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Home , ANZAC (acronym), Battle of Broodseinde, Battle of Lone Pine, Capture of Damascus, Desert Mounted Corps, First Battle of Gaza

THE MEDICAL SERVICES IN THE WAR OF 1914-1918

VOLUME I

PART I THE CAMPAIGN bu COLONEL. A. C. BUTLER, D.S.O.. V D.; B.A.. M.B.. Ch.B. (Carnb.)

PART II THE CAMPAIGN IN SINAI AND bu COLONEL R. M. DOWNES. CM.G, V.D.; M.D.. M.S.. F.C.S.A.

PART III THE OCCUPATION OF GERMAN NEW GUINEA bu COLONEL F. A. MAGUIRE. D.S.O. V.D.; M.D.. Ch.M.. F.R.C.S. and CAPTAIN R. W. CILENTO. M.D.. B.S.. D.T.M. h H.

li'itlz 228 illustvatioiis, maps, arid graphs

Sccoird Edition

AUSTRALIAN WAR MEMORIAL, MELBOURNE 1938 Printed and Bound in by Halstead Press Pty Limited, 9-19 Nickson Street, Sydney

Regirtered at the General Post Office, Melbourne, for trans- mission through the post as a book.

Obtainable in Great Britain at Australia House and from all booksellers (sole agent for wholesale distribution-The Official Secretary for the Commonwealth of Australia, Australia House, Strand. London, W C a); in from the Australian Trade Commissioner, 15 King Street West, Toronto: in the United States from the Official Secretary for the Commonwealth of Australia, a5 Broadway, New York: and in from the Australian Trade Commissioner. D I C. Building, Wellington.

Ftrst Edition . . . . 1930 Sccotid Edition . . . 1935 E

PREFACE THE medical history of the Australian forces engaged in the Great War must, in one respect, have a limited scope. Australian administration in the field never reached higher than arniy- control. Apart from the expedition to New Guinea, Australia was not responsible for the complete organisation of any military force. Certain important niedical units were not contained within the organisation of the A.I.F., and, though its medical director came to exercise considerable personal influence outside the Australian Army Medical Corps, his authority was always confined within its personnel. The study of what may be termed the medical strategy of the war belongs, therefore, properly to the Imperial history, and therein has been admirably presented. Nevertheless, this work aims at being more than merely L presentation of the experience of the Australian army medical services. Each of the three parts that make up the present volume is in some respect a comprehensive study of the medical problems arising out of the campaign with which it deals. Thus, in following the , in which the Australian and New Zealand forces played an extremely important part, the writer has been inevitably concerned with the policy and the conditions that controlled the whole range of events from the front line to the base. A medical break- down near the front, for example, may be directly due to events far beyond the Peninsula: congestion at the hospital bases in and Malta may cause a damming back of the stream of casualties on the lines of communication, which may lead to a hold-up at Lemnos and Imbros, and this in turn to a block at the Gallipoli beaches, and so to delay in the clearance from the aid-posts at Anzac. The records recently made available froni England by the courtesy of the Historical of the Committee of Imperial Defence, through the assistance of Mr. T. H. E. Heyes (representing the ), are so complete that the tracing of such causes has become largely a matter of industry. Thus, in fulfilling his duty of giving an adequate account of the Australian medical service, the writer of the Gallipoli section of this work found himself committed to the formidable task of dealing with the general problems of a medical service in combined naval and military operations, a vi PREFACE subject matter which, until this campaign, was almost entirely unexplored, and of which comparatively little has even now been written. Again, in the Palestine and, particularly, the Sinai cam- paigns the formed the predominant element in the arm most characteristic of these operations- the mounted . An Australian officer-the writer of this part-was, indeed, selected to act as D.D.M.S. to the , a combined British, Indian, New Zealand, and Australian formation. His contribution, it is believed, though concerned but little with the medical strategy of the campaign, presents the detail of medical work with mounted troops in a completeness not hitherto attempted in connection with modern warfare. But while in the main this history is concerned only with the carrying out in the A.I.F. of policy determined by the Eritish authorities, its writers feel little diffidence in claiming that its subjects possess general appeal and interest. The experience of a self-contained homogeneous force of the size of the A.I.F. may be more easily collated than that of the vast armies of Europe, and may be of value in illuminating the larger field. For example, there have been obtained from England-in addition to much material, only partly explored, concerning the Gallipoli expedition-the coded cards prepared by the Medical Research Committee for mechanical sorting, containing the total experience of the A.I.F. during 1915 in regard to sickness and wounds. These statistics, more complete than any as yet published of the campaign, have been tabulated, and are discussed in the present vo1urne.l ‘The Statistical volume of the British Medical History has not appeared at the time of going to press, and no information is yet available as to the result of expert scrutiny regarding the value, for statistical purposes of the clinical records on which rest the figures for sickness in the British Arhy for the year 1915; their value is known, however, to be less than that of the records for subsequent years. It 1s. perha S, desirable therefore to state, in connection with the medical records concerning &seas, in the Australian Force, which have hem used in the preparation of the graphs illustrating the incidence of disease on Gallipoli (Owen at fi 166.7). that a careful scrutiny was made of samples from the coded cards, in ordr to test (a) their quantitative accuracy; (b) their qualitative accuracy. This examination showed that- I. The requirements in respect of both (a) and (b) were fulfilled so far as the use tilade of the records dcmandod. 2, That as regards (a) any error would lie in the omission, not in the duplication, of individual records. and that therefore its elimination would have operated in the !irection of fortif ing the support,,given to the argument bv the figures. The Admission and Kischarge books, are the source of the “.Coded cards,” and the loss of these hooks is not entirely-though it is largely- rompensated for by the operation of transference of patients through a number PREFACE vii

