QATRY JOURNAL MONOCLE QUARTERLY MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL

Banking. Economics. Politics.

VOLUME 4 3 2019 ISSUE 2 • QUARTER

VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2 QUARTER 3 2019

MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL

Banking. Economics. Politics.

VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2 QUARTER 3 2019 Published by Monocle Solutions (Pty) Ltd 13th Floor, Greenpark Corner, 3 Lower Road Morningside, Sandton South Africa [email protected] www.monocle.co.za

MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL ISSN 2519-0784

Volume 4 Issue 2 Quarter 3 2019

Copyright © 2019 Monocle Solutions (Pty) Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Editor: David Buckham Authors: Chris Straeuli and Robyn Wilkinson Contributor: Catia De Freitas Cover and book designer: Vanessa Wilson Typesetting and production: Quickfox Publishing Printing: Tandym Print, Cape Town

Photo credits p.6, Lloyd Arnold, Wikimedia Commons (Ernest Hemingway); p.7, Carl Van Vechten, United States Library of Congress (Gertrude Stein); p.13, Adam Cuerden, Wikimedia Commons (Katherine Johnson); p.14, Recuerdos de Pandora, Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0 (Kathrine Switzer); p.53, Cs-wolves, Wikimedia Commons (Jon Mould); p.54, Marco Verch, Flickr CC BY 2.0 (Zwift Setup); p.58, Volkswagen AG, Wikimedia Commons (Martin Winterkorn); p.61, de:Benutzer:Hase, Wikimedia Commons (Lance Armstrong); p.68, Author Unknown, Gente Magazine (Walter Bonatti); p.74, Tom Frost, Wikimedia Commons (Yvon Chouinard) FROM THE CEO

t is with signifi cant pride that we publish this, to obey the rules that govern our behaviour, both on ourI seventh issue of the Monocle Quarterly Journal. the fi eld of play as well as within the realm of business. It is no mean feat to produce a business journal in And yet also, we seek to explore what it is that drives the fi rst place, but, in the midst of these complicated us essentially, as human beings, irrespective of social and challenging times – whilst also in the pursuit of boundaries altogether, to pursue success with such growing our business – we are particularly proud of enormous passion and intent. getting this one to print. I ask only that you keep an open mind, and that you Th is issue is titled Fair Play and it attempts to tolerate this attempt to further unravel the meaning of contrast the world of sport and games – that is, the work, and of sport, and of our lives themselves. It is a world of leisure – with the world in which we spend privilege to possess this unique platform, this journal. the majority of our waking hours, the world of We can only hope that we have done it some justice. commerce and business. It is somewhat unusual for a Enjoy reading! business journal, particularly a journal that represents such a specifi cally focused business as ours, to cover more general and somewhat esoteric topics. We have done this before in prior issues to some extent, such as in #Work and Deep Learning, but in this issue, we truly strike out on a new path altogether. Th e intrinsic idea behind this issue is to experi- ment with a stylistic literary device employed by Ernest Hemingway in his early work – to deliberately interrupt one narrative with another in order to elicit a more nuanced and emotive response in the reader. We are seeking to explore what it is that compels us

 CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 RANDOM ACTS OF VIOLENCE 8 3 THE BOSTON MARATHON 11 4 DEATH AT SANTA ANITA 15 5 BAD ACTORS 19 6 THE SPIRIT OF THE GAME 23 7 THE LOSS OF INNOCENCE 28 8 SCHADENFREUDE 32 9 A PRIVATE LIFE 37 10 THE GREATEST SHOWMAN ON EARTH 40 11 PUSHING THROUGH THE PAIN 44 12 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 48 13 MINOR OFFENCES 52 14 SYSTEMATIC CHEATING 56 15 VIVE LE TOUR 60 16 THE FUTILITY OF SABOTAGE 64 17 THE PUREST PURSUIT 68 18 THE RELUCTANT BUSINESSMAN 72 19 A TRIBUTE TO DUNCAN ELLIOTT 76 MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

1 INTRODUCTION

he image of Ernest Hemingway that has been of the narrative lies. Hemingway’s style changed litera­ establishedT in the Western mind is one of a rugged and ture forever and became a major influence on many adventurous man, who fought bravely in World War I, other great writers, including Thomas Pynchon, JD and returned home from the horrors he endured there to Salinger, Jack Kerouac, Norman Mailer, Bret Easton Ellis write about masculine pursuits such as fishing, hunting and Anne Beattie. Hemingway received the Nobel Prize and bull fighting. Regarded as a truly unique personality in Literature in 1954 in recognition of his profound of the 20th century, there is nothing – not his four contribution to the art of prose. marriages, nor his alcoholism, nor his death by suicide In total, Hemingway’s oeuvre includes seven novels, – that has tarnished his reputation as a great American six short-story collections and two non-fiction works. writer or detracted from the canon of literature that One of his short stories, which we take inspiration from 6 remains his legacy. in this issue of the Monocle Quarterly Journal, is titled The true art of Hemingway’s work lies, of course, “Big Two-Hearted River” (1925). On the surface, the in his unique style of writing, which he developed story is about a young man named Nick, who journeys during his time as a foreign correspondent in Paris in by train into the countryside to go fishing. However, the early 1920s. There he immersed himself in a group interrupting his seemingly benign adventure into nature of expatriate modernist writers and artists, including is a short vignette that describes the hanging of Sam Ezra Pound, James Joyce, and F. Scott Fitzgerald, who Cardinella. Though little information is provided about became known as the “Lost Generation”. For Heming­ way, the most influential among these was a writer and art collector named Gertrude Stein, who became a close friend and mentor. Hemingway regularly frequented Stein’s salon, at 27 rue de Fleurus, where he met painters such as Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, and Juan Gris. Stein encouraged Hemingway to take inspiration from the great works of these artists, by studying the way in which the full meaning of the canvas is elicited through the use of very small, repetitive brush strokes. What resulted was a style of writing marked by simple language and clipped declarative statements, together with a completely original use of repetition. Hemingway’s narratives are markedly minimalistic, demonstrating what he referred to as the Iceberg Theory. In this approach, what is explicit­ ly articulated is only a tiny piece of the story; rather it is in what is unspoken, in that which is happening ERNEST HEMINGWAY underneath the obvious action, where the true meaning INTRODUCTION who Sam Cardinella is or what he has done to deserve a sentence of death, the brief description of the hanging is visceral and disturbing. And although the story of Sam Cardinella is completely unrelated to Nick’s story, the hanging has a subliminal effect on the reader’s mind and evokes a sense of violence and malice in the fishing story that was entirely absent before. The two stories, though completely distinct, illuminate one another in a very powerful way. The structure of “Big Two-Hearted River” has in­ spired us in this issue of the Monocle Quarterly Journal, as we continue to attempt to examine the political and metaphysical meaning of the western world, driven pre­ dominantly as it is by business and commerce, and by the neo-liberal capitalist framework. Drawing on Heming­ way’s distinctive style, we hope to illuminate certain GERTRUDE STEIN aspects of the stories that emanate from this realm, by placing them alongside famous sporting stories. By Of particular interest to us are the instances in which locating a counterpoint in sport for each of the business a particular law is transgressed in terms of the system of stories we cover, we have initiated a line of ques­tion­ governance that contains the game. In some cases, this is ing into how the world of business works and what its owing to a mistake or an uncontrollable external force, rules are – as well as what it means when these rules are in others, the very worst aspects of human nature are 7 broken. exposed as the spirit of fair play is completely subsumed Underlying this story-telling approach is the ques­ by the individual’s drive to win. In this issue of the Monocle tion of why we, as a society, are so enamoured with Quarterly Journal, we interrupt each of the sport stories sport – a series of actions that essentially serve no real with corollaries from the world of business and com­ purpose and which are, when viewed in their most basic merce, where similar kinds of behaviour have breached form, completely meaningless. The answer, we suspect, the laws, both written and unwritten, that govern how is because in the world of sport, there are a set of defined this substantially important part of our society operates. rules that determine how the game should be played and Through this methodology we wish to create a which create a clear ethical code that governs all actions pastiche of documentary stories that seek to illuminate taken within the context of the game. There is a technique the complexity of human nature as it expresses itself both to playing successfully, fairness is guaranteed – at least in sport and in business, and where the consequences in theory – and winners and losers are determined by of transgressing the rules of fair play are both negligible the strict application of the rules that govern the game. and profound. And it is in these instances of obedience Sport metaphorically and symbolically presents an ideal or disobedience to the rules, either as individuals or as a world within which we can all play a part and achieve collective, that we can sometimes catch a glimpse of the our greatest ambitions. And much like the demigods of truest human desires that drive these actions. Ancient Greece, sporting heroes have become the demi­ We reach a natural conclusion to this issue of gods of our era, representing what is best about us and the Monocle Quarterly Journal by focusing on three standing as the examples of humanity that we all seek to individuals who dedicated their lives to the pursuit of be. Not only do they represent a human physical ideal, alpinism, an activity through which significant human but they are also regarded as morally superior for their resilience and ingenuity is expressed, but which is not a commitment to play, and attempt to win, fairly and traditional sport that takes place within a defined field justly by adhering to the framework of rules in which of play. In the last three pieces we therefore examine their seemingly meaningless pursuits take on profound the meaning of human endeavour when it is expressly significance. unconstrained by human rules.  MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

