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Coleoptera: Carabidae, Staphylinidae) During Clear-Cut Originated Reforestation with Native Tree Species

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Coleoptera: Carabidae, Staphylinidae) During Clear-Cut Originated Reforestation with Native Tree Species PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM UDC 57:61 VOL. 118, No 3, 195–203, 2016 CODEN PDBIAD DOI: 10.18054/pb.2016.118.3.3927 ISSN 0031-5362 original research article Recovery of surface-dwelling assemblages (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Staphylinidae) during clear-cut originated reforestation with native tree species Abstract DÁVID D. NAGY1 TIBOR MAGURA2 Background and purpose: Timber-oriented forest management has an SZABoLCS MIZSER1 important impact on biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Recovery dynamics of ZSUZSANNa DeBNÁr1 two groups of beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Staphylinidae) were studied 1 BÉLa TÓTHMÉrÉSZ after reforestation with native English oak (Quercus robur). We expected 1 MTA-DE Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services that reforestation with heavy site preparation causes a shift in the diversity Research Group, Egyetem sq. 1, Debrecen of surface-dwelling beetles in early phases of reforestation. Moreover, we H-4032 Hungary tested the habitat specialist hypothesis, assuming that diversity of forest spe- 2 University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology cialist species will be lower in early phases with open canopy than later P.O.Box 400, Debrecen, H-4002 Hungary phases of reforestation after the canopy closure. Correspondence: Materials and methods: We compared litter sifter samples among ma- Dávid D. Nagy ture (130-year-old) oak forest, and recently established (5-year-old), young E-mail: [email protected] (15-year-old), middle-aged (45-year-old) reforestations. Keywords: carabids; clear-felling; forest specialist Results: Our results showed that diversity of ground beetles was the high- species; Rényi diversity index; silvicultural cycle; suc- est in the recently established reforestation, while it was the lowest in the cession, staphylinids mature oak forest. Contrarily, diversity of rove beetles was the lowest in re- cently established reforestation and it was the highest in the mature oak forest. In agreement with the habitat specialist hypothesis, the diversity of forest specialists of both taxa was lower in the recently established reforestation than in the young and middle-aged reforestations as well as mature forest. Discussion: Our results suggested that clear-cutting of mature forest, site preparation before reforestation and cultivation by light tilling in early phases of reforestation have detrimental effects on forest specialist rove beetles and ground beetles. However, reforestation with native species could be a feasible management method in pannonic mesophile sand steppe, because forest specialist species can recover after the canopy closure. INTRODUCTION imber-oriented forest management has a crucial impact on the Tstructure and function of forest ecosystems. It also has a harmful effect on biodiversity, as several groups of animals, fungi, and plants are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance and environmental changes (1, 2). The cover of planted and naturally regenerated forests with human Received January 15, 2016. Revised July 15, 2016. interventions accounted for 64 percent of the world’s forest area in 2010, Accepted July 20, 2016. while cover of primary forests has been steadily decreasing since 2000 (3). Recent European Union commitments have highlighted the need D. D. Nagy et al. Recovery of surface-dwelling assemblages to halt biodiversity loss and promote sustainable manage- (clear-cutting, grubbing, tilling) will cause a shift in di- ment, and have included in the Natura 2000 network (4). versity of surface-dwelling beetles in early phases of refor- In spite of these measures the designated forest area for estation (1–5 years after the clear-cutting) (2, 16). We also conservation of biodiversity was still 4.6 percent of Euro- expected that disturbance generated by site preparation pean forests in 2015 (5). will reduce with ageing of reforested stands and the envi- ronmental conditions become more similar to the mature During forest management there are important deci- native forest after the canopy closure, contributing to the sions; selection of tree species (native, non-native species), recovery of forest specialist surface-dwelling species (2). sustainable practices, such as even-aged (modified clear- Habitat specialist hypothesis is one of the most frequent- cutting, seed tree method and shelterwood harvesting) ly used assumptions to test of human disturbances, sup- and uneven-aged (group selection, single tree selection) posing that characteristic specialist species of original regeneration methods (2, 6). Well-chosen forest practices habitat will decrease after human disturbance (17). There- contribute to maintaining forest biodiversity, because fore, we tested the (ii) habitat specialist hypothesis, assum- these practices have less intensive and less harmful im- ing that diversity of forest specialist ground beetle and pacts on environment than conventional clear-cutting rove beetle assemblages will be lower in the recently es- model with soil preparation (7). Nevertheless, the conven- tablished reforestation than in the young and middle- tional clear-cutting of mature forest stands and soil prep- aged reforestations as well as in the mature forest. aration before reforestation are still widely used through- out Europe (8). This forest practice is also commonly used by forestry in north-eastern part of the Great Hungarian MATErial AND METHODS (2) Plain, Hungary . Several previous studies revealed that Study area clear-cutting of mature forest and reforestation with co- niferous tree species alter the original landscape and cause The study area was located in the North-Eastern part changes in environmental conditions, resulting a shift in of the Great Hungarian Plain near to Debrecen city in composition and diversity of surface-dwelling beetle as- Hungary (47°32’N; 21°38’E). Pannonic mesophile sand semblages (9–11). However, only a few papers focus on steppe oak forest is the typical native association in this recovery dynamics of surface-dwelling beetle assemblag- region (18). Chronosequence of a silvicultural cycle was es in chronosequence of deciduous reforestation after selected to study the recovery dynamic of surface-dwell- clear-cutting (2, 12). ing beetles: (i) mature mesophile sand steppe oak forest (130-year-old) that had been selectively cut historically Among surface-dwelling beetles, the ground beetles but never clear-felled; the English oak was the most nu- (Coleoptera: Carabidae) are the most frequently studied merous tree species in the closed tree canopy; shrub layer family with respect to the effects of forest management was moderate (Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Acer on invertebrates (13). Ground beetles are good colonisers campestre and Prunus serotina); in the herb layer among and generalist predators or polyphagous feeders, taxo- others Polygonatum latifolium, Alliaria petiolata, Salvia nomically and ecologically well-known and they are sen- glutinosa, Circaea lutetiana, Impatiens parviflora and sitive to environmental changes. Study of other taxa may Geum urbanum were present. In the mature oak forest the also be expedient to get more details about the effects of fallen, decaying woody materials were abundant. The (ii) forest management practices, because different taxa can recently established English oak reforestation (5-year-old) respond differently to anthropogenic and natural distur- with open, bare soil surface. It was cultivated by light bances (13). Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) are tilling during forest management. Quercus robur and Ro- also a common beetle family of litter and soil fauna (14). binia pseudoacacia were present in the shrub layer and the Similarly to ground beetles many species are good flier understory vegetation was dense (Convallaria majalis, Po- and predators of arthropods. However, some species are lygonatum latifolium, Calamagrostis epigeios, Elymus cani- flightless and they utilize other food resources (decaying nus, Digitaria sanguinalis). In the (iii) young English oak materials, pollen, fungi). They respond sensitively to hab- reforestation (15-year-old) with closed canopy cover, the itat alteration and human disturbance, furthermore they shrub layer consisted of Acer campestre and Prunus seroti- have high species richness and abundance in worldwide na, while in the herb layer Chelidonium majus, Bromus (except open water surface and area above snowline), al- sterilis, Elymus caninus were numerous. The (iv) middle- lowing their investigation as bioindicator (14, 15). aged English oak reforestation (45-year-old); in the shrub In this paper we focused on the recovery dynamic of layer individuals of Prunus serotina showed a scattered Alliaria petiolata, two surface-dwelling groups (ground beetles and rove pattern, while in the herbaceous layer Urtica dioica, Impatiens parviflora and Dactylis polygama beetles) in stages of a silvicultural cycle: 130-year-old mes- were most frequent. ophile sand steppe oak forest (Convellario-Quercetum roboris), and recently established, young and middle-aged All studied reforestations were established after clear- reforested stands of English oak (Quercus robur). We ex- cutting of mature oak forest stands by planting native, pected that (i) heavy site preparation before reforestation English oak acorns. Fallen and decaying wood was re- 196 Period biol, Vol 118, No 3, 2016. Recovery of surface-dwelling assemblages D. D. Nagy et al. moved from the reforestations during management. For creases, the diversity value is increasingly influenced by spatial replication two separated stands (>3ha) of
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