Again, the carrying out in a dominion army of certain principles laid down by the medical authorities of the opens up the whole field of the relations of the dominion service to that of the Mother Country, by the side of which it took its place in the war organisation of the . The problems involved in this relationship, and the experience oi the medical service in their gradual solution, are matters which, so far from possessing a merely academic interest, come white-hot from the furnace in which have been moulded the latest changes in the British Commonwealth of Nations. For Australia and the other dominions within the British Empire the Great War itself was an episode within a vast experiment in national adjustments that is being made in the course of the onward march of humanity through the ages. In the microcosm of the Australian army medical service are tc be seen the uncertainties and compromises, the co-operation without compulsion, the union that is organic rather than formal, which characterise the relations between the various parts of the British Empire and have made its position unique in the history of the world, and which, during the war, not without some strain and friction, held the various medical services of the Empire in a verv close and successful co-operation. To come nearer home, there may be cited the complex questions relating to the ulterior consequences of the war in relation to national health ; the cost in impaired efficiency, and in the huge toll of pain and of pensions. With a comparatively small nation under the microscope, the national effects of war injuries may perhaps most easily be traced. Finally, there is the fact that the events here chronicled formed part of the war effort of a hitherto peaceful dominion, co-operating within the British Empire in a war of unpre- cedented magnitude and complexity. The administrators of the medical service of the Australian military forces were --like the regimental surgeons, the dental officers, the pharmacists, the nurses-almost without exception civil practitioners, who, with only militia training at most, suddenly became responsible for the medical side of a great military of medical units. It is therefore desirable to point out that the figures embodied in the gra hs are to he regarded as approximations. sufficiently accurate for the purpose of illustratin and validating the general conclusions as stated in the text. but not exact 6, the purpose of statistical comparison. ... Vll! PREFACE organisation. And one of the chief responsibilities lying upon the editor and writers of this work is to exhibit the problems of that “civilian” service in such a way that, if ever this dreadful experiment must again take place and Australia be again involved in a great defensive war, the experience of the Great War shall have been recorded and illuminated for her medical service, so that old difficulties may be met with foreknowledge, old pitfalls avoided, and, most important, that the new generation may face the new prolJlems that must arise through scientific advance with an assurance and a vigour begotten of that clearer knowledge of the essential principles of medical strategy and tactics in war which has grown out of the experience so dearly acquired in the crises of 1914-1918. The history of the army medical service in German New Guinea, like that of the military force which seized and occupied the territory, must in the main deal not with the short campaign, but with the long period of military govern- ment with its quasi-civil problems of administration and public health. Almost from the first the Australian citizen-soldier was called upon to carry on the government of an extensive tropical country, improvising the administration of a widely scattered white and native population in addition to that of thc small garrison. This administration, though nominally ending in 1921,actually merged into that by which the territory was thenceforth governed by Australia under mandate from the League of Nations ; its post-war development has therefore been outlined in the final chapter. In that theatre, at least, the dreadful machinery of the war was turned in the end to a notable constructjve effort. .I This work [(to summarisel’ is a history of problems encountered by the Australian medical service ; and the endeavour of the authors has been to exhibit these problems in the order and in the circumstances in which they arose, and to show at each step of a campaign how they were being met, and in most cases gradually overcome, by the help of experience gained in the previous steps. It is this endeavour that has determined the entire arrangement of the work, and, in order to assist the reader in following its thread, the narrative is summarised in the initial paragraph of each chapter. On the comparatively small stage of Australian PREFACE ix experience it has been possible to illuminate the situation involved in the often conflicting duties of the medical service -the military duty of preserving the fighting force by camp and field sanitation, of sustaining its morale by rapid clearance of the wounded, of reinforcing its reduced and weary garrisons by ensuring the prompt return to duty of men recovered from wounds and sickness ; and, on the other hand, the humane duties of minimising pain and injury, or caring for the wreckage that is no longer of military value, and, if possible, fitting it to take again some part in the nation’s work. If the reader can but realise that each of the seemingly academic problems provided by “ boarding,’’ classification of convalescents, “ return to duty,” “ invaliding,” and so forth was, twelve years ago, a cause of intense and ceaseless thought and effort, of perplexing anxiety, of hope and apprehension night and day to those responsible for its solution, that recognition may clothe for him with human interest the dry bones of these chapters. In the light of such realisation this history of the effort of an almost wholly civilian personnel to serve its country and its comrades through the dreadful stresses of the Great War may, even when told in the drab phraseology of military “ orders.” rekindle at least something of the glow of intense endeavour that we felt in those far-off crucial years. The present volume necessarily includes an account of the Australian service, for the first half of the war, in Great Britain and Australia. The second volume, in course of preparation, follows the work of the A.A.M.C. in , and includes a short account of the experience of the medical service with the Royal Australian Navy and Air Force; it concludes with an excursus concerning the medical problems of repatriation, the pension problem, and the care of the maimed. The most important fount of information has been the records accumulated by the Australian War Memorial under the able directorship of Major J. L. Treloar. The collation of its medical records was carried out during the war largely by the late Captain A. L. McLean, Major P. A. Stevens, Major J. T. Tait, Captains R. J. Hunter and J. R. Drummond, and the present editor. The records of the Defence Depart- ment also have been made freely available. In addition to X PREFACE grateful acknowledgment to the British authorities, the editor desires to express his special recognition of the fine records of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, made available through the kindness of its medical historian (Colonel A. D. Carbery). Quotations have, when possible, been acknowledged ; but no attempt has been made to present a systematic bibliography. The histories of the British, Canadian, and New Zealand medical services, and the official British and Australian histories of the war, have been looked on as part of the family library. As editor-in-chief of the Australian series, Mr. C. E. W. Bean has been responsible for constantly advising the editor and for several revisions of the text. Much work has also been done upon this by his staff, and it has been revised from the literary standpoint by Professor T. G. Tucker. The editor’s special assistant has been Mr. A. J. Withers, who was seconded from the Base Records Office for this duty, and to whose enthusiasm, ability, and exceptional knowledge of Australian administrative records the completion of the undertaking is largely due. The editor is deeply indebted to Sir Neville Howse, V.C., for support, official and personal, in ensuring the produc- tion of this history. Dr. J. H. L. Cunipston, Commonwealth Director-General of Health, and Mr. C. H. Wickens, Com- monwealth Statistician, have given valued assistance, the former in connection with the affairs of the Pacific, the latter in the presentation of statistics. Professor F. W. S. Cumbrae-Stewart, of the University of Queensland, most kindly helped in the matter of early records. The inveterate but practical optimism of Mr. W. A. Newman, of the Depart- ment of Defence (now Administrator of Nauru), lightened many hours of drudgery and depression. The many members of the Australian army medical service, and its friends, whose help in the form of material, advice, and encouragement it i5 impossible adequately to acknowledge, will, it is hoped, find their reward in the appearance of the work.

