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Gewog Connectivity Roads for Enhanced Climate Resilience Report

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Gewog Connectivity Roads for Enhanced Climate Resilience Report Assessment of Gewog Connectivity Roads for Enhanced Climate Resilience Gewog Connectivity Roads for Report Enhanced Climate Resilience Report Enhancing Sustainability and Climate Resilience of Forest and Agriculture Landscape and Community Livelihoods in Bhutan UNDP, BHUTAN OCTOBER 2016 OCTOBER 2016 Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 4 MAPS ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 4 ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................. 5 GLOSSARY ....................................................................................................................... 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................... 8 1. BACKGROUND..................................................................................................... 12 1.1 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ROADS ................................................ 12 2. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY ....................................................... 15 2.1 SCOPE OF THE ASSIGNMENT ...................................................................................... 17 3. METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH .................................................................... 18 4. ENHANCING RESILIENCE OF ROADS TO CLIMATE CHANGE........................ 22 4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF CLIMATE RESILIENT ROAD ............................................................ 23 4.2 CURRENT STATUS OF CLIMATE RESILIENCE OF GC ROADS IN THE TARGET PROJECT AREA24 4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS AND ESTIMATES FOR ENHANCING THE CLIMATE RESILIENCE OF THE PRIORITIZED GC ROADS........................................................................................... 26 4.4 MAKING PRIORITIZED GC ROADS CLIMATE RESILIENT. .............................................. 29 4.5 ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FOR INCORPORATION OF CLIMATE RESILIENT MEASURES..... 36 I. Nature of economic benefits: 36 II. Nature of social benefits: 36 III. Nature of environmental benefits 37 IV. Cost-benefit analysis 37 5. GEWOG CONNECTIVITY ROADS ....................................................................... 39 5.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ON ROAD NETWORK IN THE COUNTRY ..................................... 39 5.2 GENERAL INFORMATION OF ALL GC ROADS IN THE COUNTRY ...................................... 40 5.3 IDENTIFICATION AND PRIORITIZATION OF GC ROADS .................................................. 41 5.4 PRIORITIZED GC ROADS FOR PROJECT SUPPORT ..................................................... 42 5.5 GC ROADS SELECTED FOR CLIMATE PROOFING ......................................................... 51 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................... 53 7 Annexure .............................................................................................................. 55 7.1 ANNEX – I _ TERMS OF REFERENCE ........................................................................ 55 7.2 ANNEX – II _ LIST OF STAKEHOLDER/PERSONS CONSULTED ....................................... 60 7.3 ANNEX – III _ FIELD ASSESSMENT DATA OF IDENTIFIED GC ROADS .......................... 61 2 7.4 ANNEX - IV _ ITINERARY.................................................................................. 121 7.5 ANNEX – V _ REFERENCES ............................................................................ 123 7.6 ANNEX – VI _ ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION (EFRC)............... 124 7.7 ANNEX - VII _ LIST OF PARTICIPANTS DURING PRESENTATION ON 20-JULY 2016 ...... 129 7.8 ANNEX - VIII _ PHOTOGRAPHS OF DUNGMITHANG – MESITHANG GC ROAD, ............ 130 TANG, BUMTHANG ....................................................................... 130 3 List of Tables TABLE 1: IDENTIFICATION OF GC ROADS FOR ASSESSMENT BY NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE ........... 20 TABLE 2: DETAILS OF GEWOG CONNECTIVITY ROADS ASSESSED AND ANALYSED ......................... 21 TABLE 3: CLIMATE RISKS .......................................................................................................... 26 TABLE 4: POTENTIAL ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION MEASURES AGAINST CLIMATE INDUCED HAZARDS26 TABLE 5: GC ROADS PRIORITIZED AND ACTIVITIES RECOMMENDED FOR CLIMATE PROOFING .......... 28 TABLE 6: COSTS FOR CLIMATE PROOFING OF PRIORITIZED GC ROADS ....................................... 29 TABLE 7: SUMMARY _ CURRENT STATUS OF CLIMATE RESILIENCE OF GC ROADS...................... 