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Number 114 1998 THE BULLETIN Number 114 1998 Historic Contact National Historic Landmarks in New York State A Partnership Project of the New York State Archaeological Association and the National Park Service Robert S. Grumet, Volume Editor America's National Archaeological Heritage i Francis P. McManamon Bringing Public Archaeology to the Public ii David S. Brose Introduction 1 Robert S. Grumet Fort Corchaug Archaeological Site National Historic Landmark 2 Ralph S. Solecki and Lorraine E. Williams Fort Orange Archaeological Site National Historic Landmark 12 Paul R. Huey Schuyler Flatts Archaeological District National Historic Landmark 24 Paul R. Huey The Mohawk Upper Castle Historic Dis trict National Historic Landmark 32 Dean R. Snow and David B. Guldenzopf Historic Contact Archaeological Deposits Within the Old Fort Niagara National Historic Landmark 45 Patricia Kay Scott Lower Landing Archaeological Dis trict National Historic Landmark 58 Stuart D. Scott and Patricia Kay Scott America's National Archaeological Heritage Francis P. McManamon Chief Archeologist, National Park Service, Departmental Consulting Archeologist, Department of the Interior; Washington, D.C. This collection of articles based upon successful nominations By increasing archaeological NHLs, we also are of archaeological properties as National Historic Landmarks enhancing the ancient and under-represented aspects of the is another achievement in efforts that have focused on American past that all modern Americans are related to. increasing the formal public recognition of nationally Coupled with modest, but increasing attention to these aspects significant American archaeological properties. This effort of American history in the curricula of modern elementary began nearly 15 years ago and has resulted in professional and secondary schools, this increased attention to the physical cooperation, professional and avocational partnership remains emphasizes the complete range of America's human projects, and many substantive professional and public past. products. The educational potential and realized value of archaeological NHLs also builds public support for the rchaeological properties now recognized as National preservation and protection of archaeological sites generally. Historical Landmarks include sites from the historic If some archaeological sites can be nationally important, is it A as well as prehistoric time periods. They include sites not possible that many sites have educational, scientific, or of a range of functional types, and they are located in all commemorative value, that should be considered before they regions of the country. The nominations have resulted from are damaged or destroyed? Spin -offs from the idea of national the interest and efforts of private individuals and importance can improve the chances that at state, regional, organizations, as well as public organizations at the local, and local levels, archaeological resources will be taken into state, and national levels of government. Professional account as part of environmental planning and community archaeologists working in universities, for museums, as development. private contractors, and in public agencies all have played The efforts that the National Park Service at the important roles in the nominations and listings. national, regional, and local levels have made to identify, Why are these new listings so important" There are describe, and increase public awareness of the importance of several answers to this question. The most direct is that the archaeological NHLs is part of a larger national plan to list of National Historic Landmarks, which encompasses less emphasize certain kinds of actions and programs for than 3,000 properties throughout the nation, includes those archaeological interpretation, preservation, and protection. properties recognized as nationally significant for a cultural or Known as "The National Strategy for Federal Archeology," historical association with our country. Most of the properties this listing of recommended activities encompasses the listed are historic structures linked to events or individuals improvement of public education and outreach in easily recognized as important the United States. Along with archaeology; the protection of in situ resources, as well as archaeological and historic units of the National Park System archaeological collections, reports, and records; use of and National Monuments established by Congress or the archaeological research and interpretations to improve our President, National Historic Landmarks, which are designated understanding of the past; and, improvements in the by the Secretary of the Interior, stand as tangible, physical communication of technical as well as popular archaeological reminders of important points, patterns, and phases of our information. collective American history. Archaeological properties have It is a pleasure for me personally, professionally, and been under-represented among National Historic Landmark programmatically to recognize the successful efforts of Dr. listings since the inception of this listing, which is based upon Robert S. Grumet in organizing and overseeing the Historic the authorization in the Historic Sites Act of 1935. Contact NHL theme study from which these articles are For 12,000 years or longer, history of ancient drawn. Also deserving of credit for supporting this activity America is only represented physically by archaeological and keeping it focused upon is Lloyd N. Chapman of the NPS properties. The under-representation of archaeological sites Philadelphia office. At the NPS Washington office, Richard among National Historic Landmarks reflects the general lack C. Waldbauer has been a leading supporter of and contributor of information about, and understanding of, ancient American to the archaeological NHL effort. Dr. David S. Brose, history among most modern Americans. Similarly, since the representing the Society for American Archaeology, has from ways of life and experiences of many Americans are not those the beginning of the archaeological NHL effort directed the of the economic, political, or social elite, their representation work of a host of archaeologists in writing and reviewing in the physical remains of American history is much more nominations and theme study chapters. I thank them all and likely to be in archaeological deposits rather than in the the hundreds of others who have contributed to this program. historic structures like those that comprise most of the I also thank the New York State Archaeological National Historic Landmark listings. By adding nationally Association for allowing us to publicize the NHL effort and significant archaeological properties to the list of National for providing such a fine venue for publishing some of the Historic Landmarks, we are correcting deficiencies. good work that has been achieved. 1 Bringing Public Archaeology to the Public David S. Brose Director; Schiele Museum of Natural History, Gastonia, North Carolina All of the sites described in the articles published in this contributions of several hundred professional and special issue of the New York State Archaeological avocational specialists and the efforts of state and federal Association Bulletin are remarkable for the richness and agencies in a seventeen-state area of the Northeast. Four of integrity of their archaeological deposits. They are also the sites reported here, Fort Orange, Schuyler Flatts, the equally fortunate in having nearly unbroken historical Mohawk Upper Castle, and Old Fort Niagara, served as archival records relating to their deposits. The lives and exemplars of distinct classes of Historic Contact period actions of those who worked, fought, and died at these sites in the region. Based on criteria established by that sites are bold threads in the fabric of our nation's history. study, the two other sites reported here, Fort Corchaug and the Lower Landing, each with comparatively unique his is why these six sites have been designated as characteristics and each illuminating a different aspect of National Historic Landmarks by the Secretary of the the era, were later determined to be worthy of designation T Interior, an honor accorded few prehistoric or early as National Historic Landmarks; a new thematic study was contact period archaeological sites. Of less than 3,000 not needed. National Historic Landmarks across the United States and The value of this approach has been immediately its territories, no more than 120 are archaeological sites of apparent to public officials charged with managing cultural any kind. Indeed, every National Historic Landmark resources. But the public benefit goes well beyond exemplifies unique and nationally significant bureaucratic efficiency. Publicly funded research characteristics representing major themes in America's conducted during this study is now far more widely past. available in a narrative version of the report published by To assess these characteristics, each nomination the University of Oklahoma Press in 1995. Now, in this of a potential National Historic Landmark must identify special volume, six individual nomination reports of and explicate the relevant historical themes which the site Historic Contact period archaeological National Historic represents in exhaustive detail. Since 1984 every Landmarks in New York State are also available to the archaeological site proposed for National Historic public. With new maps and illustrations, and a Landmark consideration has been reviewed
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