A. G. B. DUNTROON, FEDERALCAPITAL TERRITORS Am~cDay, 1930. CONTENTS

PART I

I. THEEVOLUTION OF THE AUSTRALIANARMY MEDICAL SERVICE...... 1 II. 1914 : MOBILISATION: THE AUSTRALIANIMPERIAL FORCE ...... i7 III. THE FIRSTCONVOY ...... 34 IV. EGYPT:ORGANISATION AND TRAINING, . . . 48 V. EGYPT'THE FIRST IMPACT OF DISEASE . . . . 69 VI. THEGALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN : STRATEGICPREPARATIONS . 82 VII. THEGALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN : TACTICAL PREPARATIONS . III VIII. THE LANDINGAT GABATEPE ...... 131 IX. THELANDING: LINES OF COMMUNICATION. . . 161 X. THE LANDING:EXPEDITIONARY BASE . . . . 184 XI. JUNE AND JULY: THEFRONT AND LINESOF COMMUNI- CATION ...... 205 XII. DISEASEAT GALLIPOLI,MAY, JUNE, AND JULY . . 228 XIII. EGYPTDURING JUNE AND JULY . . . . . 254 XIV. THESUPREME EFFORT: SARI BAIR . . . . 28 I XV. THESUPREME EFFORT: LINES OF COMMUNICATION . 323

XVI. THE DISEASEDEBACLE AT GALLIPOLI. . . . 34 I XVII. THE RUSH OF SICK THROUGH MUDROSHARBOUR: DEVELOPMENTOF LEMNOS . . . . . 374 XVIII. EGYPT:AUGUST TO DECEMBER . . . . . 399 XIX. THEA.A.M.C., A.I.F., OBTAINS SELF-GOVERNMENT. 428 XX. THEEVACUATION OF GALLIPOLI . . . . . 437 XXI. SOMESPECIAL DISEASES : PATHOLOGY: SURGERY . 450 XXII. EGYPT: REORGANISATIONOF THE A.I.F. . . . 472 XXIII. THEAUSTRALIAN MEDICAL SERVICE IN ENGLAND. . 490 XXIV. THESERVICE IN AUSTRALIA,JANUARY, IgI5-JUNE, 1916 513 --

xii CONTENTS

PART II FOREWORD...... 547 PREFACE ...... 550

SECTION I-THE CAMPAIGN IN THE I. THE OPENING ...... 552 II. THEDEFENCE OF THE SUEZCANAL. ROMANI . . 568 III. OPERATIONSIN THE SINAIPENINSULA . . . 587 IV. HEALTHIN THE DESERT ...... 598