2 RANDOM ACTS OF VIOLENCE

n the 30th of April 1993, tennis fans watched in Oantici­pation a quarterfinal match between US tennis champion Monica Seles and Bulgaria’s Magdalena Maleeva. The match formed part of the Citizen Cup, a German tournament in the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA) 1993 Tour, and it took place at Am Rothenbaum tennis courts in Hamburg. Everyone expected an easy win for Seles, who was ranked No.1 in the world, having won the French Open and the US Open the previous year, 8 and the Australian Open in January. Still fairly early in her tennis career, Maleeva’s highest sporting achievement at this point had been making it to the quarterfinals of the US Open the year before, which she lost to her elder sister. However, despite the disparity between the players, the match was nonetheless of great importance to spectators who knew that if Seles won the match, she would face off against her greatest rival, Germany’s Steffi Graf, later in the tournament. Born in Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, on the 2nd of December 1973, Seles was taught how to play tennis by her father and from a young age, she became obsessed with beating MONICA SELES her brother, who was eight years her senior and ranked Open champion, beating Steffi Graf, who was four years After her win at the French Open, older than her. This was no small achievement – Graf had dominated international tennis since 1987 and in Seles rose quickly through 1988 had become the only tennis player in history to the international rankings, achieve the Golden Slam, winning all four Grand Slam winning eight Grand Slam titles singles tournaments and the Olympic gold medal in the before she turned 20. same year. After her win at the French Open, Seles rose quickly through the international rankings, winning the No.1 junior tennis player in Yugoslavia. By the age eight Grand Slam titles before she turned 20. In 1991, of 13, she had taken the title herself and moved with her she became the youngest tennis player to be ranked No.1 family to the US to pursue a professional career in tennis. in the world, at the age of 17. Between 1991 and 1993, In 1990, at just 16, she became the youngest French an unprecedented tussle for the No.1 position ensued Random Acts of Violence between Seles and Graf, with Seles entering 1993 at the had been the CEO of Germany’s largest bank, Deutsche top. Everyone was eager to see what would happen as the Bank, for less than a year. year’s tournaments progressed. Herrhausen’s death came four days before he was Seles was close to winning the match against due to give a speech at the third annual Arthur F. Burns Maleeva when the players took a moment to catch their Memorial lecture at the American Council on Germany breath, moving to the sides of the court during a break (AGC), in New York. Copies of the speech revealed Herr­ hausen’s vision of a unified, economically strengthened Seles was close to winning Europe. With the imminent fall of Communist powers in Central and Eastern Europe, he planned to put forward the match against Maleeva when a proposal for a debt moratorium to assist countries in the players took a moment to this region to reduce their foreign debt and outlined an catch their breath ... idea for the establishment of a development bank, which would direct foreign investment to specific projects that between sets. And it was whilst sitting there and bending would support structural and economic development forward to retrieve a cup of water from the ground, that in Europe. His ideas were based on a longstanding Seles suddenly felt a sharp pain between her shoulder post-World War II European resistance to the global blades. Somewhat absurdly, in a world marked by white dominance of the US, the UK and the Soviet Union, and skirts, Royal spectators and a strong sense of propriety, echoed those of former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro, a crazed man had bounded out of the crowd watching Italian industrialist Enrico Mattei, and Swedish Prime the match and thrust a 23cm-long boning knife into the Minister Olof Palme – all of whom had been assassinated tennis champion’s back. Dazed, she rose before slumping before him. Moro was a prominent leader of the Italian down onto the court, whilst officials quickly tackled and centre-left and was kidnapped by the Red Brigades – an 9 disarmed her attacker. His name was Guenter Parche and Italian left-wing terrorist organisation – in 1978 and he was 38, unemployed, and a fanatical fan of Steffi Graf. murdered when his government refused to negotiate the He didn’t want to kill Seles, but he found her increasing release of some of their members from prison. Mattei dominance in international tennis very frustrating. She had been at the helm of Italy’s oil industry until he was needed to be stopped, he explained, so that Graf could killed in a mysterious aeroplane crash, believed to have regain her top position. And she did – Graf won that been caused by a bomb. Palme – a fierce political leader fateful tournament and regained her world No.1 title by steadfast in his non-alignment policy towards the three the end of the year. superpower nations and a strong supporter of third- * * * The disturbance of the On the 30th of November 1989, Alfred Herrhausen, a beam had detonated a 7 kg bomb stern-looking German man in his late fifties, was being that was hidden in a satchel driven to work in an armoured Mercedes Benz, with on a bicycle next to the road. bodyguards both ahead of him and behind him in a three- car convoy. As the cars passed down a bustling street in world liberation movements – was shot dead in a quiet an upper-class area in Frankfurt, they crossed an infrared Stockholm street. The perpetrators behind both Mattei beam that triggered an explosion. The disturbance of the and Palme’s murders remain unknown. beam had detonated a 7 kg bomb that was hidden in a Colonel Fletcher Prouty – a renowned US intelli­ satchel on a bicycle next to the road. Herrhausen’s car gence services expert – equates Herrhausen’s assassination was propelled into the air before bursting into flames. with that of former US President John F. Kennedy. His legs were severed when a copper plate was projected Prouty notes that at the time, Herrhausen was one of from the explosive device into the side of the vehicle at the most important figures in international banking and a speed of nearly two kilometres per second and he bled maintains that, “considering the time [...] the enormous to death before emergency services could reach him. He train of events taking place in the Soviet Union, in MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

Eastern Europe and particularly in East Germany [...] the thus, have been just another target in their broader murder of Herrhausen is an act of enormous significance political fight. However, several commentators have […] Some major power centre wanted the Chairman of noted that the bomb that killed Herrhausen was far more Deutsche Bank removed on that day, in that manner for sophisticated than those typically used by the RAF. some reason, and as a lesson to others.” Had Herrhausen’s After Herrhausen’s assassination, Europe – and ideas been put in motion, Prouty argues that Europe Deutsche Bank – entered a period of great turbulence. may have quickly become a strong economic competitor Ten years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, there on the global stage during the 1990s. Had he remained remained a significant economic gap between the east alive, it is also possible that Deutsche Bank may have and west of Europe and twenty years on, the region regained the title bestowed on it in 1914 by a German was hit by the European Debt Crisis. Similarly, over the years following Herrhausen’s death, Deutsche Bank However, several people have experienced a fundamental culture shift as it came under new leadership. Although it continued to grow and noted that the bomb that experience some successes, it also endured significant killed Herrhausen was far more losses, reputational damage owing to the discovery of its sophisticated than those typically previous Nazi-links, and a failed merger with Dresdner used by the RAF. Bank. As of 2018, the bank has also paid $18 billion in fines to settle legal disputes brought against it, mainly by newspaper, the Frankfurter Zeitung, which proclaimed the US Department of Justice (DOJ). that Deutsche Bank was “the biggest bank in the world.” Of course, this may be no more than a conspiracy * * * theory. At the time of Herrhausen’s attack, the Red

10 Army Faction (RAF) – a far-left militant group – took The attack on Seles resulted in relatively minor physical credit for the murder. During the 1970s and 1980s, the damage, with the knife leaving only a flesh wound, 1.5 RAF had instigated several attacks on political figures cm deep. However, the knife had only narrowly missed and prominent businessmen in the Federal Republic her spinal cord, underscoring just how close the attack of Germany (West Germany), which they regarded as a had come to being near-fatal. However, although she fascist state. As CEO of Deutsche Bank, Herrhausen was recovered physically within a few weeks, the incident one of the most powerful businessmen in Germany and affected her psychologically to a much greater extent. he was also a trusted advisor to Helmut Kohl, Chancellor She was treated for post-traumatic stress disorder and of Germany between 1982 and 1998. Herrhausen may, depression, which seemed to only worsen thanks to the light sentence that Parche received from the German courts. His lawyers had successfully argued that he had a psychological disorder that had resulted in an unhealthy obsession with Graf. Because of this, he was charged with attempted assault rather than attempted murder and received only a two-year suspended sentence. For Seles, however, the attack was a life sentence. She did not return to professional tennis for over two years and when she did, she was a different player, noticeably stripped of the confidence that had characterised her game before. Although she did have some intermittent success after returning to professional tennis in 1995, she never regained the consistent wins she had experienced before the attack. Seles won the Canadian Open but lost the final of the US Open to Graf. She also won the Australian Open, but that would be her last Grand The Boston Marathon

Slam victory. She never again reached a Grand Slam Through his attack on Seles, Parche may have singles final, but she did win a bronze medal at the 2000 exerted more of an influence on women’s tennis than Olympic Games. any purposeful attempt by any player or coach to cheat The attack on Seles was a bolt out of the blue, so through the use of performance-enhancing drugs or to speak. In all of her years of training, there was no intentional sabotage, or any regulation change or bad way she could have prepared herself for such a violent call by an umpire. His actions potentially enabled other act of interference in the practice of her craft – an act tennis players to rise in the sport, who may not have perpetrated by a rogue exterior force, a third party who done so had they faced Seles on the court at her peak. himself had no direct stake in the match he disrupted. To Many commentators have argued that had the attack be clear, his act ironically had absolutely nothing to do not occurred, she had the potential to become the most with Seles herself. Yet, Seles’ life was forever altered by his accomplished female tennis player of all time.  act, as was the world of tennis and the paths of its heroes.

