DOCSLIB.ORG

Aerial Applicator's Manual

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Aerial Applicator’s MANUAL A NATIONAL PESTICIDE APPLICATOR CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE Aerial Applicator’s Manual A NATIONAL PESTICIDE APPLICATOR CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE Written By Patrick J. O’Connor-Marer, PhD Published by the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture Research Foundation This publication was developed under Cooperative Agreement No. X8-83235401 awarded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture Research Foundation. EPA made comments and suggestions on the document intended to improve the scientific analysis and technical accuracy of the document. However, the views expressed in this document are those of its authors and EPA does not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publication. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This manual was produced thanks to the support of the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture Research Foundation and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs. The following people generously gave their time and contributed their expertise by serving on a Technical Advisory Committee and reviewing and contributing to the manual. Ron Cline, Central Valley Helicopters, Ellensburg, Washington Adolfo Gallo, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, California Paul Liemandt, Minnesota Department of Agriculture, Pesticides, St. Paul, Minnesota Drew Martin, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Glenn Martin, Helicopter Applicators Inc., Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Scott Schertz, Schertz Aerial Service Inc., Hudson, Illinois Russell Stocker, Bob’s Flying Service, Davis, California Dennie Stokes, Stokes Flying Service, Parkin, Arkansas Dale Thomas, Thomas Helicopters, Inc., Gooding, Idaho Mike Thompson, Arkansas State Plant Board, Little Rock, Arkansas Michael Weaver, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia Robert Wolf, Kansas State University, Manhatttan, Kansas The following individuals served as ad hoc members of the Technical Advisory Committee and contributed valuable information and made meetings with the committee possible. Kenneth Degg, National Agricultural Aviation Association, Hillsboro, Illinois Richard Herrett, National Association of State Deptartments of Agriculture, Washington, DC Carol Parker, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Carolyn Schroeder, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Mike Walsh, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Several individuals and organizations generously provided photographs used in this manual. Dennis Gardisser, WRK of Arkansas, Lonoke, AR Tom Hoffmann, Washington State Department of Agriculture, Moses Lake, WA Glenn Martin, Helicopter Applicators Inc., Gettysburg, Pennsylvania John Mateski, Western Helicopter Services, Newberg, OR Dale Thomas, Thomas Helicopters, Inc., Gooding, Idaho Michael Weaver, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia Robert Wolf, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas California Agricultural Aircraft Association Minnesota Department of Agriculture U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Image Library A special thank you to the following people who provided careful reviews, helpful suggestions, and additional information. Scott Bretthauer, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Joseph Spitzmueller, Minnesota Department of Agriculture, St. Paul, Minnesota ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii iv CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................... iii CONTENTS ............................................. v INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1 The National Examination ................................ 2 Scope of this Manual .................................... 2 How to Use this Manual ................................ 2 Detailed Content Outline ................................. 3 CHAPTER 1 LaWS anD REGULATIONS FOR THE AERIAL AppLICATOR PILOT .......................... 9 Requirements for Pilot Certification ........................ 10 EPA Requirements ................................... 10 The Pesticide Label .................................... 12 Review Questions ...................................... 15 CHAPTER 2 OpERATION anD AppLICATION SaFETY ....... 17 Aircraft and Pesticide Security ............................ 18 Evaluating Aerial Application Operation Security .............. 18 Timely Coordination with Authorities ...................... 19 Protecting People and the Environment ..................... 19 Employee Training ................................... 20 Employee Habits .................................... 21 Application Safety...................................... 22 The Equipment ..................................... 