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Capítulo 20 Capítulo 20 Capítulo 20 Capítulo 20 Capítulo 20 Capítulo 20 CapítuloCapítulo 2020Capítulo 2020Capítulo FOTO: ALDICIR SCARIOT FOTO: FOTO: ALDICIR SCARIOT FOTO: Drosofilídeos Rosana Tidon Denise F. Leite Luzitano B. Ferreira (Diptera, Insecta) BárbaraBárbara F.F. D.D. LeãoLeão Departamento de Genética e Morfologia Universidade de Brasília do Cerrado Brasília, DF. Constantino 336 Diversidade e endemismo de térmitas INTRODUÇÃO A família Drosophilidae possui representantes em praticamente todas as regiões biogeográficas, em diversos tipos Os insetos são excelentes orga- de ecossistemas. Algumas espécies são nismos para investigar questões endêmicas de determinadas áreas e ecológicas, tais como a proposição de outras são cosmopolitas, sendo que modelos que visem o desenvolvimento muitas desta última categoria sustentável do planeta, em face das dispersaram-se pelo mundo devido à sua acentuadas modificações ambientais capacidade de associação ao homem. causadas pelo homem (Lawton, 2001). São conhecidas mais de 2.800 espécies Drosofilídeos, em particular, são de Drosophilidae, quase 60% delas extremamente apropriados para explorar pertencentes ao gênero Drosophila. tais questões, uma vez que são pequenos Wheeler (1986) se refere a 1.595 espécies e numerosos em termos de indivíduos e desse gênero no “Catalog of the World Drosophilidae”, e desde então dezenas de espécies, amplamente distribuídos, de espécies novas foram registradas na sensíveis a modificações ambientais, literatura, inclusive, no Brasil (Val & facilmente coletados, possuem ciclo de Marques, 1996; Vilela & Bächli, 2000; vida curto e são facilmente manipulados Tidon-Sklorz & Sene, 2001). Certamente, nos laboratórios. Devido a essas a fauna das regiões temperadas é muito características, esses insetos têm sido melhor conhecida do que a das regiões intensivamente utilizados em pesquisas, tropicais, onde provavelmente existem produzindo uma vasta literatura em centenas de espécies ainda por descrever várias áreas da Biologia. Nenhum outro (Wheeler, op. cit.). modelo biológico tem sido estudado com Em geral, as moscas dessa família tanta freqüência e em níveis tão diversos são pequenas (cerca de 3mm) e apre- quanto as moscas do gênero Drosophila: sentam coloração amarela, marrom ou em 1900 já havia 358 citações desse preta, algumas vezes com padrões gênero em trabalhos científicos (Powell, coloridos na parte dorsal do tórax. As 1997). asas geralmente são claras e o abdome 337 Tidon, Leite, Ferreira & Leão freqüentemente possui faixas ou na literatura, no período compreendido manchas que podem estar presentes em entre 1950 e 2001. Nesse levantamento, alguns ou em todos os tergitos (Wheeler, foram incorporadas apenas as 1981). A maioria dos drosofilídeos localidades incluídas no bioma Cerrado alimenta-se de microorganismos, sensu Ab’Saber (1977). Áreas com principalmente leveduras, presentes em vegetação de cerrado sensu stricto situadas além dos domínios desse bioma fungos ou vegetais em decomposição. não foram consideradas. Adicio- Algumas espécies são restritas nalmente, foram considerados dados de ecologicamente, utilizando como sítio de coletas realizadas por nós, em diversas reprodução somente uma espécie localidades do Brasil Central, no período hospedeira; outras são mais versáteis, compreendido entre 1997 e 2002. Nesta podendo utilizar uma variada gama de categoria, incluem-se visitas mensais ao recursos em diferentes fungos e(ou) Parque Nacional de Brasília (PNB: 15o plantas. 40' S; 47o 54’W) e à Reserva Ecológica do IBGE (RECOR: 15o 56' S; 47o 53' W) Embora os primeiros dados sobre durante um período de dois anos, em espécies brasileiras de Drosophila ambientes urbanos da cidade de Brasília tenham sido publicados por Duda em durante um ano, além de outras coletas 1925, levantamentos mais sistemáticos esparsas mencionadas oportunamente. foram realizados apenas a partir da década de 1940 (Pavan & Cunha, 1947; A captura de drosofilídeos geral- Dobzhansky & Pavan, 1943, 1950; Pavan, mente envolve o uso de iscas de frutas 1950, 1959; Mourão et al., 1965). fermentadas (em armadilhas ou depositadas diretamente sobre o solo), Posteriormente, com base nas infor- cujos microorganismos atraem essas mações dos trabalhos precedentes e de moscas. Os insetos atraídos, coletados um extensivo programa de coletas, Sene com rede entomológica, em geral são et al. (1980) e Vilela et al. (1983) levados vivos para o laboratório, onde discutiram a fauna drosofiliana dos são identificados sob lupa binocular domínios morfoclimáticos brasileiros, (Dobzhansky & Pavan, 1943; Pavan & visando conhecer a distribuição Cunha, 1947; Freire-Maia & Pavan, 1949; geográfica das espécies mais comuns. A Frota-Pessoa, 1954). Em alguns casos a fauna de drosofilídeos do Brasil Central, determinação das espécies é feita