the ap­ pointment of additional commissioners to the Paris Exposi­ tion, but Gen Cockrell tells me that there is not the slightest probability of its passage. In these matters it seems that we have a Congress very much like our Missouri Legislature. In all that relates to literature and art the Republicans appear to be more appreciative than Democrats, the latter can not be made to beleive that money expended to have the multifarious interests of our country intelligently represented at such a worlds fair as is to be held in Paris will ever be returned either with or without interest. If the additional appropriation shall happen to be made I may yet have a chance for the appointment, but I do not expect it I have not yet been able to learn with certainty whether all the appoint­ ments have been made under the origional appropriation. The letters asking my appointment which you forwarded to Mr Schirtz were turned over by him to the Secretary of State. I called to see him yesterday but found upon the door of the department a card stating that no visitors other than members of the cabinet members of Congress and foreign ministers were admitted on Thursdays. I did not call to day it being a national holiday, but I will try and see Mr Evarts9 to morrow, but I have but slight expectation that my call upon him will result in any thing to my advantage.

9William Maxwell Evarts (1818-1901), lawyer and statesman. Chief counsel for President Johnson during the impeachment trial, secretary of state in Hayes' administration, senator from New York, 1885-1891. The story is attributed to Evarts that on a visit to Mount Vernon on one occasion he was told that Washington threw a silver dollar across the Potomac river at that point. "Yes", said Evarts, "a dollar went farther in Washington's day than now." It was currently reported in the papers a few years ago that Walter Johnson, famous pitcher of the Washington baseball team, actually performed this feat. LETTERS OF GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 511

I have not heard any thing from Gov. Phelps in rela­ tion to the appointment of state agent, to look after the claim of our state. As he has had sufficient time to consider the matter, I presume he will not appoint me. I can occupy my time very well while I remain here, with my pallet and pencil. It will take me all of March and a part of April to complete the portraits for Doct Laws and the full length of your little Ulilee.10 The Jolly flat-Boatmen11 and the "palm leaf shade,12 I am about finishing now. I regret that the friends in San Antonio to whom you so kindly commended me are disappointed by my non appear­ ance among them. You may tell them to look for me next winter, if life and health shall be continued to me as now. I was undecided whether to go there or come here. The claim of Mr Thomas's heirs for the building destroyed by Ewings troops being still pending before the senate committee I at length concluded it best to come to Washington, and make an effort to have it allowed, owning, as I do, the largest interest in it. You promise me that if your health permits you will be in Kansas City in a week or two, and if so will certainly call upon our friend at the Institute. I can assure you, that, next to myself, there is no person living who

10My niece, Eulalie Hockaday, whom Bingham painted as Little Red Riding Hood. I remember the first sketch Bingham made of this portrait. It represented a little country girl in the woods with a butter-pail in her hand, her tattered sunbonnet hanging carelessly by its strings, her hair dishevelled, shoes shabby and stockings hanging down—a typical little country girl, who, as the story has it, was carrying butter to her grandmother. But Eulalie's mother did not approve of this representation. She wanted her daughter to appear daintily dressed, in direct contrast to the sketch Bingham had begun. She protested. Bingham said nothing, but, revising his sketch, painted the child as her mother desired. This painting belongs to Mrs. Frank W. Sneed of St. Louis, Missouri, the original of the picture. nIn 1844, when Bingham was in Washington City, he painted Jolly Flat- boatmen, which was his first genre picture. A copy of an engraving of this Jolly Flatboatmen appeared as the frontispiece in the Transactions of the Amer­ ican Art Union for 1846. Bingham painted two other pictures which he called Jolly Flatboatmen. The one to which he refers here is the second of that name. It belongs to the Mercantile Library Association of St. Louis and hangs in the City Art Museum of St. Louis. Two of the pictures are very similar; the other is widely different, having, among other things, many more figures than either of the other two. I have an engraving of the first Jolly Flatboatmen. 12Bingham began the Plam Leaf Shade in Boonville in 1877 at the home of Mr. Thomas Nelson. This painting is a picture of Mrs. Birch, a daughter of Mr. Nelson, and is now the property of Mrs. Wyan Nelson of Kansas City. It is a beautiful picture, one of Bingham's best smaller portraits. 512 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

would be a more welcome visitor to that dear friend than yourself, and that I have the advantage of you in her regards, can be due only to the fact, that my condition is such as to excite her well known benevolence. In a letter to me which I have just received, she kindly names the 18th of June as the day upon which, Providence permiting, our wedding shall take place. I trust that yourself Cousin Mary and others of your dear family will make it convenient to be present, and that we will all unite in a summer excursion to the lakes of Wisconsin or the mountains of Colorado. I regret very much to learn that your health has not improved since I left. Did you try the efficacy of Doct Phelps's treatment while you were in St Louis. If you should not be better by next summer I think two or three months in the Colorado mountains would certainly releive, judging from my own experience the short period I was there. My own health has improved since I came to Washington, my appitite is better, I am becoming stronger and seldom feel the need of a stimulent. When you visit our dear friend you will likely find Rollins there, as I gave him permission to remain until March. His future mother has doubtless found the way to his heart by this time. Let me hear from you soon, and do my dear friend, take good care of yourself. We cannot afford to lose you. When you write to me direct to my address as stated at the head of this letter. My love as ever to Cousin Mary and all the members of the dear family. Ever yours G. C. Bingham

Kansas City May 24 1878 Maj J. S. Rollins My dear Sir I have just returned from my trip to Texas and with my health very much improved thereby. Western Texas is certainly a most delightful and healthy country, equal to Colorado, and having the advantage of a milder climate in the winter. BINGHAM IN THE "SEER AND YELLOW LEAF," 68 YEARS OLD, A FEW MONTHS BEFORE HIS DEATH. Courtesy of Mr. Henry Van Brunt of the Kansas City Star.

FISHING ON THE MISSISSIPPI Courtesy of William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. FUR TRADERS DESCENDING THE MISSOURI Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

JOLLY FLATBOATMEN NO. 2 Courtesy of the St. Louis Mercantile Library Association. LETTERS OF GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 513

I found Clara and her family of six children in excellent health. I write this in haste but as I expect to see you in Columbia early next week I can then tell you all about my trip and the country. I find all well at the Lykins Institute. My love to Cousin Mary and all. Ever Yours G. C. Bingham

Lykins Institute Kansas City Aug 25 1878 Maj J. S. Rollins My dear Sir. Please favor me by having my two pictures, "The Jolly Flat-Boatmen" and the "Palm-leaf Shade," put up in the box which is in the back room of my studio, and sent by express to my address, Kansas City. I desire to have them here to be exhibited with other pictures of mine at the Kansas City Exposition, with a view to taking the premiums offered. As soon as the Exposition closes I wish to take my most valuable pictures to be placed in my studio at Columbia. Also the picture of Order No. 11, to be disposed of as yourself and our friend Price may think best. When the contem­ plated addition to the university shall be erected there should be a proper room provided for works of Art exclusively. Should such a room with a proper light be provided, it would, in the course of time be filled with works of Art, at none or very little cost. I would like to have all that I may have thus located. The weather up to this day, has been excessively hot. Yet I have stood it very well, and am at work every day in the studio. Rollins is conducting himself very well, is cheerful and obedient, and I think has become satisfied that his new mother is a great blessing to him as well as to myself. He will return to Kemper as soon as his school opens, Mrs Piper has surrendered to my attorney, a portion of the property which she had retained in her possession since 514 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW the death of her sister, retaining much however that is of greatest value. Her husband wears the gold watch which belonged to my dear wife, claiming it as a gift from her. He has made a tool of his wife, but she shall not shelter him. He shall disgorge still further. You will have seen that Judge Sawyer has announced himself as an independent Democratic Candidate in opposition to Crisp. I fear that that he has endangered his success by rejecting the nomination of the Green-back convention. He professes however, to be well informed as to the wide spread dissatisfaction in the ranks of the democracy with the nomina­ tion of Crisp, and feels confident of his election. I was waited upon by a delegate from the Green-backers to know if I would accept a nomination from them. I re­ sponded that I was in favor of a national paper currency, but opposed to all repudiation, and could not consent under any circumstances to be a candidate against judge Sawyer. Still, in their informal ballots a larger vote was given to me than to any other person. I hope to hear from you soon as to the prospect of beating judge Norton. Our state finances are in a nice condition. The Treasurer,13 Governor14 and attorney General15 should be impeached, and a new leaf turned over by the Democratic party. I remain in excellent health, and will be glad if I can hear that you are at length enjoying the same. My wife joins in highest regards to all. Ever yours G. C. Bingham

13Col. Elijah Gates (1827-1915). The story is told that Gates kept no books, and, when, on one occasion, some little irregularity occurred, he said, "I know that everything is all right because when I receive any money, I put it in a separate package and place it in the safe; and when I pay out any money, I put a memorandum in the safe telling the amount to whom I paid it and for what purpose." 14John S. Phelps (1814-1886). 16Jackson Leonidas Smith (1837-1908). LETTERS OF GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 515

Lykins Institute Kansas City Sept 19, 1878 Maj J. S. Rollins My dear sir Your favor of the 16th inst. came to hand yesterday. I think you are quite right in attributing the improved con­ dition of my health to the constant care and attention of my devoted wife. It seems to be her greatest pleasure to con­ tribute to my happiness in every possible way, and I the more earnestly desire health that I may be able, in some measure, to compensate her for the unselfish love which exhibits itself in her every act relating to myself. I regret very much that you find yourself still ailing. I do not like those chills and low fevers of which you com­ plain, and I trust that when my wife shall see you, she may be able to suggest some remedy which may releive you. I can scarcely hope that I will not, to some extent at least, be troubled with my usual cough during the winter, as I feel it occasionally returning as the weather changes, but if I can only retain such health as I have enjoyed since my marriage I need desire nothing more. Rollins is now at the Kemper school, and I am much gratified in learning that Eddie16 will be with him. I trust that they will excercise a good influence upon each other, and that their association as fellow pupils will be of service to both. I have received a letter from Rollins since he left. He expresses a decided preferance for the law as a profession, and thinks he will be prepared to enter upon its study in a year from this time. His advance in his studies and maturity of intellect must determine that matter. I would be much pleased to have him prepared, as soon as possible to enter the battle of life, with mental and moral qualities equal to the struggle, but his recent conduct has caused me to fear that he does not place a sufficient estimate upon those principles which form the basis of a good character, and which are essential to eminence in any profession. His aunt Mary Piper has

16My youngest brother, Edward T. Rollins. He and Rollins Bingham were classmates at Kemper's School and constant rivals for highest standing in their classes. 516 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW excercised a most pernicious influence over him. In letters which he has shown me from her, there is not a word of reproof for his unfilial conduct towards me and wanton insults directed against my wife, or the slightist expression indicating that his conduct did not meet her entire approbation. Their allusions to myself are also any thing but flattering. That she should thus write to my son, leads me not only to beleive that she regarded him entirely under her control, but that she entertained an almost diabolical purpose to wreck my happiness by ruining him. Rollins is exceedingly obstinate, and although he has acknowledged the wrong which he has done to his step mother and myself, I fear it does not proceed from genuine repentance. During the two months, however, in which he has been with us, he has conducted himself well, and I hope for the best. He has also kept aloof from his aunt, and left without seeing her. You ask me how long the Kansas City fair will last? It will last all this week including Saturday, and myself and wife would be much delighted if you could be with us on that or any other day. I sent a collection of pictures for the exposition, but as I saw indications which led me to beleive that the premiums would be awarded without the slightest regard to the merit of the works I withheld mine from the competition therefor. I did the same two years ago, and I cannot possibly account for the awards made then and last year, and also some that were made yesterday, upon any supposition other than that they were secured by some in­ fluence entirely outside of any real or pretended merit of the productions upon which they were bestowed. When I go to Columbia I will send down my collection to be deposited in my studio. As it no[w] hangs in the exposition gallery, it forms the chief and almost the only Art attraction there. You advise me to keep out of the fight between Crisp and Sawyer. I only attended one of Sawyers appointments, and made but one short speech after Crisp had concluded. Since then I have been at home and taken no further part in the canvass. I would vote for Sawyer if for no other reason than to strike a blow at our rotten convention system. LETTERS OF GOERGE CALEB BINGHAM 517

You agree with my wife in deprecating any legal con­ troversy with Piper and his wife. They compelled me to sue them to get possession of a note in favor of my late wife from her brother, for money loaned to him, amounting to $800 00, which they surrendered to my attorney on the day the court convened. They still have possession of the largest and most valuable portion of my personal property, including my wife's gold watch and most valuable Jewells, and inform me that they will not surrender them until compelled to do so by the courts. Even Rollins has told me to sue them. I am yet undetermined, but I think forbearance on my part has ceased to be a virtue. My wife joins me in love to all. Ever yours G. C. Bingham

Lykins Institute Oct 4 1878 Maj J. S.Rollins My dear Sir I drop you a line merely to inform you that I expect to leave for Columbia tomorrow evening taking Boonville in my way, where I shall be detained a day, so that I will not reach you before Tuesday evening. I have just for­ warded by North Mo. Rail Road my picture of Order No 11 and a box containing several other pictures which will be put up in my Studio. I have sold a Mountain landscape which I painted since our return from Colorado, for 160 acres land in Linn County near Brooklin and near the Hanibal and St Joe Rail Road. It cost the gentleman from [whom] I obtained it $2000 00. I am quite well My wife joins me in love to all with you. She will be detained here for some weeks yet. Ever yours G. C. Bingham 518 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Lykins Institute Nov. 3 1878 Maj. J. S. Rollins My dear Sir When I left you I expected to have been back in Columbia by this time, but by the time I arrived here a carbuncle made its appearance on my right leg below the knee, and has kept me on my back until yesterday giving me much pain. I have at lenghth had it lanced and it is now improving so as to promise to be well in a few days. I am very im­ patient to get back to my work and my wife has every thing ready for my return as soon as I shall be in a condition to leave. A few days ago I received a letter from the private secretary of the Governor17 stating that his Excellency had been requested by the managers of the Lee Monument Asso­ ciation to appoint me as one of the Commissioners, on the part of our state, who are to select a design for the monu­ ment, and who are to meet in Richmond on the 27th of this month. The Gov. wishes to know if I will accept such appointment. As the appointmen[t] will come to me in such a complimentary manner at the special request of the managers of the Association after our Governor had appointed other parties, I have concluded to accept it, and will so inform the secretary in a few days. The visit to Richmond may be of some advantage to me professionally. The competition in furnishing the design for the monument will likely be very strong as there are able artists who, at this time, are languish­ ing for employment. So far as I may act in the matter I will close my eyes to every thing but merit. Our exciting canvass in this district is at lenth drawing to a close. I am unable to tell from any personal knowledge what the result will be. The organs and friends of both parties profess to anticipate a certain victory. There will be great excitement in Kansas City on the day of the election. The Mayor,18 who is a Crisp man, has been requested to issue

"Robert M. Yost ( ? -1916). 18George M. Shelley (1848-1929), twice mayor of Kansas City. It is said that as mayor he gave his salary to charity or public improvements. LETTERS OF GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 519 an order closing the saloons while the election is progressing. He has not yet done so, and it is feared that he will not do it, although it has heretofore been the custom. If the saloons are permitted to remain open there is no telling what may be the consequences. My wife joins me in love to all. Hope to see you soon Ever yours G. C. Bingham

Columbia Nov. 12, 1878 Maj J. S. Rollins My dear Sir Myself and wife arrived in town by morning train, and I learned that you had just left for St Louis. I received yours of the 5th inst the day I left Kansas City, and as you were so kind as to say that you would endeavor to obtain for me a free pass over the Baltimore and Ohio road, I am tempted to solicit your kind offices in the same matter in behalf of my wife also, as I would like very much to have her accompany me to Richmond, and I think it likely that you may be enabled to obtain a pass for both as easily as for one. I expect to leave about the 22nd or 23rd of the month. I have been to your dwelling and was gratified to find Mrs Overall and child yet here. I will try and finish the portrait of the babe without delay and before I go to Rich­ mond. I do not expect to be absent more than ten days as I suppose the commissioners will be able to come to a decision without much delay. It will be well, if it can be so managed, to have the commissioners give their judgment upon the models presented without knowing the artists by whom they are executed. As it will be a matter of considerable importance I will take care to express no judgment which I cannot defend upon recognized principles of Art. I write this in haste hoping to see you very soon. My wife joins in highest regards to you Yours G. C. Bingham 520 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Kansas City May 5 1879 Maj J. S. Rollins My dear Sir I see by the papers that you and Doct. Laws have been in Jefferson urging the passage of the bill introduced by senator Read19 in regard to the claim of the state against the general government for reimbursement for balance of payments made to our enrolled militia while in the Federal Service, and I write to you supposing that you are still there watching the progress of the bill. I think I have entirely recovered from my severe illness in Columbia, and have been busy for the last three weeks in painting a full length por­ trait of a child of Judge Waldo20 of New Mexico, about the age of your little Ulilee. I have nearly completed it, and if nothing happens, adverse thereto, I will likely be ready to return to Columbia in a week or ten days, to complete my unfinished work there. As the State has declined to accept the gift tendered by our Orphans Home Society, my wife will be compelled to remain in charge of the place until it can be otherwise disposed of. We are now living at the Home very comfortably, except for the fact that my wife has not yet been able to obtain a suitable servant, and as a consequence is compelled to be her own cook. As to myself I could desire none better, but it is too hard on her to be agreeable. Besides doing her own work in the house she is pushing the outdoor work energetically. Since she abandoned the hope of the acceptance of the property by the state, she has had all the ground prepared and crops of various kinds put in, also quite a large garden. I question if any farmer in the county has had so much done in so short a time. She overlooks every foot of the place and allows no idle hands upon it. I think I can safely say, in the highest sense of the term, that she is no ordinary woman. I see that Senator Ballingall21 has in­ troduced a bill which seems likely to be passed by our strange

19Henry Read of Gasconade county. 20David Waldo (1802-1878), physician, banker, Santa Fe trader. 21George F. Ballingal of Jackson county. LETTERS OF GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 521

Legislature, making Gen. Shields22 our state agent for the prosecution of war claims against the Federal Government, and compensating him with 25 per cent of the amount which he may be able to collect. Such an enormous percentage as his reward is calculated to throw suspicion on any claims which may be presented. That which you are endeavoring to have transfered to the Agricultural College is very plainly set forth in my report in relation thereto, and an examination of a week or two in the Third Aditors office would place beyond doubt all there is of it. Yet for this little labor, he would, under Ballingalls bill, be entitled to receive about $80,000. The important part of the work has already been done by me in exhuming the buried evidence upon which the claim for reimbursement is based, and had I been authorised to prose­ cute the claim when I was last in Washington, its collection would not have cost the state more than three or four hundred dollars. I fear that there is another grand scheme of fraud lying concealed behind Ballingall's bill, to be made respectable, if possible, by the aid of the honored name of Gen. Shields. I saw that Rogers of this city, who is under indictment as one of the greatest scoundrels in the late fraud which I brought to light was in Jefferson when the bill was reported. Such rascals need especial watching while we have a legislature in full and open sympathy with treasury plunderers. Let me hear from you soon. My wife joins me in warmest regards. Ever yours G. C. Bingham

22General James Shields (1810-1897), soldier and politician, has the unique distinction of having fought in three wars, Black Hawk, Mexican and Civil, and having been a United States senator from three states, Illinois, Minnesota and Missouri. As the result of anonymous articles which appeared in the Sangamon, (111.) Journal reflecting on Shields and traced to the Misses Todd and Jayne, later the wives of Abraham Lincoln and Lyman Trumbull, Shields challenged to a duel Lincoln, who, to shield Mary Todd to whom he was en­ gaged, assumed the authorship of the articles, one of which he himself had written. Lincoln accepted the challenge, naming cavalry broadswords of the largest size as the weapons, and the distance so many paces, which enabled Lincoln, with his long arms, to reach Shields easily but prevented Shields, a very small man, from reaching Lincoln. When the principals took their posi­ tions on the field of honor, the absurdity of the situation appeared at once, and what might have been a fatal rencontre became a joke. Lincoln and Shields later became warm friends. Shields died in Ottumwa, Iowa, and is buried in St. Marys Cemetery, Carrollton, Missouri. 522 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Kansas City May 6 1879 Maj J. S. Rollins My dear Sir Yours of the 4th inst has just reached me. I wrote to you yesterday expressing my beleif that Rogers and other rascals were making an effort revive fraudulent claims against the Federal Government, to be aided by the justly honored name of Gen. Shields, and your letter strengthens that beleif. Ballingall likely has the aid of Brockmeyer.23 I am con-

