CYCLOPEDIA of BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL and ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE Ploughman- Pool by James Strong & John Mcclintock
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THE AGES DIGITAL LIBRARY REFERENCE CYCLOPEDIA of BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL and ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE Ploughman- Pool by James Strong & John McClintock To the Students of the Words, Works and Ways of God: Welcome to the AGES Digital Library. We trust your experience with this and other volumes in the Library fulfills our motto and vision which is our commitment to you: MAKING THE WORDS OF THE WISE AVAILABLE TO ALL — INEXPENSIVELY. AGES Software Rio, WI USA Version 1.0 © 2000 2 Ploughman (rK;aæ, ikkdr, <236105>Isaiah 61:5, which signifies not only a ploughman, but a husbandman in general). Among the Hebrews, the rich and the noble, it is true, in the cultivation of the soil did not always put themselves on a level with their servants; but none, however rich or noble or prophetically favored, disdained to put their hand to the plough, or otherwise to join occasionally in the labors of agriculture (<091107>1 Samuel 11:7; <111919>1 Kings 19:19; comp. <142610>2 Chronicles 26:10). SEE AGRICULTURE. Ploughman’s Complaint, the a remarkable anonymous work, published in England in the year 1352, which severely condemned the practices of popery, especially auricular confession, the celibacy and selfishness of the priests, the rapacity of the friars, the covetousness and negligence of the popes, etc. It was one among many means which opened the eyes of the people to the iniquity of the system, and prepared the way for the glorious Reformation. Plough-Monday the first Monday after twelfth day; so called from a diversion called fiol- plough, which was formerly in use on Ash-Wednesday, but afterwards transferred to this day. Old ploughs are preserved in the belfries of Bassingbourne and Barrington. Plough alms were one penny paid for every plough harnessed between Easter and Pentecost in 878, and in 960 payable on the fifteenth night after Easter. Ploughshare (tae, eth, <230204>Isaiah 2:4). The ploughshare is a piece of iron, broad but not large, which tips the end of the shaft. So much does it resemble the short sword used by the ancient warriors that it may with very little trouble be converted into that deadly weapon, and when the work of destruction is over, reduced again into its former shape, and applied to the purposes of agriculture. In allusion to the first operation the prophet Joel summons the nations to leave their peaceful employments in the cultivated field, and buckle on their armor: “Beat your ploughshares into swords, and your pruning-hooks into spears” (<290310>Joel 3:10). This image the prophet Isaiah has reversed, and then applied to the establishment of that profound and lasting peace which is to bless the Church of Christ in the latter days: “And 3 they shall beat their swords into ploughshares, and their spears into pruning-hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.” SEE PLOUGH. Plowden, Charles an English Roman Catholic divine who belonged to the Order of Jesuits, was born in 1743, and educated at Rome, where he entered into the society in 1759. On his return to his own country, after the suppression of his order in 1773, he was one of the most zealous advocates for the proposed reorganization of the Jesuits in England. He afterwards became president of the Catholic college of Stonyhurst, in Lancashire, and died in 1821. His publications are against Butler and Berington and for the restoration of the Jesuits (1792, 8vo; 1796, 8vo). Also, Remarks on the Memoirs of G. Panzani (Liege, 1794, 8vo): — Considerations of the Modern Opinions of the Fallibility of the Pope (1776, 8vo). An older brother of his, Dr. FRANCIS PLOWDEN, a noted member of the English Chancery Bar, is the author of Jura Anglorum, the Rights of Englishmen (1792, 8vo), and Church and State (1795, 4to), which both plead for Roman Catholic recognition by the English government, and became the subject of much controversy. See Allibone, Dict. of Brit. and Amer. Authors, 2, 1609, 1610. (J.H.W.) Plüche Nöel-Antoine a French scientist of note, was born in 1688. He flourished at one time as abbot of Valence de St. Maur. He was also a professor of rhetoric at Rheims, and is distinguished as a naturalist and man of letters, and also for his opposition to the bull “Unigenitus.” He is the author of Spectacle de la Nature (9 vols.): — Hist. du Ciel (2 vols.): — La Mecanique des Langues; and some lesser works. among which is a Harmony of the Psalms and the Gospels (12mo). He died in 1761. Plumb-line (Ën;a}, ansk, a plummet) or Plummet (tl,qev]mæ, mishkileth, <232817>Isaiah 28:17, or