SECTION II-THE CAMPAIGN IN PALESTINE V. THEFIRST PALESTINE OFFENSIVE: ATTACKS ON GAZA. 615 VI. PREPARATIONSFOR THE SECONDOFFENSIVE. HEALTH DURING 1917 ...... 627 VII. BASEORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION . . . 644 VIII. THE SECONDPALESTINE OFFENSIVE . . . . 660 Ix. OPERATIONS IN AND BEYOND THE . . 679 X. SUMMERIN THE JORDAN VALLEY. . . . . 698

SECTION III-THE FINAL OFFENSIVE XI. THEDASH TO ...... 714 XII. THEADVANCE THROUGH . . . . . 729 XIII. THEBASE FROM I917 ONWARDS . . . . . 752

PART III THEOCCUPATION OF GERMAN NEW GUINEA. . . 781 I. THECAPTURE OF RABAUL ...... 782 II. THEMILITARY OCCUPATION OF GERMAN NEWGUINEA . 793 III. THETROPICAL FORCE ...... 798 APPENDICES- I. Diagram illustrating the chain of control in respect to the medical department of the British Army during the Great War . . 812 2. Organisation of staff duties in the field . . 813 3. The Geneva Convention of 6th July, 1906, and Adaptation of the Convention to maritime war 814 4. Desert Mounted Corps Medical Services Opera- tion Order No. 5 ...... 821 5. Table showing the posting of Australian Army Medical Corps Officers, March I915 . . 825 GLOSSARY ...... 829 INDEX...... 836 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PART 1 The N.S.W. Medical Staff Corps school of instruction, Newcastle, 1896 ...... 6 A parade of the N.S.W. Medical Staff Corps, 1898 .. .. 6 Ambulance waggon built as an outcome of experience gained in the South African War ...... Light ambulance waggon designed by Colonel Williams . . .. Broadmeadows Camp, Victoria, in 1914 ...... The 2nd training at Broadmeadows . . .. Surgeon-General W. D. C. Williams ...... Surgeon-General R. H. J. Fetherston ...... The transport Orvieto at Port Said, 2nd December, 1914 .. deck of a transport, showing the sleeping and messing accomniodation ...... Mena Camp, January, 1915 ...... A regimental medical detachment ...... The 3rd Light Horse Field Ambulance training at Mena Camp . . Mena Camp ...... A camp kitchen at Maadi ...... The Heliopolis Palace Hotel ...... No. 1 A.S.H., Mudros, March, 1915 ...... Installing the generator for X-ray plant and electric light at No. 1 A.S.H., Mudros ...... Mudros Harbour immediately before the Landing . . .. " White " and " Black " ships ...... Battleships leaving Mudros Harbour on the eve of the Landing . . Troops landing at Anzac, 25th April, 1915 ...... Sari Bair, showing the Anzac area ...... Personnel of the 1st A.C.C.S. on Anzac Beach, April 27th .. The 3rd aid-post in Shrapnel Gully, April 26th .. Posts on the side of Monash Valley ...... The beach at , May, 1915 ...... The 1st A.C.C.S., Anzac Beach, four weeks after the Landing .. " Simpson " and his donkey ...... The Turkish envoy being led past the 1st A.C.C.S. after arranging for an armistice to bury the dead ...... Anzac Beach, 3rd May, 191 5 ...... A tow with wounded in , 26th April, IQI~.. .. XIY XLLUSTRATIONS

A flat-bottomed barge laden with wounded lying beside a hospital ship off Anzac ...... I 72 Cutters containing wounded coming alongside a troopship at Anzac, April 26th ...... 172 A cradle for removing wounded from barges to hospital ship or transport ...... 172 Docks at Alexandria during a quiet time ...... 17.3 Australian light horsemen at Alexandria docks placing stretcher cases in the train for ...... I73 The arrival of one of the first ambulance trains at Heliopolis, May, 1915 ...... No. 2 A.A.H. in the “Atelier,” Heliopolis, showing the angerib beds ...... No. 2 A.G.H. at the Ghezireh Palace Hotel ...... The Australian convalescent d&p6t, Helouan ...... Monash Valley ...... The advanced dressing station near the head of Monash Valley . . Rest Gully, Anzac ...... Anzac Cove ...... Wounded at the foot of Pope’s Hill, 7th August, 1915 . . .. The advanced dressing station at the foot of Victoria Gully . . View of the new Anzac area from the foot-hills .. .. The advanced dressing station in Chailak Dere, August, 1915 . . The foreshore below No. 2 Outpost ...... The casualty clearing station (emergency hospital) at Imbros, August, 1915 ...... 332 The first bivouac of No. 3 A.G.H. at Lemnos ...... 33.3 Australian nurses at Mudros ...... 33.3 Parade for water at Anzac ...... 358 Anzac, from the south ...... 393 “ Pioneers ” of the 1st Battalion making box latrines . . .. 359 Hospital ships in Mudros Harbour ...... 359 North Beach, Anzac, looking towards Suvla ...... 392 The rest station at Little Table Top, October, 1915 .. .. 393 Colonel N. R. Howse and Sir Victor Horsley at Anzac . . .. 393 The initial meeting of the “ Anzac Medical Society ” . . .. 393 The dressing station at Walden Grove ...... 440 The rest station in Hotchkiss Gully, November, 1915 .. 440