22 Understanding the Work Order .......................... 23 Scouting the Target Site ............................... 25 Understanding Pesticide Label Restrictions .................. 25 Resolving Conflicts ................................... 27 Reviewing and Documenting the Application ................. 27 Planning for Emergencies ................................ 28 Emergency Information ................................ 28 Flight Hazards ...................................... 28 Plans in Case of Aircraft Crash ........................... 29 Application Equipment Malfunction ....................... 29 Ground Crew Emergencies.............................. 29 Overspray, Drift, and Other Misapplication .................. 29 Spray or Dust Contacting Bystanders or Vehicles............... 30 iv CONTENTS v Communications ...................................... 30 Review Questions ..................................... 31 CHAPTER 3 PREVENTING PESTICIDE DRIFT ............... 33 Factors that Contribute to Drift ........................... 34 Classification of Droplet Size ............................ 35 Spray Mixture Physical Properties ........................ 36 External Factors Affecting Droplet Size and Drift .............. 37 Minimizing Off-Target Drift ............................. 39 Application Techniques ................................ 40 Smoke Generators .................................... 40 Review Questions ..................................... 41 CHAPTER 4 AERIAL PESTICIDE DISPERSAL SYSTEMS ...... 43 Dispersal System Requirements ........................... 43 Equipment and Component Factors ....................... 44 Liquid Dispersal System Components ....................... 44 Spray Pumps ....................................... 44 Pesticide Tanks and Hoppers ............................ 45 Filters and Screens ................................... 46 Pipes, Hoses, and Fittings .............................. 46 Spray Booms ....................................... 47 Flow Meters, Valves, and Pressure Gauges ................... 48 Nozzles ........................................... 49 Nozzle Anti-Drip Devices .............................. 52 Electronics ........................................... 52 GPS Systems ....................................... 52 Computers ......................................... 53 Flow Volume Controllers ............................... 53 Mapping Systems .................................... 54 Positioning Booms and Nozzles ........................... 54 Nozzle Adjustments .................................. 54 Pattern Testing a Spray Boom............................ 55 Spraying System Operating Pressure ....................... 57 Dry Material Spreaders ................................. 57 Ram-Air Spreader .................................... 58 Centrifugal Spreader .................................. 60 Review Questions ...................................... 61 CHAPTER 5 CaLIBRATIng AERIAL AppLICATION EQUIPMENT 63 Why You Need to Calibrate Equipment ..................... 64 Improper Application Rate .............................. 64 Equipment Calibration Methods ........................... 65 Calibrating Liquid Sprayers ............................. 65 Calculating Sprayer Flow Volume per Mile (Rotary-Wing Aircraft)... 67 Calculating Sprayer Flow Volume per Mile (Fixed-Wing Aircraft) ... 68 Calculating Acres Treated per Minute ...................... 69 Determining Gallons per Acre........................... 70 Determining the Amount of Pesticide to Put Into the Tank ......... 70 Calculating the Area of a Rectangular or Square Application Site .... 71 vi CONTENTS Calculating the Area of a Triangular Application Site ............ 72 Calculating the Area of a Circular Application Site.............. 73 Calculating the Area of an Irregularly-Shaped Application Site ...... 74 Calibrating Granule Applicators .......................... 75 Computing Granule Application Rate per Acre ................ 76 Review Questions ..................................... 79 CHAPTER 6 MaKIng an AERIAL PESTICIDE AppLICATION .. 81 Ferrying ............................................ 82 Checking the Application Site ............................. 82 What to Watch for During an Application .................... 83 Monitor Changes .................................... 83 Importance of Onsite Ground Crew During an Application ....... 84 Pilot Checklist........................................ 85 Ground Crew Checklist ................................. 86 Application Methods ................................... 86 Application Speed .................................... 87 Altitude ........................................... 87 Obstructions ....................................... 87 Flight Patterns ........................................ 88 The Turnaround ....................................
Recommended publications
  • Certification Process for Agricultural Aircraft Operators, Dated October 10, 2007, Is Cancelled