3 THE BOSTON MARATHON 11

very year in the United States, on the public soon, she was easily running ten miles on a daily basis. holidayE of Patriots’ Day – which commemorates the first It was at the running club that she first met her future battles of the Revolutionary War – thousands of long- coach, the 50-year-old Arnold “Arnie” Briggs. distance running enthusiasts make their way to the state Briggs was the mailman at Syracuse University, but of Massachusetts for the Boston Marathon. Inspired by in his spare time, he volunteered as the coach of the the success of the first Olympic marathon event in 1896, the first Boston Marathon was held in 1897, making Inspired by the success of the it the oldest annual marathon in the world. For many first Olympic marathon event in runners, its history and continued popularity make the Boston Marathon the holy grail of long-distance events. 1896, the first Boston Marathon However, until 1972, women were not allowed to was held in 1897, making it compete in this prestigious race. the oldest annual marathon in In 1966, a 19-year-old Journalism and English the world. Literature­ student at Syracuse University named Kathrine Switzer, decided she wanted to run the Boston Marathon. Syracuse Harriers running club. Briggs became close Switzer loved sports of all kinds and even competed in friends with Switzer and motivated her to train even in traditionally male-dominated sports, including basket­ the extreme winter conditions in Syracuse, New York, ball and lacrosse, at university. She was also the editor where temperatures commonly do not rise above freezing of the sports section of the Syracuse college newspaper. point in the snowy months around Christmas. It was Above all, however, Switzer’s true love was running. on one of these bitterly cold training runs that Switzer In pursuit of her passion, Switzer joined the all-male convinced her coach that she should run in the Boston Syracuse Harriers running club in an unofficial capacity, Marathon – an event Briggs had himself completed 15 partaking in training runs with the men who were times before. At first, Briggs was hesitant, claiming that preparing for inter-university cross-country events, and a marathon was too great a distance for a young woman MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

such as Switzer to run – as even the Amateur Athletic Johnson’s mother was a teacher and her father was a Union only allowed females to compete in races up handyman at the five-star Greenbrier Hotel – a stark to one and a half miles long at the time – but Switzer symbol of exclusivity and racial inequality in a state that was determined. Eventually, worn down by Switzer’s only offered African American students schooling up to stubbornness, Briggs made a deal with his mentee: if she the eighth grade at the time of Katherine Johnson’s birth. From a very early age, Johnson showed great promise Briggs made a deal with his in her mathematical capabilities. When she was just mentee: if she could complete 14 years old, she enrolled in the black college, West Virginia State, where she took every mathematics course 26 miles – the distance of the available. At the age of 18, Katherine graduated summa marathon – in a training run, he cum laude and had even managed to convince one of would sign her up for the race. her professors – W.W. Schieffelin Claytor, the third-ever African American to receive a PhD in mathematics – to could complete 26 miles – the distance of the marathon add new courses to the curriculum for her to take. – in a training run, he would sign her up for the race. After a short stint in teaching, Katherine enrolled Switzer started training for the marathon imme­ in graduate school at West Virginia University in diately, and three weeks before the race, she comfortably Morgan­town. At the time, she was the first African completed a 26-mile training run – even doing an extra American student to ever attend the graduate school in five-mile loop for good measure. Briggs stuck to his word, Morgantown, and this was only made possible after the agreeing to enter Switzer in the marathon and to run court case of Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938). alongside her on the day of the race. However, despite all This ruling made it necessary for states that provided of Switzer’s preparation, there remained one significant higher education to white students to also provide

12 problem – a woman had never officially been registered schooling to black students at the same level, either by to run in the Boston Marathon. There had been instances creating a separate black school or by integrating black where female runners had joined shortly after the start of students into previously white-only schools. the race and crossed the finish line alongside the male After finishing graduate school, work was hard to runners – but no woman had ever entered and raced as come by for a black, female mathematician, and Johnson an officially registered competitor. returned to teaching, resigning herself to the idea that Before entering, Briggs and Switzer studied the entry perhaps she was destined to remain in the education criteria for the race, but found no explicit rules stating system. However, her path was drastically changed, that women were not allowed to compete. Unlike today, when at a family barbeque, a relative mentioned that the the race did not require a qualifying time, so Switzer simply needed to produce an Amateur Athletic Union This ruling made it necessary number – provided by Briggs as the head of the Syracuse for states that provided higher Harriers running club – and a medical certificate attained from the university infirmary, as well as paying the $3 education to white students to entry fee to register. With everything in place, Switzer also provide schooling to black signed the entry form – K.V. Switzer – and sent the entry students at the same level ... to the event organisers. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) * * * was hiring mathematicians at their Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in Virginia. Johnson applied Born in 1918, in the tiny town of White Sulphur and started work with NACA in 1953. In 1958, NACA Springs, West Virginia, Katherine Johnson grew up in was renamed the National Aeronautics and Space a segregated America, with Jim Crow laws mandating Administration (NASA). separate amenities for black and white citizens in all In the Southern United States, Jim Crow laws public facilities in the former Confederate States. required employers to provide separate working, eating The Boston Marathon

light because of the success of the retelling of her story in the award-winning Hollywood filmHidden Figures (2016), she has always said that she was simply doing her job at NASA and that her amazing achievements in a time of such severe discrimination were “just another day’s work”. Johnson’s role in changing the course of history for women in technology was recognised in 2015 by President Barack Obama, who presented Johnson with the Presidential Medal of Freedom and described her as a pioneering example for women in the sciences and technology. Today, Johnson’s legacy lives on through a STEM scholarship in her honour and a life-size statue of her, which stands proudly on the West Virginia State University Campus.

* * *

KATHERINE JOHNSON On the third Monday of April in 1967, Switzer travelled to the start of the Boston Marathon in the town of and restroom facilities for black employees. Thus, whilst Hopkinton in Middlesex County, along with Briggs,

black female mathematicians were working on critical her boyfriend – the All-American Football player and 13 calculations that would make it possible to send the first hammer-throw Olympic-hopeful Thomas Miller – and Americans into space – a fact that would only be recognised fellow Syracuse Harriers running club member John and appreciated in the fullness of time – they were still Leonard. It was a typically cold and wet Patriots’ Day. being treated as second-class citizens. Nonetheless, working as a “human computer” in the Guidance and Switzer and the team Navigation Department, Johnson became critical in helping to compile the extremely complex equations for received many sideways glances, the flight trajectory and launch windows for some of the but experienced little friction most important space missions in human history. She from their fellow runners or the was involved in making Alan Shepard the first American race marshals as they made their to launch into space in 1961 and in making John Glenn way to the start. the first American to orbit earth. Johnson also calculated the trajectory for Apollo 11’s lunar landing in 1969, On arrival, as team captain, Briggs collected the race when Neil Armstrong became the first human in history packs from the organisers and the team proceeded to pin to walk on the surface of the moon. By the time of her their race numbers onto their sweatshirts. retirement in 1986, Johnson had been with NASA for Funnelling through the rows of low steel fences 35 years and had contributed significantly to some of the towards the start line, Switzer and the team received most important and influential space flights in history, many sideways glances, but experienced little friction ultimately helping the United States to win the Space from their fellow runners or the race marshals as they Race against the USSR. made their way to the start. All was going smoothly, In a true testament to Johnson’s gracious character, but the team was somewhat concerned about all the she has claimed that she “didn’t feel the segregation at attention their female teammate was drawing from the NASA,” explaining that, “You had a mission and you men around them. At noon, the starting gun was fired, worked on it, and it was important to you to do your and the dense crowd of bodies that were huddled at the job… and play bridge at lunch.” Even when in the spot­ start set out on their long route towards Boston. A mile MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

into the race, Switzer’s initial feelings of nervousness Syracuse runners. Switzer shook him off and picked up started to subside. Encouraged by the enthusiastic cheers her pace. Semple was not giving up, however, and from spectators – delighted at the unusual sight of a shouted to Switzer, “Get the hell out of my race and give woman with a running number – the team began to find me those numbers!” Right in front of the camera truck, their stride. the enraged official tried again to grab at Switzer’s At around the four-mile mark, the team were making clothing and attempted to rip off the race number that good time. It was then that a television camera truck was pinned to her front. Eventually, Semple managed to get a good grip on It was the race director, Jock Switzer’s baggy sweatshirt and slowed her down enough that it looked like it would be the end of her race. Semple, who ran directly Running in from the side, however, a huge man collided at Switzer and tried to grab hold with Semple in an American football-style defensive of her sweatshirt. block – it was Switzer’s boyfriend, Tom Miller. The race official flew off his feet and landed in a heap on the side came up alongside them and spotted Switzer. Instead of of the road. Shocked by the violent event, Switzer and panning past as they had done with hundreds of runners her fellow runners sprinted ahead, not knowing what before, the cameramen focused in on the female runner this incident would mean for them later in the day. But and the truck followed her for some time. Switzer and Switzer decided then and there that she had to finish the her fellow runners waved enthusiastically at the camera, race, no matter the consequences. hoping that their families may see them on television. Over the course of the 26 miles, the team began to Seconds later, however, the happy moment would turn split apart as John Leonard went ahead and Tom Miller sour. fell behind. Switzer and Briggs stayed together and

14 Without warning, a balding, middle-aged man in crossed the finish line arm-in-arm, expecting to be met office clothes and formal shoes jumped out from a vehicle by a group of scolding officials – but nobody was there to behind the camera truck and ran towards the group of apprehend them. In truth, by the time of their 4-hour-

KATHRINE SWITZER Death at Santa Anita

20-minute finish, there were very few people left to cheer unauthorized person, even a man. If that girl were my on runners as they crossed the cold and wet finish line. daughter, I would spank her.” Five years later, however, But it did not matter – Switzer had made history when the rules would finally change, and women would she became the first woman to ever officially finish the officially be allowed to run the Boston Marathon. In Boston Marathon. Switzer embraced her loyal coach and 1975, Switzer ran again, legally registered, and placed they quickly made their way out of the freezing Boston second amongst her female competitors with a time of weather. 2 hours 51 minutes. In 2017, on the 50th anniversary of After the race, when asked by reporters about Switzer her first Boston Marathon, the event organisers retired running in the event, Boston Athletic Association direc­ her famous bib number – 261 – in honour of her tor Will Cloney said, “Women can’t run in the Marathon­ dedication to the sport. In the same year, she ran the race because the rules forbid it. Unless we have rules, society again, at the age of 70, and finished just 20 minutes will be in chaos. I don’t make the rules, but I try to carry slower than when she ran as a 20-year-old.  them out. We have no space in the Marathon for any