23Henry C. Brockmeyer (1828-1906), was born in Prussia; he came to this country in 1848 and in 1857 settled in St. Louis. With William T. Harris, he started what was known as the "St. Louis Movement," which was devoted principally to the interpretation of Hegel's philosophy. It is said that for a number of years this club did about all that was done for music, art, and science in St. Louis. Brockmeyer drifted into politics and became a power in the State. He was many times a member of the legislature, a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1875, and Lieutenant Governor in Phelps' administration. Shortly after Dr. Laws became president of the University of Missouri in 1876, my father took him to Jefferson City to introduce him to the governor and other State officials. The governor invited them to dinner with a number of gentlemen, among them Henry C. Brockmeyer. During the evening, my father noticed with some anixety that, in the grouping of the guests, Laws and Brockmeyer had fallen together and were having a heated discussion. Their voices, in acrimonious debate, soon rose above the general tone of conversation, and the group was treated to a violent disputation about the Prussian educa­ tional system, of which Laws claimed to know more than Brockmeyer. As they drove home the next day, my father told Dr. Laws that he had made a mistake in getting into a violent controversy with Brockmeyer, a man of de­ cided opinions who brooked little opposition to his views on any subject and especially on a subject of which he was complete master. Dr. Laws replied that on the contrary, he had made of Brockmeyer a personal friend and a friend for the University. One morning sometime later, Dr. Laws appeared at my father's house with a newspaper containing a savage attack on him and his conduct of educational matters in the State. Handing the paper to my father, Dr. Laws remarked, "Major, you were right in regard to my controversy with Brockmeyer in Jefferson City some time ago. This article, I understand, was written by Eugene Brockmeyer, a son of Henry C." I recall several amusing incidents showing the doctor's high temper. One day he and Mrs. Laws were leaving Columbia for a trip. Just before leaving his house for the station, Dr. Laws had given Mrs. Laws a certain paper to keep for him, telling her to have it immediately available. At the station he asked for the paper. Mrs. Laws said she had put it in her trunk. Whereupon the doctor flew into a fury and demanded that she get the paper at once. Mrs. Laws, a large, amiable, kindly woman, stood in considerable awe of the doctor and obeyed his orders with promptness. She quickly opened her trunk, and the doctor, searching for the lost paper, scattered her wearing apparel over considerable territory, much to the amusement of the idle crowd. On another occasion, when the students had been a little refractory, Dr. Laws drove hastily down town looking for the leaders, and in getting out of his carriage dropped his revolver, purposely or accidently in the gutter, a harmless but quite impressive gesture on the part of the doctor. LETTERS OF GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 523

fident that the latter was corruptly influenced to support the bill in favor of the Hannibal and St Joe Rail Road, and that he yielded his opposition to the adoption, by the State, of the Orphans Home, in order to get the bill out of the hands of a committee whose chairman happened to be from this County and in favor of the Home. I have been credibly informed that Carver, the efficient lobbyist for the Road had him under his control. That Rogers is present urging the passage of the bill introduced by Ballingall is sufficient to throw suspicion upon it. The mail which brought me your letter, also brought one from Hockaday requesting me to name the where-abouts of certain forged powers of attorney which had been used by Rogers in his scheme of fraud. I have just replied to him as follows. "Yours of the 2nd inst. has just been received. You ask me to state the whereabouts of the forged powers of attorney used by Rogers in his attempted fraud against the state. I cannot deem it my duty as an honest citizen to com­ ply with your request. I took upon myself the entire re­ sponsibility of retaining these forged papers, and if Rogers deems himself wronged by their retention, he should look to me, and not to you, for redress/' Being in town and in haste I cannot write further at present, but let me hear from you soon. Ever yours G. C. Bingham

CONCLUSION Shortly after this letter was written, Bingham came on a visit to my father's house where he remained until July 5th. On that morning he left Columbia for Kansas City. I drove him and my father to the station and stood with them as they bade each other goodbye. Monday, July 7, a telegram came to my father from Kansas City announcing Bingham's death. When the announcement was received, my father's heart was profoundly stirred, for it closed a friendship remarkable both in its length and in its sincerity. I went to Kansas City to attend the funeral of Mr. Bingham with my father, and heard 524 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

him pronounce a eulogy on the life and character of his dead friend. I never saw an audience so moved. The Kansas City Times next morning said of it: The funeral of George C. Bingham yesterday was the largest that has been seen in the city for years. The ceremonies were impressive and remarkable .... But the marked feature of the occasion were the remarks of his life-long and most intimate of all his personal friends, Hon. James S. Rollins of Boone County. Mr. Rollins is one of the most effective orators in the State, but the occasion, so solemn and impressive, and the presence of his dead friend before him, seemed to touch his lips with inspiration. His feelings chafing under the restraints of formal speech gave an eloquence that added to the richness of his imagery, and his words flowed out in chastened numbers that made his audience mourners with him. It was an occasion that brought out the finer shadings of our better nature, and satisfied us with manhood and its nobler elements. It was a noble tribute by a manly man to a friend who could no longer speak for himself, and taught us the lesson that the most beautiful of all the gifts of our common father is true friendship among men. No mere report could do justice to this last tribute, for eloquent as were the words, beautiful as was the eulogy, the frame-work of the picture, the setting of the jewel was in the surroundings, the subdued manner of the speaker, the chastened cadence of his voice, the emphasis of heartfelt sorrow which no skill of the reporter could reproduce. Those who heard it will always carry with them a memory which is an event of a lifetime. It makes us think better of human nature, and teaches us that after all men are better than we think them. This remarkable friendship between Rollins and Bing­ ham, unparalleled I venture to say in the history of the State, deserves more than a passing tribute. Begun in their early manhood, it grew and waxed strong through nearly fifty years of intimate life. It encountered and weathered tremendous political, religious, financial and social changes, crises that strained the natural relationship of families, estranged and made enemies of brothers, fathers and sons, but had no other effect upon the friendship of Rollins and Bingham save to cement and strengthen it. These letters of Bingham to my father reveal the warmest and most tender attachment, a confidence utterly unreserved, and a sense of irremovable obligation that is never felt or regarded as a burden. My father's letters to Bingham reciprocated, no doubt, to the fullest the warm sentiments of love and affection so tenderly breathed throughout Bingham's letters to him. LETTERS OF GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 525

The increasing appreciation of Bingham in the world of art is quite evident as shown by the replicas of his pictures that appear frequently in the various art journals. Even in the October 31, 1938, issue of Life there is an excellent reproduction in color of Verdict of the People under the general heading of "American Art Shown in Color," taken from "great American collections." A recent catalogue from the Old Print Exchange in New York City shows an engraving of The County Election. And within the last few years there have been special exhibits of Bingham's pictures in art mu­ seums in St. Louis, Kansas City, New York City, and Hart­ ford, Connecticut. Several years ago the art critic of the Boston Transcript evaluated Bingham and his art in the fol­ lowing manner:

The paintings of American Life west of the Alleghanies prior to 1860 were and are so few as to be of uncommon historical importance as national and local documents. Here was a painter who had evidently lived among the scenes and people he represented, and knew and loved them. He had done what no other painter had done, and sufficiently well as to be entitled to an honorable place in the pantheon of American Critics. In the peculiar province of illustrative pictorial art to which these paintings belong, he was the pioneer and discoverer .... the earliest to achieve success and gain distinction in his special field of artistic expression, and among the first in rank for force and sincerity ....

A room should be set apart in the capitol building in Jefferson City and dedicated to Bingham and his art. In this room, the originals, if they can be had, of his great canvasses, Jolly Flat Boatmen, Stump Speaking, The County Election, The Verdict of the People, General Order No. 11, The Emigration of Daniel Boone With His Family, Shooting for the Beef, The Puzzled Witness, the equestrian portrait of Jackson, with a number of his landscapes, should be hung. If originals cannot be had, then fine replicas of them should be made. I have already stated that fire has pursued Bingham relentlessly. When the main building of the University burned January 9, 1892, Bingham's portraits of all the presidents of the institution up to that date, together with portraits of other distinguished citizens, were destroyed. Again, when the old capitol building in Jefferson City burned, February 5, 1911, 526 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW a number of his fine paintings, including portraits of Wash­ ington and Jefferson painted in Dusseldorf in 1856 and 1857, and those of Clay, Benton, Bates, Blair, Lyon, and others invaluable to the history of the State, were lost. These can never be replaced. Missouri should render thanks to the Giver for her great son and write his name high on the scroll of her distinguished citizens. Were a star quenched on high For ages would its light, Still traveling downward from the sky Shine on our mortal sight.

So when a great man dies For years beyond our ken The light he leaves behind him lies Upon the paths of men.

(The End.) MISSOURIANA 527

MISSOURIANA The Missouri Heritage of the West Red-Letter Books Relating to Missouri Missouri in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans State Aid for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb (1839-1851) Topics in Missouri History Do You Know, Or Don't You? Verse in the Missouri Pioneer Press

THE MISSOURI HERITAGE OF THE WEST Part II: The Southwestern States (continued)

Oklahoma Although complete tangible proof is lacking, it seems that Pierre Chouteau, Sr., was one of the earliest citizens of Missouri to enter the region which was to become the state of Oklahoma. By 1802, though possibly earlier, the Chouteaus began their commercial activities with the Osage Indians in Oklahoma. The trading post which seems to have been es­ tablished was said to have been located near a large salt spring which is included within the limits of the present town of Salina. In fact, Pierre Chouteau, Sr., has been credited with founding the town of Salina, the first white settlement in Oklahoma (the Salina historical marker bears the date 1796), and the Chouteau family has been considered the oldest in Oklahoma. Auguste P. Chouteau, son of Pierre Chouteau, Sr., operated trading posts on the Saline and at the mouth of the Verdigris, and in 1835 established a trading post at Camp Holmes about five miles northeast of the present Purcell, Oklahoma. Numerous travelers, such as Josiah Gregg and Nathan Boone, reported evidence of this post. Another post was established in 1837 near the present Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Auguste P. Chouteau carried on the Chouteau reputation with reference to Indian affairs and was active in the nego­ tiation of Indian treaties, doing much to establish peaceful relations with the Indians. Nathan Boone, son of Daniel Boone, was another of the early Missourians to establish contacts with the region of 528 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Oklahoma. As captain of the first regiment of the United States Dragoons, he traveled in the Indian country and was the first commander at Fort Wayne, which was established in 1838 in eastern Oklahoma. It has been difficult to obtain accurate records of Mis­ sourians who must have gone into the Indian country of Okla­ homa prior to the formal opening of the area as a territory. That Missourians were interested in Oklahoma is evident from the approximately 7,000 native Missourians in Oklahoma in 1890, a year after the territory was organized. How many went into the region before settlement was authorized by the United States can not be determined. Congressman Robert T. Van Horn (1868), Erastus Wells (1871), Charles H. Mansur (1887), and James Burns (1887) of Missouri, advocated the formation of the Territory of Oklahoma. In January, 1868, Representative Van Horn of Kansas City introduced a bill in the 40th Congress to consolidate Indian tribes and organize a system of government in the Indian Territory. When the Territory of Oklahoma was organized, one of the first three justices of the supreme court to be appointed was Abraham J. Seay of Missouri and Seay was appointed the second territorial governor of Oklahoma in 1892. Abra­ ham J. Seay was born in Virginia, but his parents had moved to Missouri when he was a small child and he grew up here, becoming active in political affairs and serving as district judge for some twelve years before his appointment to the territorial supreme court of Oklahoma. After his service as territorial governor he resided in Oklahoma. In addition to Abraham J. Seay, reference has been found to six other Missourians who have held positions as justices of the territorial or state supreme court of Oklahoma: Wayne W. Bayless, Cornelius Elting, Bayard T. Hainer, Thurman Scott Hurst, J. Howard Langley, and John C. Tarsney. Wayne W. Bayless, now an associate justice of the supreme court of Oklahoma, was born in Cassville, Missouri. He received his education in Oklahoma and practiced law in Claremore, served as member of the state legislature and as judge of the second district of Oklahoma before being elected to his present posi­ tion. Cornelius Elting, another native Missourian, has been MISSOURIANA 529 a resident of Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma. He was elected to the supreme court of Oklahoma in 1920. Bayard T. Hainer, a former Missourian, was appointed an associate justice of the territorial supreme court in 1898. Thurman Scott Hurst, who has been an associate justice of the supreme court of Oklahoma since 1937, was also born in Cassville, Missouri, and was educated in Oklahoma. He was engaged in private law practice and served as a county attorney and as a district judge. J. Howard Langley, another native of southwest Missouri, was born in McDonald county and was educated there. He began the practice of law in Oklahoma and continued until his death. He was a member of the Okla­ homa constitutional convention and was elected to the supreme court in 1930, but resigned very soon on account of ill health. John C. Tarsney, a Missourian from Kansas City, had represented Missouri in Congress for two terms before he was appointed a justice of the supreme court of Oklahoma in 1896. Judge Nestor Rummons, a native of Missouri, practiced law in Oklahoma, served as a mayor of Hobart, and was a member of the Supreme Court Commission from 1915-1919. Seven Missourians have represented Oklahoma in Con­ gress as territorial delegates or members of the House of Representatives. James Yancy Callahan, the first Missourian to be a territorial delegate from Oklahoma, was born in Dent county, Missouri, was educated in the state and entered the ministry here. He spent about four years in Kansas but re­ turned to Missouri before going to Oklahoma. He was elected to the 55th Congress. He published the Jacksonian at Enid for some years. Bird Segle McGuire represented Oklahoma in Congress both as a territorial delegate and representative. McGuire was born in Illinois but his parents moved to Ran­ dolph county, Missouri, when he was two and remained about fourteen years. He attended school in Kansas and began to practice there before going to Oklahoma. He was appointed assistant United States attorney of Oklahoma in 1896, elected delegate to the 58th and 59th Congresses, and was representa­ tive in the 60th to the 63rd Congresses, inclusive. Scott Ferris, born in Newton county, Missouri, and educated in 530 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Missouri, served two terms in the territorial legislature of Oklahoma and seven terms in Congress as representative from Oklahoma. Ferris has been active in politics, business, and agriculture in Oklahoma. Charles O'Connor, lawyer, was born in Knox county, Missouri, and was elected to his first public office in Oklahoma when he became a member of the 71st Congress. Joseph C. Pringey was born in Pennsylvania but moved to Missouri when about twelve years old and spent some years here before going to Oklahoma, where he engaged in agriculture and business. He was a member of the terri­ torial senate in 1893, a member of the board of regents of the University of Oklahoma, county clerk, and a representa­ tive in the 67th Congress. Jack Nichols was born in Joplin, Missouri, and attended the public schools there. He has prac­ ticed law in Oklahoma save during his military service, and was elected to the 74th and 75th Congresses. Gromer Smith, who was born in Jackson county, Missouri, and received his legal training in Kansas City, was elected to his first public office in Oklahoma in December, 1937, to fill out an unexpired term in the 75th Congress. When the first and only constitutional convention of Oklahoma was held, twelve former Missourians were delegates to the convention. The list of these delegates has been com­ piled by Mr. James W. Moffitt, secretary of the Oklahoma Historical Society: C. W. Board of Okfuskee, H. P. Covey of Fargo, W. L. Helton of Marshall, W. C. Hughes of Oklahoma City, W. D. Jenkins of Guthrie, Henry Kelly of Ninco, J. H. Langley of Pryor Creek, C. S. Leeper of Sulphur, C. M. Mc­ Clain of Purcell, E. G. Newell of Yale, J. K. Norton of Pied­ mont, and S. M. Ramsay of Tecumseh. John Graves Leeper, secretary of state of Oklahoma, 1927-1931, was a native of Missouri, having been born in Chillicothe and educated in the public schools there and at Central College in Fayette. He began his career in Texas, later going from there to Oklahoma. His brother, Cyrus S., was a member of the constitutional convention of Oklahoma. James E. Berry, now serving his second term as lieutenant- governor of Oklahoma, was born in Missouri. MISSOURIANA 531

Captain James Carson Jamison, who was born in Pike county, Missouri, played an active part in the history of Missouri and Oklahoma and served as adjutant general of each state. His interests took him to California in 1849 and to Nicaragua with William Walker. He served in the Civil war and edited newspapers in three Missouri towns. Major Andrew Drumm (native of Ohio), prominent fron­ tier cattleman and rancher of the West, business man, and philanthropist of Kansas City, was identified with California, Kansas, and Oklahoma, as well as Missouri where he spent his later life. An account of Oklahoma can not be complete without him for it was in the present limits of Oklahoma that he carried on extensive ranching operations. In the early seventies, he was ranching in the "Cherokee strip'' of the Indian Territory and continued until the territory was opened to settlement. Guy Fountain Nelson, a native of Nevada, Missouri, held his first public office in Missouri as city attorney of Nevada. He practiced law in Oklahoma and was appointed assistant attorney general of Oklahoma (1916-1918) and was elected judge of the third judicial district for two terms. At least two Missourians have served as United States district attorney and as assistant United States district at­ torney in Oklahoma. John Milford Goldesberry, who was born near Osceola, Missouri, served as United States district attorney in the northern district of Oklahoma from 1925 to 1933. Redmond Selecman Cole, native of the region of Sa­ vannah, Missouri, and graduate of the University of Missouri, served as assistant United States district attorney in the Western district of Oklahoma from 1917 to 1919 and was judge of the twenty-first judicial district of Oklahoma from 1919 to 1923. In the territorial and state legislatures of Oklahoma, at least five Missourians have held office: Wayne W. Bayless, Joseph C. Pringey, Dr. J. J. Williams, William McMullen Bowles, and Joe S. Morris. Dr. Williams was born at Wheat­ land, Missouri, and began the practice of medicine in Mis­ souri before going to Oklahoma. He was a member of the state board of medical examiners and served as mayor of 532 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Weatherford, Oklahoma. William McMullen Bowles, at present an attorney-at-law, is a native Missourian and has served both in the territorial and state legislatures of Okla­ homa. Joe S. Morris, now postmaster of Oklahoma City, was born in Nevada, Missouri, and remained in Missouri some twenty years. Morris served in the Oklahoma state senate and was elected secretary of state of Oklahoma in 1918. William P. Campbell, the first custodian of the collection of the Oklahoma Historical Society and one of the principal founders of the Society, was a native of St. Joseph, Missouri. Campbell had become a newspaper publisher in Kansas before going to Oklahoma and assisted in organizing the Kansas State Historical Society. Among other native Missourians who have contributed to the development of Oklahoma are: Benjamin Franklin Creason (Audrain county), minister of the Christian (Disciples) Church; Stephen A. Douglas (Jefferson City), a member of the state capitol commission and assistant supervisor in the construction of the capitol; Carl S. Glitsch (Forsyth), promi­ nent in civic and political affairs in Oklahoma; George Riley Hall (southwest Missouri), publisher and editor who wrote the state poem of Oklahoma; Carl Hubbell (Red Oak), New York Giant baseball player; Charles Morgan McClain (Osce­ ola), for whom McClain county, Oklahoma, was named; John Frank Martin (Clinton), mayor of Oklahoma City, 1935-39; and Mike Donnelly, Oklahoma county commissioner. Very few Missourians whose careers entitled them to men­ tion in the Dictionary of American Biography were associated with Oklahoma. Robertus Donnell Love, journalist and author, was a native of Missouri and began his editorial career in Louisiana, Missouri, and was associated with Mis­ souri newspapers many times during his life. Love was Sun­ day editor of the Tulsa (Oklahoma) Democrat from 1917 to 1918 and edited the Ardmore (Oklahoma) Ardmoreite from 1918 to 1920. Simpson Everett (Jack) Stilwell (native of Tennessee), scout and peace officer, spent his early life in Missouri and made his home in the Indian Territory for a time, serving as police judge and being appointed United States deputy marshal in Oklahoma and United States com- MISSOURIANA 533 missioner at Anadarko. Erastus Wells, a native of New York but a congressman from Missouri, has already been referred to as being active in the movement to open Okla­ homa and to obtain appropriations for Indian tribes in the southwest. James Milton Turner, negro leader and U. S. minister to Liberia, was born in St. Louis county, Missouri. He was educated in Oberlin College and became well-known for his leadership in negro education in Missouri and for his advocacy of the rights of Indians in Oklahoma. There are twenty-seven native Missourians among the list of prominent Oklahomans in Whoys Who in America (Vols. XIX and XX, 1936-37 and 1938-39). Although the interests and activities of some may be placed under more than one classification, there are eleven lawyers,1 five editors and publishers,2 six educators,3 four ministers of the gospel,4 a capitalist, librarian, and real estate dealer.5

TEXAS It was in Missouri that Moses Austin conceived his vision of the American colonization of Texas. Moses Austin did much to develop the mining resources of Missouri and entered into the political and economic affairs of his immediate com­ munity of Potosi, the district of Ste. Genevieve, and of St. Louis in the years between 1797 and 1820. Moses Austin was a native of Durham, Connecticut, and his son, Stephen Fuller Austin, was born in Virginia where Moses was engaged in merchandising and mining before coming to Missouri. Stephen was quite young when the family arrived in Missouri and so grew up in the Missouri environment save for an ab­ sence while attending school in the East and in Kentucky. About 1810, he became associated with his father in business.