    Certification Process for Agricultural Aircraft Operators, Dated October 10, 2007, Is Cancelled

    U.S. Department Advisory of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Circular Subject: Certification Process for Agricultural Date: 8/21/17 AC No: 137-1B Aircraft Operators Initiated by: AFS-800 Change: This advisory circular (AC) describes an acceptable means, but not the only means, for an agricultural aircraft operator to apply for an Agricultural Aircraft Operator Certificate under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 137. The AC also addresses safety practices for agricultural aircraft operators. This AC is not mandatory and does not constitute a regulation. However, if you use the following means described, you must follow it in all important aspects. This AC does not change regulatory requirements; the provisions of applicable regulations control the AC. Interpretations of regulations are issued only under established agency procedures. This AC applies to the evaluation of applicants for an Agricultural Aircraft Operator Certificate. This AC also applies to agricultural aircraft operations using an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). A part 137 operator who wishes to use a UAS should have additional knowledge of Public Law (PL) 112-95, FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Section 333, Special Rules for Certain Unmanned Aircraft Systems; the 14 CFR part 11 exemption process; 14 CFR part 107; and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Order 8900.1, Volume 16, Unmanned Aircraft Systems. Please be aware, the operator of a UAS either cannot comply with several sections in part 137, or those requirements are not applicable to UAS operations. Therefore, an operator proposing to use a UAS must receive a grant of exemption with relief of the appropriate sections of part 137 before the certification process reaches the Demonstration and Inspection Phase.
  • Flying the Line Flying the Line the First Half Century of the Air Line Pilots Association

    Flying the Line Flying the Line the First Half Century of the Air Line Pilots Association

    Flying the Line Flying the Line The First Half Century of the Air Line Pilots Association By George E. Hopkins The Air Line Pilots Association Washington, DC International Standard Book Number: 0-9609708-1-9 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 82-073051 © 1982 by The Air Line Pilots Association, Int’l., Washington, DC 20036 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First Printing 1982 Second Printing 1986 Third Printing 1991 Fourth Printing 1996 Fifth Printing 2000 Sixth Printing 2007 Seventh Printing 2010 CONTENTS Chapter 1: What’s a Pilot Worth? ............................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Stepping on Toes ...................................................................... 9 Chapter 3: Pilot Pushing .......................................................................... 17 Chapter 4: The Airmail Pilots’ Strike of 1919 ........................................... 23 Chapter 5: The Livermore Affair .............................................................. 30 Chapter 6: The Trouble with E. L. Cord .................................................. 42 Chapter 7: The Perils of Washington ........................................................ 53 Chapter 8: Flying for a Rogue Airline ....................................................... 67 Chapter 9: The Rise and Fall of the TWA Pilots Association .................... 78 Chapter 10: Dave Behncke—An American Success Story ......................... 92 Chapter 11: Wartime.............................................................................
  • Historic and Cultural Resources of the Sea Breeze Estates Site on City Island in T~E Bronx

    Historic and Cultural Resources of the Sea Breeze Estates Site on City Island in T~E Bronx

    v.~f I. "J,? ~ 'f.. I -,q~1 I I I I HISTORIC AND CULTURAL RESOURCES I OF THE SEA BREEZE ESTATES SITE I CITY ISLAND, THE BRONX I '\ I ( Prepared for: Konheim & Ketcham, Inc. Prepared by: I Joan H. Geismar, PhD. I I I I February 1989 I I 1-.------- I TABLE OF CONTENTS I I TEXT Section Page Number I A. Prehistory. ~ . .1 B. Historical Considerations •••••••••••••••• .2 I C. Landmark Considerations •••••••••••••••••••••••• • •• '"..... 5 I D. Conclusions '" '" '" . • • • ..."..... 5 Bibliography 6 I TABLE OF FIGURES I Number Following Page I 1. Location of Project Site ••••••••••• .........1 2. 1872 Beers Map .. ... ..... ... ...... ........... 4 I 3. 1893 Sanborn "Ma.p 4 I 4. 1935 Sanbord Ma.p 4 5. 1905 Topographical Survey of the Eastern Bronx •••••••••• 4 I 6. 1763, A. Colden Survey.................... •••••••••• 5 I 7. 1987 New York City Tax Map................ •••••••••• 5 I I· I I I I "I Historic and Cultural Resources of the Sea Breeze Estates Site on City Island in t~e Bronx I Prepared for Konhe~ and Ketcham, Inc. By Joan H. Geismar, PhD. I February 1989 A preliminary documentary research was undertaken to assess I historical significance and archaeological poten~ial of the Sea Breeze Estates Site (see Figure 1, Location of Project Site). This assessment relied mainly on maps, printed sources, and, to a lesser degree, informal interviews with residents. In addition, I the archaeological office of the New York State MUseum was contacted to determine the number and whereabouts of any relevant prehistoric sites. And finally, the New York City Landmarks I Preservation Commission was consulted regarding the island's landmarked properties.
  • Elementary Level