4 DEATH AT SANTA ANITA 15

ituated on the outskirts of greater Los Angeles, omits horses that die during training. Nonetheless, this is SSanta Anita Park is a Thoroughbred racetrack in Arcadia, an average that has risen significantly since the 1990s and California, with an illustrious past. In its heyday – in is higher than in most other developed nations. In early the late thirties and early forties – it regularly attracted 2019, the dire situation at Santa Anita Park attracted the celebrities such as Cary Grant, Betty Grable and Bing attention of the media, horse racing regulatory bodies, Crosby to its grand events. Popular race days included prominent animal anti-cruelty groups, and politicians the prestigious Breeders’ Cup and the Santa Anita such as California Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein, Handicap, the latter boasting a $100 000 purse for the who wrote an open letter to the California Horse Racing winning horse – the largest in the United States at the time. Santa Anita has always been associated with the Popular race days included film industry because of its close proximity to Hollywood the prestigious Breeders’ Cup and and was famously the location of Seabiscuit’s final career win at the Santa Anita Handicap before his retirement in the Santa Anita Handicap, the 1940. In recent times, however, the storied racetrack has latter boasting a $100 000 purse come under intense scrutiny, as the epicentre of a greater for the winning horse ... controversy surrounding the horse racing industry. In the period between Christmas 2018 and June Board (CHRB) on the 2nd of April 2019, calling for 2019, a total of 29 horses have died at Santa Anita, the suspension of all racing at Santa Anita until a full either during regular training or on race days. This investigation into the deaths has been conducted to is a concerning number, even for an industry that is determine the cause of the disturbing spike in fatalities accustomed to having two racehorses dying every day at the facility. in the United States. On average, there is a rate of two After the publication of the open letter and the sub­ fatalities per 1 000 race starts in the US – and this figure sequent death of two more horses on two consecutive race MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

days – a three-year-old filly called Truffalino suddenly * * * collapsed due to heart failure and a four-year-old gelding named Formal Dude suffered a fractured pelvis – the Mike Duggan grew up in a typical middle-class family in CHRB recommended to the management of Santa Anita Arlington, Massachusetts. He was an active teenager who loved playing sports and had worked hard to get good enough grades to be accepted into Bentley University The problem at Santa Anita was in Waltham, Massachusetts, to study a business degree. exacerbated by an unusually Just before finishing high school, Duggan broke his wrist rainy winter season in California playing ice hockey. For the pain, the doctor prescribed that made the job of him Percocet. maintaining a consistent racing Duggan immediately took a liking to the pills, enjoying how they made him feel. He found it easy to get surface a difficult task ... a refill prescription at the pharmacy while his wrist was still recovering and would start using the pills even when Park that they suspend all racing for coming race dates not in excessive pain. At university, the flirtation became in 2019. The reasoning for this suspension by the CHRB addiction, with Duggan using painkillers on a daily basis. was to give the industry more time to assess conditions If he could not get hold of the medication, even for a at the racetrack and make any necessary changes to single day, he would experience nightmarish withdrawal improve safety for the horses, whilst still allowing horses symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, restlessness, to be trained during this time. anxiety, sleeplessness, fever, chills, tremors and extreme Whilst the high number of deaths in a short period mood swings. Nothing at that time mattered more than of time at Santa Anita may have forced this particular staving off the withdrawal symptoms, and to Duggan,

16 racetrack under the spotlight, the truth is that all getting more pills was the only answer. Duggan was so racecourses experience deaths of their racehorses on a involved in sustaining his habit that he began skipping regular basis. What is concerning, however, it that despite all his classes and tests and eventually dropped out of improved veterinary practices and information-sharing university, taking a medical leave of absence in the hope through sources such as the Equine Injury Database that he may one day return to finish his degree. (EID), the average rate of fatal injuries to racehorses has Every year, 70 000 people die of overdoses in the increased in the last twenty years in the US. In the case United States, with 48 000 of those resulting from of Santa Anita, many have blamed the racing surface for opioid related overdoses – and the number is on the rise. the recent spate of deaths, as the old racetrack still uses Underpinning this growing problem are the efforts of turf and dirt as opposed to the more commonly seen big pharmaceutical companies over the last twenty years artificial surfaces that have been proven to reduce fatal to change the public perception toward opioid-based musculoskeletal injuries. The problem at Santa Anita was exacerbated by an unusually rainy winter season in Duggan was so involved in California that made the job of maintaining a consistent sustaining his habit that he began racing surface a difficult task for the facility – a factor that greatly increases the chances of racehorses sustaining skipping all his classes and tests an injury. and eventually dropped out of At Santa Anita, taking into consideration the recom­ university ... mendation of the California Horse Racing Board, management decided not to suspend any upcoming races medications. Since the late 1990s, these pharmaceutical for the 2019 meet – a decision that was legally upheld production and distribution companies have managed since the CHRB does not have the mandate to suspend to convince and reassure medical practitioners that race days without the approval of the racetrack operator their prescription opioid painkillers are non-addictive or without holding a public meeting with ten days public to patients, when used under the right circumstances. notice. Subsequently, prescription rates for pills such as Oxy­ Death at Santa Anita 17 Contin and Vicodin soared, more than doubling from mechanism in their OxyContin pill made the medication 112 million prescriptions in 1992 to a peak of 282 less addictive, the company used the endorsement by the million in 2012. And whilst the problem has become government agency to aggressively market their product more apparent to the government, which has attempted to doctors. A key part of this marketing strategy was to to limit prescriptions to only chronic pain sufferers since about 2012, opioids are still readily being given In conjunction, thousands to patients and are often over-prescribed in batches of of reps were sent out to targeted 30 or more, where five or six days’ worth of medication would suffice. In 2016 alone, six billion hydrocodone doctors and pharmacies to (the active ingredient in medications such as Percocet) convince them to prescribe tablets and five billion oxycodone (the active ingredient opioids, in greater quantities and in medications such as Vicodin) tablets were distributed for longer periods ... to pharmacies in the US. Companies such as Purdue Pharma – the creators seek out “high-prescribing” practitioners – especially in of OxyContin – have been heavily implicated in the distressed communities – and convince these doctors to explosion of easily accessible opioid-based painkillers in use their product to treat mild pain symptoms because of the US market. With over a thousand lawsuits against its supposedly less-addictive properties. them by states, local governments and individuals, According to the Massachusetts lawsuit, the drug Purdue and its founding family, the Sacklers, are being maker spent billions of dollars to assemble a team of accused of contributing to and profiting from a national over 5 000 doctors, nurses and pharmacists to promote epidemic that has killed hundreds of thousands of people the safe use of OxyContin to pain-treatment advocacy in the last decade. In a lawsuit filed by the Massachusetts groups, at medical seminars and through research Attorney General against Purdue, released to the public papers. In conjunction, thousands of reps were sent out in January 2019, it has been alleged that after the to targeted doctors and pharmacies to convince them to company convinced the FDA that a new time-release prescribe opioids, in greater quantities and for longer MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

cause for over 95% of all fatal race-day injuries – the “breakdown” occurs at a site where there was a pre- existing condition. What this means is that horses that obtain fatal injuries on race day – and during training – are being forced to run with injuries that have not been fully healed. An underlying cause of this phenomenon – cited by many experts in the industry – is the increased competitiveness of racing in recent decades, with horses being trained and raced harder and more frequently than ever before. Adding to this complex competitive landscape is the widespread use of drugs such as Lasix and “Bute” on racehorses around the world. Lasix, or furosemide, is a performance-enhancing drug that has been used widely in periods, and the more milligrams the reps could push to horse racing since the 1970s. The purpose of Lasix in the their clients the bigger their bonuses – up to $100 000 a horse racing industry is two-fold. As a powerful diuretic, quarter in some cases. furosemide is commonly used to reduce a build-up of As of writing, the lawsuit has not yet concluded, but fluid in the body caused by liver or kidney disease, high the state of Massachusetts is continuing in its attempt to blood pressure or heart problems. In racehorses, the drug expose Purdue Pharma, and the Sacklers, who they believe helps reduce the effects of exercise-induced pulmonary created the epidemic and then profited greatly from it. haemorrhaging – a condition that is experienced by “Even when Purdue knew people in Massachusetts were up to 90% of all racehorses to some extent or another.

18 addicted and dying,” reads the court filing, “Purdue Pulmonary haemorrhaging, or bleeding into the lungs, treated doctors and their patients as targets to sell more commonly occurs in racehorses as the extreme pressure drugs.” Since 2007, the pharmaceutical company sold of the blood being pumped around the body when more than 70 million pills of OxyContin in Mike exerting maximum effort during a race situation causes Duggan’s home state, Massachusetts, with revenue in excess of $500 million in that state alone. The second, and perhaps more Evidence in recently unveiled documents of the explicit reason for trainers to Massachusetts case – documents that Purdue attempted to suppress but failed to keep from the public upon administer Lasix on race day, losing an appeal to do so – details how the drug maker is in utilising its diuretic effect had made plans to expand their offering into the anti- to reduce the water weight of addiction market. In 2015, Purdue considered buying their racehorses. the rights to produce suboxone, a drug used to treat opioid addiction, easing the symptoms of withdrawal. “It blood to be leaked through the thin blood-gas barrier of is an attractive market,” reads an internal Purdue memo the alveoli in the lungs. In up to 5% of racehorses, this used as evidence in the Massachusetts case, “Large unmet condition will cause nosebleeds during intense exercise need for vulnerable, underserved and stigmatised patient and whilst they can recover from the haemorrhaging – population suffering from substance abuse, dependence given enough time – it causes permanent lung damage and addiction.” that will ultimately reduce lung capacity. The second, and perhaps more explicit reason for * * * trainers to administer Lasix on race day, is in utilising its diuretic effect to reduce the water weight of their According to the California Horse Racing Board’s equine racehorses. As described by the Kansas University State medical director, Rick Arthur, in nine out of ten cases physiologist David Poole, who studies the transport of where a fatal musculoskeletal injury occurs – as the oxygen during exercise, the powerful diuretic effect of Bad Actors furosemide, commonly administered by injection four not fully healed. This allows trainers – knowingly or hours before a race, causes the horse to expel up to 25 unknowingly – to let horses return to training or racing litres of urine in a matter of hours. And whilst many in with a pre-existing condition, aggravating the damage the industry have argued that the weight loss experienced due to the expulsion of excess bodily fluids does not One of the main problems translate directly into enhanced performance on race with the systematic overuse of day, studies such as those published by the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health have Bute, however, is the masking shown that “furosemide treatment significantly increased of pain and the return of mass-specific VO2 max (5.3%)” – as the maximum range of motion even when the rate of oxygen consumption measured during intense injury has not fully healed. exercise. The controversial consequence of this enhanced performance, however, is that the horse effectively races to the weakened area and significantly increasing the in a highly dehydrated state, increasing the likelihood likelihood of an even more serious and possibly fatal of muscle failure and collapse, which can result in fatal injury. injuries. In Japan, Australia and the United Kingdom, where Compounding the complexity of the negative effects the fatality rate of race-day deaths is substantially lower that the regular use of Lasix has on racehorses is the wide­ than the US, the use of Lasix is prohibited on race day spread use of “Bute”, or phenylbutazone, in the industry. but is still allowed during training. In Germany, where This nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is the number of race-day fatalities has been significantly used as a therapeutic treatment to temporarily relieve reduced in recent years, the use of Lasix is completely

pain in injured horses through the reduction of the prohibited. In the United States, whilst the use of Bute 19 inflam­mation caused by damage to musculoskeletal is not prohibited up to 24 hours before the race, the use tissue. One of the main problems with the systematic of Lasix on race day is legal and used extensively, with overuse of Bute, however, is the masking of pain and trainers who opt not to use the drug putting themselves the return of range of motion even when the injury has at a competitive disadvantage to the rest of the field.

