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Existence and Importance of Magnetic Fields in Tight Pairs and Groups of Galaxies 15 3 Summary of the Published Articles 17 3.1

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Existence and Importance of Magnetic Fields in Tight Pairs and Groups of Galaxies 15 3 Summary of the Published Articles 17 3.1 EXISTENCEANDIMPORTANCEOFMAGNETICFIELDSIN TIGHTPAIRSANDGROUPSOFGALAXIES błazej˙ nikiel-wroczynski´ A PhD thesis written under the supervision of Professor Marek Urbanik and co-supervision of Doctor Marek Jamrozy Astronomical Observatory Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science Jagiellonian University June 2015 Błazej˙ Nikiel-Wroczy´nski: Existence and importance of magnetic fields in tight pairs and groups of galaxies, © June 2015 supervisors: Prof. dr hab. Marek Urbanik Dr Marek Jamrozy alma mater: Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science Dedication This work is dedicated to Rugia for being (probably unknowingly) an Earth-based analogue of the MHD dynamo, that amplified my determination to collect all the presented articles into one thesis, transferring the kinetic energy of my turbulent movements into a genuinely regular (not just anisotropic), scientific dissertation. ABSTRACT This dissertation is an attempt to investigate the existence and role of the intergalactic magnetic fields in compact groups and tight pairs of galaxies. Radio emission from several, well known objects of these types is analysed and properties of the discovered intergalactic mag- netised structures are discussed. Together, these results are used to show that wherever found, intergalactic magnetic fields play impor- tant role in the galactic dynamics and evolution. Non-thermal, in- tergalactic radio emission, which signifies existence of the magnetic fields, can be used as a very sensitive tracer of interactions and gas flows. Unusual magnetised objects and structures can be found in the intergalactic space, and their studies open a possibility to discover more about the cosmic magnetism itself. v PUBLICATIONS This dissertation has been written as a summary of the scientific ac- tivities previously reported in these articles: • Nikiel-Wroczy ´nski,B., Jamrozy, M., Soida, M., Urbanik, M., Multiwavelength study of the radio emission from a tight galaxy pair Arp 143, 2014, MNRAS, 444, 1729 • Nikiel-Wroczy ´nski,B., Soida, M., Bomans, D. J., Urbanik, M., Discovery of a Tidal Dwarf Galaxy in the Leo Triplet, 2014, ApJ, 786, 144 • Nikiel-Wroczy ´nski,B., Soida, M., Urbanik, M., Beck, R., Bo- mans, D. J., Intergalactic magnetic fields in Stephan’s Quintet, 2013, MNRAS, 435, 149 • Nikiel-Wroczy ´nski,B., Soida, M., Urbanik, M., Wezgowiec,˙ M., Beck, R., Bomans, D. J., Adebahr, B., Radio continuum observations of the Leo Triplet at 2.64 GHz, 2013, A&A, 553, 4 A single article just submitted to the MNRAS was also referred to: • Nikiel-Wroczy ´nski,B., Jamrozy, M., Soida, M., Urbanik, M., Knapik, J., Probing the magnetic field of the nearby galaxy pair Arp 269, submitted to MNRAS at 10.06.2015 vii After sleeping through a hundred million centuries we have finally opened our eyes on a sumptuous planet, sparkling with colour, bountiful with life. Within decades we must close our eyes again. Isn’t it a noble, an enlightened way of spending our brief time in the Sun, to work at understanding the Universe and how we have come to wake up in it? — Richard Dawkins, Unweaving the Rainbow ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my Advisor, Professor Marek Urbanik of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, for inevitable help, guidance, and ideas for new research projects. Without his help, it would not be possible to write this dissertation. I am very thankful to my Co-Advisor, Dr Marek Jamrozy, who has shown me how useful the metrewave radioastronomy can be, and spent enormous amount of time with me to reduce and analyse data in all the projects done with the help of the GMRT. Great thanks should be given to Dr hab. Marian Soida, who was keen for long discussions of physics that lies beyond the detected struc- tures, taught me how to analyse both interferometric and single-dish data, and was always willing to help me with any usual, or unusual problems I ran into while analysing the observations. Dr hab. Krzysztof Chyzy˙ and the whole personnel of the Department of Radio Astronomy and Space Physics of the Astronomical Obser- vatory of the Jagiellonian Univeristy should also be mentioned here. Thank you for being my work colleagues for more than four years I spent as a PhD student, giving me a possibility to learn a lot about the cosmic magnetism – not only in Kraków, but also in various insti- tutions throughout the world, to where I was made able to travel. I wish to thank Dr Rainer Beck and Dr Andreas Horneffer from the Max-Planck Instut für Radioastronomie in Bonn, Professor Ralf- Jürgen Dettmar and Privat-Dozent Dr. Dominik Bomans of the As- tronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, and Dr George Heald and Dr Roberto Pizzo from