    Elementary Level

    Grades: K - 5 ELEMENTARY LEVEL CURRICULUM GUIDE Permission to distribute any part or the whole of this material via e-mail or individual copies is automatically granted on the condition it will be used for non- commercial purposes and will not be sold. To reproduce the Elementary Curriculum Guide in any other format, including Internet websites, written permission is needed from the Women of the National Agricultural Aviation Association [WNAAA]. AGRICULTURAL AVIATION: Critical Assist for the World’s Food Supply Elementary Education Curriculum Guide Presentation Outline I. The intent and purpose of the elementary agricultural aviation curriculum guide. A. To introduce the service industry of agricultural aviation to educators and students. 1. The history of agricultural aviation. a. The development/need for the service in agriculture. b. The evolution of the industry. 2. The agricultural aviation industry as it exists today. a. The people involved in agricultural aviation. b. The importance of the industry of agricultural (forestry, disease control) 3. The future of agricultural aviation. a. The role it plays in the continued production of food and fiber. B. To provide insight into the usefulness and importance of agricultural aviation. 1. Agricultural aviation assists the growers of food and fiber. a. Agricultural aviation impacts the lives of people through the food they eat and the clothes they wear. 2. Agricultural aviation provides service to Federal, State and Local Governments. a. The industry assists in protecting the forests, therefore affecting the shelter of many people. b. When called upon, the agricultural aviation industry assists in controlling insects considered health threats. C.
  • November 2007 One Dollar

    November 2007 One Dollar

    Second Class Permit Paid at Bronx, N.Y. USPS 114-590 Volume 36 Number 9 November 2007 One Dollar BRIDGE PLANS UNDER WAY By BARBARA DOLENSEK Original City Island Bridge. Rendering of proposed bridge looking north. At the October meeting of the City Is- the David Carll shipyard, then on Pilot Street. land Civic Association, the Department of The tower of the new bridge, which will be on Transportation (DOT) presented its plans to the Pelham Bay Park side, would, however, the community for the construction of a new be at least 150 feet high. (The original bridge bridge and the demolition of the existing proposed by DOT was over 450 feet high but bridge. This presentation was the same as that this was lowered at the request of the com- given to Community Board 10 on Sept. 27, munity.) 2007. The new bridge will be constructed on The DOT representatives fi rst reviewed the same site as the present bridge, which the history of the current bridge, which was means that a temporary bridge will be built completed in 1901 with seven spans and six to the west. This will have two 11-foot travel piers in the water, two 11-foot traffi c lanes, lanes, one 10-foot fi re lane in the middle and one fi re lane and two 6-foot sidewalks. a 5-foot, 7-inch sidewalk on each side. The Rendering of proposed bridge looking west. In April 1998, an in-depth inspection bridge will allow for marine traffi c, with two of the bridge was conducted as part of the channels open during the summer.
  • African- American Experience in the Civil War, 1861-1865 at 150 Years: Some Selected Websites

    African- American Experience in the Civil War, 1861-1865 at 150 Years: Some Selected Websites