1John B. Doolin, Scott Ferris, Wirt Franklin, Wayne W. Bayless, John C. (Jack) Nichols, William Perry Freeman, Samuel Clyde Fullerton, Redman Selecman Cole, John Milford Goldesberry, Harry H. Rogers, Thurman Scott Hurst. 2Clarence Brown Douglas, William Perry Freeman, Mrs. Eva Shattel Ferguson, Victor Emmanuel Harlow, Eugene Lorton. 3Mother Agnes Arvin, Eugene S. Briggs, Ellsworth Collings, Joseph F. Paxton, Joseph W. Scroggs, Raymond D. Thomas. 4Joseph W. Scroggs, Hale V. Davis, Claude Eugene Hill, Richard Moore- head Inlow. 5Samuel Moses Gloyd, Jesse Lee Rader, George E. McKinnis. 534 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

He also served as a member of the territorial legislature in Missouri, as adjutant of the militia, and was appointed judge of the first judicial district in Arkansas in 1820 before he began his great career in Texas. In the fall of 1820, Moses Austin journeyed to the Mexican province of Texas to secure permission to settle an American colony, and the first con­ firmation of the grant of land for colonizing purposes was granted by the Mexican government in 1821. Upon the death of Moses Austin following his return from Texas in 1821, Stephen labored to translate his father's dream into actuality and became the founder of Texas. Professor Barker, in his biography of Stephen Fuller Austin, best expresses the contribution which Austin made to Texas.6 No other of the forty-eight commonwealths composing the United States—with the possible exception of Utah—owes its position so com­ pletely to one man as Texas does to Austin .... But without Austin there is no reason to believe that Texas would differ today from the Mexican states south of the Rio Grande .... The planting of an Anglo- American population in Texas had to be accomplished, ... by peaceful, lawful colonization. Undoubtedly Mexico would have adopted an immi­ gration policy sooner or later; but it seems pretty evident that nothing but Austin's unremitting pressure caused the passage of the imperial colonization law. Without that law, even upon the unlikely assumption that everything else might have happened as and when it did, Austin's original contract would not have been confirmed: .... There would have been no settlement of Texas, no revolution, no annexation, no Mexican War; and the Louisiana Purchase, in all probability, would still define the western boundary of the United States.

Stephen F. Austin served for four or five years as governor of the colony he founded, and San Felipe de Austin was the capital of the Austin colony and the first county seat of Austin county, the first legal American settlement in Texas. The people of both Texas and Missouri are aware of the terrific obstacles which Stephen Austin had to overcome in securing authority to settle colonists in Texas, and these difficulties need not be recounted here. Austin expended every effort to cooperate with Mexico and, when convinced that the best interests of the colony lay elsewhere, he worked diligently

6Barker, Eugene C, The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793-1836, pp. 551-552. MISSOURIANA 535 for independence and then for annexation to the United States. He was elected president of the convention of 1832 and car­ ried the documents of the second convention to Mexico, was the leader in preparation for the constitutional conven­ tion of 1835, served as commander in chief of the army for a time, headed the commission to Washington, and became the first secretary of state of the Republic of Texas. His death came before annexation was consummated. How many Missourians immediately followed Stephen Austin to Texas can not be estimated. Professor Barker says that there is no record which adequately explains the origin of the first three hundred families, yet there seem to have been a larger portion from Missouri at first than there were later. Missourians who lived in the vicinity of Potosi be­ came much interested in the project of Texas settlement and Mrs. Austin wrote to her husband in December, 1821, that she thought a third of the population of Missouri would move to Texas if conditions seemed favorable. It has been possible to determine only a few of those who went from Missouri in the earliest days of Texas colonization; relatives, friends, and acquaintances of the Austins were among the number. James E. Brown Austin, a younger son of Moses, was born in Mis­ souri and followed his brother to Texas but died in 1829. Moses Austin Bryan, son of Stephen's sister Emily, was born in Missouri and remained in the State until he was twelve when the family moved to Texas. Moses Austin Bryan be­ came the private secretary of his Uncle Stephen. After Stephen's death, Moses Austin Bryan served as private secre­ tary to Lieutenant Governor and Acting Governor Robinson, fought in the army, acted as secretary of the Texas legation in Washington in 1839, and after annexation was achieved, remained active in civic and patriotic affairs in Texas. Guy Morrison Bryan, a younger brother of Moses Austin Bryan was born in Missouri in 1821 and moved to Texas with his parents in 1831. Guy Morrison Bryan served as a member of the state legislature of Texas for ten years (1847-57) and was elected again in 1873, 1879, and 1887. He also served as a member of the national house of representatives in the 35th Congress. Stephen Austin's sister, Emily, did not go to Texas 536 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW until after her first husband had died and she had married James F. Perry. The descendants of the Austin, Bryan, and Perry families remain today in Texas among her most worthy citizens. Green De Witt, founder of De Witt's colony in Texas about 1827 or 1828, was born in Kentucky but had lived in Missouri in the vicinity of St. Louis and in Ralls county where he once served as sheriff. The De Witt colony founded the town of Gonzales on the Anglo-American frontier and took an active part in the Texas struggle for independence. It is known that De Witt was accompanied by other Missourians, but their names are difficult to ascertain. Among these, how­ ever, was James Kerr, who acted as surveyor-general for De Witt. Kerr was born in Kentucky but became a citizen of St. Charles county when he was about eighteen, served under Nathan Boone in the War of 1812, became sheriff of St. Charles county, and when he moved to Ste. Genevieve was elected to the state senate in 1824 from the district composed of Ste. Genevieve, Perry, and St. Francois counties. Kerr probably had more to do with founding Gonzales than De Witt. The Winslow Turner family from Lincoln county, Missouri, also received grants of land in De Witt's colony. John Rice Jones, II, the first postmaster general of the Republic of Texas, was born in Illinois but was closely identi­ fied with Missouri by residence and activity in his youth. His father, John Rice Jones, was a partner of Moses Austin in lead mining, active in the struggle for statehood in Mis­ souri, and one of the first three judges of the supreme court in Missouri. John Rice Jones, II, had been an associate of Stephen Austin in his boyhood, engaged in the mercantile business in Missouri, served as a postmaster, and taught school in Missouri. In Texas, it is said that he wrote the initial declaration against Mexican unfairness at San Felipe in 1835. His brothers, Augustus and Miers (Myers) Fisher Jones, also achieved distinction in Texas. Miers Fisher Jones served two terms in the general assembly of Missouri (1836-1840) before going to Texas. John Rufus Alexander and John Price Alexander, natives of Washington county, Missouri, were also among the group MISSOURIANA 537 from the Austins' home county who contributed to Texas history. John Price Alexander represented Washington county in the 13th general assembly of Missouri (1844-1848). Martin Parmer (Palmer), one of the signers of the decla­ ration of independence and of the constitution of the Republic of Texas, was a member of the lower house of the first general assembly of the State of Missouri and a senator in the third general assembly. Martin Parmer was born in Virginia and came to Missouri from Tennessee. A unique frontiersman, Parmer moved on to Arkansas and arrived in Texas about 1826. Bancroft says that Parmer was a member of the general coun­ cil to advise the governor of the provisional government in Texas in 1835. John W. Smith, "Courier of the Alamo," who led thirty- two men from Gonzales into the Alamo, has been said to have been a Missourian. Since the annexation of Texas to the United States, the state has had four native Missourians among its representa­ tives in Congress: Guy Morrison Bryan (who has been dis­ cussed), Jeremiah Vardaman Cockrell, Sterling Price Strong, and Dudley Goodall Wooten. Cockrell, a brother of Senator Francis Marion Cockrell of Missouri, was born near Warrens­ burg, Missouri, educated in the State and save for four years in California, made his home in Missouri until he moved to Texas after the civil war. A prominent lawyer and active in politics, he was judge of the 39th district court for more than two terms and was elected to the 53rd and 54th Congresses. He also engaged in farming and stock raising in Texas. Sterling Price Strong was born near Jefferson City, Missouri, but was educated in the public schools of Texas. He served as county clerk in Montague county and Hale county and was a representative-at-large to the 73rd Congress. Dudley Goodall Wooten was born near Springfield, Missouri, in Greene county but his parents moved to Texas during his infancy. He practiced law in Austin and in Dallas and served as prose­ cuting attorney and as judge of the Dallas county district court. He was a member of the state legislature and of the 57th Congress. In 1924, he became professor of law at the University of Notre Dame, in Indiana. 538 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

In the Dictionary of American Biography, there are three native Missourians who have contributed to the growth of Texas. Howard Robard Hughes, inventor, manufacturer, sportsman, and philanthropist, was born in Lancaster, Mis­ souri. He began his career in mining in southwest Missouri before going to Texas, where he engaged in the oil business, drilling and contracting. Charles William Wallace, educator and Shakespeare investigator, was born at Hopkins, Missouri, but spent the greater part of his life in Nebraska and at the University of Nebraska before entering the oil industry in Texas as an independent operator (1918-32). Edwin Breving- ton Parker, international jurist, was born in Shelbina, Shelby county, Missouri, and began his education at Central College at Fayette before attending the University of Texas. He began the practice of law at Houston and became not only a leader in legal and corporation circles but was appointed a member of the U. S. War Industries Board and also served on numerous international commissions. The Dictionary of American Biography also refers to eight persons who have been identified with both Missouri and Texas. The Austins, Moses and Stephen, are foremost of course. Alfred W. Arrington, lawyer and poet, preached, and practiced law in Missouri before he went to Texas. He was judge of the twelfth judicial district in Texas in 1850. Joseph Baldwin (born in Pennsylvania), educator and author, founded the private normal school in Kirksville, Missouri, in 1867, which became the nucleus of the first state district nor­ mal school. Baldwin also sponsored the establishment of the normal school system in Texas. Anthony Bewley, a native of Tennessee, was a Methodist minister who preached in southwest Missouri and finally went to Texas during the abolition controversy as a missionary from the Missouri Con­ ference of the Northern Church. He met his death in Texas at the hands of a mob. Edward Burleson, soldier and frontier leader, lived in Missouri for some years and was a captain and later a colonel in the militia. In Texas, he fought against raids and succeeded Stephen Austin as commander-in-chief of the Texas army against Mexico. He was a member of the first senate of the Republic of Texas, vice-president of the MISSOURIANA 539

Republic and a member of the state senate. Michel Brana- mour Menard, Indian trader, was born in Canada, and spent some time in the vicinity of Ste. Genevieve before going to Texas. In Texas, he signed the declaration of independence, was a member of the committee that drafted the constitution, the founder of Galveston, and later a member of the state legislature. John Timon, Roman Catholic prelate and a native of Pennsylvania, traveled through Missouri on mis­ sionary circuits and taught at the Lazarist seminary at the Barrens in Missouri. He was made prefect-apostolic of Texas and when Texas became a republic, the letters of Cardinal Fransoin which he presented to President Burnett were regarded as papal recognition of Texan independence. In addition to Austin, Kerr, and Menard, who had to do with the founding of San Felipe, Gonzales, and Galveston, at least two other founders of Texas towns had some Missouri connection. James Wiley Magoffin founded the town of Magoffinsville after he had played his part in the conquest of New Mexico. Magoffinsville later became a part of El Paso. A. P. Borger, a former resident of Carthage, Missouri, founded the present town of Borger. Among other native Missourians about whom informa­ tion has been found are the following: F. V. Blesse (St. Louis), at one time president of the First National Bank of Eagle Pass, Texas; James G. Dudley (Hannibal), prominent lawyer of Texas; William R. Hayes (Hickory county), stock raiser, farmer and county judge; Thomas Benton King (Rich­ mond), son of the Missouri governor, Austin A. King, gradu­ ate of the University of Missouri in 1858, and long a resident of Texas; David McFadden (Randolph county) and his brother Jonathan, state rangers, Confederate soldiers, and Indian fighters. A few other persons who were identified with Missouri through residence may be mentioned. William M. Harrison (Kentucky) spent some years in Missouri before going to Texas in 1836, where he became a merchant, planter, and mem­ ber of the state legislature. James Prewitt Hickman (Ken­ tucky) was a leading merchant in central Missouri—in Boon­ ville, Independence, and Fayette—before establishing a store 540 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

for a brief time in El Paso in the late forties; after engaging in the Mexican trade, he retired to San Antonio. Joseph Christo­ pher Terrell was born in Tennessee as his family was on the way to Missouri, where they settled at Boonville. Educated at Kemper School, he was admitted to the St. Joseph bar, after which he went to California and later practiced law in Texas. His brother, Judge A. W. Terrell, became a state senator in Texas. William Waldo, Santa Fe trader, merchant and farmer, spent some years in Missouri, a part of them at Harmony Mission. After a number of years in California, where he rescued numerous emigrant parties, he settled in Texas. Dr. William Harrison Westfall lived in Henry county before going to Texas. He served in the state legislature of Texas. The most recent volume of Who's Who in America (Vol. XX, 1938-39) contains accounts of twenty-eight native Mis­ sourians among the citizens of Texas and eight persons who at some time have been identified with Missouri. Eleven clergymen (seven of them native Missourians) and two theo­ logical professors (one native Missourian) constitute the largest list7 and four of thirteen have been students in Central Col­ lege at Fayette, Missouri.8 Six educators (five native Mis­ sourians) constitute the next largest list.9 Two physicians and a public health official,10 three newspaper men,11 three lawyers,12 an adjutant general,13 an assistant secretary of the treasury of the United States,14 a construction mining engi-

'Charles McTyeire Bishop, William D. Bradfield, Wallace Bassett, Christo­ pher Edward Bryne, Frank Graham, Clinton Lockhart, John Monroe Moore, Franz Marshall McConnell, John Nelson Russell Score, Charles Claude Selec- man, James Seehorn Seneker, Ernest Clay Webb, Albert Clay Zumbrunnen. 8Charles Claude Selecman, Albert Clay Zumbrunnen, Charles McTyeire Bishop, John Monroe Moore. 9Edward Everett Davis, Henry Winston Harper, William Frederic Hauhart, Henry Lucian Pritchett, Lucinda de Leftwich Templin, Alfred Rabe. 10Elbert Dunlap, Cyrus N. Ray, Harry Evans Trimble. "Houston Harte, Harry Lee Millis, (John) Wallace Perry. 12Robert Lee Ball, Thomas Bell Love, Douglas Wear McGregor. 13John Augustus Hulen. 14Thomas Bell Love. MISSOURIANA 541 neer,15 bankers,16 business men,17 an agricultural writer,18 and an artist complete the list.19 It has been impossible to find information concerning many worthy citizens of New Mexico, Arizona, Oklahoma, and Texas who were formerly M issourians. Moreover, the many thousands of Missourians who have added to the popu­ lation of these states makes a complete record impossible. No outstanding contribution of Missourians to these western states has, however, been willfully overlooked. (To be continued.)

RED-LETTER BOOKS RELATING TO MISSOURI Recollections of the Last Ten Years, Passed in Occasional Residences and Journeying in theValley of the Mississippi, from Pittsburgh and the Missouri, to the Gulf of Mexico, and from Florida to the Spanish Frontier; in a series of Letters to the Rev. James Flint, of Salem, Massachusetts. By Timothy Flint. (Boston, Cummings, Hilliard and Co., 1826.) The life of a frontier preacher in the early days called for physical as well as mental vigor. Timothy Flint was never far from invalidism. Singleness of purpose would seem essen­ tial, yet Flint was by temperament a writer, though his cre­ ative talent was frustrated until middle age. He liked change and to him the wilderness had always meant romance. It was inevitable that his missionary career should be full of trouble. Flint was born in North Reading, Massachusetts, in 1780. In 1800 he graduated at Harvard, where his study of Chateaubriand and other French writers was later to be re­ flected in his literary style. He married the seventeen year old Abigail Hubbard, of Marblehead, in 1802. Five children were born to them. Abigail was related to John Peabody, the wealthy ship-owner of Salem, and his gifts to her often supplemented her husband's meagre earnings. From 1802 to 1814 Flint was a Congregationalist minister at Lunen-

15Silas Franklin Shaw. 16Robert Lee Ball, Ray Montgomery Farrar. 17Clarence E. Linz, Ralph Waldo Morrison, Charles Moorehead Newman. 18John Ashton. 19Dawson Dawson-Watson. 542 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

burg, Massachusetts. In 1815 he accepted an offer from the Missionary Society of Connecticut to represent it in the states of Kentucky and Ohio. This involved a shift to Presbyterian- ism, not a violent or unusual change in those days. A deter­ mining factor in Flint's decision was the hope that a new climate would benefit his health. In the fall of 1815, Flint, with his wife and three children, started his westward journey. At this point his recollections begin, affording a panorama of the West and South as he viewed them during a decade of swift change. Written hur­ riedly from memory, the book naturally emphasizes general impressions rather than detailed information. It is jumbled and not free from error. For realism, eloquent vivacity, and readability, however, the narrative ranks high among its kind, and as autobiography it is material for a novelist. The book is made up of twenty-seven letters, the twenty- second to the twenty-sixth being misnumbered. They are addressed to the author's cousin and lifelong friend, James Flint. In a prefatory note Timothy explains that "I have striven to depart from the common fashion of emptying the contents of one book into another and serving them up to you in a new form. Whether it will make for or against the work, it is not for me to say; but I can assert, with perfect confi­ dence, that I have not consulted a book on my subject, from the commencement to the close of it." Completing the first stage of his journey by wagon, Flint embarked at Pittsburgh for Cincinnati. It is an ani­ mated picture he gives of the flooding tide of westward emi­ gration. The Ohio swarmed with ' 'whimsical watercraft": barges, keelboats, Kentucky flats, or "broadhorns," pirogues, "covered sleds," dugouts, canoes, and a miscellany of indi­ vidual efforts in naval architecture baffling even Flint's con­ siderable powers of nomenclature. In a book sparkling with vivid description, the river scenes stand out. When describing those colorful river rowdies, the boatmen, the author elbows the moralist aside. Flint reached Cincinnati in December, 1815. There he managed to stay the winter, but in March, 1816, he was off on a preaching tour in Kentucky and Indiana. The restless MISSOURIANA 543 urge of the frontier was now strong upon him, and he hoped to shake ill-health and poverty somewhere beyond the horizon. April found him again afloat on the Ohio in a keelboat he had purchased. He also took along a stock of merchandise, expect­ ing thereby to lay up a little treasure on earth. Flint arrived in St. Louis in May, 1816, and lived there a few months, teaching and preaching. His stay was marked by petty ecclesiastical bickering attendant upon the prelimi­ naries of organizing the Presbytery of Missouri. Fellow work­ ers were jealous and abusive, while Flint, in turn, seems to have reserved his tolerance for his books. He measured St. Louis manners and morals with a rigid Lunenburg yardstick and found them wanting, a not unprecedented attitude among our New England visitors. By the fall of 1816 we find our migratory minister in St. Charles. In his excursions from that point, preaching at the Bonhomme, Buffalo, and Concord churches, traveling down to the mining districts, or up the Illinois river, he gained at firsthand a knowledge of all phases of life in this region. He came to know the prairie, the Indians, the backwoodsmen, the immigrants, many of whom were, like Flint himself, escapists, seeking ease and finding hardship. He met Gov­ ernor Clark, Manuel Lisa, and the rest of the local great. He was interested in the past, as revealed by the mounds and other prehistoric remains, and in the present, as illustrated by the legislators meeting in St. Charles, whom he considered almost as primitive. All that he saw he described with a strong relish for color which sometimes betrayed him to ver­ bosity but seldom to dullness. Meanwhile Flint's troubles as a missionary persisted. He was charged with being "a speculator, avaricious, immoral and of course not a Christian." Fortunately, the book touches but briefly on these quarrels, and it leaves us wondering why one whose writings reflect so much friendly understanding of his fellow men should have such a talent for antagonizing them when attempting to save their souls. Flint himself evidently gave it up, for he resigned from the missionary society in 1818. 544 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Shortly after his resignation Flint succumbed to the fever then so prevalent in those bottom lands. For thirty days he lay unconscious, but the resilient fortitude of the man pulled him through. He once more fixed his gaze on the horizon, this time to the South. He had long been in correspondence with several southern points in regard to church and school work. In April, 1819, the family started down the Mississippi, predestined to as much misfortune as could be crowded into six months. Upon reaching the mouth of the Arkansas river, Flint decided to establish a mission at Arkansas Post. He held his services at the courthouse, adjacent to a billiard hall and ballroom from which he recruited his congregation, preaching to them in an imperfect French that often drove them back to their less innocent occupations. The region was infested with mosquitoes and prairie flies, and soon Flint was nursing the rest of the family, down with the ague. While on a trip up the river, a tornado struck the house in which they were staying, and Flint's journal and other manuscripts were lost. By October Missouri seemed once more the promised land, so the family again embarked. The climax of disaster was reached on this journey at a lonely point "opposite the second Chickasaw bluff." The keelboat was made fast by a sandbar, for Mrs. Flint was in labor and a storm was brewing in the sultry afternoon air. When it struck, the roof of the little cabin was blown in, completing the tragic picture. The baby survived but a few days and was buried on the bluff. Flint passed the winter of 1820 in New Madrid, where the effects of the earthquake of 1811-12 were still painfully evident. His book contains a vivid account of the disaster. In the spring or early summer he moved to Jackson, in Cape Girardeau county, where he taught and preached about a year. His description of the German immigrants is the most valuable contribution to the book resulting from this residence. In September, 1821, Flint headed again for St. Charles, this time traveling overland. Flint's second stay in St. Charles is not described in any detail in his Recollections. According to Bryan and Rose, in MISSOURIANA 545 the History of Pioneer Families of Missouri, he "opened a farm on Marais Croche Lake, where he raised cotton and made wine from wild grapes." A double thrust from ague and poverty finally forced him to bid farewell to Missouri in October, 1822. After a visit to New Orleans and other Southern points, Flint landed in Alexandria, Louisiana, as the head of a Presby­ terian seminary. Here the rest of the migratory family took root, but it was too much to hope for from its unfortunate head. After a respite of two years, disease again claimed him and he was sent back to Massachusetts. He was convinced that he was at death's door; instead, he soon found himself at the threshold of his literary career. While recuperating at Saratoga Springs he completed the Recollections, following it in the same year (1826) with his first novel, Francis Berrian. Eleven books were written by Flint in the next eight years. As he was also editor and chief contributor of the Western Monthly Review, it readily can be understood why his work was often careless. The marvel is that it was so seldom prosy. Five years before his death in 1840, Flint's literary activity subsided. It is comforting to learn that he had a brief Indian summer of comparative prosperity, but one tragic circum­ stance remains to be told. When, in July, 1840, he realized that he was dying, he wrote a letter of farewell from Salem to his family in Alexandria. Upon receiving it, Abigail Flint was so prostrated by the shock that she preceded her husband to the grave. One disaster to Flint's manuscripts has been mentioned. A second occurred when his library at Alexandria was burned during the Civil war. Other papers and the one portrait of him known to exist were lost in the Galveston flood. Wind, fire, and water seem to have conspired against the memory of this gifted man. The only full-length biography of Flint is John Ervine Kirkpatrick's Timothy Flint, Pioneer, Missionary, Author, Editor (1911). It has an extensive bibliography, to which the following, subsequently published, should be added: Rusk, Ralph L., The Literature of the Middle Western Frontier; 546 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Mott, Frank L., A History of American Magazines; Parrington, Vernon L., The Romantic Revolution in America, 1800-1860; and the sketch in the Dictionary of American Biography. After an interval of more than a century the Recollections was reprinted, appearing in the Americana Deserta series in 1932, with an introduction by Mr. C. Hartley Grattan. An index would have been more useful.—Contributed by Clarence E. Miller, Assistant Librarian, St. Louis Mercantile Library Association.