No. 3 A.G.H., West Mudros ...... 34 J The bacteriological laboratory at No. 3 A.G.H. .. .. 44 I No. 2 A.S.H. at Tel el Kebir, 1916 ...... 474 ILLUSTRATIONS XY

No. 3 A.G.H., Abbassia, 1916 ...... ,. 474 Colonel C. C. Manifold ...... 475 Colonel R. E. Roth ...... 475 A type of latrine with fly-proof seat ...... 4w Incineration at Tel el Kebir Camp, 1916 ...... 49J Serbian barrel delousers and thresh disinfector ...... 490 Inoculation against cholera in Egypt ...... 49 1 Dentists at work at No. 3 A.G.H...... 49 I PARTII Palm hods near Katia ...... An Australian light horse field ambulance ...... Three types of cacolet ...... A light horse field ambulance camped in the Sinai Desert .. A light horse regimental stretcher-bearer carrying portable stretcher ...... The reconnaissance to Bir el Mazar, September, 1916 . . .. Wounded being conveyed on ambulance sleighs ...... The N.Z. Mounted Field Ambulance crossing the Wady el , 8th January, 1917 ...... Wounded from the raid on Rafa ...... An ambulance convoy err roufe from El Arish to railhead .. The Desert Mounted Corps rest station at Marakeb . . A delousing parade ...... Preparation of drinking water in the Wady Ghuzze . . .. Advanced dressing station of a light horse field ambulance .. Rapid transit one-horse ambulance waggon ...... Bearers of the Australian Camel Field Ambulance . . .. Camel Cacolets of a light horse field ambulance outside Es Salt, April, 1918 ...... Colonel R. M. Downes ...... Colonel D. G. Croll ...... Colonel G. P. Dixon ...... Colonel R. Fowler ...... Lieutenant-Colonel A. L. Dawson ...... Hospital ferry used between Kantara and Port Said . . .. An operating car attached to the Desert Mounted Corps operating unit ...... The Anzac Mounted receiving station at Reshid Bek, 30th October, I917 ...... 670 A light horse field ambulance during the advance through Palestine 670 xvi ILLUSTRATIONS Watering ambulance horses at Jemmameh ...... Evacuating wounded by motor ambulance cars from El Burj . . The Jordan Valley and foot-hills ...... Dust in the Jordan Valley ...... A light horse field ambulance crossing a barrel bridge at Ghoraniyeh ...... 695 The Australian Mounted Division’s sanitary section passing along the Wady Nimriii ...... One of the drains from the swamps at Hajla ...... Hospital wards in course of construction at the Anzac Mounted Divisioii receiving station near ...... Canalisation in the Jordan Valley swamps ...... Ancient aqueduct at Ain ed Duk . . .. Light horsemen proceeding through the Mus Mus Pass . . .. German hospital and staff at Jenin . . .. Part of a hospital attached to the Turkish prisoner-of-war camp at Kaukab ...... 719 The Anzac Field Laboratory at Bir el Abd ...... 736 A dentist at work during the Palestine offensive .. .. 736 The Desert Mounted Corps Operating unit . . *. .. 737 No. 14 A.G.H. at Port Said ...... 737 PARTIII A group of Sydney University men belonging to the A.N Sr M.E.F. 784 Simpson Harbour (Rabaul), before the war ...... 785 The Bitapaka road ...... 788 The native hospital at Kieta, Bougainville ...... 789 The military hospital at Namanula, Rabaul ...... 794 Matupi Island quarantine camp, 1915 ...... i94 A white medical assistant in a house built by himself of native material ...... 795 Medical examination of natives in a recently opened area ,. 795 Micronesian women ...... 798 Group of old men and women comprising the whole remaining population of the Anchorite Islands ...... 798 Growing swamp taro ...... 799 A native village, showing effective European influence in lay-out 799 LIST OF MAPS

PART 1 Cairo district, showing camps and hospitals, March, 1915 . . 00 The Eastern Mediterranean ...... 8+ Lemnos, Imbros, and the ...... 121 The Cape Helles area, showing the Allied line on 6th and 8th May, 1915 .. .. ,...... 154 5 Anzac at the middle of May, 1915, showing medical positions and routes of evacuation ...... Ij8 6 Cairo and Heliopolis, showing the positions of the Australian training camps and medical units, June, 1915 . . .. 197 7 Anzac at the end of July, 1915, showing routes of evacuation 210 8 The Anzac-Suvla area, showing the objectives of the August offensive ...... 282 9 The scheme of evacuation during the operations of August, 1915 ......

IO Routes of evacuation from the battle of , and during the feints of 6th-7th August, 1915 .. .. 294 II The new Anzac area, showing medical positions and routes of evacuation on 8th August, 1915 ...... 307 I2 The Anzac area, showing the scheme of evacuation at the end of August ......