    African- American experience in the Civil War, 1861-1865 At 150 Years: Some Selected Websites African American Civil War Memorial & Museum (African American Civil War Freedom Foundation and Museum [Washington, DC]) http://www.afroamcivilwar.org/ Contains pull-down menus under 4 basic tabs: Our Story, Programs, Resources, and Events. Includes a historical material in a variety of media, on a variety of topics, press releases, genealogical links, Civil War sites of particular interest, and information on reenactors. The Civil War (U.S. Library of Congress. American Memory. African American Odyssey. Exhibit) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart4.html Includes a narrative with period documents and illustrations, including an Introduction, Overview, Object List, and Search [engine]. The online exhibit is organized in two parts, each with its clickable segments. Part 1 includes: “Contrabands of War”, Emancipation Proclamation, Soldiers and Missionaries. Part 2 includes: Fighting for Freedom and Behold the Shackles Fall. There are also links to exhibits on earlier and later periods. History of African Americans in the Civil War (U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Civil War History: What Have We Learned? Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System) http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/history/aa_history.htm In addition to a brief general overview, across the top, one may click and search under: Soldiers, Sailors, Regiments, Prisoners, Cemeteries, Battles, Medals, Parks. In an inset box for African American History, one may click on general categories: In the Civil War, Military History, Parks – Civil War, Medal of Honor Recipients, Sailors Project. Teaching with Documents: The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War, 1861-1865, by Budge Weidman [U.S.
  • Pilot Schooner ALABAMA (ALABAMIAN) HAER No

    Pilot Schooner ALABAMA (ALABAMIAN) HAER No

    Pilot Schooner ALABAMA (ALABAMIAN) HAER No. MA-64 Vineyard Haven Martha's Vineyard Dukes County Li A ^ ^ Massachusetts ' l PHOTOGRAPHS REDUCED COPIES OF MEASURED DRAWINGS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA Historic American Engineering Record National Park Service Department of the Interior Washington, DC 20013-7127 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD Pilot Schooner ALABAMA (ALABAMIAN) HAER No. MA-64 Rig/Type of Craft: 2-masted schooner; mechanically propelled, sail assisted Trade: pilot vessel Official No.: 226177 Principle Dimensions: Length (overall): 88.63' Gross tonnage: 70 Beam: 21.6* Net tonnage: 35 Depth: 9.7' Location: moored in harbor at Vineyard Haven Martha's Vineyard Dukes County Massachusetts Date of Construction: 1925 Designer: Thomas F. McManus Builder: Pensacola Shipbuilding Co., Pensacola, Florida Present Owner: Robert S. Douglas Box 429 Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts 02568 Present Use: historic vessel Significance: ALABAMA was designed by Thomas F. McManus, a noted fi: schooner and yacht designer from Boston, Massachusetts. She was built during the final throes of the age of commercial sailing vessels in the United States and is one of a handful of McManus vessels known to survive. Historian: W. M. P. Dunne, HAER, 1988. Schooner Alabama HAER No. MA-64 (Page 2) TABLE OF CONTENTS Prologue 3 The Colonial Period at Mobile 1702-1813 5 Antebellum Mobile Bar Pilotage 10 The Civil War 17 The Post-Civil War Era 20 The Twentieth Century 25 The Mobile Pilot Boat Alabama, Ex-Alabamian, 1925-1988 35 Bibliography 39 Appendix, Vessel Documentation History - Mobile Pilot Boats 18434966 45 Schooner Alabama HAER No. MA-64 (Page 3) PROLOGUE A map of the Americas, drawn by Martin Waldenseemuller in 1507 at the college of St.
  • Boaru of Commissioners of Pilotage