MISSOURI IN THE HALL OF FAME FOR GREAT AMERICANS The Hall of Fame for Great Americans was established at New York University in 1900 in fulfillment of a gift made by Mrs. Finley J. Shepard (Helen Gould). The Colonnade on University Heights in New York City was erected to hold one hundred and fifty panels for memorial bronze tablets which was expected would be filled by about 2000 A. D. The names to be inscribed on these bronze tablets are chosen every five years by a College of Electors consisting of about one hundred American men and women of distinction repre­ senting each state in the Union and numerous professions. Seventy-two names have been chosen since 1900 and elections will be held again in October, 1940, when a quota of eighteen names may be added. The original regulation regarding the ineligibility of foreign-born Americans has been removed and the discriminations as to sex have also been removed. The margin of time after death at which a person becomes eligible has been extended from ten to twenty-five years. A quotation from the lips or pen of the persons elected is inscribed on each tablet. Among the seventy-two Americans honored by the College of Electors of the Hall of Fame is one native Missourian, Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain), humorist and writer of fiction. The bronze tablet in the Colonnade bears the following inscription: SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS 1835-1910 Loyalty to petrified opinion never broke a chain or freed a human soul. MISSOURIANA 547

Mark Twain was elected in 1920 by seventy-two votes and the tablet was unveiled in 1921. A bronze bust of Mark Twain, made by Albert Humphreys, was presented by the Estate of Mark Twain on May 13, 1924, and was unveiled by his daughter, Mrs. Ossip Gabrilowitsch. Miss Agnes Rep- plier made an address upon the occasion. Daniel Boone, Missouri's adopted frontiersman, was chosen by the College of Electors in 1915 by fifty-two votes and the bronze memorial tablet was unveiled in 1921. The inscription upon the tablet reads: DANIEL BOONE 1734-1820 May the same Almighty Goodness which has turned a cruel war into peace banish the accursed monster War from all lands. A bronze bust of Daniel Boone by Albin Polasek was given to the Hall of Fame by the Boone Family Association and was unveiled by Jesse P. Crump, a descendant of Boone, on May 12, 1926. The address for the occasion was written by Vice- President Charles G. Dawes and read by the Director of the Hall of Fame. Another man of distinction whom Missouri claims by virtue of residence and his services to the State was James Buchanan Eads, engineer. Eads was elected to the Hall of Fame at the same time as Mark Twain by fifty-one votes. The inscription to his memory on the bronze tablet in the Hall of Fame reads: JAMES BUCHANAN EADS 1820-1887 / cannot die; I have not finished my work. The American Society of Civil Engineers presented a bronze bust of Eads to the Hall of Fame. The bust is the work of Charles Grafly and was unveiled by James Eads Switzer, Esq., grandson of Captain Eads. The address of the occasion was delivered by Dr. George F. Swain, professor of civil engineering at Harvard. 548 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

In addition to the seventy-two names selected, two hun­ dred and forty-three names were considered worthy of a vote by the complete College of Electors but were rejected. Of this number, there were seven eminent persons who have been identified with Missouri: Eugene Field, Kit Carson, Jedediah Smith, Sterling Price, Stephen Fuller Austin, Thomas Hart Benton, and Harriet Hosmer.

STATE AID FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB (1839-1851) The State of Missouri made its first contribution to a school for the education of the deaf and dumb in 1839, the same year in which legislative provision was made for the establishment of the University of Missouri and for a public school system. An act of the 10th General Assembly appro­ priated $2,000 to be used for the education of deaf and dumb children between the ages of eight and eighteen years and the appropriation was to be paid to the deaf and dumb asylum at Carondelet in St. Louis county, which had been established in the spring of 1838 by the Sisters of St. Joseph. This appropriation of $2,000 and another of $210 approved on the same day (February 13, 1839) represent the first appropria­ tion of money by the State legislature of Missouri paid from the general revenue fund for the purpose of education. The institution at Carondelet for the education of deaf- mutes was established in 1838 under the direction of Bishop Rosati, Roman Catholic Bishop of St. Louis, and was main­ tained by the Sisters of St. Joseph. The Sisters of St. Joseph had come to St. Louis from France in 1835 and taken posses­ sion of their home in Carondelet in 1836 and opened a school there in September of that year. In September, 1837, two sisters trained in teaching the deaf arrived from Lyons. They had delayed leaving France earlier in order to prepare themselves for teaching the deaf and dumb, since Bishop Rosati had requested that some of the nuns sent to Missouri be qualified for that purpose. The convent was enlarged in the spring of 1838 and a school for deaf-mutes was started with four charity pupils. In order to augment their income, the Sisters taught the female children of the town for $375 annually MISSOURIANA 549 while maintaining their school for the deaf and dumb. The boys of the town were taught by an "assistant schoolmaster" in conjunction with the school of the Sisters. The course of study for the deaf and dumb children included orthography, reading, writing, grammar, geography, arithmetic, history, and all kinds of needlework. Eleven-year-old Emily Johnson of Cape Girardeau county entered the school on March 26, 1839, and remained a year, learning to spell, write, and em­ broider. Thirteen-year-old Theresa Bernard of St. Charles county entered on December 17, 1839, and spent her time in learning to read, write, and sew. Ellen McCartney of Boon­ ville learned spelling, reading, writing, grammar, composition, arithmetic, and plain sewing. Deaf and dumb children from other states attended the school, for in March, 1846, Sister Celestine, superintendent of Carondelet Asylum, said that there were five such children in the school who were not inhabitants of the State. After State funds were withdrawn, the Sisters of St. Joseph continued their work for deaf and dumb children in Carondelet and in 1870 established a branch for boys in Hannibal and still later a school in St. Louis for both boys and girls. The State was evidently more willing to aid the asylum at Carondelet if no expenditure of money were involved. The 10th General Assembly also prepared a memorial to Congress (February 8, 1839) describing the school in Carondelet and asking for a Federal grant of a township of land to be used by the State to provide for the education of the deaf and dumb in the asylum at Carondelet. In January, 1841, the committee on education of the 11th General Assembly reported that it had no knowledge of the asylum at Carondelet save for the semi-annual reports made by the superintendent and that the facilities of the school seemed inadequate due to lack of encouragement. The committee was not willing, however, to recommend that the Sisters be permitted to draw the re­ mainder of the $2,000 appropriation in order to provide more spacious and comfortable quarters. A report of the committee on education of the 11th General Assembly submitted on January 21, 1841, gives some insight into the operation of the act of February 13, 1839. According 550 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

to this report, the $2,000 appropriation specified in the act was not to be paid annually in a lump sum. The superin­ tendent of the asylum was to send semi-annual reports to the auditor of public accounts. Upon the filing of each report, the auditor was authorized to draw his warrant for the sum of $40 for each deaf and dumb pupil who had attended the school in the preceding six months. During the first eighteen months that the law was in operation, only two children seem to have depended upon the State for their tuition at the asylum. The 10th General Assembly also appropriated the sum of $210 to assist a resident of Howard county to educate his son who had attended a deaf and dumb asylum at Danville, Kentucky. One half of the sum was to be paid at once and the remaining one-half when three years of attendance had been completed. The full sum of $210 was paid by 1842. This law established a precedent which appealed to the legislative committee on education. In its report of 1841, the com­ mittee expressed itself as favoring the appropriation of money by the State for the education of the native deaf and dumb in institutions outside the State, such as those in Danville, Kentucky, Columbus, Ohio, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Hartford, Connecticut. At this time, the State census re­ ported only 101 persons in Missouri who were deaf and dumb, although the Federal census found 139 persons who were deaf and dumb. The 12th General Assembly extended the age limit pre­ scribed in the act of 1839 by providing that two young men be admitted to the asylum at Carondelet and taught in all re­ spects as though they were under eighteen years of age (acts of February 17 and 25, 1843). Another act (February 22, 1843) relieved a deaf and dumb citizen of Lincoln county from payment of poll tax or tax on any property to the amount of $300 during his residence in Missouri. This latter act was repealed, however, when the General Assembly met in 1845. A new procedure and a different method of appropriation for the education of the deaf and dumb were instituted by an act of the 14th General Assembly approved on February 16, 1847, which repealed the act of February 13, 1839. By this new act of 1847, any deaf, dumb, or blind person between MISSOURIANA 551 the ages of eight and twenty years could be certified by the county clerk to the superintendent of common schools. Upon transmission of this certification to the auditor of public accounts, the auditor would give a warrant to the parents or guardian of such person for $80 per year to be used for the education of such person. No one beneficiary, however, could draw more than $160 and no more than a total sum of $2,000 could be drawn annually from the treasury for the benefit of the deaf and dumb, and no more than a total of $1,200 annually for the blind. The superintendent of common schools was to be required to report to each session of the General Assembly a record of such persons and the amounts drawn. Training could thus be received at State expense outside the State in accordance with the proposal made by the committee on education in 1841. In 1849, the General Assembly amended the act of 1847 to include the deaf, dumb and blind between the ages of ten and thirty years, reduced the annual appropriation to each beneficiary to $60, and increased the total amount which each might receive to $240. When the next General Assembly met, an act was passed on February 28, 1851, which provided for the establishment of an asylum at Fulton for the education of the deaf and dumb. The provisions of the laws of 1847 and 1849 relating to appro­ priations for the deaf and dumb were repealed, save with regard to such persons in receipt of public money who were attending the Illinois Institute for the deaf and dumb. The Missouri School for the Deaf and Dumb at Fulton has since continued in operation. The total number of deaf and dumb persons who re­ ceived instruction at State expense between 1839 and 1851 was not large. Only a few reports of the superintendent of the Carondelet Asylum are available, and the auditor's reports are therefore the chief source of information. From an examination of the biennial reports of the State auditor of of public accounts, a total sum of $680 seems to have been expended from 1839 to September 30, 1846. This sum of $680 must constitute the total amount which was paid to the Carondelet Asylum. The expenditures for the deaf, dumb, and 552 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW blind listed in the reports of the auditor of public accounts from 1846 to 1850 related to the acts which were passed in 1847 and 1849. The total sum spent (1846-1850) according to the reports was $5,600. This sum is slightly at variance with the report of the superintendent of common schools for December 30, 1850. At this time, there were 61 persons who had received $60 each and 31 persons who had received $80 each. The total of 92 persons had received $6,140 between 1847 and December, 1850. Of this number, there were pos­ sibly eleven blind persons who had received benefits.

TOPICS IN MISSOURI HISTORY According to the United States Census figures, the migra­ tion of Missourians to Oklahoma and Texas has remained fairly constant since the first report of interstate migration was made. Moreover, this migration has been sufficiently large to justify inquiry into the records of those Missourians who merged their identity with the states of their adoption. The following bibliography has been prepared to provide means by which the Missouri heritage of Oklahoma and Texas may be investigated. This bibliography has been limited to titles which may be found in the library of the State Historical Society of Missouri, as well as to those which furnish specific references to individual Missourians in Oklahoma and Texas exclusive, for the most part, of other information dealing with these states. The basic and most useful sources for any such survey are The Dictionary of American Biography (20 volumes), the last two editions of Who's Who in America (Volumes XIX and XX), The Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1927, and the annual volumes of the Official Congressional Directory issued since 1927.

MISSOURIANS IN OKLAHOMA AND TEXAS

Bancroft, Hubert Howe, History of the North Mexican States and Texas, Vol. II, 1801-1889. In Bancroft's Works, Vol. XVI (San Francisco, 1889). Barker, Eugene Campbell (ed.), "The Austin Papers," in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1919, Vol. II, Pts. 1 & 2; 1922, Vol. II (Washington, 1924, 1928). MISSOURIANA 553

Barker, Eugene Campbell, The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793-1836; A Chapter in the Westward Movement of the Anglo-American People (Nashville, 1925). Brown, John Henry, Indian Wars and Pioneers of Texas (Austin, 189-?). Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vols. 1-14, 1921-1936. Published quarterly by the Oklahoma Historical Society (Oklahoma City, 1921-1936). Gittinger, Roy, "The Formation of the State of Oklahoma (1803-1906)," in University of California Publications in History, Vol. 6 (Berkeley, 1917). Harlow, Victor E., Oklahoma (Oklahoma City, 1934). Johnson, Frank W., A History of Texas and Texans. Edited and brought to date by Eugene C. Barker (Chicago, 1916). McClure, Meade L., Major Andrew Drumm, 1828-1919. A sketch pre­ pared and read by Meade L. McClure before the Missouri Valley Historical Society, May 31, 1919 [n. p. n. d.] Magoffin, Susan (Shelby), Down the Santa Fe Trail and into Mexico; the Diary of Susan Shelby Magoffin, 1846-1847. Edited by Stella M. Drumm (New Haven, Conn., 1926). Missouri Historical Review, Vols. 1-33, 1906-1939. Published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Missouri (Columbia, 1906-1939). Rather, Ethel Zively, "De Witt's Colony," in Bulletin of the University of Texas, No. 51, Ser. 3 (Austin, January 15, 1905). The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vols. 1-40, 1897-1937. Published quarterly by the Texas State Historical Association (Austin, 1897- 1937). Thoburn, Joseph B., A Standard History of Oklahoma. 5 vols. (Chicago, 1916). Waldo, William, "Recollections of a Septuagenarian," in Glimpses of The Past, (Pub. by the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis), Vol. 5, Nos. 4-6, April-June, 1938, pp. 62-94. Westbrook, Harriette Johnson, "The Chouteaus and Their Commercial Enterprises," in Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 11, No. 2 (June, 1933, pp. 787-797; Vol. 11, No. 3 (September, 1933), pp. 942-966.

DO YOU KNOW, OR DON'T YOU? That the parent association of the Missouri society of the national organization of the United Daughters of the Con­ federacy was the first to use the name "Daughters of the Con­ federacy?" The idea of the title "Daughters of the Con­ federacy" was inspired (on April 30, 1886) by General John B. Gordon who introduced Varina Anne (Winnie) Davis to an audience in Georgia as "The Daughter of the Confederacy." The Missouri society unanimously adopted the name on the first Tuesday in March, 1891, while completing its organiza- 554 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW tion in St. Louis. The National Daughters of the Con­ federacy organized in September, 1894, and the present title, United Daughters of the Confederacy, was adopted by the national organization in November, 1895.

That the first bridge over the Mississippi river which touched Missouri shores and the second over the Mississippi was the railroad bridge at Quincy, Illinois, completed in 1868? The second Missouri bridge across the Mississippi was the Hannibal bridge, opened on September 1, 1871.

That the first sleeping cars in Missouri were operated on the Pacific railroad between St. Louis and Kansas City on June 24, 1866?

That before the recent union of the several branches of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Centenary Church, located at 16th and Pine in St. Louis, had the fourth largest congrega­ tion among Southern Methodist churches in the United States?

That the three governors of the Territory of Missouri (1812-1820) were Benjamin Howard (1810-1812), Frederick Bates (Acting-Governor, 1812-1813), and William Clark (1813-1820)? Alexander McNair was elected the first state governor in August, 1820, although statehood was not formally granted until August, 1821.

That the first locomotive built west of the Mississippi is said to have been constructed in St. Louis in July, 1853? Five locomotives were manufactured in St. Louis in that year.

That James Buchanan Eads, famous bridge builder in Missouri, was the first American to receive the Albert Medal of the British Society for the Encouragement of Art, Manu- MISSOURIANA 555 factures and Commerce? Eads was honored by the Society in 1884, more than one hundred years after its organization in 1753.

That St. Louis became the first "home rule" city in the United States? The provision in the constitution of Missouri which made "home rule" possible was introduced in the Mis­ souri constitutional convention of 1875 by Joseph Pulitzer on May 14, 1875.

That James B. Eads, Daniel Boone, and Mark Twain are the only persons closely identified with Missouri among the seventy-two Americans who have been honored by inclu­ sion in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at New York University?

That agricultural societies were organized in the counties of St. Charles, St. Louis, and Howard as early as 1822? The first agricultural fair of which record has been found was held by the St. Louis County Agricultural Society in 1824.

That James B. Eads, the bridge builder of St. Louis, established the first glass factory in the Mississippi Valley? The factory was established in St. Louis about 1846 but did not meet with success until several years after Eads had given up the project.

That Rufus Easton, the first postmaster in Missouri, was also Missouri's second territorial delegate to Congress, second State attorney-general, and one of the first three judges of the Territory of Louisiana? One of his daughters, Mary E. Sibley, was co-founder with her husband, George C. Sibley, of Lindenwood College. Another daughter became the wife of Henry S. Geyer, and a third married Archibald Gamble, brother of Governor Hamilton R. Gamble. Alton, Illinois, was named for Easton's son. 556 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

That the first four railroads to cross the State of Missouri were the Hannibal and St. Joseph (completed February 13, 1859), the Pacific railroad, now the Missouri Pacific, (De­ cember 19, 1865), the west branch of the North Missouri railroad, now the Wabash, (December 3, 1868), and the Southwest Branch of the Pacific railroad, now known as the Frisco, (about April 1, 1871)?

VERSE IN THE MISSOURI PIONEER PRESS

POETRY

For the Whig1 Suggested by the little song in your paper a few weeks since.

Where's the Bank our Nation chartered, Long time ago! When the Sword and Purse were parted, Widely you know: The Bank that was so fondly cherished, By high and low! Alas! in Jackson's reign she perished, Long time ago!

She raised our credit o'er the water, Long time ago! And prudent buyers always bought her Stock, high or low! Her bills would pass through all the Nation, Exchanges were low! We rarely heard of defalcation, Long time ago!

JThe "Poetry" quoted represented the Whig sentiment in Missouri in 1839. In the fall of 1839, Whigs and Jacksonian Democrats held local and state conventions in Missouri in preparation for the election of 1840. Marion county was a Whig county and the Palmyra Missouri Whig and General Adver­ tiser expressed Whig sentiments. At the time of publication of this verse both the bank of the State of Missouri at St. Louis and the branch bank at Palmyra were refusing to accept the notes of any banks which had suspended specie payments. MISSOURIANA 557

But with her we had to sever, Long time ago! Can we now forget her? never! No, lost one, no. To her grave our tears are given, Ever to flow: She was the nation's lump of leaven, Long time ago!

She breathed her last without a struggle, Long time ago! Then was heard Tom Benton's bugle Loudly to blow; Now, my boys, the Yellow Jackets,2 Will up the river flow,3 But not like rags put up in packets, Long time ago!

The golden stars began to twinkle, Long time ago! When Tom was here he brought a sprinkle, Merely to show; But solitary and alone, he Finds the ball wont go, So he's mounted Salt,4 his worn-out pony, Long time ago! From the Palmyra Missouri Whig and General Advertiser, December 7, 1839.