ASTRON, the Netherlands Insti- tute for the Radio Astronomy, as well as the whole crews of the afore- mentioned Institutes. Gates of these Institutions were always open for ix me, and it would be impossible to complete this thesis without the helping hand lent by them. I would also like to thank the personnel of the Effelsberg Telescope of the Max-Planck Instut für Radioastronomie, the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array in Socorro, NM, and the Giant Metrewave Radio Tele- scope near Pune, India for performing the observations that made my studies possible. Finally, I acknowledge funding from the scientific grant from the Na- tional Science Centre (NCN), dec. No. 2011/03/B/ST9/01859, which was used for most of my scientific activities that were connected to this dissertation. x Contents I current state of the knowledge1 1 introduction3 1.1. Galaxy systems . 3 1.2. The reasons beyond this thesis . 4 2 magnetic fields in galaxies and beyond7 2.1. Physics of cosmic magnetic fields . 7 2.1.1. Origin and amplification of cosmic magnetic fields 7 2.1.2. Methods of observing and studying galactic mag- netic field . 8 2.1.3. Polarisation of the synchrotron emission . 9 2.2. Magnetic fields in galaxies . 10 2.3. What was previously known about the magnetised in- tergalactic medium? . 11 II on the existence and importance of magnetic fields in tight pairs and groups of galaxies 15 3 summary of the published articles 17 3.1. Probing the intergalactic medium of an iconic gas streamer: Leo Triplet at 2.64 GHz . 17 3.2. Where five worlds collide: the magnetised intragroup medium of the Stephan’s Quintet . 18 3.3. Collisional ring of radio emission: galaxy pair Arp 143 21 3.4. The side study of Leo Triplet: detection of the most proximate tidal dwarf galaxy . 23 3.5. A magnetised tail that does not follow the neutral one: the case of Arp 269 ..................... 24 4 conclusions: what can be said about the mag- netic fields in galaxy pairs and groups? 27 4.1. Can the magnetic field play a significant role in an in- tergalactic structure? . 27 4.2. How useful is the magnetic field as an interaction tracer? 27 4.3. What can we learn about the magnetic field itself while detecting it in the intergalactic medium? . 28 4.3.1. A prospect for the further study: unexpected ar- eas of magnetic field amplification and regular- isation . 28 4.3.2. To which phase of the ISM is the magnetic field bound to? . 29 xi 4.4. The final word on the intergalactic magnetic fields . 29 III appendix 31 a.1. Radio continuum observations of the Leo Triplet at 2.64 GHz.............................. 33 a.1.1. Introduction . 33 a.1.2. Observations . 34 a.1.3. Results . 34 a.1.4. Discussion . 35 a.1.5. Summary and conclusions . 37 a.1.6. References . 38 a.2. Intergalactic magnetic fields in Stephans Quintet . 39 a.2.1. Introduction . 39 a.2.2. Observations and data reduction . 40 a.2.3. Results . 41 a.2.4. Discussion . 43 a.2.5. Conclusions . 46 a.2.6. Acknowledgements . 47 a.2.7. References . 47 a.3. Discovery of a tidal dwarf galaxy in the Leo Triplet . 49 a.3.1. Introduction . 49 a.3.2. Observations and data reduction . 50 a.3.3. Results . 50 a.3.4. Discussion . 51 a.3.5. Summary . 53 a.3.6. Acknowledgements . 53 a.3.7. References . 53 a.4. Multiwavelength study of the radio emission from a tight galaxy pair Arp 143 ................. 55 a.4.1. Introduction . 55 a.4.2. Observations and data reduction . 56 a.4.3. Results . 56 a.4.4. Discussion . 59 a.4.5. Conclusions . 62 a.4.6. Acknowledgements . 63 a.4.7. References . 63 a.5. Probing the magnetic field of the nearby galaxy pair Arp 269 ............................ 65 a.5.1. Introduction . 66 a.5.2. Observations and data reduction . 67 a.5.3. Results . 69 a.5.4. Analysys and discussion . 70 a.5.5. Conclusions . 77 a.5.6. Acknowledgements . 77 a.5.7. References . 77 bibliography 79 xii ACRONYMS AGN Active Galactic Nuclei DSS Digitized Sky Survey HCG Hickson Compact Group IGM Intergalactic medium ISM Interstellar medium JVLA Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, the name for the modernised VLA FGC Flat Galaxies Catalogue by Karachentsev et al. 1993, a catalogue of 4455 flat, edge-on galaxies GMRT Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope near Pune, India MHD Magneto-Hydrodynamics NGC New General Catalogue – Dreyer’s catalogue of 7840 nebulae, from 1881 NVSS The NRAO VLA Sky Survey, a 1.4 GHz continuum survey of the entire radio sky north of -40 deg declination, published by Condon et al. in 1998 POSS Palomar Observatory Sky Survey RGB Red, Green, and Blue colour model RVB Red, Visible, and Blue bands of the Johnson’s UBVRI system SDSS Sloan Digital Sky Survey TDG Tidal Dwarf Galaxy UGC Uppsala General Catalogue of 12921 galaxies, first published by Nilson in 1973 VATT Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope VLA the Very Large Array radio interferometer near Socorro, USA The term inter- refers to the matter and structures outside of an object, whereas the term intra- refers to matter and structures inside it.
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