    Boaru of Commissioners of Pilotage

    Document No. 18. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Boaru of Commissioners of Pilotage, NOVEMBER 1st, 7891, TO NOVEMBER lsf, 7892. ME MBERS OF THE BOARD OJ<' COMMISSIONERSOF PILOTAGE OF NEWJE RSEY. OCTOB ER 31sT, 1892. NAMES. R ESIDENCE . THOMAS S. NEGUS (President).. .. ......... ... ............... ...... .........Jel'sey City. ROBERT SIMONSON (Scf!l'etal'y) .·............ ......... ...................... East Orange. HON. DANIEL C. CHASE...................... .. .. ............... .............South Amboy. WM. E RRICKSON ......................... .......... ....................Barnegat. (3) • • REPORT. To His Excellency Leon Abbett, Governor, and to the Legislature of New Jersey: The Board of Commissioners of Pilotage respectfully submit their report for the fiscal year ending with October 31st, 1892, in accord­ ance with Section 21 of an act to establish and regulate pilots for the ports of Jersey City, Newark and Perth Amboy, approved April 17th, 1846, the several amendments thereto, and the laws governing fisheries, obstructions to navigation, &c. • Tbe board bas continued to strictly administer the laws aforesaid. By its efforts diff~rent wrecks have been removed from the navigable waters of the State; illegal obstruction, by dumping of dredgings, prosecuted and prevented; fisheries so regulated as to be prosperous to those engaged in that business, and without serious obstruction to the navigable highways. The number of New Jersey State pilot-boats now in the service is eight (8), and the number of pilots holding licenses from this board is fifty-four (54), of which forty-seven (47) are in active service as Sandy Hook pilots, seven (7) are inactive and superannuated, and two (2) as Amboy local pilots. The number of apprentices now entered is but three (3). During the fiscal year Pilots Michael Egan, Geo.
  • 100 Years of Aerial Crop Dusting By: FAA Historian Terry Kraus in August

    100 Years of Aerial Crop Dusting By: FAA Historian Terry Kraus in August

    100 Years of Aerial Crop Dusting By: FAA Historian Terry Kraus In August, the agricultural and aviation th communities quietly celebrated the 100 anniversary of the first use of the airplane for crop dusting. On August 3, 1921, Army Air Corps pilot Lieutenant John A. Macready, piloting a specially modified Curtiss JN4 Jenny, spread lead arsenate over a six acre grove of 6,000 catalpa trees at Postmaster Harry Carver’s farm Troy, Ohio. Catalpa trees First known crop dusting effort, 1921 were harvested for their hardwood used for Courtesy: National Agricultural Association of America (NAAA) railroad ties and fence posts. The plane, fitted with a small makeshift hopper (a metal container) and a release mechanism attached to the side of the plane, flew 20 to 35 feet over the orchard, spreading the powdered insecticide in an attempt to kill caterpillars eating the leaves of the trees. Macready relied on the wind and currents from the propeller to carry the poisonous power to the rear of the plane and then down to the grove. The plane landed five times to refill the hopper. The dusting proved successful, demonstrating a plane could do in minutes what it would take ground-based workers days to complete. The idea of using an airplane for crop dusting came at the suggestion of Charles R. Nellie, an Ohio Department of Agriculture forester in Cleveland, who shared his thoughts with entomologist John S. Houser at the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station in Wooster, Ohio. Wooster officials contacted the Army at McCook Field to see if they could create a device for spreading insecticide from a plane.
  • Brisbane Valley Flyer