tl,qov]mæ, mishkoleth. ma weight). Amos says (<300707>Amos 7:7), “Behold, the Lord stood upon a wall, made by a plumb-line, with a plumb-line in his hand;” and in the threatenings denounced against Jerusalem for the idolatries of Manasseh, we read, “I will stretch over Jerusalem the line of 4 Samaria, and the plummet of the house of Ahab” (<122113>2 Kings 21:13). In <380410>Zechariah 4:10, the original term for the plumb-bob is lydæB] ˆb,a,, eben bedil, stone of tin. The use of the plumb line in the measurement of superficial areas was early known to the Egyptians, and is ascribed to their king Menes. SEE HANDICRAFT. Plumptre, James an Anglican divine of note was born in 1770, and was educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, of which he afterwards became a fellow. After taking holy orders, he became in 1793 vicar of Great Gransdon, Huntingdonshire. He died in 1832. He is best known as a miscellaneous writer. Among his publications (of which there is a list in Allibone) we notice, Three Discourses on the Animal Creation (1816, 8vo): Popular Commentary on the Bible: — Sermons, vol. 1 and 2 (1821,1827, 8vo), which are pronounced practical and useful by Bickersteth (in his Christian Student). Plunket, Oliver an Irish Roman Catholic prelate, was born in 1629 at the castle of Rathmore, county of Meath, of a good Irish family. He completed his studies at Rome, was a professor of theology in that city, and finally elevated to the twofold dignity of archbishop of Armagh and primate of Ireland (1669). His zeal having aroused against him the suspicions of the Protestants, he fell a victim to the violent reaction of Toryism which took place in 1681. Accused of conspiracy against the court, he was arrested, carried to London, and sentenced to death by a fanatical jury. In vain four successive governors of Ireland testified to his loyalty; the court did not even await the arrival of his witnesses, and his means of defense could be produced in London only three days after his execution, which took place July 1, 1681, at Tyburn. He left a Collection of Episcopal Circulars and Pastoral Letters (Lond. 1686, 2 vols. 4to). See Bp. Burnet, Hist. of his Own Times, 2, 279. (J. H.W.) Plunket, Thomas, D.D. a noted Presbyterian Irish divine, flourished at Enniskillen in the second half of the 18th century. Having some scruples as to the received doctrine of the Trinity, he removed to Dublin, where he became minister of the Strand Street chapel. He died about 1780. His son was the noted Irish lord 5 William Conyngham Plunket, and his grandson bishop Thomas Span Plunket. Plunket, Thomas Span an Irish lord and prelate, was a son of William Conyngham Plunket, the great Irish chancellor, and was born in 1792. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and, after having held various preferments, was appointed dean of Down in 1831, and eight years later was raised to the bishopric of Tuam. He was consecrated at Christ Church, Dublin, by the archbishop of Dublin, assisted by the bishops of Derry and Cashel; was appointed ecclesiastical commissioner in 1851, succeeded his father as second baron Plunket in 1853, and was patron of ninety-five livings in his united dioceses of Tuam. Killala, and Achonry. According to Charles’s Church Directory, the gross value of the see is £5265, and the net value £4039. He did not confine his attention and care to the members of the Church of England in his diocese, but he threw himself into the missionary work among the Roman Catholics with remarkable zeal and energy. No opposition (and he had much to encounter) could daunt or obstacles deter him, and to his exertions are due, in no small degree, those tangible and indisputable results, in the shape of new churches, schools, and congregations of converts, which remain a memorial of his piety and zeal. He died at Tourenakeady, Galway, Oct. 19, 1866. See Appleton’s Annual Cyclop. 6, 600, Ch. Journal, vol. 11; Men of the Times, s.v. (J. H. W.) Pluralism SEE PLURALITIES. Pluralist is one that holds more than one ecclesiastical benefice with cure of souls. SEE PLURALITIES. Pluralities is a term used in canon law for the possession by one person of two or more ecclesiastical offices, whether of dignity or emolument. This practice, it is held by Non-Episcopalians, was generally forbidden in the early Church, and they quote for their authority the instructions of the apostle Paul (<560105>Titus 1:5). Others contend even that, instead of a plurality of churches to one pastor, we ought to have a plurality of pastors to one 6 church (<441423>Acts 14:23). Episcopalians contend there is no impropriety in a presbyter holding more than one ecclesiastical benefice. A bishop could not hold two dioceses; a presbyter, however, might officiate in more than one parochial church, but not in two dioceses.