31 TABLE 8: UNIT COST OF ITEMS FOR COMPLETE CLIMATE PROOFING ........................................... 40 TABLE 9: DETAILS OF GEWOG CONNECTIVITY ROADS TAKEN OVER BY DOR IN 2014 ................... 41 TABLE 10: RANKING OF THE GC ROAD PROJECTS BASED ON WEIGHTED NET PRESENT VALUE ..... 50 TABLE 11: TOTAL COST OF GC ROAD PROJECT...................................................................... 50 TABLE 12: ROADS SELECTED FOR CLIMATE PROOFING ............................................................ 51 TABLE 13: FINAL RANKING OF GC ROADS SELECTED FOR CLIMATE PROOFING ............................ 52 List of Boxes Box 1: Definition of Gewog Connectivity Roads….………………………………………………..14 Box 2 : Definition of climate-induced hazards …………………………………………….………..15 Box 3: Climate Resilience Adaptive Measures………………………….…………………………..18 MAPS MAP 1: PROJECT TARGET AREAS (LANDSCAPE 1, LANDSCAPE 2 AND LANDSCAPE 3). ................ 16 MAP 2: ROAD ALIGNMENT OF CHHUDZOM (DOVAN) GC ROAD (48.5 KM) .................................... 42 MAP 3: ROAD ALIGNMENT OF NIMSHONG-SHINGKHAR GC ROAD (31.96 KM) ............................... 43 4 ABBREVIATIONS AE Assistant Engineer AMC Agriculture Machinery Center ASL Above Sea Level BC Biological Corridor BHU Basic Health Unit CMU Central Machinery Unit DoFPS Department of Forest & Park Services DoL Department of Livestock DoR Department of Roads DR Dzongkhag Road ECRP Eastern Central Regional Project EE Executive Engineer EFRC Environmental Friendly Road Construction FC Formation Cutting FR Farm Road FW Formation Width GC Gewog Connectivity GEF Global Environment Facility GNHC Gross National Happiness Commission JE Junior Engineer Km Kilometer LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund LG Local Government m meter MoAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forests MoEA Ministry of Economic Affairs MoWHS Ministry of Works & Human Settlement NLC National Land Commission NRDCL Natural Resources Development Corporation Limited Nu Ngultrum PA Protected Area PE Project Engineer 5 PPD Policy and Planning Division RGoB Royal Government of Bhutan RLP Rural Livelihood Project RNR Renewal Natural Resources ROW Right of Way RSPN Royal Society for Protection of Nature RSTA Road Safety and Transport Authority RUG Road Users’ Group SNV Netherlands Development Organization ToR Terms of Reference UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund WMM Wet Mix Macadam 6 GLOSSARY Dasho : Conferred title equivalent to ‘Sir’ Dzongdag : District Administrator Dzongkhag Tshogdu : District Development Committee Dzongkhag : District Gewog : Administrative Block Gup : Elected head of a gewog Lhakhang : Temple Mangmi : Deputy Head of the Block Administration Ngultrum : National currency Nye : Religious site Thromde : Municipality Tshogpa : Elected link man between the Gup and the public 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) accords the highest priority for the sustainable conservation of its environment. It is enshrined in the constitution of the kingdom of Bhutan that every Bhutanese is a trustee of the Kingdom’s natural resources and environment for the benefit of the present and future generations and that the government shall protect, conserve and improve the pristine environment and safeguard the biodiversity of the country. Despite such a colossal commitment, Bhutan is still considered highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The vulnerability to the impacts of climate change largely emanates from its rugged mountainous ecosystem, steep geo-physical setting due to its location in the Himalayas with altitudes ranging from 150 to 7,500 meters (m) above sea level (asl), and its weak economic structure as a least developed country. Over 69% of the population dwell in rural areas and are largely dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. It is a landlocked country and surface transport is the most reliable form of connectivity in the country. In the recent years Bhutan has been confronted with varying magnitudes of the impacts of climate change on the sources of rural livelihoods and biodiversity. The country has been struggling to reduce and adapt to these impacts in order to sustainably improve the resilience of the rural communities and conservation of the biodiversity. The future climate change projections for Bhutan indicate that as compared to the 1980-2009 periods the mean annual temperature is projected to increase by 0.8°C to 1.0°C by 2010- 2039 and further by 2.0°C -2.4°Cfor the period 2040-2069. The summer temperatures are projected to increase by 0.8°C in 2010-2039 and further increase by 2.1 °C by 2040-2069. The winter temperature is projected to increase by much higher range of 1.2°C rise for 2010- 2039 time slice and by 2.8°C for the period 2040-2069.With
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