5 BAD ACTORS

n considering the most dangerous sports in the world, fall and no magical force to control the trajectory of itI is unsurprising that motorcycle racing consistently either his body or his abandoned bike. makes the top ten. Riders whip around crowded circuits Several measures are taken to provide some kind of at a speed of up to 220 mph (that’s just over 350 km/h protection for riders during motorcycle races. Motorcycle with Andrea Dovizioso setting the MotoGP record manufacturers endeavour to ensure that their bikes in 2019 at 356.7 km/h), hurtling around corners by operate as perfectly as possible. Helmet and protective flinging themselves and their bikes – which are typically equipment designers are constantly looking for new over twice their own weight – sickeningly close to the ways to improve safety in even the most miniscule ways. tarmac. If a rider is thrown off his bike, it happens with At the track, stewards are charged with evaluating the shocking velocity. And there is nothing to cushion his condition of the track at all times during a race and are MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

Nobody was hurt, but the danger Given these realities, it is unsurprising that the motorcycle racing community, and indeed the world of the manoeuvre and Fenati’s at large, reacted with such shock when Moto2 rider apparent disregard for the lives of Romano Fenati was captured on video, throwing out all the riders on the track that day, a hand to grab Stefano Manzi’s break-lever, mid-race. ignited a collective rage. The two riders were neck-and-neck at the2018 Misano Grand Prix in San Marino, riding at a speed of 140 mph on high alert to get fire-extinguishers and medical teams (225 km/h) when Fenati drew level with Manzi and to crash scenes as quickly as possible. An inflatable barrier then somewhat inexplicably pulled on his rival’s brakes known as an airfence is erected at dangerous turns to try with his left hand. Manzi wobbled for a moment but to absorb the impact of any bikes and riders that slam managed to avoid losing control of his bike. Nobody into them. Pozzolan traps covered with gravel are placed was hurt, but the danger of the manoeuvre and Fenati’s to slow down riders that fly off the track. An extensive apparent disregard for the lives of all the riders on the medical team – which often includes a helicopter – is track that day, ignited a collective rage. “He should never always on hand, poised to react if an incident occurs. compete on a motorcycle again,” claimed MotoGP rider And whilst these measures go some way to helping, Cal Crutchlow, “You can’t do this to another motorcycle the injuries sustained during motorcycle races are racer. We are risking our lives enough.” nonetheless often severe. It is not unheard of for riders Many riders felt that it was fitting that Fenati was to be placed in medically induced comas to prevent dropped from his team, Marinelli Snipers, immediately brain damage after head injuries. And then there is the after the incident. Shortly thereafter, the Forward reality of death. Between 1949 and 2016, the World Racing Team – who had signed Fenati for 2019 – issued Grand Prix Motorcycle Racing Championship claimed a press release confirming the termination of their

20 103 lives. contract with him as well. Fenati’s racing licence was Bad Actors

health and well-being of patients who were battling various, sometime life-threatening, illnesses. The reason for Valeant’s existence was not to discover a cure for cancer or any other devastating disease. It was unashamedly devoted to making money for its shareholders, and that it did, with the company’s share price rising by over four thousand percent during Pearson’s tenure. Before Pearson became CEO in 2008, Valeant had been a failing company. Shortly after Pearson took charge, R&D costs were drastically reduced and Valeant acquired over one hundred companies. One of these companies was Canadian company Biovail, which was using subsidiaries incorporated in offshore tax havens to minimise tax liabilities. Thanks to this deal, Valeant lowered its effective tax rate to less than 5% – the lowest effective tax rate of any pharmaceutical company in the world. Valeant also engaged in tax-stripping, charging its American subsidiaries interest on debt in order to lower the profits of these subsidiaries, which would be taxed ROMANO FENATI at a higher rate in the US. In terms of business, Pearson seemed to be unbeatable – Valeant’s revenues increased

furthermore withdrawn for the remainder of 2018 and from $1 billion in 2010 to more than $8 billion by 2014. 21 he subsequently announced his immediate retirement Investors were more than satisfied. from motorcycle racing. However, Pearson’s business success required a Fenati duly expressed his regret for the way he had ruthless approach. Employees were fired without any behaved. He claimed at a press conference: “The criticisms qualms if they were not delivering profits, and it was not are correct and I understand the resentment towards me. unheard of for him to buy a company and promise to I want to apologise to everyone who believed in me and retain its staff, only to walk in on the day the deal was all those who felt hurt by my actions […] I know that my gesture is not justifiable, I just want to apologise to Valeant insisted that its growth everyone.” wasn’t solely the result of its acquisitions, but also of some * * * ongoing R&D work – on which In 2015, Valeant was one of the largest pharmaceutical it was spending a measly 3% producers in the world. Except, it didn’t really produce of its total sales. pharmaceuticals. Led by former McKinsey consultant Michael Pearson, the company had almost eliminated finalised and dismiss them all. His disregard for people expenditure on research and development to discover also extended to Valeant’s customers as, in addition to its new drugs – a business practice Pearson deemed costly, other business strategies, the company was hiking up the risky and largely unrewarding. Instead, Valeant focused price of life-saving drugs at an alarming rate. on the acquisition of other pharmaceuticals companies, Valeant insisted that its growth wasn’t solely the with a view to profiting off the fruits of their R&D work. result of its acquisitions, but also of some ongoing R&D This approach made good business sense, but morally work – on which it was spending a measly 3% of its total there was something distinctly uncomfortable about sales. However, much of Valeant’s growth was actually a pharmaceuticals company that had little interest in the result of radically increasing their drug prices. developing new drugs that could help to improve the Their approach was a clever one: cut their own R&D MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

costs, acquire companies whose own R&D work was producing successful drugs, and then sell those drugs for an exorbitant price. Further investigations revealed that Valeant had raised the prices of its drugs by an average of 66% in 2015, which was five times more than its closest industry peers. The price of Cuprimine – used to treat Wilson disease, an inherited disorder that can cause serious liver and nerve damage – quadrupled in that time. The price of two life-saving heart medications – Nitropress and Isuprel – was increased by 212% and 525%, respectively, whilst the price of diabetes pill Glumetza was raised by 800%. Drugs used to treat skin conditions in cancer patients rose nearly 1700% between 2009 and 2015. Pearson argued that Valeant was simply charging what the market would bear – but what they were selling was not a luxury item that their customers could choose to boycott when prices rose too high. This particular market was dependent on these drugs to survive. During 2015 alone, Valeant’s stock price soared from $150 to $253.80. Valeant was not the only company hiking up drug MARTIN SHKRELI prices at this time. In 2015, Martin Shkreli, CEO of

22 Turing Pharmaceuticals, became infamous after raising the price of Daraprim – a lifesaving drug used by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Senate immuno-compromised individuals, such as HIV-positive Special Committee on Aging. patients – from $13.50 per pill to $750 per pill. This The public’s outrage at the drug price hikes stemmed 5000% increase in price earned him the title of “the most from the fact that there were no generic versions of the hated man in America” in the press. However, in addition drugs whose prices skyrocketed. For the 30 million to increasing drug prices, it was also discovered that people in the US who have no health insurance, this Valeant had gained control of a pharmacy outlet called meant that the medication they needed to continue living, or at least continue living without suffering, became inaccessible. Where possible, some doctors In 2016, Valeant came under started prescribing alternative drugs that were often less great public scrutiny as various effective or had more severe side-effects for their patients. news sources broke stories about Those who did have health insurance were less sensitive the multiple questionable aspects to price hikes – although in some cases their co-payments of its business. rose substantially – as, somewhat perplexingly, health insurance companies simply payed the exorbitant prices. Philidor, whose main business was dispensing Valeant’s But the knock-on effect of this has been that health drugs, even if this meant changing the codes when insurance costs have continued to rise. In a 2019 poll doctors had prescribed cheaper alternatives and submit­ ­ by The Wall Street Journal and NBC News, Americans ting claims to insurers with false information. In 2016, cited health care as their top concern, calling on the Valeant came under great public scrutiny as various news government to address the problem urgently. sources broke stories about the multiple questionable In 2016, Pearson appeared before Senate and was aspects of its business. Soon, the company was $30 reprimanded by lawmakers, who described his actions billion in debt, its share price had dropped from $230 to as “immoral”. Valeant’s board also called for Pearson’s $30, and it was the subject of an investigation by both resignation, but he resisted, apparently immune to the The Spirit of the Game vast criticisms being levelled against him. Eventually, He pointed out that Manzi had been riding recklessly he bowed out, agreeing to a severance package that was and had repeatedly tried to push him off the track during estimated to have been worth between $11 million and the race in San Marino, even making contact with him $18 million. A year before, Shkreil had been arrested not at one point. “He attacked me three times and he could for his role in the Daraprim episode, but for securities fraud. He was convicted and is currently serving a seven- Before joining the Marinelli year sentence. Showing no remorse for his role in the Snipers team in 2017, he had also healthcare crisis, in a 2016 interview with Vanity Fair, Shkreil commented that, “the attempt to public shame is been involved in several heated interesting, because everything we’ve done is legal.” He arguments with his previous team, continues to run his company – now renamed Phoenixus Sky VR46, which culminated AG – from the low-security federal correctional facility in the team firing him. where he is incarcerated. have killed me too […] I thought ‘now I do the same, * * * I’ll show you that I can be bad’ and maybe you will finally understand what it means,” he commented. In Despite the fact that Fenati had apologised and seemed his attempt to defend himself, Fenati had made it clear to have taken responsibility for what he had done, he that he felt no remorse for having endangered the lives of was not easily forgiven. The incident was not a once- several riders that day. off event, but instead part of a pattern of aggressive and Despite the earlier announcement of his retirement, reckless behaviour. In 2015, Fenati was penalised for at the end of 2018, Marinelli Snipers welcomed Fenati