PARTII Romani-4th August, 1916 ...... 576 Kantara-Bir el Abd ...... 579 The ...... 620 The ...... 624 The attack on , showing the medical situation on grst October, 1917 ,...... 18 The medical situation on the lines of communication in Palestine at the end of 1917 ...... 672 The medical situation in February, 1918, after the ...... 680 xviii MAPS

20 End of first phase of final offensive, showing medical situation in the Desert Mounted Corps, 27th-28th September, 1918 ...... 716 21 The advance of the Desert Mounted Corps, showing the medical situation on 30th September, 1918 . . .. 726 22 Northern Syria-Damascus to Adana, showing route of evacuation after Armistice declared ...... 740 PARTIII 23 Racial distribution in the Pacific ...... 804 24 Lines of possible disease invasion ...... 8oq LIST OF DIAGRAMS PARTI

Medical arrangements of the " Southern " Force, 3rd November, 1910 ...... I2 Command, administration, and medical direction of the A.A.M.C., March, 1915 ...... 65 Scheme of evacuation from Anzac, showing adjustments to the normal scheme ...... I 16 Supply and evacuation in relation to military formations and administrative areas : comparing " normal " conditions with those of Anzac ...... POQ Developments in the problem of sea-transport of sick and wounded during the Gallipoli Campaign ...... 378 Command, administration, and medical direction of the A.A.M.C. in the East, August, 1915 ...... 381

PARTIT Scheme of collection from a light horse .. .. 634 Scheme of evacuation from the advanced dressing stations of light horse field ambulances in the Desert Mounted Corps 635 LIST OF GRAPHS

PART 1

I The rate per cent of men evacuated from Anzac for sickness and wounds ...... 2 Average daily sick parades of an R.M.O...... 3 Sickness in the 5th and 6th .. .. 4 Weekly rates of sick evacuated from Helles, Anzac, and Suvla 5 Incidence of diseases of infective and non-infective types . . 6 Disease of infective type analysed into groups .. .. 7 The gastro-intestinal group of infectious diseases analysed into individual disease entities ...... 406 8 The naso-pharyngeal and inspiratory group of infectious diseases analysed into individual disease entities . . .. 466

9 Disease and disability of " non-infective " origin analysed into groups ......

IO The " non-infective " group of gastro-intestinal diseases analysed into individual disease entities ...... II Distribution and final disposal of all A.I.F. casualties who arrived in England ...... *. ..

PARTII

12 Average weekly maximum and mean shade temperature in the Jordan Valley, 1918 ...... 700 13 Weekly rate of men evacuated from the Desert Mounted Corps with dysentery: May to December, 1918 . . .. 703 14 Weekly rate of men evacuated from the Desert Mounted Corps with diarrhaea: May to September, 1918 .. .. 704 15 Weekly rates of sick evacuated from the XX, XXI, and Desert Mounted Corps ...... 74 1 16 Weekly rates of sick evacuated from the four divisions of the Desert Mounted Corps ...... 714 17 Weekly rate of men evacuated from the Desert Rlouiited Corps with malaria. May-December, 1918 . . .. 7 50 18 Percentage of A.I.F. in the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in hospital ...... 767 ABBREVIATIONS A.A. & Q.M.G. - - Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster- General. A.A.G. - - - - - Assistant Adjutant-General. AAH... - . - .. - Australian Auxiliary Hospital. A.A.M.C. - - - - Australian Army Medical Corps. A.A.N.S. - - - - Australian Army Nursing Service. A.A.S.C. - - - - Australian Army Service Corps. A. &. D. Books - - Admission and Discharge Books. A. & N.Z.A.C. - - - Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. A.C.C.S. - - - - Australian Casualty Clearing Station. A.C.I. - - - - - Army Council Instructions. Admin. H.Q. - - - Administrative Headquarters. A.D.M.S. - - - - Assistant Director of Medical Services. AD.0.S. - --- Assistant Director of Ordnance Services. AD.S. - - - - - Advanced Dressing Station. Adv. - - - - - Advanced. A.FA. - - - - - Australian Field . A.F.C. - - - - - . A.G. - - - - - Adj utant-General. A.G.H. - - - - - Australian General Hospital. A.1.B.D - - - - Australian Intermediate Base DCp6t. A.I. Bde. - - - - Australian . A1.C. - - - - - Australian Instructional Corps. A.I.F. - - - - - Australian Imperial Foi ce A.L.H. - - - - - Australian Light Horse. AMC. .. - - - - - Army Medical Corps. A.M.F. - - - - - Australian Military Forces. A.M.S. - - - - - Army Medical Service, or Staff. A.N. & M.E.F. - - - Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force. A.P.M. - - - - - Assistant Provost Marshal. A.Q.M.G. - - - - Assistant Quartermaster-General. A.R.C.S. - - - - Australian Red Cross Society. A.S.C. - - - - - Army Service Corps. A.S.H. - - - - - Australian Stationary Hospital. A.T.S. - - - - - Antitetanic serum. Aust. - - - - - Australian or Australia. Bde ------Brigade. B.E.F. - - - - - British Expeditionary Force. Bn.------Battalion. B.R.C.S. - - - - British Red Cross Society. B.W.I. - - - - - British West Indies. xxii ABBREVIATIONS