entretanto, foi pouco amostrada nesses mediante a análise da genitália trabalhos. masculina, cuja morfologia é diagnóstica (Val, 1982; Vilela & Bachli, 1990; Vilela, Nesse contexto, o objetivo do 1992). Assim, é importante ressaltar que presente trabalho foi o de listar as as espécies de Drosophilidae mencio- espécies de drosofilídeos atualmente nadas neste trabalho restringem-se conhecidas no Cerrado, discutindo sua àquelas atraídas por iscas de frutas ocorrência na região em termos fermentadas, não incluindo, portanto ecológicos e biogeográficos. espécies associadas a fungos, flores e eventuais outros substratos. METODOLOGIA ESPÉCIES DE DROSOFILÍDEOS A presente compilação foi elaborada REGISTRADAS NO BIOMA CERRADO com base em dois tipos de fontes. A primeira refere-se aos registros de A Tabela 1 lista as espécies cuja ocorrência de drosofilídeos publicados ocorrência já foi registrada no Cerrado. 338 Drosofilídeos Tabela 1. Relação das espécies de drosofilídeos registradas no Bioma Cerrado 339 Tidon, Leite, Ferreira & Leão (continuação) Tabela 1. Relação das espécies de drosofilídeos registradas no Bioma Cerrado *: novos registros para o Cerrado Registros - 1. Burla & Pavan, 1953; 2. Dobzhansky & Pavan, 1950; 3. Ehrman & Powell, 1982; 4. Magalhães, 1962; 5. Pavan, 1950; 6. Pavan, 1959; 7. Pavan & Breuer, 1954; 8. Sene et al., 1980; 9. Tidon-Sklorz & Sene, 1995a; 10. Tidon-Sklorz & Sene, 2001; 11 . Tidon-Sklorz et al., 1994; 12. Val & Sene, 1980; 13. Val, et al., 1981; 14.Vilela et al., 1983; 15. Vilela & Mori, 1999; 16. Coletas na RECOR; 17. coletas no PN; 18. Coletas em ambientes urbanos de Brasilia-DF 19. Coletas na Fazenda Água Limpa, DF; 20 Coletas em Pirenópolis-GO. - ca = cerradão, ce = cerrado sensu stricto, mg = mata de galeria, po = pomar, ar = afloramento rochoso, au = ambientes urbanos. Após o nome da espécie seguem as kikkawai, D. malerkotliana, D. referências que a registram no bioma e melanogaster, D. simulans, Scapto- os tipos de ambientes onde foi feita a drosophila latifasciaeformis e Zaprionus captura (informação nem sempre indianus). Várias dessas espécies são disponível). sinantrópicas e colonizaram a área após a chegada do homem, alterando a Foram identificados três gêneros de Drosophilidae no bioma Cerrado. composição da fauna drosofiliana da Drosophila, o maior na Região Neotro- região. Espécies da fauna nativa são pical, contempla 75 das 77 espécies encontradas em todas as fitofisionomias listadas. Scaptodrosophila e Zaprionus do bioma, demonstrando o alto grau de estão representados por apenas uma plasticidade adaptativa dessa família. espécie cada um. A seguir, são apresentadas algumas Dentre as 77 espécies de informações a respeito de cada uma das drosofilídeos reconhecidas, 67 são espécies encontradas no Cerrado. Os endêmicas da Região Neotropical e 10 gêneros e subgêneros estão ordenados nela introduzidas (D. ananassae, D. segundo sua importância relativa na busckii, D. hydei, D. immigrans, D. Região Neotropical. As categorias 340 Drosofilídeos “grupo” e “subgrupo”, embora não D. annulimana (Duda) e D. aff. reconhecidas formalmente pela arapuan (Cunha & Pavan) foram taxonomia, têm sido amplamente coletadas apenas na Serra do Cipó (Vilela utilizadas para reunir espécies de & Mori, 1999), localizada no extremo drosofilídeos presumivelmente aparen- leste do bioma Cerrado. tadas (Patterson & Stone, 1952; Vilela, Grupo aureata 1983). Tais agrupamentos, definidos com base na morfologia do adulto, das formas D. aureata (Wheeler), a única imaturas, e dos cromossomos, são espécie deste grupo, já havia sido elaborados com o intuito de refletir registrada do México ao Panamá. Sua grupos monofiléticos de espécies. ocorrência na Serra do Cipó (Vilela & Informações detalhadas sobre a Mori, 1999) ampliou sua distribuição classificação dos drosofilídeos, bem para a América do Sul continental. como referências relativas às descrições das espécies, podem ser consultadas on Grupo bromeliae line no banco de dados TaxoDros (Bächli, O único espécime de D. bromelioides 1999). (Pavan & Cunha) registrado no Cerrado foi coletado na Serra do Cipó (Vilela & Gênero Drosophila Mori, 1999). Todas as espécies deste pequeno grupo neotropical criam-se e Subgênero Drosophila alimentam-se em flores, não sendo, portanto, comuns em iscas de frutas Grupo annulimana fermentadas. Este grupo compreende 15 espécies Grupo calloptera neotropicais, encontradas principalmen- te em florestas úmidas (Tosi & Pereira, As oito espécies deste grupo (Val et 1993). Cinco delas estão registradas no al., 1981) possuem manchas escuras nas Cerrado. asas, compondo desenhos peculiares. No Cerrado foram capturadas duas espécies, D. aragua (Vilela & Pereira) e D. ambas em matas de galeria: D. schildi arauna (Pavan & Nacrur) já eram (Malloch), que ocorre desde o sudeste conhecidas
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