2The Missouri Whigs in 1839 were opposed to the sub-treasury system of the United States and favored some kind of a national bank. Moreover, the Whigs were opposed to the "hard" money theories of Thomas Hart Benton, Democratic United States senator from Missouri. Benton had long advocated the use of gold and silver coins as standards of value and as currency, and had advocated the passage of the gold currency act which evaluated gold and silver at the ratio of 16-1. The gold pieces which were subsequently coined were often spoken of as "Benton's mint-drops" and in this case as "yellow jackets." The coins did not circulate as freely as Benton had hoped. 3Benton had advocated the establishment of a United States branch mint at New Orleans, which would make it more possible for the West to be supplied with gold. Benton had often predicted also that foreign gold would flow up the Mississippi if the United States should function on a hard money basis. throughout his service in Congress, Benton fought for repeal of the tariff on salt. Between 1830 and 1846, he gave especial attention to the subject at least eight times. In September, 1839, he circulated a questionnaire in Mis­ souri dealing with the salt monoply in the West. 558 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

RECORD OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY Do Missourians generally know they have a State-sup­ ported institution that not only performs a useful service, but lives within its slender budget and has actually accumulated property of greater value than the total appropriations re­ ceived during its existence? This is the unusual record of the State Historical Society of Missouri. Founded in 1898, it was incorporated 40 years ago last month and soon after became a State institution as trustee for collections and documents. Appropriations have totaled $473,214, or less than $12,000 a year, and the society's property is inventoried at $487,644, leaving a net profit of $14,430. Rare indeed is the public agency that can make such a showing. This valuation is, of course, merely a nominal figure. Actually, the society's newspaper and magazine files, historic documents, rare books and irreplaceable data are priceless. Priceless, too, is the research conducted by the society, the part it has played for 40 years in awakening historical con­ sciousness among Missourians and its role in fostering an intelligent State pride. The society's modest allowance from State funds is annually repaid many times over.—Editorial in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 5, 1939.

ANNUAL MEETING AND DINNER OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY Out-of-town members representing forty-three towns attended the thirty-third annual meeting and dinner of the State Historical Society of Missouri, held in Columbia on April 25, 1939. Senator Allen McReynolds of Carthage, Missouri, president of the Society, presided at the meeting, and he also served as toastmaster at the annual dinner at the Tiger hotel on the evening of April 25. The trustees elected to fill the three-year terms which expired at this meeting are Ludwig Fuerbringer, St. Louis; Henry Krug, Jr., St. Joseph; Dulany Mahan, Hannibal; HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 559

Justus R. Moll, Springfield; John F. Rhodes, Kansas City; William Southern, Jr., Independence; Henry C. Thompson, Bonne Terre; George H. Williams, St. Louis; and Charles L. Woods, Rolla. The financial report of the Society was presented by Dr. Isidor Loeb of St. Louis, chairman of the finance committee, on behalf of the executive and finance committees. R. B. Price, treasurer of the Society, presented the treasurer's annual balance sheet and Floyd C. Shoemaker, secretary of the Society, reported on the activities, progress, and accom­ plishments of the Society during 1938. The speaker at the annual dinner of the Society that evening was Lloyd Lewis, drama and sports editor of the Chicago Daily News. The title of his address was "The Missouri-Kansas War." The Rev. Dr. C. E. Lemmon of Columbia pronounced the invocation at the dinner. Both the meeting and dinner were well attended. The forty-three cities and towns represented, besides Columbia, were Chicago, Illinois, Ava, Bonne Terre, Boonville, Brook­ field, California, Cape Girardeau, Carthage, Centralia, Dia­ mond, East Prairie, Farmington, Fayette, Ferguson, Forsyth, Fredericktown, Fulton, Hallsville, Hannibal, Jefferson City, Kansas City, Kennett, Kirksville, Lawson, Lexington, Liberty, Maryville, Mexico, New Franklin, New London, Osceola, Paris, Perryville, Richmond, Rolla, St. Charles, St. Joseph, St. Louis, Sedalia, Springfield, Union, Warrensburg, and Webster Groves.

MEMBERS ACTIVE IN INCREASING THE SOCIETY'S MEMBERSHIP The following members of the Society have been active during the last six months in increasing its membership as indicated: SIX NEW MEMBERS Baskett, Mrs. N. E., Lexington

FOUR NEW MEMBERS Journey, W. R., Higginsville Stewart, Mark A., Louisiana Matthews, Frank H., Liberty Thompson, Henry C, Bonne Terre 560 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

THREE NEW MEMBERS Berry, A. Wayne, Cape Girardeau Kiefner, Charles E., Perryville DeReign, Morrell, Charleston Krog, Herbert A., Washington Howse, E. G., Jefferson City Meriwether, Chas. L., Louisiana Rozier, Mrs. Carlisle E., Farmington

TWO NEW MEMBERS Bailey, George W., Brookfield Jones, Elmer O., St. Louis Bernard, Mrs. Paul M., Potosi Lee, Mrs. L. T., Savannah Denny, H. M., Union Leedy, C. A., Jefferson City Dent, Miss Alice, Salem Levy, Mrs. Margaret A., Monroe Dickey, Harris B., Montgomery City City Price, James W., Princeton Emmons, Ben L., St. Charles Rozier, George A., Perryville Fristoe, L. W., Linneus Simpson, Noah W., Canton Giessing, Mrs. W. P., Desloge Sisson, Paul, Maryville Grimes, Loyd E., Eldon Smith, Albert, Maplewood Wright, Robert, Columbia

ONE NEW MEMBER Anderson, Ben M., Columbia Leach, J. A., Otterville Arnold, Mrs. C. P., Mexico Lowry, W. B., Aurora Aull, Arthur, Lamar McComas, Mrs. S. A., Smithville Barker, John T., Kansas City Magers, Roy V., Parkville Barton, W. E., Houston Moll, Justus R., Jefferson City Baynes, R. F., New Madrid Pigg, E. L., Jefferson City Booth, James, Pacific Pippin, D. M., Waynesville Bradshaw, Mrs. W. L., Columbia Prater, Ben D., Harrisonville Cain, Mrs. Helen, Poplar Bluff Redman, Spence, Platte City Cayce, Mrs. J. Paul, Farmington Schaaf, Mrs. Ida M., St. Marys Coburn, A. R., Chillicothe Simpson, H. G., Charleston Cramer, Buell B., Smithville Smith, B. P., Mound City Downs, W. C, Odessa Smith, Tom K., St. Louis Dudley, Boyd, Gallatin Stillwell, W. S., Tuscumbia Edwards, Julius R., Centralia Sweet, A. T., Neosho Elmer, Wm. P., Salem Templeton, Claude A., Tarkio Ferguson, J. L., Warrensburg Thatch, Dewey P., Osceola Freudenberger, J. N., Crystal City Thee, J. W., Eureka Fulks, Mrs. E. B., California Thompson, H. S., Excelsior Springs Hendricks, C. A., Stockton Walter, C. Wallace, Springfield Johnson, Waldo P., Osceola Williams, Myrtle A., Doniphan Jolly, B. H., St. Charles Williams, Roy D., Boonville Karsch, Robert F., Fulton Wilson, Mrs. John M., Columbia Kenower, J. T., Breckenridge Woodson, Samuel H., Independence HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 561

256 NEW MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY

DECEMBER, 1938—MAY, 1939 During the six months from December, 1938, to May, 1939, inclusive, 256 applications for membership were received by the Society. The present total of annual members is 2,411. The Society continues to hold first rank in member­ ship among state historical societies in the United States. The 256 new members are:

Agnew, Ida, Eldon Calfee, Mrs. E. L., Milan Alewel, Louise E., St. Louis Calvird, C. A., Clinton Alma Consolidated School, Alma Campbell, Mrs. Agnes Peck, Shel­ Archer, Edgar, Liberty don Armsby, Carleton H., Kansas City Campbell, Fulton, Jefferson City Armstrong, P. R. M., Nevada Campbell, Hiram F., Higginsville Arnold, Mrs. C. P., Sr., Mexico Cayce, M. P., Farmington Bacon, Ernest, Poplar Bluff Chappell, John Robert, Louisiana Bahl, Mary Betty, Kansas City Clark, Susie Lee, Brookfield Bailey, Wm. H., Perryville Clay, Mrs. James M., Trimble Baity, James L., Washington, D. C. Cockrell, Francis M., Washington, Baliagh, W. T., Nevada D. C. Ballard, W. C, Cape Girardeau Coolidge, Mrs. Donald James, Barber, Mrs. Grace, Brookfield Crystal City Barnett, Ruth M., Neosho Crosswhite, Chas. C, Richmond Bates, Geo. Hubert, Jefferson City Heights Bealmear, W. D., Marceline Crow, Mrs. C. R., Potosi Beardsley, Chas. G., St. Joseph Cunningham, M. C, Desloge Bernard, W., St. Louis Davenport, Kate Mahan, Monroe Bircher, Helene, Salem City Bixby, Mrs. B. H., Rivermines Davis, J. M., Tarkio Black, Clifford H., Rolla Davis, James W., Chillicothe Blair, Mrs. Emily N., Alexandria, DeLapp, G. L., Independence Va. Diemer, G. W., Warrensburg Bloker, C. F., Caruthersville Dixon, Fred B., Columbia Bogard High School, Bogard Doerr, Andrew E., Perryville Boutin, C. W., Cape Girardeau Dollarhide, W. A., Hermitage Bradford, Eva Ann, Sullivan Donnellan, Thos. E., Excelsior Bray, Mrs. Edw., St. James Springs Brennan, L. P., Pacific Dowell, S. Taylor, Chillicothe Brown, Mrs. R. A., St. Joseph Edwards, Suggett, Mexico Bryant, F. H., Eldon Elmore, Walter E., Bowling Green Buckley, R. Forder, St. Louis Elsea, Mrs. C. W., Marshall Buckner, Wyman A., Desloge English, Mrs. Georgia E., Columbia Buffum, Mrs. Charles, Louisiana Eyberg, C. J., Rolla 562 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Fahrner, F. A., Union Hill, E. C, Smithville Falk, Harry, Silver Springs, Md. Hotaling, Walter C, Linneus Fiehler, Carl H., Altenburg Hughes, Addie A., Washington, Fisher, A. E., Glasgow D. C. Florida State College, Tallahassee, Hughes, W. R. J., Ironton Fla. Humphreys, Pauline A., Warrens­ Flynn, J. Frank, Kansas City burg Fourt, A. M., Vandalia Hunt, Mrs. Lloyd, Salem Freeman, Mrs. Annie L. Duncan, Hunter, Mrs. S. L., New Madrid Spring Creek Impey, David E., Houston Freund, Mrs. Leo H., Adrian Ismert, Martin E., Kansas City Friant, Julien N.,Washington, D. C. Jackson, Mrs. Bertha M., Rolla Fuerbringer, L., St. Louis Jackson, Edna V., Chicago, Illinois Gale, E. J., Perryville Jackson, Jos., Maryville Gantner, Joseph K., Boonville Jacobs, L. W., Jr., Fayette Gates, Mrs. Marvin H., Scarboro, Jacobs, Russell, Columbia Maine James, Mrs. Arthur D., Kansas Gibson, Wade, Palmyra City Gilchrist, George, Denver, Colo. Johnson, Mrs. Norman H., Kansas Gleason, Frances, Brownfield City Goodson, Mrs. Wm. H., Liberty Johnson, Waldo P., Jamestown Goodwin, D. P., Odessa Jones, Mrs. E. F. Berkley, Kirk- Gow, Tevis, Kearney wrood Grant, Mrs. C. L., Jackson Jones, R. Elmer, Canton Gray, Wayne W., Caruthersville Jones, R. L., Marshall Green, Mrs. Mary Helen, Kansas Jones, Robert N., St. Louis City Kay, Harry, Eldon Guild, John M., Kansas City King, H. H., Liberty Guyant, John Leslie, Springfield Knight, D. M., Parkville Hallows, Mark Alvin, Louisiana La Driere, R. E., St. Louis Hanks, Madeline, Higginsville Landrigan, Mrs. James A. Kansas Hansen, H. F., Union City Harding, John T., Kansas City Latham, Mrs. Harry, Savannah Harriman, Fred L., St. Louis Lawson, Martin E., Liberty Harrington, H. F., St. Louis Lee, Chas. E., Doniphan Harris, Pauline, Washington, D. C. Hart, Mrs. Benj. L., Jr., Kansas Leonard, W. D., Kansas City Louisiana High School, Louisiana City Hart, Mrs. Creighton C, Kansas Lyons, Mrs. J. Elliott, Higginsville City McCaffrey, J. J., Kansas City Hawley, Theodore W., Malta Bend McCanse, Mrs. Jessie Hill, Madi­ Hayti Public Schools, Hayti son, Wis. Henderson, Elmer C, Sr., Fulton McClure, Mrs. James N., Washing­ Henderson, Lane B., Shelbina ton Heusi, Sam, Higginsville McGinnis, Mrs. W. E., Kansas City Hickman, Mrs. Lela H., Warrens­ Mack, Geo. H., Butler burg Mahon, Marcella, St. Charles HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 563

Mansfield, Mrs. Chas. F., Tappan, Salem High School Library, Salem N. Y. Salsbury, Mrs. Cora D., Brecken­ Maplewood Public Library, Maple­ ridge wood Sames, Arthur R., Centralia Marsh, Janet, LaPlata Savannah Public Library, Savannah Maughmer, Fred, Savannah Schmidt, E. H., Washington Meinershagen, A. H., Higginsville Schnaedelbach, Ortrude, St. Louis Meinrath, Mrs. Joseph, Kansas City Schult, Louis H., Caruthersville Meriwether, Chas. L., Louisiana Scott, Everett O., Chilhowee Miller, R. A., Columbia Scott, Jess, Mound City Morris, Mrs. James C, Farmington Schroeder, Ray C, St. Louis Morrison, H. C, St. Louis Seabaugh, O. L., Cape Girardeau Morsey, W. L., Jr., Warrenton Seelig, Lee D., Kansas City Mueller, Werner A., Washington, Shaw, W. A., Mexico D. C. Simpich, Frederick, Washington, Muller, Grace E., St. James D. C. Murphy, Mrs. Hade, Princeton Smith, E. S., Stockton Murrell, W. F., Jefferson City Smith, Edwin T., Palmyra Nasatir, A. P., San Diego, Calif. Snip, Mrs. Cornelius, Lamar Netherland, Wood, University City Snodgrass, C. D., Tuscumbia O'Malley, Ruth, Jefferson City Snow, R. B., Ferguson Palmer, Mrs. Ardelia, Independence Sone, Guy M., Jefferson City Patterson, Wm. R., Warrensburg Soper, Mrs. Lee B., Liberty Paxton, Phoebe M., Platte City Southwest High School, St. Louis Perrier, A. S., Bonne Terre Southwest Museum Library, Los Phares, W. F., Maryville Angeles, Calif. Phillips, H. A., Warrensburg Spalsbury, Mrs. Charles, Frederick- Pieper, W. P., Boonville town Pines, Mrs. James, Salem Stahl, H. R., Desloge Pixlee, Mrs. Hugh, Liberty Stevenson, T. Irving, Glendale, Power, Sarah, Princeton Calif. Pratt, Arthur L. Linneus Stevenson, Mrs. Thomas J., Clear­ Price, Henry O., LaHabra, Calif. water, Fla. Price, R. H., Crocker Stewart, Anne, Kansas City Proctor, M. B., Monroe City Stiers, Harold C, St. Louis Reddish, Craig L., Washington, Stoeter, E. R., Smithville D. C. Stoops, H. H., Sedalia Remley, Victor N., Liberty Summers, G. H., Nevada Riley, Louise, Liberty Sweitzer, Helen K., Harrisonville Roberts, H. R., East Prairie Taggart, Agnes, Brookfield Roberts, Raymond, Farmington Talieferro, H. M., Grand Rapids, Robinson, Richard W., Eureka Mich. Rogers, John, Tulsa, Okla. Tat low, Richard H., Chevy Chase, Rogers, John W., Kansas City Md. Ross, Charles G., Washington, D. C. Taylor, Wm. R., Kansas City Rouse, H. S., Canton Thompson, E. A., Breckenridge Sabin, Gayle R., Kansas City Thompson, Frank W., Odessa 564 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Tlapek, John, St. Marys Wilhi.te, Mrs. Ellen T., Salisbury Towle, Mary Comfort, Potosi Willard, Florence, Butler Traylor, Mrs. C. T., Cuero, Texas Williams, Claud R., Cape Girardeau Tull, Frank, Columbia Williams, Frances, California Vandivort, Mrs. C. A., Cape Girar- Williams, Mrs. Geo. H., St. Louis deau Wilson, Mrs. C. E., McBaine Wade, Raymond B., Gallatin Wilson, Harold, Liberty Walsh, M. P., St. Marys Wilson, Robert, Waynesville Walter, Mrs. A. J., Adrian Wilson, Van B., Palmyra Washington High School Library, Winton, Harry N. M., Stanford, Washington University, Calif. Wellman, Paul I., Kansas City Withers, Conn, Liberty West, W. C, Otterville Wolf, E. H., Bonne Terre Wheat, C. V., Aurora Wood, R. F., Warrensburg Whiffen, H. G., Jefferson City Wright, Donald, St. Louis White, Ella, Caledonia Wright, Mrs. H. E., Maryville Whiteside, James P., Foristell Yancey, T. R., Jefferson City Wilcox, Noly, Jefferson City Zander, Alfred C, Jefferson City

AUDRAIN COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY ORGANIZED The Audrain County Historical Society, to be affiliated with the State Historical Society of Missouri, was organized by the Audrain county members of the State Historical Society at Mexico, Missouri, on May 27, 1939. The follow­ ing officers were elected: Lakenan Barnes, president; Mrs. P. E. Coil, vice-president; Miss Emma McPheeters, treasurer, and Warren Mclntyre, secretary. A dinner meeting will be held in the near future and the public will be invited to join.

CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY HOLDS MEETINGS A meeting of the Cape Girardeau County Historical Society was held at the Public Library in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, on March 27, 1939. Judge John S. Kochtitzky read a history of the early days of Cape Girardeau and also pre­ sented to the Society twenty-three books, several pamphlets, and other documents pertaining to the history of Cape Girar­ deau. A history of the Kage School complied by Clem C. Kinder was read and filed in the archives. Miss Alice Vinyard of Jackson, Missouri, was elected treasurer and several com­ mittee appointments were made. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 565

The Society also held a meeting at the courthouse in Jackson, Missouri, on April 24, 1939. Judge Kochtitzky read a paper on the establishment of the Mt. Tabor school in Cape Girardeau county in 1799. Mrs. C. A. Vandivort read a paper prepared by J. G. Putz on the arrival of the Saxons in Missouri 100 years ago, and a paper on the history of Pocahontas was also read. All papers were filed in the archives of the County Historical Society. Mr. Stephen B. Hunter was chosen as delegate to the annual meeting of the State Historical Society of Missouri.

HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF HOWARD AND COOPER COUNTIES HOLDS MEETINGS A meeting of the Historical Society of Howard and Cooper Counties was held at the Presbyterian Church in Boonville, Missouri, on March 22, 1939. Lilburn A. Kingsbury, president of the Society, presided. Judge Roy D. Williams, first pres­ ident of the Society, introduced the speaker of the evening, Dr. Albert Christ-Janer of the Stephens College art depart­ ment, who spoke on the paintings of George Caleb Bingham. Following the address refreshments were served. About 250 persons attended. The Society held a meeting at the Christian Church in Fayette, Missouri, on May 4, 1939. Lilburn A. Kingsbury presided and the program dealt entirely with the history of Fayette and Howard county. Mr. Lionel Davis read "A Historical Sketch of Fayette and Howard County" and Mr. R. Perry Spencer spoke on''Interesting Characters of Fayette." A social hour followed the meeting.

SALINE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY HOLDS MEETING A meeting of the Saline County Historical Society was held at the Christian Church in Marshall, Missouri, on April 13, 1939. Mr. F. C. Barnhill presided and presented the treasurer's annual report. Mrs. W. L. Carter, secretary, reviewed the four meetings held during the past year. W. C. Gordon, chairman of the Marshall centennial celebration committee, spoke briefly on plans and preparations for the 566 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

centennial. Jerry Marshall Odell read a biography of his grandfather, Jeremiah Odell, who deeded the land on which the original site of Marshall was located. A bronze plaque in honor of Jeremiah Odell and a photostatic copy of the original land grant to Odell, signed by President Martin Van Buren, were on display. All officers for the past year were re-elected for the ensuing year. Out-of-town guests included Lilburn A. Kingsbury, president of the Historical Society of Howard and Cooper Counties.