kicking out at Niklas Ajo in a warm-up Moto3 race. back to join the 2019 Moto3 team. He dominated the 23 Later, he had stopped next to Ajo for a practice start and Moto3 FP1 and FP2 in the first half of 2019, seeming to had reached over to flick his kill switch. Before joining slip effortlessly back into a successful motorcycle racing the Marinelli Snipers team in 2017, he had also been career, in spite of his earlier transgressions. However, any involved in several heated arguments with his previous sportsman will agree that the ability to compete is based team, Sky VR46, which culminated in the team firing on more than just physical fitness or sporting prowess. him. It is just as much about mental strength and emotional Fenati further drew scepticism over the sincerity of control. It’s about not letting the desire to win eclipse his initial apology, when in an interview with an Italian the ethical code that makes you a member of the human newspaper, he tried to rationalise his actions on the track. race. 

6 THE SPIRIT OF THE GAME

t was during a live broadcast of a cricket test match feeling the pressure as they regrouped on the pitch after inI Cape Town between long-time rivals South Africa and lunch on the 24th of March 2018. A short way into the Australia, that the camera panned in on a most peculiar afternoon session, a young Cameron Bancroft – who had sight. The series was tied one-all, and with South Africa’s joined the Australian team less than six months before lead of a hundred runs in the match, Australia was – was shown on the big screens at Newlands trying to MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

surreptitiously rub the ball with what appeared to be a meeting at lunch time, what Smith described as “the small square of yellow paper. leadership group”, had devised the plan and instructed When Bancroft realised that he was being watched the rest of the team to carry it out if an opportunity not only by the crowds at the stadium, but by an presented itself. international audience watching the match on their Ball tampering refers to any illegal action taken by televisions as well, his unusual behaviour became a cricketer to change the surface condition of the ball, completely absurd as he stuffed the piece of paper down and despite the effect that it can have on the game, it is the front of his pants. When the umpires approached him and asked to see what he had been rubbing the ball with, he pulled out a dark microfibre sunglasses pouch After inspecting the ball, the from his pocket, in a clumsy attempt to mislead them. umpires instructed the game to After inspecting the ball, the umpires instructed the game continue, deciding to neither to continue, deciding to neither offer the South African offer the South African team team the option to replace the ball, nor awarding them the option to replace the ball, five penalty runs, which are the two options available nor awarding them in cases of ball tampering. Whatever Bancroft had been doing, it seemed it was minor enough not to disrupt the five penalty runs ... game. Things would, however, change dramatically that a fairly common violation in cricket. Players are allowed evening when Bancroft appeared with his team captain, to polish one side of the ball, usually by rubbing it on Steve Smith, at a press conference. There, Bancroft their pants before bowling, in an attempt to make one admitted that he had attempted to alter the condition side of the ball more aerodynamic than the other. Ideally,

24 of the ball by roughing the surface with the sandpaper when swing bowling, the ball will veer sideways when it that cricketers use to maintain their bats. Further is delivered, making it more difficult for the batsman to investigations by Cricket Australia revealed that Smith hit. However, any interference with the ball with a foreign and his vice-captain, David Warner, had known about object is outlawed, with players having been known to the plan to tamper with the ball – in fact, during a team illegally alter the ball using lip balm or makeshift pieces of sandpaper created by rubbing a piece of sticky tape in the dirt, or scratching the ball with a fingernail or rubbing it against the zip of their pants. In the case of the Australian cricket team, the repercussions for what was a relatively minor infraction were, however, significant. Although Smith, Warner and Bancroft appeared to be genuinely sorry for what they had done, they were all sent home and replaced in the team for the rest of the series. Smith lost his captaincy, forfeited 100% of his match fee, and received four demerit points from the International Cricket Council (ICC), which equates to a one-test ban. On top of this, Cricket Australia banned him from the national team for twelve months and declared that he would not be considered for a leadership position until at least one year after STEVE SMITH his return to cricket. Warner was removed as The Spirit of the Game 25 US-MEXICO BORDER vice-captain, and although he received no punishment account is far more difficult – although, it is made a lot from the ICC, Cricket Australia also issued him a one- easier when a bank routinely fails to identify suspicious year ban, having found him to be the instigator of the transactions taking place within its own system. ball tampering plan. He was also told that he would never again be considered for a leadership position. Moving drugs produced in Smith and Warner were also both banned from the 2018 Mexico across the border into the Indian Premier League (IPL) by the Board of Control for Cricket in India. Bancroft was charged by the match US is a relatively straightforward referee with a Level 2 offence for attempting to alter the task, if you know what condition of the ball and was charged by the ICC with you’re doing. “conduct of a serious nature that is contrary to the spirit of the game”. He received three demerit points and was In the early 2000s, as US law enforcement officials fined 75% of his match fee. He also received a nine- arrested and convicted completely unrelated individuals month ban from Cricket Australia. guilty of completely unrelated financial crimes, they began to notice a peculiar trend – many of them were * * * clients of global banking giant HSBC. Investigations revealed that the bank was routinely ignoring alerts Moving drugs produced in Mexico across the border into of suspicious activity that were generated by its own the US is a relatively straightforward task, if you know Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Countering the what you’re doing. Moving the cash earned from the sale Financing of Terrorism (CFT) programmes. The Office of those drugs back over the border from the US into of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) issued a Mexico is even easier. But moving that money into a bank report on the bank’s procedures, highlighting several MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

areas where significant improvement was required, if of Justice (DOJ) to indict the bank. However, although HSBC was to comply with international AML and CFT the DOJ initially pursued criminal charges, with an standards. The bank apologised and assured the OCC admission of guilt from HSBC that it had indeed that it would take the necessary measures. But it didn’t. It facilitated the laundering of over $881 million of drug continued to allow transactions to take place unhindered trafficking money, a settlement was reached. Neither the with a significant number of individuals suspected of criminal activity, many of whom appeared on the Although the size of the fine Sanctions List of the Office of Foreign Assets Control. was unprecedented, the decision When information about the bank’s continued misconduct was leaked by some of its own employees, not to criminally charge a Senate Subcommittee investigated. The Senate the bank or any of its employees Subcommittee found that not only were AML and became the subject of much CFT procedures unacceptably lax at the bank, but that controversy. many of its senior executives were aware that what they were doing was essentially enabling criminals to launder bank nor any of its senior management were prosecuted money through the institution. One of the weakest areas and the bank paid a $1.9 billion fine. of the bank was its Mexican branch, which had been Although the size of the fine was unprecedented, routinely turning a blind eye to suspicious transactions the decision not to criminally charge the bank or any of that were clearly related to the laundering of drug its employees became the subject of much controversy. trafficking money. One of the bank’s biggest clients was According to CNN’s latest estimates, Mexican drug the Sinaloa Cartel, which is responsible for thousands of cartels are making between $19 billion and $29 billion kidnappings and deaths in Mexico every year. It is also a year from the sale of drugs in the US. Mexico has a

26 a cartel that is known to be using fentanyl to produce murder rate of 21.5 murders per 100 000 people, placing synthetic heroin for sale in the US. A report from the US it within the 25 most deadly countries in the world, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates a large percentage of these murders are committed by that of the 70 237 deaths in the US in 2017 that were drug cartels. Nearly 8 500 people were murdered by due to drug overdoses, 68% were opioid-related and cartels within the first three months of 2019 – a 9.6% 40% involved fentanyl, a substance that is fifty times increase in the murder rate from the same period in more potent than heroin itself. 2018. HSBC was not itself creating or selling drugs, nor In the view of the Senate Subcommittee, HSBC’s was it torturing or killing innocent people, and compared failure to comply with AML and CFT standards was to these crimes, the bank’s actions may seem somewhat too systematic in nature to simply be the result of mundane. However, with Mexico and the US both in the midst of an increasingly devastating drug crisis, for many One of the weakest areas of the commentators, the punishment that HSBC received for essentially legitimising drug trafficking by enabling drug bank was its Mexican branch, cartels to reap the profits produced by their business, was which had been routinely not nearly severe enough. In the court of public opinion, turning a blind eye to suspicious HSBC was condemned in harsher terms than even the transactions ... drug cartels themselves. It was self-evident to the press and the public that an organisation that should conduct negligence. It was, the committee determined, part of a its business with a spirit of respectability and integrity, single-minded decision to pursue profits, even if it meant must be held to higher ethical standard than a criminal ignoring the international laws that are put in place to organisation. safeguard the public from criminal activities. In its report In 2016, the families of those who had lost loved – which was over three hundred pages long – the Senate ones in violent attacks by drug cartels decided to sue Subcommittee described the culture of the bank as being HSBC Mexico for the role it played in allowing these “pervasively polluted” and urged the US Department criminal organisations to thrive. The complaint was filed The Spirit of the Game 27 in a federal court in Texas and claimed: “As a proximate journalists, politicians and the general public taking to result of HSBC’s material support to the Mexican drug social media to express their anger. For many, the incident cartels, numerous lives, including those of the plaintiffs, painfully undermined the national character of Australia. have been destroyed.” The plaintiffs laid their complaint “We all woke up this morning shocked and bitterly citing the US Anti-Terrorism Act, which allows the disappointed by the news in South Africa,” commented families of those killed during terrorist attacks to sue for damages. In 2017, however, the complaint was dismissed, The formal repercussions that with the court ruling that it has no jurisdiction over the three Australian cricketers Mexican banks. received for ball tampering were * * * nowhere near as severe as the public’s response ... The formal repercussions that the three Australian cricketers received for ball tampering were nowhere near Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull the day as severe as the public’s response, which ranged from after the match, “It seemed completely beyond belief disappointment to total outrage, especially in the that the Australian cricket team had been involved in cricketers’ home country. The story appeared on the cheating.” front page of newspapers around the world, and critical Whilst the actual act of attempting to alter the discussions of the incident were featured on almost every surface of the ball with a small piece of sandpaper is a sporting television and radio programme. The furore minor one, it is what it represents that seemed to make it around the incident reached such a peak, that it became so problematic, and which turned Bancroft’s momentary widely known as the “Sandpapergate Scandal”, with lapse in judgement into an international sports scandal. former members of the Australian cricket team, sports Bancroft was charged with acting “contrary to the spirit MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