    Brisbane Valley Flyer

    35 785 BRISBANE VALLEY FLYER October- 2020 www.wattsbridge.com.au www.bvsac.org.au Watts Bridge Memorial Airfield, Cressbrook-Caboonbah Road, Toogoolawah, Q’ld 4313. Rob Knight (Editor) Tel: 0400 89 3632 Teaching formation flying across the ditch. With my flaps down to control my speed, I just slipped into position as formation leader. Peter Ratcliffe (Pres.) 0418 159 429 Ian Ratcliffe(Treasurer) 0418 728 328 Vern Grayson (Vice Pres.) 0431 465 874 Jackie Daley (Secretary) 0438 783 740 - Brisbane Valley Flyer - From the Club Pre Covid‐19 Hello everyone, We have changed the key code to door anybody that needing it to access the Clubrooms will need to ring me so I can pass to them The Convid‐19 requirements have changed again and we are now permitted to have 30 people at meetings. However, those 30 people will need to maintain normal social distancing and keep at least 1.5 metres apart from each other. All the best Peter Ratcliffe BVSAC President Page 2 Issue 85 October – 2020 - Brisbane Valley Flyer – Wheelbarrowing is a NO NO NO NO NO! By Rob Knight Scene 1: A fine day with a light wind blowing across the runway at about 5 knots. A light aircraft is on short finals, hot and high, with its airspeed a few knots fast and the aircraft too high to flare at the desired flare point. Ultimately the aircraft finally reaches the flare point further into the runway than the pilot likes so he decides to get the wheels onto the ground where he will have some braking.
  • Aerial Application Safety 2015–2016 Year in Review

    Aerial Application Safety 2015–2016 Year in Review

    Aerial application safety 2015–2016 year in review Research AR-2016-022 Publication date: September 2016 Front cover: AAAA Publishing information Published by: Australian Transport Safety Bureau Postal address: PO Box 967, Civic Square ACT 2608 Office: 62 Northbourne Avenue Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Telephone: 1800 020 616, from overseas +61 2 6257 4150 (24 hours) Accident and incident notification: 1800 011 034 (24 hours) Facsimile: 02 6247 3117, from overseas +61 2 6247 3117 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.atsb.gov.au © Commonwealth of Australia 2016 Ownership of intellectual property rights in this publication Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Commonwealth of Australia (referred to below as the Commonwealth). Creative Commons licence With the exception of the Coat of Arms, ATSB logo, and photos and graphics in which a third party holds copyright, this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence is a standard form license agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided that you attribute the work. The ATSB’s preference is that you attribute this publication (and any material sourced from it) using the following wording: Source: Australian Transport Safety Bureau Copyright in material obtained from other agencies, private individuals or organisations, belongs to those agencies, individuals or organisations. Where you want to use their material you will need to contact them directly. Safety summary Why the ATSB did this research Aerial application operations encounter different risks compared to other aviation sectors because these pilots work at very low-levels.
  • From Crop Duster to Airline; the Origins of Delta Air Lines to World War II

    From Crop Duster to Airline; the Origins of Delta Air Lines to World War II

    Roots: From Crop Duster to Airline; The Origins of Delta Air Lines to World War II by James John Hoogerwerf A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama December 13, 2010 Keywords: Delta Laboratory, Huff Daland, Delta Air Lines, B. R. Coad, Harold R. Harris, C.E. Woolman Copyright 2010 by James John Hoogerwerf Approved by William F. Trimble, Chair, Professor of History James R. Hansen, Professor of History Alan D. Meyer, Assistant Professor of History Tiffany A. Thomas, Assistant Professor of History Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of Dr. W. David Lewis Distinguished University Professor of History Auburn University (1931-2007) ii Abstract Delta Air Lines (Delta) is one of the great surviving legacy airlines of the first century of flight. In the annals of American aviation history its origins are unique. Delta’s beginning can be traced to the arrival of the boll weevil from Mexico into Texas in 1892. Unlike other national airlines that were nurtured on mail subsidies, Delta evolved from experiments using airplanes to counter the cotton weevil scourge from the air. The iconic book on the subject is Delta: The History of an Airline authored by two eminent Auburn University history professors, W. David Lewis and Wesley Phillips Newton. This dissertation explores more closely the circumstances and people involved in Delta’s early years up to World War II. It is chronologically organized and written in a narrative style. It argues Delta’s development was the result of a decades-long incremental and evolutionary process and not the calculated result of a grand design or the special insight of any one person.