WASHINGTON, MISSOURI, HOLDS CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION The 100th anniversary of the official filing of the plat of Washington, Missouri, was observed with an elaborate cele­ bration on May 28, 29 and 30, 1939. The centennial celebra­ tion was officially opened on Sunday afternoon, May 28, with addresses by the Honorable Clarence Cannon, Honorable Joseph T. Davis, and Honorable R. A. Breuer. During the opening ceremonies a plaque commemorating the one hun­ dredth anniversary of the founding of Washington by Lucinda Owens was unveiled by Mrs. Helen Owens Davis, great grand­ daughter of William G. and Lucinda Owens. The celebration was organized under the general direc­ tion of the Washington Centennial Commission, composed of the following members: Louis Bleckman, chairman; R, H. Schaper, vice-chairman; C. J. Burger, secretary; A. C. Rumpelt, treasurer; O. F. Schulte, superintendent; Gus Filla. Sr., B. J. Hungate, H. A. Krog, and L. G. Kruel. The Com­ mittee on History, which compiled the data for the historical features of the celebration, had the following membership: Mrs. J. N. McClure, chairman; Mrs. F. A. Mauntel, secretary; Mrs. O. W. Arcularius, Mrs. W. B. Bagby, George Bailey, Henry J. Bleckman, Mrs. J. H. Dickbrader, Herman Hansen, Harry Hirschl, Mrs. R. B. Hoffmann, Mrs. C. M. Hull, Herbert A. Krog, Alfred L. Ritter, Dr. Elmar Schmidt, Mrs. J. A. Seitz, and William Wilke. Each night during the celebration a historical pageant entitled ''Washington's Heritage" was presented in an ap­ propriate outdoor setting. The pageant was a simple arrange- HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 567 ment of various episodes in the history of Washington. The costumes were outstanding and the 300 persons taking part in the pageant gave excellent performances which showed the results of fine training and direction. The music was furnished by the Washington Civic Orchestra, which was highly trained and perfectly conducted by A. E. Ritzmann, and by the Community Chorus of 100 voices ably directed by Professor Charles R. Smith. An attractive souvenir program of the centennial celebration was issued, containing lists of the cast of the pageant and of the various committees in charge of the celebration, as well as several brief historical notes on Wash­ ington. A large crowd attended each performance of the pageant. A historical parade of over twenty floats, representing early pioneer life in Franklin and adjoining counties, with emphasis on the agricultural and commercial development of the territory, was held on May 29. Prizes were given for the best floats. An excellent exhibit of antiques was displayed in the new auditorium under the auspices of the local chapter of the P. E. O. Sisterhood, Mrs. H. A. May, president. Approx­ imately 9,000 persons visited the score of booths in which were displayed pioneer cooking utensils, tools, and weapons. A completely furnished pioneer living room was also shown. The Federal government had several exhibits in the audi­ torium, and, in addition had two government boats, the Captain William Clark and the Sergeant Floyd, docked at Washington for public inspection. The Missouri Conserva­ tion Commission and the State Highway Commission also had exhibits. Both the Washington Buyers Guide and the Citizen pub­ lished special editions, and the Missourian issued a forty- page centennial edition. An excellent brief history of Washing­ ton, compiled by Mrs. James N. McClure, was also published in pamphlet form for the centennial and for use in the schools. Mrs. McClure also served ably as chairman of the committee on historical data. Other exhibits and contests were featured in the celebra­ tion. The admission prices for all events were sufficiently 568 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

low to allow the whole community to take part in the entire celebration. A widespread appreciation among the people of their his* torical heritage, fostered and directed by unusually gifted social and educational leaders, as Professor C. J. Burger and his associates, resulted in the highest kind of community cooperation in producing this admirable centennial celebra­ tion. These descendants of pioneer American and German settlers, who are engaged in agriculture, business and the professions, responded alike to the appeal of the celebration, thereby insuring the success of its outstanding features—the historical pageant, parades, and museum.

BINGHAM PAINTINGS RANK HIGH Six paintings by George Caleb Bingham are among the 290 in a special loan exhibition illustrative of "Life in America," being held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art during the period of the New York World's Fair, April 24 to October 29, 1939. Only six artists have a greater number of pictures in the exhibit, and only three others have as many. A copy of the illustrated catalogue of this exhibit has been presented to the State Historical Society of Missouri by the trustees of the Museum, as the Society lent its Bingham painting, "Watch­ ing the Cargo," for display.

LONG HOME IN KANSAS CITY TO BE CONVERTED INTO MUSEUM

Mrs. Loula Long Combs and Mrs. Sally Long Ellis have recently deeded the $575,000 home of their father, R. A. Long, to a newly organized Kansas City Museum Associa­ tion. Work will soon be started to convert the monumental 70-room mansion in Kansas City into a public museum. When the museum is ready for occupancy it will house the collections in the Dyer Museum, now displayed in the Public Library, the collections of the Missouri Valley Historical Society, which are now in storage, and other private collec­ tions. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 569

HISTORIC SITES IN ST. LOUIS ARE MARKED The placing of metal shield and photographic markers on historic sites has been continued by the Young Men's Division of the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce. During 1938 twenty- five of the former and four of the latter were placed, and already in 1939 ten metal shield markers have been put in position. These are regarded as more or less temporary markers to provide a more widespread identification of historic sites and structures. The use of photographs of historic views in store windows is a development of the past year. Accompanying each framed photograph is a text explaining the significance of the site historically.—Information from correspondence with Mr. J. O. Spreen of St. Louis. [Editor's Note: Photographic markers are the least ex­ pensive type of historical markers and their use might well be adapted to every town in Missouri. Such photographs placed in store windows would do much to promote local historical consciousness.]

OUTSTANDING ACQUISITIONS Former Senator James S. Rollins of Columbia has placed on deposit in the Society's library a portrait of the late James S. Rollins, his grandfather. This was painted by George Caleb Bingham in 1872 and is an exact replica of the bust of the full length portrait which hung in the University library and which was destroyed when the main building burned in 1892.

An oil portrait of Lewis F. Linn, Missouri's "model senator," painted by Mr. Henry C. Thompson of Bonne Terre, Missouri, was recently presented to this Society by the artist.

Former United States Senator George H. Williams presented to the Society a scrapbook of newspaper clippings reflecting the sentiment of the people of Missouri on the amendments to the State constitution drafted by the con­ stitutional convention of 1922-1923. The scrapbook was given to Senator Williams at the close of that convention by the late Joshua W. Alexander on behalf of the whole group. 570 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Most of the work of compiling the clippings was done by the late Mrs. Kate S. Morrow.

Fourteen additional scrapbooks (Nos. 9, 61, 62, 73, 82, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, and 171) and a copy of A Truthful Statement of the Transactions of the Gridiron Club From Its Origin to the Present Time (1885) have been presented to the Society by Mr. Walter B. Stevens, former president and now first vice-president of the State Historical Society of Missouri. The Society now has thirty-three volumes of Mr. Stevens' scrapbooks.

Through the courtesy of Mr. J. H. Long, state manager of the State-Wide Highway Planning Survey, this Society has obtained a bound volume containing a complete set of general highway and transportation maps of Missouri, drawn to a scale of one-third inch to the mile, and another unbound set drawn to a scale of one inch to the mile. These were com­ piled from existing topographic and other surveys, augmented by aerial photographs, and prepared by the Missouri State Highway Department in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Public Roads, from data obtained from the State-Wide Highway Planning Survey. The largest of the maps in the series are on sheets 36" x 57" and are extremely helpful in research because of the details shown.

Through the courtesy of Mr. Edward LeSieur of Portage des Sioux, Missouri, this Society has obtained a photostatic copy of a Missouri river guide and log book once the property of Captain Stephen A. LaBarge. Captain LaBarge was a pilot on the Missouri from the middle 1830s until 1868. Messrs. Henry Machens of Machens and Ben L. Emmons of St. Charles assisted the Society in obtaining the loan of this volume.

A photostatic copy of a muster roll of Company D, Third Regiment, Mounted Missouri Volunteers in the Mexican HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 571

War, 1847-48, on file in the office of the adjutant general of Missouri, has been presented to the Society by Mr. Justus R. Moll of Jefferson City and Springfield.

A typewritten index to the names of persons in Volume VI of the Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri has been prepared by Mr. Justus R. Moll of Jefferson City and Springfield, who donated a copy to the Society.

Through the courtesy of Dr. E. B. Trail of Berger, Mis­ souri, the Society has obtained copies of six photographs of early Missouri river steamboats. Dr. Trail is compiling the history of steamboating on the Missouri, particularly as it relates to the early boats which went to the headwaters of the river and engaged in the fur trade.

Through the courtesy of the Phelps County Historical Society, of which Dr. C. V. Mann is secretary, the State Historical Society of Missouri has recently secured twenty- eight photographs of Phelps county subjects, including ruins of the old James Iron Works, early scenes in Rolla, and prom­ inent citizens of early days.

ANNIVERSARIES The 100th anniversary of the founding of Parkville, Missouri, was observed in December, 1938. The Parkville Platte County Gazette published a historical edition on December 16, 1938, which contains many historical articles on Parkville and the Platte Purchase region of Missouri.

The 100th anniversary of the building of the Rawlings school in Howard county was celebrated on April 22, 1939, with a luncheon and a program given at the school. A brief history of the school appears in the New Franklin News of April 28,1939. 572 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The 75th anniversary of the founding of the Jackson, Missouri, Presbyterian Church on May 15, 1864, was observed at Jackson on May 14, 1939. A brief history of the church appears in the Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian of May 15,1939. MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS The Memorial Forest near Salem, Missouri, established in honor of the soldiers who died in the World War, was dedicated on May 21, 1939. The acquisition of the forest was made possible through the contributions of the American Legion Auxiliaries throughout the State.—From the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 23, 1939.

A bronze plaque in honor of Jeremiah Odell, who 100 years ago deeded the land on which the original site of Marshall, Missouri, is located, was placed in the courthouse at Marshall on April 14, 1939.—From the Marshall Democrat-News, April 14, 1939.

A mural by George Gray which depicts Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson, a former mayor of St. Joseph, Missouri, and an officer in the Confederate Army, leading a charge to recapture a gun near Fredericktown, Missouri, on October 21, 1861, was unveiled at an Army Day celebration at the Hotel Robidoux, St. Joseph, on April 5, 1939.

A monument to the memory of Sidney Crain Roach, recently erected in the Roach cemetery in Camden county by the citizens of the county, was unveiled on May 30, 1939. A memorial address was delivered by the Honorable William C. Irwin.

A plaque commemorating the activities of Columbia Masons in keeping alive the State organization during the anti-Masonic agitation of 1833 to 1836 was unveiled at Colum­ bia, Missouri, on March 18, 1939. The plaque was placed on the Masonic building in Columbia. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 573

A bronze plaque honoring Mrs. Henrietta A. Meyer has been placed on the city hall in Hannibal, Missouri. Mrs. Meyer donated the site for the building in 1903.—From the Hannibal Courier-Post, March 27, 1939.

NOTES A meeting of the Sullivan county members of the State Historical Society of Missouri was held March 21, 1939, at Milan, Missouri. Tentative plans were made for a Sullivan county historical society. A county historical essay contest for the high schools of Sullivan county is also being sponsored by this group.

The winning essays in the contest sponsored by the Clay County Historical Society were published in the Liberty Chronicle of March 9, 1939. For the high school group Evelyn Petty wrote the winning essay, entitled "Watkins Farm—Why It Should Be a State Park," and David L. Earls wrote the winning essay for the grade school group, which was entitled "The Watkins Mill."

A dinner meeting of the Colorado-Missouri Society was held recently at the Olin Hotel, Denver, Colorado. The Society elected Miss Prosser as president for the coming year. About 140 persons attended the banquet.—From the Hamilton Advocate-Hamiltonian, April 20, 1939.

The Methodist Episcopal Church, the Methodist Epis­ copal Church South, and the Methodist Protestant Church held a historic national meeting at Kansas City, Missouri, April 25 to May 14, 1939. The three churches united under the general name of the Methodist Church. The new church now has 7,856,000 members and 21,687 ministers.

A Congress of Missouri's Distinguished Women was held at the opening program of the first session of the seventh Woman's Exposition at St. Louis, Missouri, on March 8, 1939. More than forty women writers, lecturers, artists, 574 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

teachers and leaders in civic and business fields attended. Mrs. George B. Simmons of Marshall, Missouri, was the guest speaker.—From the St. Louis Globe-Democrat of March 8, 1939.

The fifth annual meeting of the Missouri Academy of Science was held at Springfield, Missouri, on April 27-30, 1939. The new officers elected were Robert R. Fleet, Central College, president, R. A. Rodgers, Park College, vice-president, R. T. Dufford, University of Missouri, secretary, and A. J. Griner, Kansas City, treasurer.

The historic Madison Hotel in Jefferson City, Missouri, was destroyed by fire on May 3, 1939. The hotel was built in the early seventies and has frequently been the center of many state affairs and political battles since that time.

Further information regarding Dr. Menra Hopewell, co-author of Edwards's Great West, which was reviewed by Clarence E. Miller in The Missouri Historical Review of January, 1939 (pages 241-244) has been found in the St. Louis Tri-Weekly Missouri Republican of January 18, 1864 (page 2, column 6). This is as follows: "Died. On Dec. 14, 1863, at 4 Melbourne Cottages, Townsend Road, London, WILLIAM WRIGHT HOPEWELL, aged five months and five days, son of Mary and Menra Hopewell, formerly of St. Louis."

An article giving the history of the South Side School of Albany, Missouri, appears in the Albany Ledger of February 2, 1939. The school was formerly Central Christian College and was built by the college in 1892.

A Western Newspaper Union syndicated article by Elmo Scott WTatson, entitled "Anniversaries During 1939 Recall The Fame of the Chouteau Family," appears in the Appleton City Journal of January 26, 1939. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 575

An article entitled "Late History of Old Halley Home­ stead," which is located near Armstrong, Missouri, appears in the Armstrong Herald of February 2, 1939. An article by Mrs. Paul Klayder containing information on the history of the schools in Armstrong, Missouri, appears in the Armstrong Herald of February 23, 1939.

An article appearing in the Auxvasse Review of February 15, 1939, describes an experience of Mr. Earl Cunningham of Mexico, Missouri, with the outlaw, Jesse James.

An article entitled "Indian Trail, Fenced Plots Are Found Marked on First [Harrison] County Survey Made in 1845" appears in the Bethany Republican-Clipper of March 1, 1939.

A historical description of Bonne Terre, Missouri, by Henry C. Thompson appears in the Bonne Terre Star News Register of April 21, 1939.

Judge Roy D. Williams, in a speech before the Kiwanis club at Boonville, Missouri, on March 7, 1939, told how many of the people around Boonville were in sympathy with the James boys in 1884. An account of the address appears in the Boonville News of March 8, 1939. An article entitled "George Gentry Recalls Long Parade of River Craft Here" appears in the Boonville News of May 13, 1939.

An article by Ray E. Colton on the geological history of Bates county, Missouri, appears in the Butler Bates County Democrat of January 5, 1939.

An article by W. D. Meyer of Jamestown, Missouri, entitled "Town Forests and City Trees Movement Has Grown Since 1900," appears in the California Democrat of January 19,1939. 576 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

An article by John G. Putz, entitled "Coming of Lutherans 100 Years Ago Commemorated in Synod," appears in the Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian of May 3, 1939.

A list of the early marriages in Carroll county appears in the Carrollton Democrat of February 10, 1939. A series of articles entitled "This Week in Carroll County History," compiled by the Missouri history class of Carroll­ ton High School, is appearing in the Carrollton Democrat beginning in the issue of March 10, 1939. The first of a series of articles on the life of Mrs. Puss Goodson, one of the pioneer women of Trotter township, Carroll county, appears in the Carrollton Democrat of April 19, 1939. The articles are written by Mrs. Homer Minnis, a granddaughter of Mrs. Goodson.

Articles by A. Loyd Collins appearing in the Clinton Democrat are: "Jesse James" (February 25); "Early Days . . . In Missouri History" (April 11); "Daniel Boone's Son" (April 25); "Burning of Osceola by Kansas Red Legs" (May 17); "Brief History of Henry County" (May 17); and "Baptist Church History" (May 18).

The historic Kennett Castle located in Jefferson county was destroyed by fire on March 13, 1939. The castle was begun in 1852 by Ferdinand Kennett and was completed in 1856. Historical accounts of the castle appear in the Festus Tri-City Independent and the Crystal City Jefferson County Press ol March 16, 1939.

An article describing Callaway county's first grand jury, which was called in 1821, appears in the Fulton Sun-Gazette of March 21, 1939.

Articles by Bertha Booth appearing in the Hamilton Advocate-Hamiltonian are: "Rural Schools in Caldwell County in the Nineties" (April 6), and "Early Settlers in Hamilton Township, T. Burgoyne" (April 20). HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 577

A picture and description of the disastrous fire which occurred in Harrisonville in 1900 appears in the Harrison­ ville Democrat of March 23, 1939.

A series of articles by Ben F. Dixon, entitled "Kahoka School Memories Forty Years Ago," appear in the Kahoka Clark County Courier beginning March 17, 1939.

Interesting historical feature articles appearing in the Kansas City Star are: an account of the life and work of Dr. Benjamin Franklin Finkel, head of the department of mathematics and physics at Drury College (March 11); an account of the beginnings of the American Legion (March 15); an article entitled "Old Watts Home at Dallas (near Kan­ sas City) Keeps Vivid Memories of Jim Bridger" (March 20); an account of the life of Jedediah Smith, entitled "Forgotten Pathfinder of The West Started Last Adventure at West- port" (March 31); a brief biography of George W. Warder, entitled "A Kansas Citian of The Boom Days Forecast Ein­ stein's Fifth Dimension" (May 2); and an article on the book and play, "East Lynne," entitled "Royalty and Rural Mis­ sourians Shed Tears Over 'East Lynne' " (May 4).

The following articles of historical interest appear in the Kansas City Times: An article on the Epperson minstrels, a Kansas City amateur group that produced a minstrel show in 1899 to raise money for a public bath (April 3); an article on George Caleb Bingham, entitled "Famous Painter Set An Example For The Police of Kansas City" (April 25); and an article on the Dyer Museum and its historical collec­ tions (May 22).

Mr. Ward C. Gifford gave a "See Missouri" address before the Chamber of Commerce of Kansas City on March 8, 1939. An account of the speech appears in the Kansas City Star of March 8, 1939. 578 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

An article by Judge Merrill E. Otis, entitled "Why It's Hard for State to Find a Sober and Intelligent Juror," appears in the Kansas City Times of May 5, 1939. The article deals with the history of jury service in Missouri.

A feature story by C. E. Rogers, entitled "Triple Hang­ ing a Half Century Ago Climaxed Reign of Bald Knobbers," appears in the Kansas City Star of May 16, 1939.

An article by Robert Taft appearing in the Kansas City Star of April 4, 1939, reprints in part the account of an over­ land journey written in 1840 by Dr. F. A. Wislizenus, a young German physician of St. Louis.

An article by Paul I. Wellman, entitled "One of History's Strangest Hegiras, The Grand March of DeSoto's Hogs," in which he describes the attempt made by Hernando DeSoto to drive hogs from Florida beyond the Mississippi river about 400 years ago, appears in the Kansas City Star of March 2, 1939, and an article by Wellman describing Nelson Story's exploit in driving 1,000 head of cattle from Texas to Montana appears in the Kansas City Times of April 13, 1939.

An article entitled "Elm Park School Traces History in Lafayette County Back To 1865" appears in the Lexington Advertiser-News of April 28, 1939.

An account of a paper prepared by Mrs. Mark Stewart, entitled "Early Colleges and Seminaries in Missouri," appears in the Louisiana Pike County Chronicle of April 27 and May 4, 1939.

Articles by C. G. Guthrey appearing in the Marshall Democrat-News are: " 'Old Dog-Row' on West Side of Square the Scene of Much Lawlessness in Old Days" (February 28), and "Interesting Persons and Facts Feature Historical Review of Marshall's Negro Population" (March 30). HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 579

An article on the Saline County Agricultural Society, which was organized in 1839, and an account of the founding of Missouri Valley College appear in the Marshall Democrat- News of March 14 and May 3, 1939.

An article by H. S. Carroll, entitled "Wagon Trip To Oregon In 1882," appears in the Macon Chronicle-Herald of April 17, 1939.

A brief history of the municipal light and power plant of Monroe City, Missouri, appears in the Monroe City News of April 20, 1939.

An article on the Palmyra land office, reprinted from the Quincy (Illinois) Herald-Whig, appears in the Palmyra Spectator of January 25, 1939.

An article by Captain Henry B. Whitney, entitled "Indians Trail Boat Upstream For 600 Miles," appears in the St. Charles Banner-News of March 2, 1939. The article gives an account of a trip up the Missouri river in 1863 made by the packet, Robert Campbell.

A feature story for children by Mary Paxton, entitled "The Tomboy of Cooper's Fort," appears in the St. Joseph News-Press of March 5, 1939. The story describes Millie Cooper's ride to Fort Hempstead while Cooper's Fort was besieged by Indians.

Thirteen photographs of Kennett's Castle appear in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of March 19, 1939. Many of the photographs were taken in 1935 and show the exterior and interior of the castle as it was before the fire.

Photographs of the boyhood home of Mark Twain, the interior of the Mark Twain Museum and other places identified with Mark Twain appear in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch roto­ gravure section of March 19, 1939. All photographs are of places in Hannibal, Missouri. 580 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

An article entitled "Brief History of Sedalia Elks For Fifty Years" appears in the Sedalia Democrat of May 19, 1939.

A description of the collection of dolls portraying historic Missouri women, which will be shown at the New York and San Francisco fairs, appears in the Sedalia Democrat of March 30, 1939. The dolls were made under the direction of Mary Paxton Keeley of Christian College, Columbia, Missouri. Articles and illustrations also appear in the Columbia Mis­ sourian of April 13 and the Columbia Tribune of April 18, 1939.