of the game”, which is regarded as a significant offence cricket to the pursuit of profits at all costs in the banking in the cricketing world. The introduction to the Laws of sector, citing a recent discovery that National Australia Cricket – the code that outlines the rules for international Bank had continued to charge advisory fees to the cricket – places significant emphasis on the spirit of the game. “Cricket owes much of its appeal and enjoyment The introduction to the Laws to the fact that it should be played not only according to of Cricket – the code that the Laws of Cricket, but also within the Spirit of Cricket,” it says. outlines the rules for international A review by the Sydney-based Ethics Centre took a cricket – places significant wider view of the incident, claiming that the actions of emphasis on the Smith, Warner and Bancroft were reflective of the spirit of the game. attitudes of the national cricketing regulatory body in Australia. The Ethics Centre argues that Cricket accounts of its deceased clients. “That a financial institu­ Australia has created an “arrogant” cricket culture, tion ‘robbed the dead’ is as unthinkable as an Australian driven only by the pursuit of victory and with little cricket player taking sandpaper onto the field of play,” regard for morality. Ethics Centre Chief Simon Longstaff he said, “and [it] has prompted a similar response from directly compared this relentless pursuit of victory in the Australian public.” 

28 7 THE LOSS OF INNOCENCE

n October 1988, a young police officer in his early the scene, he was suddenly jumped by two masked twentiesI was on duty in Ranmoor, Sheffield, in the assailants. Threatened at gunpoint, the officer was United Kingdom. That night, he answered to a call of bound, stripped of his clothes and photographed by the suspicious activity at the local post office. Investigating attackers. It ended up being an elaborate hazing prank arranged by fellow policemen to initiate the new officer into the force. The prank was not well received, and the young officer lodged formal complaints against the other policemen at the South Yorkshire Police Department. The result of the disciplinary procedures was that seven officers in the department were given warnings and four resigned. The Chief Superintendent, Brian Mole, was also caught up in the scandal and was transferred to another department, with the official records citing “career development” as his reason for being redeployed. The transfer of Superintendent Mole from the department The Loss of Innocence was, however, a great loss, as he was by all accounts a Arriving at the stadium in highly experienced and very accomplished leader of the force. He was especially experienced in overseeing the good spirits, close to 25 000 safety of large football matches, and with an important Liverpool fans began to make semi-final of the FA Cup just weeks away, this experience their way from their transport or would be critical. In his place, just nineteen days before local pubs into the stadium. the game, David Duckenfield was appointed as Chief Superintendent, with far less detailed knowledge of the a crush of people developed as they attempted to funnel Sheffield area and little experience in supervising large in through the limited number of turnstiles. football matches, not being much of a football fan Policemen positioned outside, on horses and on himself. foot, were finding it difficult to control the crowd, which On the 15th of April 1989, Sheffield Wednesday was getting ever more frustrated to get into the ground. Football Club’s home ground, Hillsborough Stadium, Anxious that the pressure of the crowd bearing down was to host the FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool on the turnstiles may become dangerous, policemen and Notting­ham Forest. It was a beautifully warm spring outside the ground urged Superintendent Duckenfield day, perfect for spectators to go watch their favourite to open a large gate adjacent to the turnstiles, in order to teams play. For Liverpool fans, it was an away game and a ease the pressure. Upon the third request by his officers, train ride to the stadium would take just over two hours. Duckenfield ordered the opening of Gate C. Arriving at the stadium in good spirits, close to 25 000 Liverpool fans began to make their way from their * * * transport or local pubs into the stadium. As is traditional th in football matches in the UK, and around the world, On the 16 of August 2012, thousands of mine workers 29 opposing fans were allocated segregated areas of the gathered on a koppie near the Nkaneng informal stadium to avoid any undue conflict. Liverpool fans had settlement in the rural area of Marikana, close to Rustenburg in the North West Province of South Africa. As is traditional in football The striking mine workers were protesting for higher matches in the UK, and around working wages. The tension between police and the large group of workers had been growing in the seven days the world, opposing fans were of striking leading up to the afternoon of the 16th of allocated segregated areas of the August, with ten individuals having been killed in spats stadium to avoid any undue of conflict surrounding the strike, including six miners, conflict. two security guards and two police officers. On the afternoon of the 16th of August, police had been allocated the North and West stands, entering the tried to break up the crowd by separating the workers ground from a narrow concourse at the Leppings Lane into smaller groups that could more easily be controlled. end of the stadium. Although the Liverpool fans were The longer the strike endured, however, the more tense greater in number, they were designated a slightly smaller both groups became, creating isolated standoff situations area of the ground, so as to avoid crossing the approach between smaller groups of protestors and groups of routes of rival fans. armed policemen. In footage captured by both local As the 3pm kick-off approached, thousands of Liver­ and international media, including Reuters, eNCA and pool fans were still trying to enter the stadium. There was EWN, one such standoff ended in tragedy. a major bottleneck at the turnstiles that fed fans into the As seen on the footage from the various angles of area directly behind the goals in the West stand. For the the different broadcasters, this particular group of police 10 000 fans who had tickets for the lower standing area officers tried to disperse a group of striking workers by of the West stand, only seven turnstiles were provided, throwing a smoke grenade into their path. Stuck between causing a major delay in getting fans into the stadium for a barbed wire fence and the smoke grenade, members of the start of the match. With kick-off just minutes away, the crowd ran through the smoke and towards the police. MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

In the footage, the armed police are visibly panicked as shows, before the game, the areas to the left and right of about a dozen workers run through the smoke, in their the goal were sparsely occupied, whilst the two central direction. In what lasts only about five to ten seconds, sections were heaving with people. the police fire off a volley of shots into the crowd. Not In previous big games at the stadium, under the long after, one can hear calls of “Cease fire”, as those not super­vision of former Superintendent, Brian Mole, the police had positioned themselves on horseback at the In the footage, the armed central tunnel and redirected fans to the side pens, as the central pens reached capacity. On this day, however, for police are visibly panicked as reasons never adequately explained, this did not happen. about a dozen workers run With the central pens already over capacity, fans rushing through the smoke, in their into the stadium to catch the start of the game continued direction. to make their way down the central tunnel, causing ever more pressure at the front of the downward sloping shooting urge their fellow policemen to stop. But the standing area. At the very front, separating the pitch and damage had already been done. the fans, there was a high steel fence, recently installed to In two locations only about 500 metres apart, 112 prevent recurring pitch invasions. striking workers were shot by the armed forces. Of The match started on time and just a few minutes the 112, 78 were severely injured and 34 were killed. into the game, Liverpool’s Peter Beardsley sent an acro­ The Marikana Massacre is the most egregious act of batic shot towards the goal, hitting the Nottingham violence perpetrated by the South African police force Forest crossbar. Liverpool fans on the Leppings Lane on members of the public since the end of Apartheid and end convulsed with excitement and the packed stand ranks amongst the most violent events since the 1960s, lunged forward in unison, breaking a crush barrier in

