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Women's Empowerment and Migration in the Caribbean

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Women's Empowerment and Migration in the Caribbean ISSN 1728-5445 eclac subregional studies and headquarters SERIES PERSPECTIves for the caribbean Women’s empowerment and migration in the Caribbean Anna Platonova Lydia Rosa Gény International Organization for Migration (IOM) 59 Women’s empowerment and migration in the Caribbean Anna Platonova Lydia Rosa Gény 2 This document has been prepared by Anna Platonova, Senior Regional Specialist on Labour Migration and Human Development of the International Organization for Migration and Lydia Rosa Gény, Associate Social Affairs Officer with the Statistics and Social Development Unit, ECLAC subregional headquarters for the Caribbean. Inputs were provided by Abdullahi Abdulkadri, Coordinator, Statistics and Social Development Unit, Sheila Stuart, Social Affairs Officer, and Michael Hendrickson, Economic Affairs Officer, ECLAC subregional headquarters for the Caribbean. Editorial assistance was provided by Leeanna Joy Seelochan, Research Assistant in the ECLAC subregional headquarters for the Caribbean. The views expressed in this document, which has been reproduced without formal editing, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization. United Nations publication ISSN 1727-9917 LC/TS.2017/107 LC/CAR/TS.2017/7 Distribution: Limited Copyright © United Nations, November 2017. All rights reserved. Printed at United Nations, Santiago S.17-00980 Applications for authorization to reproduce this work in whole or in part should be sent to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Publications and Web Services Division, [email protected]. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and to inform ECLAC of such reproduction. 2 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives Series – The Caribbean – No. 59 Women’s empowerment and migration... Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 7 I. Situation of migration in the Caribbean .................................................................................... 13 II. Women’s empowerment in the migration cycle ........................................................................ 17 A. Before migration .................................................................................................................... 17 B. On the move ........................................................................................................................... 20 C. In the country of destination .................................................................................................. 22 D. Staying put ............................................................................................................................. 24 E. Coming back .......................................................................................................................... 25 F. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 26 III. Policy considerations .................................................................................................................... 29 A. General recommendations to Member States ......................................................................... 29 1. Mainstreaming gender and migration into the legal and policy framework .................................................................................................... 29 2. Awareness-raising, training and capacity building ........................................................ 30 3. Studies and statistics ...................................................................................................... 31 B. Specific recommendations for Caribbean countries of origin and return ............................... 32 1. Gender equality, adequate standards of living and autonomy ................................................................................................................. 32 2. Opportunities for regular migration and mobility, protection and access to justice ...................................................................................... 32 C. Specific recommendations for countries of transit and destination, including those in the Caribbean ............................................................................................ 33 1. Opportunities for safe, orderly and regular migration and mobility, protection and access to justice ....................................................................................................... 33 2. Decent work, social protection and care services .......................................................... 34 3 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives Series – The Caribbean – No. 59 Women’s empowerment and migration... D. Recommendations for the private sector ................................................................................ 34 E. Recommendations for bilateral and multilateral cooperation fora and the international community .................................................................................... 35 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................ 37 Series: issues published........................................................................................................................... 41 Tables Table 1 Caribbean migrants in the United States of America by country of origin ..................... 14 Table 2 Caribbean countries with restrictions on women’s mobility .......................................... 19 Boxes Box 1 Sustainable development goals and gender equality and women’s empowerment ........... 8 Diagrams Diagram 1 Empowerment in the balance: weighing the impact of women’s migration on gender equality ........................................................................................................... 10 4 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives Series – The Caribbean – No. 59 Women’s empowerment and migration... Abstract Women worldwide are on the move as much as men. In 2015, almost half (48 per cent) of 244 million international migrants were women.1 The implications of female migration, whether independent or with their families, are diverse and complex on the individual, household and community levels. Therefore, it is crucial to improve our understanding of the links and interrelations between migration, women’s empowerment and development, including the role of gender inequalities in defining the nature and the results of individual migration pathways, as well as the impact that migration may have on the empowerment of women and girls that are either moving themselves or staying in the country of origin and coping with migration of their family members. This would allow for the development and implementation of gender-sensitive and rights-based migration policies, which will place the needs and contributions of women, including female migrants, firmly in the global, regional and national development agendas. This paper presents a contextual analysis of the mutual relations between migration and women’s empowerment with the aim to facilitate the debate among stakeholders, including policymakers, practitioners and civil society in the Caribbean subregion on the role of migration as a means of empowerment for women. When contextualized in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals, this debate should inform practical actions for the formulation of the Global Compact for safe, orderly and regular migration that will be adopted in 2018, and more broadly for sustainable development that will ensure that no one is left behind as Member States and other stakeholders strive towards achieving inclusive, fairer, and sustainable societies. 1 UN DESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division) (2016), “International Migration Report 2015 Highlights”, ST/ESA/SER.A/375. p. 1. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/ migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2015_Highlights.pdf. 5 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives Series – The Caribbean – No. 59 Women’s empowerment and migration... Introduction Gender equality and women’s empowerment feature prominently in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They outline a comprehensive framework to advance global development by 2030.2 The 17 SDGs and the associated 169 targets that guide the implementation of each goal recognize gender equality and women’s empowerment as an objective and as part of the solution. The standalone Goal 5 on the achievement of gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls emphasizes the recognition of the interconnections between gender inequality and the economic, political and social aspects of sustainable development. As emphasized by the United Nations General Assembly in its Resolution 70/1, the realization of gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls would make a crucial contribution to progress across all goals and targets. In this regard, ECLAC (2017) highlighted specific goals and targets to be of particular relevance. These goals
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