Cav ------. C.A.M.C. - - - - Canadian Army Medical Corps. CCH.. . - - - - - Combined Clearing Hospital. C.C.S. - - - - - Casualty Clearing Station. C.G.S. - - - - - Chief of the General Staff. C.inC.- - - - - Commander-in-Chief. C.O. - - - - - Commanding Officer. coy.------. D.ofS.- - - - - Director of Supplies. D. of T.- - - - - Director of Transport. D.A.A.G. - - - - Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General. D.A.A. & Q.M.G. - - Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster- General. D.A. & Q.MG. - - Deputy Adjutant and Quartermaster-General. D.A.C. - - - - - Divisional Ammunition Column. D.A.D.M.S. - - - Deputy Assistant Director of Medical Services. D.A.G. - - - - - Deputy Adjutant-General. D.A.H. - - - - - Disordered action of the heart. D.A.Q.M.G. - - - Deputy Assistant Quartermaster-General. D.C.S. - - - - - Divisional Collecting Station. D.D.M.S. - - - - Deputy Director of Medical Services. D.G.A.M.S. - - - Director-General, Army Medical Service. D.G.M.S. - - - - Director-General of Medical Services. D.H.Q. - - - - - Divisional Headquarters. Div. ------Division. DMC. .. - - - - - Desert Mounted Corps. D.M.S. - - - - - Director of Medical Services. D.Q.M.G. - - - - Deputy Quartermaster-General. D.R.S. - - - - - Divisional Receiving Station. E.E.F. - - - - - Egyptian Expeditionary Force. E.M.O. - - - - - Embarkation Medical Officer. Engrs. - - - - - Engineers. E.P.I.P. Tent - - - European Private’s Indian Pattern Tent. F.C.T. - - - - - Federal Capital Territory. Fld. Amb. - - - - Field Ambulance. G.H.Q. - - - - - General Headquarters. GOC... - - - - - General Officer Commanding. G.O.C. in C. - - - General Officer Commanding in Chief. G.R.O. - - - - - General Routine Order. G.S.O. - - - - - General Staff Oflicer. G.S. Waggons - - - General Service Waggons. GSW.. . - - - - - Gunshot wound. HE-.. - - - - - High explosive. ABBREVIATIONS xxiii

H.M.S. - - - - - His Majesty% Ship. H.M.T. - - - - - His Majesty’s Transport. HQ-.. - - - - - Headquarters. HS.. ------Hospital Ship. I.C.C. - - - - - . I.C.C. Bde. - - - - Imperial Camel Corps Brigade. I.C.T. - - - - - Inflammation of Connective Tissues. I.G.C. - - - - - Inspector-General of Communications. Inf* ------Infantry. I.M.S. - - - - - Indian Medical Service. LH.. ------Light Horse. L.ofC.- - - - - Lines of Communication. M.A.C. - - - - - Motor Ambulance Convoy. M.D. - - - - - Military District. M.D.S. - - - - - Main Dressing Station. Med------Medical. MEF... - - - - - Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. MG. ------Machine-gun. M.O. - - - - - Medical Officer. M.O.H. - - - - - Medical Officer of Health. MT-.. - - - - - Mechanical Transport. Mtd. - - - - - Mounted. NAD... - - - - No appreciable disease. NCO... - - - - - Non-commissioned officer. N.S.W. - - - - - New South Wales. N.T.O. - - - - - Naval Transport Officer. N.Y.D. - - - - - Not yet diagnosed. N.Z. ------New Zealand. N.Z. & A. Div. - - New Zealand and Australian Division. N.Z.E.F. - - - - New Zealand Expeditionary Force. N.Z.M.C. - - - - New Zealand Medical Corps. oc------.. Officer Commanding. OR------.. Other Ranks. PB.. ------Permanent Base. P.D.M.S. - - - - Principal Director of Medical Services. P.H.T.O. - - - - Principal Hospital Transport Officer. P.M.L.O. - - - - Principal Military Landing Officer. P.M.O. - - - - - Principal Medical Otficer. P.N.T.O. - - - - Principal Naval Transport Officer. pow.. . - - - - - Prisoners of war. puo... - - - - - Pyrexia of uncertain origin. Q.A.I.M.N.S. - - - Queen Alexandra’s Imperial Military Nursing Service. Q. Branch or “Q.” - Quartermaster-General’s Branch. XXIV ABBREVIATIONS