An article by Harold Streete, entitled "Widow of Frank James Will Not Reveal Outlaws' Story," appears in the Sedalia Capital of April 14, 1939.

Extracts from an issue of the New Pictorial Family Magazine, published in New York in 1847, appear in the Washington Buyers Guide of March 2,1939. Several references to Missouri and Missouri history occur in the magazine.

Articles by J. L. Ferguson appearing in the Warrensburg Star-Journal are: "Johnson County Depended on 'Circuit Rider' Lawyers in First 25 Years" (March 7); "Extra Court Needed to Handle Legal Business After Civil War" (March 10); "Lawyers in Warrensburg 1865 to 1875 Made Fine Records Here and Elsewhere" (March 14); "Sparks, Logan, Houts and Suddath Were The 'Big Four' Local Attorneys for Years" (April 4); "Early County Family on Ocean 11 Weeks in Sailboat Coming to U. S." (April 11); "Stratton Brothers Here Trace Their Ancestry to West Jersey Colonist" (April 18); "Mrs. I. J. Fisher Has 1877 Conference Picture Showing Father and Three Uncles" (April 25).

A pictorial biography of Governor Lloyd C. Stark appears in the issue of Life for April 24, 1939. Pictures of his home in Louisiana, Missouri, and the governor's mansion in Jefferson City are included. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 581

In the same issue of the magazine, changes in the paint­ ings by Thomas Hart Benton are illustrated and a brief biography of Benton appears.

Two articles of historical interest, entitled "A Brief History of Missouri School of Mines," by Clair V. Mann of the School of Mines at Rolla, Missouri, and "The Develop­ ment of Transportation In The Ozarks," by Gerard Schultz of Iberia Junior College at Iberia, Missouri, appear in the Proceedings of the Missouri Academy of Science, Vol. 4, No. 6.

The following articles of historical interest appeared in the Missouri Archaeologist of February, 1939: "The 'Old Fort' in Saline County" by Brewton Berry; "The Saverton Site," by J. Allen Eichenberger; "Early Investigations in Northeast Missouri," by J. E. Wrench, and "The Village of the Big Osage," by Joe Harner.

Recent releases of Boon's Lick Sketches, a series of historical articles published by the Historical Society of Howard and Cooper Counties, are: "Captain Sarshel Cooper's Tomb­ stone;" "How A Girl Saved Fort Cooper;" "The End of The World;" "The Boonslick Salt Manufacturing Company;" and "Reverend David McLains's Escape."

Articles recently appearing in the Marshall Democrat- News as part of a series sponsored by the Saline County Historical Society are: "History of Ice Industry in City of Marshall," by C. G. Guthrey (April 4), and "A Biographical Account of Jeremiah Odell, Founder of the City of Marshall," by Mrs. Guy McAmis (April 15).

The following articles, published as part of a series sponsored by the Historical Society of Howard and Cooper Counties, appear in the Boonville News: "Dr. William Baldwin Studied Boon's Lick Botany in 1819" (March 13); "Early Howard Abolitionist Created Much Ill-Feeling" (April 13). 582 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

A brief sketch of the history of the University of Mis­ souri and an account of the Palmyra massacre, which occurred on October 18, 1862, appear in the issue of Mis sour iana for February, 1939. In the March, 1939, issue of this magazine there are historical accounts of Washington, Missouri, an article on the corn cob pipe industry in Missouri, and a brief biography of Charles A. Lesueur and reprints of his sketches of Mis­ souri in 1826.

HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS The Pioneer Merchant in Mid-America, by Lewis E. Atherton (University of Missouri Studies, Vol. XIV, No. 2, April 1, 1939. 135 p. Thesis, Ph. D.). Business men, students and historians will appreciate this study of pioneer merchandis­ ing chiefly in Missouri and adjoining states. The author, an instructor in history in the University of Missouri, could scarcely have selected a field richer in materials of current interest. Prior to the publication of this work little was known of the part played by the merchant class in the transition of Mid-America from a primitive and agrarian to a commercial and industrial economy. Large numbers of settlers immigrated to Mid-America during the 1820s and 1830s. A merchant class with estab­ lished places of business and carrying a rather large stock of general merchandise soon took the place of the traveling trader. This study is concerned with the type and value of frontier stores; the origin, training and experience of the merchant class; and the cultural influence they exerted on the community. Such problems as capital, credit, transportation, eastern markets, advertising, and frontier barter are dis­ cussed in considerable detail. The Pioneer Merchant in Mid- America is a notable contribution to Missouri history. It rates high among historical studies published in the State and nation during the past year.

Bald Knobbers, by Lucile Morris (Caldwell, Idaho, The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1939. 253 p.). The area in­ cluded in Taney, Stone, and Christian counties, Missouri, was HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 583 infested with bushwhackers during the Civil War. At the close of the conflict many of these refused to adopt regular habits of living and continued to carry on their depredations. In Taney county, where the situation was especially bad, the more responsible members of society organized a vigilance committee which soon became known as the Bald Knobbers. The members of the organization seem to have succeeded in checking the activities of the outlaws, but the Bald Knobbers themselves soon began to terrorize those who dared to oppose their methods. Masked riders began to inflict punishment for personal wrongs. The organization flourished from early in 1885 until May 10, 1889, when it was broken up by the execution of three of the leaders. The present work represents the most comprehensive study that has been made of the Bald Knobbers. It is based on considerable research and is an attempt to write an un­ biased account of a stirring and little understood chapter of Missouri history.

Mysterious Tales and Legends of the Ozarks. By Tom R. Moore. (Philadelphia, Dorrance and Company, 1938. 148 p.) The Ozarks are rich in legend, folklore, and tradition. The author of this book, a lawyer at Ozark, Missouri, is well acquainted with the Ozark region, knows its people, and revels in its stories. He has classified the seven legends presented in this volume, together with the tales that have grown up about them, as mysterious phenomena. The work is dedicated to May Kennedy McCord, who has done much to popularize the folklore and tales of southern Missouri.

Jubal Troop. By Paul I. Wellman. (New York, Carrick and Evans, Inc., 1939. 583 p.) Jubal Troop is not an ordinary western novel. It has few or none of the characteristics of the old western thriller. It is rather a story of the West in transition. The novel begins with the closing years of the free range era and treats the career of a man who operated ranches on the open and closed range, and made and lost a fortune in Oklahoma oil. He was associated with cattlemen of every color, prospectors, miners, gamblers, bandits, mur- 584 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW derers, Mexicans, and the ruthless society of an oil town. A number of the characters in this rousing story of the West have Missouri backgrounds.

Missouri the "Show Me11 State. (Colored map, 17J^/; x 22}^".) By R. T. Aitchison. (Wilmington, Del., The Mentho- latum Company, 1939.) Teachers of the social studies will find this pictorial map of Missouri a practical help. It contains approximately 1,000 items of historical importance in the State. The eleven columns of textual material are presented in chronological order, beginning with the earliest possible exploration of the region and continuing to the present. For the amount of material it contains and the brevity with which it is necessarily presented the work is highly reliable.

Early History of Washington, Missouri. By Eleanor B. McClure. (Washington, Mo., The Washington Missourian, 1939. 48 p.) This brochure, a condensed history of Washing­ ton, Missouri, was an important feature in the centennial celebration held at Washington from May 28 to 30, 1939. It contains data on the founders of the town, the origin and development of business organizations, and sketches of the various churches. One section is devoted to steamboating, an important chapter in the early history of the town, and another to Price's raid in 1864. The booklet also contains a collection of eighteen drawings made of buildings in Washing­ ton during the 1850s or 1860s, and a river scene which is evidently of the same period and by the same artist. The materials, compiled from the county archives and the best printed sources, are well correlated and authenic. Plans are now being made to use this carefully written work in the schools to stimulate an interest in local history. Only a limited edition was issued.

The Missouri State Museum with Resources & Memorial Halls: History; Reports of Activities from 1928-1938. . . (Mis­ souri Resources Museum. Popular Bulletin No. 1, Pt. 1. Jefferson City, 1939. 107 p.) The data presented in this work is as varied as the materials preserved in the Missouri HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 585

State Museum. It contains a history of the museum, data on various collections, minutes of the 1938 meeting of the Mis­ souri Museum Association, and a plea for additional funds and more adequate housing facilities.

Inventory of the County Archives of Missouri; No. 102, Shelby County (Shelbyville). Prepared by the Historical Records Survey, Division of Women's and Professional Pro­ jects, Works Progress Administration. 168 p. mimeographed. (St. Louis, March, 1939). This volume is the sixth in a series which will, when completed, cover every county in the State of Missouri. In addition to the inventory the book contains sketches of the history and governmental organization of Shelby county.

Historical Sketch of the First Medical Department of St. Louis University, 1885-1856. By Louis C. Boisliniere, Jr. (Reprinted from The Washington University Medical Alumni Quarterly, October, 1938-January, 1939. 26 p.) In addition to giving a brief history of the first medical department of St. Louis University, this work lists the name of every man who served on the faculty from 1836 to 1856. It contains a number of short biographies and also, on an attached sheet, some proof for a statement that St. Louis University was the first Catholic institution in the United States to establish a medical department.

St. John's Evangelical Church, Mehlville, Missouri; One Hundredth Anniversary, October 16-28, 1988. (St. Louis, Eden Publishing House Print, 1938. 24 p.) The first half of this work is a suggestive study of the migration to America and influence of the German people on American life. The second part is a short history of St. John's Church. It also contains a picture of a marker which was erected on the church lawn in 1925 to commemorate the organization of the Evangelical Synod of North America at Mehlville in 1840. 586 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Thomas Hart Benton; A Descriptive Catalogue of the Works of Thomas Hart Benton. . . By Thomas Craven. (New York, Associated American Artists, 1939. 34 p.) This brochure contains reproductions of forty-two of Benton's paintings and also a biography of the artist. The display exhibited in one of the new galleries of the Associated Ameri­ can Artists at 711 Fifth Avenue, New York, from April 15, to May 12, is referred to as a one-man art show and covered Benton's career from 1908 to the present.

Eyes on America; The United States As Seen By Her Artists. By W. S. Hall. (New York, Studio Publications Inc., [1939?] 146 p.) This volume contains a spirited commentary on modern American art, a collection of eight colored plates, and 220 illustrations in black and white. The work of Thomas Hart Benton, Missouri artist, is represented by a full color plate, the "Country Dance," and five black and white illustra­ tions. No artist has more pictures in this collection then Benton.

Frank and Jesse James in Review for the Missouri Society. By Harry B. Hawes. (Washington, D. C, February 25, 1939. 29 p.) The author, a native Missourian and personal friend of Frank James, was selected by the Missouri Society of Washington, D. C, to prepare an authenic account of the life of the James boys. The work reviews the main events in the colorful career of Missouri's most widely known out­ laws. It also treats the reaction of the press in Missouri and the nation to the assassination of Jesse and the trial and ac- quital of Frank James.

The Lexington Advertiser-News. (Lexington, Mo., May 24, 1939. 20 p.) This special edition, issued on the occasion of the dedication of the new municipal auditorium at Lexington, contains many interesting accounts of the history of Lexington and its civic activities. It also gives an excellent account of the Battle of Lexington, which was fought on September 18, 19 and 20, 1861. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 587

Platte County Gazette, Centennial Edition. (Parkville, Missouri, December 16, 1938.) In this outstanding historical edition news has been totally eliminated and advertising cut to a minimum. The first of four sections of the paper is de­ voted to a history of Parkville. This section was written by Dr. Donald D. Parker, professor of history at Park College, and represents a contribution to the history of the town. Sections two and three are devoted to the history of Parkville business and social organizations, and the last section to Park College.

The Daily American Republic. (Poplar Bluff, Mo., May 25, 1939. 100 p.) This special "progress edition" of the American Republic is organized in thirteen sections and is devoted to the activity of Poplar Bluff and Butler county industries, schools, and civic enterprises. In addition it con­ tains several interesting historical articles and illustrations. The edition gives a complete view of what is going on in Poplar Bluff, a most prosperous commercial center in southeast Missouri.

Centennial Jubilee Edition, The Washington Missourian. (Washington, Mo., May 25, 1939. 40 p.) In recognition of the centennial program which the town of Washington produced on May 28, 29 and 30, this five-section special edition was issued by the Washington Missourian. Outstanding features of this well-planned edition are: a long history of Washington, prepared by Mrs. James N. McClure, an entire eight-page section devoted to the old settlers of the com­ munity, and innumerable pictures of Washington citizens and institutions. There are also many brief historical articles on pioneers, historical events, and old landmarks. Especially attractive are the drawings which adorn the first page of each section, three of which have an historical motif.

"The American Sketchbooks of a French Naturalist, 1816-1837," by R. W. G. Vail, published in the Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, Volume 48, Part 1, lists 867 sketches by Charles A. Lesueur, of which 803 588 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

are in a collection recently acquired by that Society. Lesueur made a trip up the Mississippi and through eastern Missouri in March and April, 1826, during which time he made the following sketches numbered in the present list: 381-446, 519, 549-552, 577, 706-709, 711-712, 790, and 865. These constitute the earliest pictures of several southeast Missouri towns, as well as scenery, boats, and people of pioneer Missouri.

"The American Occupation of New Mexico, 1821-1852," by Sister Mary Loyola, in the issue of the New Mexico His­ torical Review for January, 1939, has a number of references to expeditions from Missouri to New Mexico in pioneer times.

The April, 1939, issue of The Triangle, published by Behr-Manning of Troy, New York, in the interest of the hard­ ware merchant, is dedicated to Missouri. A photograph of the State capitol, and a short article summarizing Missouri's historic past, her natural resources, and her rank among states, appear in this issue.

A critical examination of the truth of Hennepin's account of his explorations is presented in an article entitled "Henne­ pin's Voyage to the Gulf of Mexico," by Jean Delanglez, which appears in the January, 1939, issue of Mid-America.

"Muhlenberg and Schurz; a Comparative Study of Two Periods of German Immigration into the United States," Part I, by Andreas Dorpalen, appears in the April, 1939, issue of The American-German Review.

"Early Western Mercantile Advertising," by Lewis E. Atherton, in the Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, September, 1938, is based in part on materials relating to pioneer Missouri.

"Ste. Genevieve; the Oldest Town in Missouri," by Elizabeth Palmer Milbank, appears in the January, 1939, issue of the National Historical Magazine. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 589

"The Story of Shawnee Indian Mission," by Ruth E. Riley, appears in the National Historical Magazine of March, 1939. Although this Mission was in Kansas, it was just across the state line westward from Kansas City, Missouri.

A master's thesis in history, entitled The New England Influence in Religion in Missouri, 1800-1900, by Stella Kallen- back, is described briefly in the University of Colorado Studies for November, 1938.

PERSONALS GEORGE WASHINGTON BAILEY: Born in Linn county, Mo., May 9, 1855; died at Brookfield, Mo., April 15, 1939. For a number of years he taught school and from 1879 to 1882 was the editor of the Brookfield Chronicle. He began the study of law in 1882 and in 1884 was admitted to the bar. He was elected justice of the peace in 1887 and held that office for fifty-two years. He was active in Democratic politics. WILLIAM MAFFITT BATES: Born in St. Louis, Mo., Aug. 2, 1890; died at St. Louis, Mo., Mar. 28, 1939. He was educated in St. Louis University and received his law degree from that school. He served as provisional judge of the city court and court of criminal correction on various occasions and was assistant circuit attorney in 1924. He was active in St. Louis politics and served as a member of the State senate from 1928 to 1934. DAN BREARLEY BRUMMITT: Born in Bately, England, Aug. 13, 1867; died at Kansas City, Mo., Apr. 5, 1939. He came to the United States in 1882. After receiving his degree at Baker University he went to Drew Theological Seminary at Madison, New Jersey. Dr. Brummitt was ordained to the ministry in 1893. In 1924 he became the editor of the North­ western Christian Advocate and in 1932 he became the editor of the Central Christian Advocate and continued editing both papers until his death. CHARLES D. CAPELLE: Born near Oak Grove, Mo., Aug. 5, 1882; died at Independence, Mo., May 14, 1939. He was educated at the Kansas City School of Law, the Univer- 590 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW sity of Missouri, and the University of Chicago. He began the practice of law in 1909. He was mayor of Independence from 1922 to 1924. He was a member of the State board of pardons and paroles from 1915 to 1917 and served as a repre­ sentative in the 57th General Assembly. PETER J. DUNNE: Born in Chicago, 111., June 29, 1870; died at St. Louis, Mo., Mar. 16, 1939. He became an orphan at the age of twelve. During his late twenties he decided to become a priest. He was ordained June 13, 1903, at Kenrick Seminary. In 1906 he founded Father Dunne's Newsboys' Home, a home for boys. During the past thirty-three years he devoted all of his time to the Newsboys' Home and in that time has cared for over 6,500 homeless youths. WILLIAM L. FISHER: Born near Frankford, Mo., June 4, 1877; died at San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 29, 1938. He was educated in the New London, Missouri, high school and gradu­ ated from Bethany College, Bethany, West Virginia. He received his D. D. degree from Yale University and he also studied at Oxford University on a Rhodes scholarship. He was ordained to the ministry of the Christian Church and held pastorates in New York City, Seattle, Washington, and other cities. He joined the chaplain service of the U. S. army in 1917. He was the head of the chaplain service for two years and was assigned to duty in Tientsin, China. He re­ turned in 1935 with the rank of major and was later advanced to the rank of lieutenant colonel. SAMUEL J. GALLOWAY: Born in West Plains, Mo., Nov. 2, 1858; died at West Plains, Apr. 2, 1939. He was educated in the public schools of West Plains and was engaged in bank­ ing and farming in that city. He was a lifelong Democrat and party leader and served as a representative from Howell county in the 52nd, 53rd and 54th general assemblies.

J. W. JOHNSTON: Born in Howard county, Mo.: Jan. 21, 1856; died at Fulton, Mo., Apr. 7, 1939. He began setting type for a newspaper in Warrensburg, Missouri, at the age of fifteen. He worked on or edited papers in Glenwood, Clarks- ville, Hannibal, Monroe City, and Plattsburg, Missouri. In 1909 he became co-owner and senior editor of the Fulton HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 591

Daily Sun and Weekly Telegraph, continuing in this capacity until his death. He was active in Democratic circles. ARTHUR F. KILLICK: Born in Lockport, N. Y., Jan. 16, 1880; died at Kansas City, Mo., Mar. 20, 1939. He began as a messenger boy and later started working as a reporter for the Kansas City Star. While working on the Star he began to write about "Freck," a messenger boy, and later developed the "Fatty Lewis" stories which were published in the Star about twenty years and later were issued in book form. From newspaper work Mr. Killick went to the advertising business. He was known to his friends as a humorist and an "everyday philosopher." E. A. LOGAN: Born in Mercer county, Mo., 1873; died at Columbia, Mo., Mar. 5, 1938. He attended Prince­ ton, Missouri, high school, Avalon College, Trenton, Mis­ souri, the Missouri State Teachers College, Kirksville, Mis­ souri, and the University of Missouri. He received his law degree from the school of law of Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. In 1914 he was appointed to the U. S. bureau of crop statistics and in that year opened the first bureau in Columbia. In 1920 he was made agricultural statistician for Missouri and in 1925 was made supervisor of the fourth Missouri district, which office he held at the time of his death. JAMES RICHMOND LOWELL: Born in 1853; died at Moberly, Mo., Apr. 24, 1939. He was educated at Mt. Pleasant College, Huntsville, Missouri. He was admitted to the bar in 1888 and was circuit clerk of Randolph county from 1891 to 1898. In 1898 he became editor of the Moberly Democrat and continued in this capacity until 1925, when the Democrat was bought by the Monitor-Index. He was president of the Missouri Press Association in 1909-10. JOHN M. MCKEON: Born in 1883; died at St. Louis, Mo., Mar. 18, 1939. He was connected with the Missouri Pacific railroad before entering the insurance business twenty- three years ago. He was elected senator in 1938 to the 60th General Assembly from the thirty-second district. THOMAS J. RONEY: Born in Scotland Springs, Mo., July 4, 1876; died at Joplin, Mo., Apr. 16, 1939. He was 592 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW educated in the public schools of Webb City, Missouri, and received his law degree from the University of Missouri. He was active in Democratic politics and was a member of the 46th, 47th, 48th, 52nd, 54th and 56th general assemblies. He was serving as assistant prosecutor of Webb City at the time of his death. GEORGE W. STIVERS: Born in Anthony, Kan., June 20, 1887; died at Piedmont, Mo., Apr. 5, 1939. He came to Green­ ville, Missouri, in 1907 and became editor of the Wayne County Journal, which he later purchased. In 1919, he con­ solidated it with the Piedmont Banner. He relinquished active control of the paper in 1925. He was active in Dem­ ocratic politics and was a member of the 52nd General Assembly. FRANK P. WALSH: Born in St. Louis, Mo., July 20, 1864; died at New York City, May 2, 1939. He was admitted to the Missouri bar in 1899. He was president of the Kansas City board of civil service from 1911 to 1913 and was editor of the Kansas City Post in 1915 and 1916. He was very active in labor relations and was appointed to the Federal Commission on Industrial Relations in 1913. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1919. He was chairman of the St. Lawrence Waterway Commission and served the state of New York in many other capacities. He was president of the Society of Medical Jurisprudence and was a member of both the Mis­ souri and New York bars and of the American Bar Associa­ tion. Mr. Walsh was one of the nation's outstanding lawyers. IRVING WINTFREY WINGO: Born near Charity, Mo., July 8, 1861; died in Dallas county, Mo., March 26, 1939. He was educated in the public schools of Dallas county, and at Drury College, and the Central Missouri State Teachers College. He taught in rural and city schools for forty-seven years and served two terms as county school superintendent of Dallas county. Mr. Wingo was a member of the 51st, 52nd and 53rd general assemblies. GUSTAV A. WURDEMAN: Born in Swedesboro, N. J., in 1857; died at Webster Groves, Mo., May 19, 1939. He grad­ uated from Washington University in 1881. He served as State representative in the Missouri general assembly in HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 593

