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Campaigns Against Homophobia in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico PAHO HQ Library Cataloguing-In-Publication Campaigns against Homophobia in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico PAHO HQ Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Lyra, Paulo--coord. Campaigns against Homophobia in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico Washington, D.C.: PAHO, © 2008 Original language: Spanish ISBN: 978-92-75-12672-1 I. Title 1. HOMOSEXUALITY 2. PREJUDICE 3. COMMUNICATING FOR HEALTH 4. HIV INFECTION --- prevention and control 5. SEXUAL BEHAVIOR NLM WC 503.6 The Pan American Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publica- tions, in part or in full. Applications and inquiries should be addressed to the HIV Unit, Washington, D.C., USA, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and trans- lations already available. Publications of the Pan American Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provi- sions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights are reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Pan American Health Organization concerning the status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The men- tion of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or rec- ommended by the Pan American Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capi- tal letters. as denominaciones de productos patentados llevan en las publicaciones de la OPS letra inicial mayúscula. Graphic design: ULTRAdesigns.com Editorial Team Coordination Paulo Lyra Preliminary Research Rosa María Alfaro Moreno Javier Ampuero Albarracín Pilar Bobadilla Salgado Information and Case Study Review Observations, Revision, and Editing Argentina Alfonso Contreras Martín Barbero César Bazán Virginia García Jesús Arroyave Gabriela Hamilton Mario Pecheny Pablo Vinocur Rafael Mazin Rafael Obregón Brazil Rocío Schmunis Alexandre Magno Aguiar Silvia Posada Amorim Emivaldo José de Sousa Administrative Support Filho Carolina Rodríguez Myllene Muller Esteban Freeman Colombia Paola Rosana Caicedo Ricardo Luque Núñez Mexico Javier Arellano Alejandro Brito Arturo Díaz Jorge Saavedra Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization 3 Acronyms CCM (Argentina) Country Coordinating Mechanism of the Global Fund CENSIDA (Mexico) Centro Nacional para la Prevención y Control del VIH/SIDA (National Center for the Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS) CNAIDS (Brazil) Comissão Nacional de Aids (National AIDS Commission) COGE (Brazil) Conselho Nacional de Gestores de Programa de HIV/Aids e outras DST (National Council of HIV/AIDS and STD Program Managers) CONAPRED (Mexico) Consejo Nacional para Prevenir la Discriminación (National Council for the Prevention of Discrimination) CONASIDA (Mexico) Consejo Nacional para la Prevención y Control del VIH/sida (National Council for the Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS) INSP (Mexico) Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (National Institute of Public Health) MSM Men who have sex with men NEPAIDS (Brazil) Núcleo de Estudos para a Prevenção da Aids (Center for the Study of AIDS Prevention) PAHO Pan American Health Organization SEGOB (Mexico) Secretaría de Gobernación (Department of the Interior) SPEE (Mexico) Secretaría de Políticas Públicas de Empleo (Secretariat of Public Employment Policy) UNAIDS Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS UNDP United Nations Development Program USAID U.S. Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization 4 Campaigns against Homophobia in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico Contents Executive Summary................................................................. 7 Conceptual Framework ......................................................... 8 Terminology ............................................................................ 9 Introduction ............................................................................ 10 Argentina ............................................................................... 13 Brazil ....................................................................................... 18 Colombia ................................................................................ 24 Mexico .................................................................................... 28 Analysis ................................................................................... 37 Synopsis .................................................................................. 40 Recommendations .................................................................. 43 Conclusion............................................................................... 45 References............................................................................... 46 Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization 5 Executive Summary Homophobia is defined as prejudice, stigma or discrimi- nation against people who engage in sexual relations with others of the same sex. It may result in homosexual people hav- ing low self-esteem, difficulty practicing safer sex, and less social support. In some cases, the fear of stigma and discrimination discourages people from requesting HIV testing, counseling, and treatment. In other cases, homophobic behavior actu- ally prevents them from accessing these services. As part of the response to HIV and homophobia, four mass media campaigns were carried out between 2002 and 2005 in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. This publication describes and analyzes these campaigns, which had a total budget of US$4.2 million. Unlike previous campaigns of a similar nature, these had the support of their respective governments. They presented homophobia as an interrelated problem of rights and public health. They presented non-heterosexual people in a non-dis- criminatory light, and took advantage of the controversy that the issue generated to promote a public dialogue, in some cases unprecedented, among different sec- tors of civil society. Although none of the campaigns were systematically evaluated, the organizers identified various elements that, from their perspective, should be regarded as evi- dence of success. According to the organizers, the campaigns served to create more tolerant environment for homosexual men in the four countries. Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization 7 Conceptual Framework For the definition of sex, sexuality, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation and sexual identity, this report uses the concepts defined by PAHO and the World Association for Sexology (WAS) during its regional consultation meeting held in Guatemala (PAHO 2000b). SEX GENDER IDENTITY Sex refers to the sum of biological characteristics Gender identity defines the degree to which that define the spectrum of humans as females each person identifies as male, female, or some and males. combination. It is the internal framework, con- structed over time, which enables an individual SEXUALITY to organize a self-concept and to perform social- Sexuality refers to a core dimension of being ly in regards to perceived sex and gender. human that includes sex, gender, sexual and Gender identity determines the way individuals gender identity, sexual orientation, eroticism, experience their gender and contributes to an emotional attachment/love, and reproduction. individual’s sense of sameness, uniqueness and It is experienced or expressed in thoughts, fan- belonging. tasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, activi- ties, practices, roles, relationships. Sexuality is a SEXUAL ORIENTATION result of the interplay of biological, psychologi- Sexual orientation is the organization of an indi- cal, socio-economic, cultural, ethical and reli- vidual’s eroticism and emotional attachment gious/ spiritual factors. with reference to the sex and gender of the partner involved in sexual activity. Sexual orien- GENDER tation may be manifested in any one or a com- Gender is the sum of cultural values, attitudes, bination of sexual behavior, thoughts, fantasies roles, practices, and characteristics based on sex. or desire. Gender, as it has existed historically, cross-cultur- ally, and in contemporary societies, reflects and SEXUAL IDENTITY perpetuates particular power relations between Sexual identity is the overall sexual self- identity, men and women. including how an individual identifies as male, 8 Campaigns against Homophobia in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico female, masculine, feminine, or some combina- the target audience. Mexico systematically used tion and the individual’s sexual orientation. It is the words “homosexual” and “gay.” In Brazil the internal framework, constructed over time, some materials used the term “homosexual which allows an individual to organize a self-con- men.” cept based upon sex, gender, and sexual orienta- tion and to perform socially in regard to per- Another challenging term is “homophobia,” ceived capabilities based on sex and sexuality. which is widely used in this report. There are those who think this terminology inappropriate, first because the literal translation of homopho- Terminology bia from Latin is “fear of man” and, from Greek, Language use is an important tool in responding
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