Q’land - - - - - Queensland. Q.M. - - - - - Quartermaster. Q.M.G. - - - - - Quartermaster-General. R.A.F. - - - - - Royal Air Force. R.A.M.C. - - - - Royal Army Medical Corps. R.A.M.C. (T.C., or T.) Royal Army Medical Corps (Temporary Lommission). R.A.M.C. (T.F.) - - Royal Army Medical Corps (). R.A.M.C. (S.R ) - - Royal Army Medical Corps (Special Reserve). R.A.N. - - - - - Royal Australian Navy. R.A.P. - - - - - Regimental Aid Post. R.A.S.C. - - - - Royal Army Service Corps. Regt. - - - - - Regiment. RMO.. - - - - - Regimental Medical Officer. R.N ------. R.N. Div. - - - - Royal Naval Division. R.P. - - - - - Relay Post. S. Aust. - - - - South Australia. SMO. .. - - - - - Senior Medical Officer. S.T.A. - - - - - Septic Traumatic abrasions. Stn* ------Station. T. ------Transport. T.A.B. - - - - - Mixed Vaccine Typhoid and Paratyphoids A and B. Tas. - - - - - Tasmania. Temp. - - - - - Temporary. TF------.. Territorial Force. T.H.S. - - - - - Temporary Hospital Ship. V.A.D. - - - - - Voluntary Aid Detachment. VD------.. Venereal Disease. VDH... - - - - - Valvular Disease of the Heart. vic. ------Victoria. W. Aust. - - - - Western Australia. yeo ------. Y.M.C.A. - - - - Young Men’s Christian Association. CHRONOLOGY (Italic type indicates events with which this volume is immediately concerned.) 1go3-An Australian (Commonwealth) Military Force organised. 191I-Compulsory military training for service within Aus- tralia initiated. 1914. July &--Austria declares war on Serbia. Aug. I-Germany declares war on Russia. ,, 3-Germany declares war on France. ,P 4-Germany declares war on . Great Britain declares war on Germany. ,, 23- begins. Japan declares war on Germany. Sept. 6-~o-Battle of the Marne : German invasion repelled. ,, 11-A.N. 6. 1cI E.F. lands on New Brifain. Oct. 31- enters the war. Nov. 1-First Australian contingent leaves Australia. ,, 24-Formation of Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. 1915. Feb. Ig-Dardanelles outer forts bombarded by Allied warships March 10-13-. ,, I a-Sir Ian Hamilton commands Mediterranean Exped. Force. ,, 18-Allied naval attack on Dardanelles forts repulsed. April 22-Second Battle of : poison gas used by Germans. as-Allies land at Dardanelles. May 6-8-Second . ,, q-Italy declares war on Austria. June 5-Surgeon-Gmcral Ford assumes entire adiiiinisfrafive control of A.A.M.C. in Egypt. Aug. 6-~o-Battles of Lone Pine, San' Bair, and Sitvla Bay. ,, 21-Italy declares war on Turkey. ,, 25-Germans occupy Brest-Litovsk. Sept. 2s-Battles of Champagne and Loos begin. ,, a&Capture of Rut-el-Amara by General Townshend. Oct. 5-Allied troops land at Salonica. ,, rs-State of war between Bulgaria and Great Britain. Dec. i-Colonel Howse replaces General Williams as D.M.S., A.I.F. ., zc-Evactration of Suvla and Anzac coriibleted. 1916. Feb. 11-Reorganisation of A.I.F.: I and II Anzac Corps formed. ,, 16-Erzerum taken by Russians. ,, 21- begins. March IS-IbDcspatch of Australian irifantry to France begins. Arizac Mounted Division formed. ,, rg-Egyptian Exped. Force formed : General Murray commands. xxvi CHRONOLOGY

April zg-Surrender of General Townshend at Kut. May 21-A.I.F. Adniinistrative H.Q. established in London. May 31-June I-. June &Compulsory enlistment in Great Britain begins. July I-Battles of the Somme, 1916, begin. ,, 23-Battle of Pozi6res Ridge begins. Aug. 4-5-Battle of Roriiarri. ,, a7-Roumania enters the war. Oct. 28-First conscription referendum in Australia. 1917. Feb. I-German " unrestricted submarine warfare " begins. March 12- begins.

$9 26-27-First Battle of Gaza. April &United States of America enters the war. ,, 9-Battles of Arras, 1917, begin (Australians engaged at Bullecourt, April II, May 3, et seq.). June 7-14-Battle of Messines. as-First contingent of American troops arrives in France. July 31-Third Battle of Ypres begins. Sept. 20-Australian infantry attack in Flanders. Battle of the Menin Road begins.

9, 2LBattle of Polygon Wood begins. Oct. 4-. t 12-First .

8, 27- begins. Dec. g-Capture of Jerusalern ao-Second conscription referendum in Australia. 1918. Jan. I- formed. March 3-Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Germany and Russia. 21-Final German offensive in France begins. Jul; 18-Franco-American attack north of the Marne. Aug. 8-1 I-. Sept. rFBatfles of Megiddo, Sharon, and begin. ,, 30-. Oct. 31-Armistice with Turkey comes into force. Nov. I I-Armistice with Germany signed. 1919. Jan. IRPeace conference opens at Versailles. 1921. May g-Military occupation of German New Guinea ends. 1926. Dec. 15-22-Interrrational Pacific Health Conference held in Mel- bourne.