1891-1892 and as State senator from 1893-1897. He was probate judge at Clayton from 1899 until 1909 when he re­ signed to become circuit judge. He resigned from this office nineteen years later to re-enter the private practice of law. E. M. ZEVELY: Born in Linn, Mo., Mar. 9, 1867; died at Linn, on May 5, 1939. He was educated in Central Wesleyan College, Warrenton, Missouri, and he attended the law school of the University of Virginia. He became probate judge in 1890 and served until 1900 when he was elected to the State senate. He acquired a half interest in the Linn Unterrified Democrat in 1900 and has been sole owner since 1911. He was a member of the Missouri Constitutional Convention in 1922 and was a member of the house of representatives in the 54th and 55th general assemblies. 594 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS

VEST'S REMINISCENCES OF GOVERNOR THOMAS C. REYNOLDS

From Walter B. Stevens' Scrapbook No. 9; a Washington dispatch printed in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat of April 5, (?). The association of the name of Thomas C. Reynolds with the Spanish Mission furnishes Senator Vest sufficient provocation for telling remin­ iscences of the days when the Confederate State Government of Missouri was dodging about in the bush down in the Ozarks. Claib Jackson had gone off in disgust and Reynolds was the Acting Governor, establishing the seat of government wherever Sterling Price's army stopped over night. Even in those days Reynolds was punctilious and polished as circumstances would permit. Vest says that one day he went down to the farm house that was doing service as the executive mansion at that particular time. He had received an intimation that Governor Reynolds wanted to see him, and he walked in wearing a pair of top boots and a blouse and very little else. The Governor received him with considerable dignity, and from time to time looked at his outfit rather critically. However, the evening passed along, and when supper time came the Governor and the guest sat down to a meal which Senator Vest says made his thoughts go back to the days of flapjacks at home. When they had finished the meal the Governor began on his visitor's attire. "Vest," said he, "you ought to be more particular about your per­ sonal appearance." The visitor explained that under the exigencies of the times he couldn't respond to a dinner invitation in a dress suit. After chatting awhile the Governor said, "Vest, you've been talking about me." The visitor expressed surprise at such an assertion and denied its truth promptly and emphatically. Reynolds drew out of his pocket a memorandum book, evidently kept with great nicety, ran down the index until he found V—Vest, and opened to the pages indicated. Then he read a complete record of some flippant remarks which Vest had made on an occasion weeks before which the author had entirely forgotten. The record contained the date, place, witnesses and words of the conversation. This was too much for Vest. "Yes," said he, explosively, "I did say that—every word of it. I think you are going around here putting on too many airs with your little old one-horse Confederate State government, carrying your commission in your hat and the great seal of Missouri in your saddle-bags. Put that in your memorandum book if you want to." "Oh, well," said Reynolds, soothingly, "we'll not say any more about it." MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 595

The conversation turned upon other matters, and before the visit closed, Reynolds had appointed his visitor one of Missouri's senators to the Confederate Senate at Richmond. Under those most trying circumstances, when all about him were forgetting civilization Reynolds was always the even-tempered, polished gentleman, Senator Vest says.

SUNDAY CUSTOMS OF PIONEER TIMES From the Carrollton Daily Democrat, April 19, 1939. Mrs. Puss Goodson, one of the pioneer women of Trotter township, has recently had prepared a story of her life. It was written by Mrs. Homer Minnis, a granddaughter The Democrat will publish the article in relays She was born November 6, 1856, in a double log house When she grew to young womanhood she went to Sunday School and church at Beatty Church (Trotter was not yet organized). She rode a beautiful black horse. Her saddle was a red seated side saddle. She was usually accompanied by her sisters and cousins. Each rode a horse. From church a group of girls went to someone's house for the remainder of the day. In the early afternoon their beaux came riding up on horse­ back. The afternoon was spent in the old "parlor." At supper time all of them were served with a bountiful meal About this time a new commodity was put on the market for sale. It was much talked about. It was a buggy with only one seat. One of the young men who had been wanting to keep company with grandmother bought one of these extremely new fashioned vehicles. His name was Jim Brook. The first thing he did was to take grandmother to church. Of course, grandmother was very much elated over the fact that she was so highly honored as to be selected from all the other girls to ride in the new buggy. However, her mother did not feel it much of an honor. She thought it a disgrace to sit so close to a young man in a narrow seat with no one else along. So after a few joyful rides in the nice new sparkling buggy, grandmother was forced to say "no" when Jim asked to take her to church. It was much more refined to ride horseback

ANOTHER STORY OF JESSE JAMES From the Independence Examiner, March 3, 1939. Uncle Albert Reber told us about the time Jesse James came to Great-Grandmother Reber's house. Jesse and his men put their fine horses in the stable and walked to the house and ordered a meal to be cooked. Great-grandmother Reber had just gathered a large basket of clean clothes off the clothes line. Jesse dumped these out on the ground and walked over them with his muddy boots, then sat on them. He offered to pay her for the meal with some silver spoons but she scorned them and told him to leave the place. He raised his whip to strike her, but she stood her ground and dared him to. 596 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

He said, "You don't know who I am or you wouldn't say that. I'm Jesse James." He then called his men and departed. He later told one of her neighbors she sure had plenty of spunk.

A REVIEW OF THE FILM "JESSE JAMES" From the Chicago Daily News, April 1, 1939: A review of the film "Jesse James," by Lloyd Lewis. The extraordinary popularity of the film "Jesse James" has, if the mails are any indication, created a widespread curiosity as to its trueness to fact. Jesse's granddaughter is reputed to have said, "About the only similarity is that the motion-picture hero rode a horse and carried a gun." And Judge Roy D. Williams of Boonville, Mo., whose father was defense attorney for Jesse's brother and partner in crime, Frank James, has re­ cently said that the granddaughter was about right. One of the most glaring distortions in the film is its explanation of why Jesse took to crime .... the railroad detectives throw a hand grenade in the window of his home and kill his mother. That sets the boy off on a career of vengeance. Now the fact is that Jesse's mother outlived him many years and erected a tombstone over his grave which read, "In Loving Remembrance of My Beloved Son." The film makers have altered this epitaph to a mere "In Loving Remembrance," thus permitting Mrs. Samuels—Jesse's mother had married the second time—to die some 20 years before she actually did. The film takes off into pure fiction, too, when it reveals Jesse, at his sweetheart's behest, giving himself up to the law on the promise of a short prison term, then, with Frank arranging a jail break when it is dis­ covered that he has been betrayed by lying railroad officials. According to the most thorough of Jesse's biographers, the bandit and his brother Frank stuck up banks long before they popularized, if indeed, they did not invent, the institution of train robbery. Instead of being driven to crime by the railroads and their murder of their mother, the boys, according to the best evidence, merely kept up, in peacetimes, the practices they had learned, as impressionable youths, in the Civil war, where they had ridden in the Missouri guerrilla bands of Quantrill and "Bloody Bill" Anderson, leaders of cavalry bands which operated on the Confederate side in the struggle. Both were strongly suspected of Missouri bank holdups in 1866 and '67, the two years immediately succeeding the end of the Civil war, and Jesse at least was with Oil Shepherd, one of his closest friends in the recent Confederate organization of "Bloody Bill," when Shepherd was tangled in a bank robbery at Russellville, Ky., in 1868 .... That the romantic episodes in the film are fictitious when they show Jesse marrying early in his career, is proven by the fact that the wedding did not take place until April 24, 1874, when Jesse had been robbing banks for five years and trains for almost a year. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 597

The nickname "Zee" given his wife in the film is correct, her name having been Zerelda Mimms, and she Jesse's first cousin. They eloped in real life as in the picture, but had two children, Jesse Edward and Mary, instead of the one baby boy who behaves so effectively on celluloid. Mrs. James was a year older than Jesse .... A larger group of the "Pinks" (Pinkerton detectives) . . . surrounded the home of the James boys on the night of Jan. 21, 1875, and threw a hand grenade in the window, blowing off the right hand and forearm of their mother and killing her little son Archie. . . . The date of the event, some nine years after Frank and Jesse became desperadoes, and the fact that the woman was not killed, rob the film of authenticity for most of its motivation. Likewise the climax of the film hero's career, the Northfield (Minn.) bank raid, departs widely from the truth. As pictured, the town is pre­ pared for the raid by the treachery of Bob Ford, one of Jesse's men who accompanied the band. Bob Ford, in fact, was not on the raid at all, and had so far as is known, no wife as the film declares. As a matter of fact, Bob Ford, in September, 1876, the date of the Northfield affair, would have been but 14 years old, and nothing like the 45-year-old veteran the film presents in the person of John Carradine, an extremely good actor by the way. In this film sequence the Younger brothers, fully as important as the James boys in the band as it was constituted in 1876, are eliminated entirely Everything considered, the film "Jesse James" is excellent entertain­ ment, but it should have at its beginning the statement "The events and characters depicted in this photoplay are fictitious. Any similarity to actual persons, living or dead, is purely coincidental."

NEW HOPE BAPTIST CHURCH HISTORY From Boon's Lick Sketches No. 47, issued December 12, 1938, by the Historical Society of Howard and Cooper Counties. According to the History of Howard and Cooper Counties published in 1883 the "New Hope Church (Old School) near Bunker Hill, was or­ ganized as early as 1830 but further information could not be obtained." The minutes of the meetings of this organization, from 1820 to 1859, have been located in the possession of Miss Jennie Thompson who lives at the old Nero Thompson homestead one and one-half miles east of Burton station, and it is through her kindness that the following information has been obtained. Miss Thompson is one of the few persons in Howard County who live on land patented by their ancestors, being a great grand­ daughter of Nero Thompson (1794-1866) who patented the land in 1839. New Hope Church was constituted by Elders Edward Turner and Thomas Henson on November 25, 1820. Those who subscribed their names to the constitution, which consisted of 8 principles and 13 rules of decorum, were Elias Walker, James Burton and wife, Benjamin Cook, Jesse Walker, Nancy Walker, William Butler, and Joseph Bragg. . . . 598 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

A preacher, Brother Edward Turner, was found in February of 1822, who agreed to "attend to them onct in two months." A place was selected near "William Butler's spring for to build the meeting house," but the work progressed slowly and does not seem to have been completed for four or five years. In 1829 the building was found to be too small and a committee was selected to "superintend the letting out of the Raising and Covering of the meeting house." In 1838 a stone chimney was added. The accepted domain of the frontier church is in startling contrast with the modern church. New Hope's history was at times tempestuous, and no misstep on the part of a member was too small to miss being brought to the attention of the church. Sister Atterbury was cited to appear "to give satisfaction concerning a report that is afloat about her." At the next meeting she was excluded from the church for joining the Metho­ dists and her name erased from the book. One brother was charged with "going off in a clandestine manner." Several prominent members were in trouble for drinking "too much spiritous liquors," and those that were repentant were forgiven and the church agreed to "bear with them awhile." Brothers Robert Meyers and Henry Lynch, Jr., were charged with having an affray in a tumultous manner. Brother Isaac Hargis was charged with playing the fiddle and other misdemeanors which cost him his fellow­ ship. In 1838 two brethren went to see Sister Polly Hutcherson "con­ cerning a report that is in the world about her that says she has left us and joined the Camillites." The doctrines of Alexander Campbell were thorns in the flesh of the staunch members of New Hope Church. As early as 1831 they declared "an unfellowship with A. Campbell and his doctrine believing it to be Heriticle" and in 1832 the motion was carried to declare "an unfellowship to all those who adhere to and advocate the unscriptural doctrine held forth by Alexander Campbell." In 1835 they likewise disapproved of the whole Missionary Plan, Bible Tract, Temperance, Sunday School Unions, and Missionary Socie­ ties as—so they emphatically state—"not having any foundation in the Word of God, but seems to be an Engine of Anti Christ to trouble the Israel of God." The latter years of the church during the fifties were years of peace and harmony and of good fellowship, broken only by the incident of one brother, of his own free will, confessing that he had "used too much spirit­ uous liquors." He was full of sorrow for his sin and the church forgave him and agreed to bear with him yet awrhile. By 1883 the membership had dwindled to about 18 members. [Editor's Note: The State Historical Society of Missouri, through the courtesy of Miss Thompson, and Mr. L. A. Kingsbury, now has a photostatic copy of this old minute book.] MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 599

THE SENATORIAL CAREER OF JOHN B. HENDERSON From the Kansas City Times, January 6, 1939: excerpts from an article by Mary Ann Bodine. In 1862 Henderson was appointed to replace Trusten Polk, who had been expelled from the senate for his allegiance to the southern cause. Under the Republican banner to which he rallied because of his pronounced unionist views, he was elected the following year to serve a 6-year term, ending March 4, 1869. He became an outstanding member of the senate, re-established his state's credit by effecting reimbursement from the federal treasury of Missouri war expenditures, and, as chairman of the committee on Indian affairs, succeeded in making treaties with hostile tribes of the upper Missouri river country. His chief contribution lay in his sponsorship of the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution. He wrote the amendment abolishing slavery and introduced it in the senate and was one of the first agitators for the fifteenth amendment which was submitted to the states in 1869 "The impeachment of Andrew Johnson was the culmination of polit­ ical differences which had become increasingly strained in the disturbed conditions which followed the death of Lincoln," Henderson wrote many years later in an article which appeared in the Century magazine. "The trial has been wrongly described as a great judicial event, but in the strict sense it was not a judicial event, since it was without sound basis in law. It was the culmination of a struggle for political advantage. . . . The very nature of the so-called court of impeachment was a monstrosity, as several of the lawyers in that body perceived, lor the senate was to act both as judge and as jury. I made several motions or orders to separate the jurisdiction of the jury from that of the judge, but in vain. I wanted a judge, preferably Chief Justice Chase, to decide the judicial points, as the senate was like a mob, deciding everything for themselves. "Impeachment was, of course, a matter in which personalities and personal ambitions played a large part. Without Benjamin Butler and Thad Stevens, there never would have been an impeachment trial, for impeachment was chiefly a scheme to get place and power for themselves and their friends." As the impeachment trial drew to a close and it became apparent that one vote might decide the issue, feeling ran high in all parts of the country Henderson, considered one of the doubtful senators, was bombarded by telegrams from Missouri Radicals, appealed to by the Missouri delegation in a body to vote for impeachment, and then was requested to resign. "I was not slow to make my attitude known," he states in his article, "for I would as soon have voted to condemn an innocent man to death as to vote to impeach Johnson on the articles that were presented." .... The votes were cast, Johnson was vindicated by the narrow margin of one vote, but recriminations were yet to come. The seven rebellious senators were speedily retired from public life Hender- 600 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW son was twice defeated for the senate, thereafter returning to law practice in St. Louis and Washington. . . . Henderson wrote, " .... it has been my happiness to live to see the keenest disappointment of my public life transformed into its chief honor."

MARK TWAIN'S PATENTED INVENTIONS From the Washington, D. C, Journal of the Patent Office Society: written by P. J. Frederico. According to Albert Bigelow Paine, Mark Twain was always trying to patent something, and the records of the United States Patent Office show that he received three patents during his lifetime Knowing his interest in paten ts and patentees, an author of a book intended to help inventors and paten tees once wrote to Mark Twain soliciting his indorse­ ment. Mark Twain asked the author to send him nine editions— by express—if the book told how to exterminate inventors. The under­ lying bitterness is easily understood when it is remembered that Mark Twain had lost large sums of money and gained much unhappy experience by financing the inventions of others On December 19, 1871, there was granted to Samuel L. Clemens of Hartford, Connecticut, a patent for an "Improvement in Adjustable and Detachable Straps for Garments" (Patent No. 121,992) The application for patent was filed in the Patent Office on September 9, 1871. The examiner showed that the invention was not as broadly new as Mark Twain had supposed, and the drawings, description and claims had to be revised and restricted before a patent could be granted. Then, when it seemed that everything was in order, came disturbing news—a formal notification from the Patent Office that someone else had on file an appli­ cation for the identical invention, and instituting an "interference" contest to determine who was the first inventor Ordinarily the preliminary statement is nothing but a bare formal recital, in numbered paragraphs. Mark Twain's statement fulfilled all the legal requirements but it must have been a welcome change to the Patent Office officials. Addressed to the Commissioner of Patents, written by hand on plain correspondence paper, it reads: "... The idea of contriving an improved vest strap, is old with me; but the actual accomplishment of the idea is no older than the 13th of August last, (to the best of my memory). This remark is added after com­ paring notes with my brother. "For four or five years I turned the idea of such a contrivance over in my mind at times, without a successful conclusion; but on the 13th of August last, as I lay in bed, I thought of it again, & then I said I would ease my mind and invent that strap before I got up—probably the only prophecy I ever made that was worth its face. An elastic strap suggested itself & I got up satisfied. While I dressed, it occurred to me that in order to be efficient, the strap must be adjustable & detachable, when the wearer did not wish it to be permanent. So I devised the plan of having MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 601 two or three buttonholes in each end of the strap, & buttoning it to the garment—whereby it could be shortened or removed at pleasure. So I sat down & drew the first of the accompanying diagrams (they are the original ones). While washing (these details seem a little trivial, I grant, but they are history & therefore in some degree respect-worthy), it occurred to me that the strap would do for pantaloons also, & I drew diagram No. 2. "After breakfast I called on my brother, Orion Clemens, the editor of the "American Publisher," showed him my diagrams & explained them, & asked him to note the date & the circumstances in his note-book for future reference. (I shall get that note of his & enclose it, so that it may make a part of this sworn evidence.) While talking with him it occurred to me that this invention would apply to ladies' stays, & I then sketched diagram No. 3. "In succeeding days I devised the applying of the strap to shirts, drawers, &c, & when about to repair to Washington to apply for a patent, was peremptorily called home by sickness in my family. The moment I could be spared however, I went to Washington & made application— about the 10th or 12th of September, ult., I think. I believe these com­ prise all the facts in the case." The opposing party to the interference was Henry C. Lock- wood of Baltimore .... Mark Twain's date being earlier, he was awarded the patent. The next invention which Mark Twain patented was his famous self- pasting scrap-book, which was conceived just before he sailed for England in 1872 An application for patent was not filed until May 7 of the following year, after Mark Twain's return from Europe. The patent was granted June 24, 1873 (No. 140, 245) for an "Improvement in Scrap- Books," Mark Twain's third patent was issued August 18, 1885 (No. 324,535) and was for a game apparatus. The object of the game was to make it easier for players to remember important historical dates

THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

October, 1938—July, 1939

Published by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

A^Wii^

Volume XXXIII

FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Secretary-Editor Columbia, Missouri 1939

CONTENTS

Page Educational Opportunities in Early Missouri, by Margaret McMillan and Monia Cook Morris 307, 477 Evolution of a Frontier Society in Missouri, 1815-1828, The, Part III, by Hattie M. Anderson 23 Historical Notes and Comments , 104, 256, 421, 558 Letters of George Caleb Bingham to James S. Rollins, edited by C. B. Rollins 45, 203, 349, 499 Missouri as a Pioneer in Criminal Court Reform, by A. C. Breckenridge and W. G. Colman 471 Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 149, 296, 461, 594 Missouriana 79, 230, 385, 527 Portraits of Daniel Boone, by Roy T. King 171 Saxon Immigration to Missouri, 1838-1839, The, by P. E. Kretzmann... . 157 War of 1812 on the Missouri Frontier, The, by Kate L. Gregg 3, 184, 326

CONTRIBUTORS

Anderson, Hattie M., Professor of History, West Texas State Teachers College, Canyon, Texas. Breckenridge, A. Carlyle, Graduate Assistant, Department of Political Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Colman, William G., Graduate Student, Department of Political Science, Uni­ versity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Gregg, Kate L., Professor of English, Lindenwood College, St. Charles, Missouri. King, Roy T., Head of the Newspaper Department, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Kretzmann, P. E., Director of the Pritzlaff Memorial Library, Concordia Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri. McMillan, Margaret, Instructor in History and Geography, Christian College, Columbia, Missouri. Morris, Monia Cook, Research Associate, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Rollins, C. B., Native Missourian and former Curator of the University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.