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Black Enlistment and the Confederate Military Frank Edward Deserino

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Black Enlistment and the Confederate Military Frank Edward Deserino Wearing The Gray Suit: Black Enlistment and the Confederate Military Frank Edward Deserino University College London A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment to the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of London Department of History University College London July, 2001 L0L ABSTRACT This thesis examines the role and place of slaves and free black Southerners in the Confederate Army dwing the American Civil War 1861-1865. Much has been written on the use of slaves and free blacks as a conscript labour force for the Confederacy during the war, but there has been little serious examination of their role within the South's military infrastructure. I argue that black Southerners participated for varied reasons and situations throughout the war as an earlier version of twentieth century military support staff Their role in the regiments of the Confederacy provided them with the title of soldier. It was this role which was defined in Confederate legislative policy, supported through military regulations and verified in company muster and pay sheets. In the post war period these same sources of documentation were utilised by Southern legislators, white veterans, and eventually black 'army veterans,' within the former Confederate states, to establish, Confederate veterans pension benefit. Although there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that, depending upon the circumstance, some blacks Southerners actually fought for the Confederacy, overall these occurrences were rare. I argue that up until March 1865, instances of black Southerners in combat situations had more to do with the confusion and 'fog of battle,' then a concerted effort by the military high command to place blacks in the ranks as actual combatants. This idea is further supported in the stories written by white veterans, who, in publications like the Confederate Veteran, spoke of such "occurrences" with pride, while at the same time tempered them with concern for the safety of their property. Overall the research addresses the issues sunounding the role and place of black Southerners within the Confederate Army, and the reasoning behind their involvement in the war effort. 2 This thesis is dedicated to my wife Virginia Krauss-Deserino, and to my family TABLE OF CONTENTS LNTRODUCTION: Donning the Gray: Black Southerners and the Confederate Militaiy............................................. 1. Reasoning and Numbers.......................12 2. The Use of Slaves and Free Blacks...............16 3. Pensions....................................27 4. A Note on Secondasy Sources, and Historiography..............................35 5. chapter Summary.............................44 CHAPTER 1: Black Southerners as the Cornerstone of the Military...........48 1.1 The Place of Black Southerners, and StateControls................................52 1.2 State Actions for the Mobilization of BlackSoutherners............................60 1.3 The Foundation of a National Policy..............67 1.4 States and Planters Respond: Compensation or Nullification..................71 1.5 Free Persons of Color on the Eve of War..........79 1.6 Free Blacks and the Confederacy................89 1.7 Conclusion..................................93 CHAPTER 2: In Defense of Community: Black Southerners, and StateGovernments.....................................95 2.1 The Process, and Conflict Over State Defense....................................96 2.2 The Native Guards of New Orleans..............108 2.3 Further Examples: Louisiana's Free BlackCommunities..........................118 2.4 Motivational Factors: State Loyalty, and Black.......................... 130 2.5 Conclusion.................................135 CHAPTER 3: A Sacrifice Upon the Altar of Southern Nationalism: Confederate Authorities, and an Expanded Role for BlackSoutherners.....................................138 3.1 Confederate Conscription .....................139 3.2 Opposition to Conscription, and Impressment: Alternative Proposals..............144 3.3 The Debate for Black Soldiers..................153 3.4 The Media's Reaction as the Voice of theCitizenry...............................162 3.5 Virginia, and the Issue of Black Enhsment................................164 3.6 Enter Judah P. Benjamin......................168 3.7 For Want of Fresh Recruits....................171 3.8 Facing the Alternative: "Slave Soldiers"...........177 3.9 Conclusion.................................182 4 CHAPTER 4: "Faithful Among the Faithless:" Body Servants, Slaves, and Free Blacks in the Confederate Army...................184 4.1 The Development of Critical Combat SupportStaff...............................187 4.2 Body Servants as Regimental Support Staff......................................192 4.3 Support Stafl and Combat.....................204 4.4 Gettysburg..................................217 4.5 Black Southerners as Confederate Scouts atFort Pillow...............................222 4.6 Richmond and the Recruitment of SlaveSoldiers...............................225 4.7 Conclusion ................................227 CHAPTER 5: "Pensions for Our Faithful Negroes".......................230 5.1 S. A. Cunningham: The Quintessential Southerner.................................237 5.2 "Faithful Negroes who were in the war:" Pensionsin Tennessee........................250 5.3 "I reproach myself for my inactivity:" Black Pensions in South Carolina...............262 5.4 Conclusion.................................275 CONCLUSION: Slaves, Free Blacks, and the Confederacy...................279 TheDenition of a Soldier.......................283 SlaveReasoning................................285 BLBLIOGRAPHY....................................................... 288 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing this thesis has certainly been an adventure. I have achieved many things in my life, but rarely has my mind, and emotions been stretched so far as they have been over these past four years. I have had experiences that I truly would not trade in, and have done things that I had only read about other historians doing. At a time when I believed that everything there was to discover about the Civil War had already been written I find an obscure passage about black Confederate pensions. From that moment on the course that I had set, has taken me on a journey of knowledge, where source material has been discovered from the most obscure places, and where assistance has come from friends who are genuinely interested in my topic. Completing this thesis has been an adventure, but it is one that I could not have done without the assistance, and patience of many along the way. There have been many archivists and librarians who have assisted me in my work. From supplementing my extensive collection of source materials, to assisting me through the legislative quagmire that awaits any researcher attempting to navigate their way through government documents from the war period, their help and patience has been invaluable. Most notably John M. Coski from the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia who provided me with a wealth of material, and follow up, as well as contacts to other scholars in the field. James A. Miller, and Allen Stokes from the University of South Carolina who provided me with unlimited access to the source materials housed in their library and archives. Also, J. Tracy Power at the South Carolina Department of Archives and History whose patience assisted me in many long distance requests for sources. At Louisiana State University, Judy C. Bolton was quite helpful in providing me with access to on-loan materials and newspapers, as was Mark Cave from the Williams Research Center in New Orleans. Former Director at the Tennessee State Library and Archives, Charles A. Sherrill was instrumental in directing me through the detailed pension materials housed there. This trip provided me with some of the most compelling material I have found to date on the subject of state veterans pensions including the only state thus far to have archived their pension board meeting minutes. 6 A host of scholars have either assisted me directly, or have lent an ear to discuss my work Of these special notice and sincere thanks goes to my graduate supervisor, Rick Halpem, for his patience, assistance in finalizing my draft, and countless hours in redirecting my focus. "Eyes on the Prize," Rick, "Eyes on the Prize." In addition, I would like to thank the following historians: Ennco Dal Lago, as in the early stages of this work he was consistently available to read some of my first drafts, and discuss potential pitfalls within my arguments; Catherine Clinton, for her assistance with reviewing and commenting on my introduction in particular, and the thesis overall. Peter Parish, and, John B. Boles, for their critical comments on defining a soldier within a nineteenth centuly context, and the comparative nature of black support staff and white soldiers. Leslie S. Rowland, for her concerns with the controversial nature of my work and her comments on strengthening my arguments based on the primary evidence. Elna C. Green, and Jennifer L. Gross for helping me to see pensions within the context of social welfare, their suggestions will assist me in the transition of my thesis into a manuscript. I would also, like to thank Auriol Griffith-Jones, from the UK Society of Indexers, for the considerable time and effort she put into professionally copyediting the numerous drafts of my thesis. In addition, there were several individuals who had assisted in reviewing and editing my final
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