30 including the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960 (69 killed), the stand. The mass of bodies nearer the back of the pen the Soweto Uprisings in 1976 (176 killed), the Langa then had no barrier to prevent their forward movement Massacre in 1985 (47 killed) and the Boipatong Massacre towards the bottom of the stand, and the pressure at the in 1992 (45 killed), all of which were perpetrated by fence became unbearable. With the force of thousands of apartheid-government police forces. bodies bearing down on them, the fans right in the front were suffocating, pressed against the high iron fence, * * * with no escape. Shortly after the five-minute mark, police near the Entering through the wide entrance of Gate C, thousands scene began to comprehend the danger of the situation of Liverpool fans rushed into the ground. Right in front and radioed their superiors. With just five minutes and of them was a gaping tunnel, leading down into the thirty seconds on the clock, the match was stopped as already-full lower standing section. The standing area policemen ran onto the field. The players and the referee, was divided into four equally-sized pens behind the goal, separated by chest-high fences running perpendicular to With the central pens the touchline. The tunnel that was directly in front of already over capacity, fans Liverpool fans as they entered the ground led exclusively to the two central pens behind the goal posts. rushing into the stadium to Just 14 minutes before kick-off, famous football catch the start of the game commentator John Motson had noticed that there was continued to make their way an imbalance in the distribution of Liverpool fans in the down the central tunnel ... four pens behind the goal. “There’s gaps, you know, in parts of the ground,” he said to the cameraman, as he who had no idea of the dire situation that had developed, rehearsed off-air before the game, “Well, if you look at looked on in a confused state, as fans began climbing the Liverpool end, to the right of the goal, there’s hardly over the high steel fence in a desperate attempt to escape anybody on those steps.” And he was correct. As footage the crush. As these fans landed on the other side of the The Loss of Innocence 31 fence, many collapsed after just a few steps, laying down Liverpool fans who had unlawfully entered the ground across the lush green grass of the manicured pitch. in an untimely manner. The police assumed no respons­ The desperate and horrific scenes captured on live ibility for the events that had occurred, and the Sun television showed fans on the upper tiers of the West stand newspaper published scathing headlines relating to the hauling up people out of the crush, whilst police officers on the pitch side of the fence struggled to pull people The desperate and horrific to safety over the inward curving barrier. Even when emergency gates at the front of the stand were opened scenes captured on live television to let people escape onto the pitch, fans still struggled showed fans on the upper tiers to make their way out of the pen, as the extreme force of the West stand hauling up of intertwined bodies pinned limbs to every surface, people out of the crush ... making it nearly impossible for anyone to move. When the crowd eventually dissipated, a hellish hooliganism of the Liverpool fans. One such headline scene was revealed. There was a pile of black and blue read, “The Truth: Some fans pick pockets of victims. bodies left at the base of the front barrier. Crushed by Some fans urinated on the brave cops. Some fans beat the sheer force of the crowd, scores of people had died up PC giving kiss of life.” The survivors of the tragedy of compressive asphyxia – suffocating to death as a heavy and families of the victims, however, knew that this was exterior force compresses the lungs to such an extent that simply not true, and were distraught not only in their breathing is no longer possible. In the aftermath of the loss, but also by how their loved ones were being blamed Hillsborough Disaster, 766 people were injured, and 96 for the disaster. Liverpool fans died. In what was to be a 23-year long search for truth, the After the disaster, the South Yorkshire police Hillsborough Independent Panel in 2012 finally made attempted to blame the deaths on drunk and ticketless public hundreds of thousands of previously undisclosed MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

By the end of this sanitising the police. By the end of this sanitising process, rough, warts-and-all handwritten accounts from officers had process, rough, warts-and-all been turned into perfectly edited versions of the truth, handwritten accounts from lining up exactly with the story that the police wished officers had been turned into to tell – that it was drunk Liverpool fans who were to be perfectly edited versions of the blamed. truth ... The Panel’s extensive report led to a new legal inquiry into the Hillsborough Disaster, in the form of a coroner’s hearing commencing in 2014. The outcome of documents relating to the investigation of the disaster. this inquest, overseen by nine jurors, was that the verdict Included in these documents were the statements of of “accidental death” of previous inquiries was to be police officers who were present at the ground on the day quashed and that the new verdict was that all 96 victims of the match. In its detailed report, the Panel revealed of the disaster were “unlawfully killed”. In 2016, Prime that the police had systematically attempted to sanitise Minister David Cameron stated that it was a “landmark the accounts of the officers who were there that day. In moment in the quest for justice” and that “all families three drafts of the officers’ statements, it was clear, the and survivors now have official confirmation of what panel explained, how each draft iteratively censored and they always knew was the case, that the Liverpool fans edited statements that could have been interpreted as were utterly blameless in the disaster that unfolded at evidence of negligence or a transgression of protocol by Hillsborough.”  32 8 SCHADENFREUDE

n their final group-stage match of the 2018 FIFA scored – but, as the Germans held their breath, the goal WorldI Cup, with only a few minutes of their game was ruled out by the referee for being offside. Just as the against South Korea remaining, defending champions game was about to continue, however, a video assistant Germany were on the verge of facing an embarrassing referee review reversed the decision. Within moments, exit from the tournament. The score was 1-0 to South the game was over and Germany had lost, having scored Korea – then ranked 57th in the world – and the game no goals, whilst South Korea had managed two. Undoubtedly, the biggest event in international Just as the game was about soccer is the FIFA World Cup, which is played between the teams belonging to the Fédération Internationale de to continue, however, a video Football Association (FIFA). The tournament takes place assistant referee review reversed every four years without fail – the only event in history the decision ... that has prevented the FIFA World Cup from being held since its inaugural match in 1930, was the Second was already running into the six minutes of stoppage World War, which interrupted the tournament in 1942 time allocated for the second half, closing the window and 1946. This was not unusual, withWorld War II for Germany to pull things right. With only four minutes preventing several sporting events from taking place, remaining, South Korean player Young-Gwon Kim including the 1944 Summer Olympics. The FIFA Wold Schadenfreude

Cup is the most widely viewed and followed sporting its impossible win. Post-match interviews would show event in the world, with viewership for the World Cup a German team completely devastated by its poor per­ exceeding even that of the Olympic Games. In the 2006 formance, with Germany manager Joachim Low claiming: World Cup, an estimated 715.1 million people watched “I’m shocked […] How do we go from here? We’ll have the final match – one-ninth of the world’s population. to talk about it calmly and I think it’s premature for me Germany is always regarded as a strong contender for the World Cup, given that the team has won the German supporters broke tournament four times in the past and finished within the top four teams 13 times out of the 21 occasions that down in tears as their favourite the tournament has been held – more than any other players stood dazed on the field team. In 2018, it entered the World Cup as the number after the final whistle ... one-ranked team in the world, having won the 2014 final 1-0 against Argentina. It was because of its history to say something. It will take me some hours to come of successes that the team’s early exit from the 2018 to terms with it and I’m incredibly disappointed by this World Cup came as such a shock. The 2-0 loss to South elimination.” Korea was also doubly painful for Germany, given that it However, the excitement of the South Korean had also lost against Mexico – ranked 15th in the world team was restrained compared to that of its jubilant at the time – just over a week before, with the Mexican supporters, whose euphoria could not even be damp­ team winning 1-0. ened by the fact that although their team had won the German supporters broke down in tears as their match, they had not scored enough points to advance favourite players stood dazed on the field after the to the next stage of the tournament. Germany’s loss

final whistle, whilst the South Korean team celebrated meant that Mexico qualified for the next round in 33 MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

carrying England, Messi – carrying Argentina, Ronaldo – carrying Portugal, Lufthansa – carrying Germany”. It appeared that Germany’s loss had bizarrely made a lot of people happy.

* * *

In October 2003, wildfires swept through the San Bernardino Mountains in California, driven by Santa Ana winds strong enough to force firefighters physically off-balance as they attempted to control the flames. Water drops were halted as helicopters were unable to take off amid the gusts, and the fires began to scatter, covering more than 50 000 acres and spreading smoke and ash for miles around. The fire ripped through the cluster of houses at the the competition, and so the South Korean supporters foothills of the mountain, destroying over 200 homes. quickly transferred their allegiance to the Mexican team, With the fire continuing to blaze for several days, another joining forces with its fans to celebrate. At home in 13 000 homes found themselves directly in its path, as it dispersed in multiple directions with the wind picking It appeared that Germany’s up embers and depositing them on house after house, 34 setting them alight. Eventually, the fire reached an area of loss had bizarrely made a lot of dry forest, causing 10 000 acres of drought-stricken trees people happy. to erupt in flames. Thousands of people were evacuated and transported to a makeshift evacuation centre at the Mexico City, Mexican supporters flocked to the South San Bernardino Airport, with Governor Gray Davis Korean Embassy, chanting “Corea, hermano, ya eres declaring a state of emergency. Mexicano,” or “Korea, brother, you’re now Mexican”. The fire also destroyed a massive power transmission The South Korean ambassador, Kim Sang-il, appeared line, immediately halting the supply of power to several before the excited crowd, and downed tequila with them areas in the state. Before the fire had begun, firefighters in celebration. Later, the Consul General, Han Byoung- had also been battling against a blaze further north, jin, also joined the festivities taking place in the street. which after five days had crossed into Los Angeles and However, the celebration that follow­ed South Korea’s was threatening to destroy transmission lines that provide win over Germany was marked by a distinct feeling of roughly 25% of LA’s power. Miles away, safely in an schadenfreude – a German word that means to find joy in someone else’s misfortune. The joy of the spectators Water drops were halted as who spilled out of the stadium, dancing and singing after the match, as well as the derisive comments that filled helicopters were unable to take social media feeds around the world, made it clear that off amid the gusts, and the fires the celebration was far less about South Korea’s win – began to scatter ... which served no real purpose in terms of advancing the team in the tournament – and much more to do with the office inTexas, an Enron trader watched news broadcasts fact that Germany had been eliminated from the World covering the fire and smiled. “Burn, baby, burn. That’s a Cup. FOX Sports Brazil simply posted “HAHAHAHA”, beautiful thing,” he gleefully exclaimed over the phone with the outburst continuing for the full 280 characters to his colleague. Unfortunately for him, as the call was allowed on Twitter, whilst another user quipped, “Kane – made on Enron’s internal system, it was recorded. Schadenfreude

Two years before the fires broke out, California had quickly dismissed, with Enron – the most active whole­ found itself in the middle of an energy crisis. In 2000, sale provider in the region – shrugging them off as the power market had been partially deregulated in “conspiracy theories.” The financial rewards they were the state and power utilities were required to buy their energy supplies from wholesale providers. But by 2001, The only parties that did not there was a shortage of energy and California began to experience rolling blackouts. Because of the supply seem to be suffering during this shortage, the price of electricity also soared, with an crisis were the wholesale energy 800% increase in wholesale prices recorded between providers, who were reaping April 2000 and December 2000. Not only did this substantial profits ... produce a significant financial knock-on effect, greatly increasing the cost of power for end users, but it also reaping were simply an inevitable result of an unfortunate put power utilities under pressure as by law, they were mismatch between supply and demand, the company limited in terms of how much of the costs they could claimed. pass on to their customers. Unable to recoup the full However, investigations would later reveal that at cost of the power they were supplying, utilities started the time of the supposed crisis, California had installed to lose substantial amounts of money. In April 2001, generating power of 45 GW and had demand of only one of California’s largest power utilities, Pacific Gas and 28 GW. In other words, there should have been no power Electric Co., filed for bankruptcy. shortage. The energy crisis had been completely artificial, The only parties that did not seem to be suffering created by energy companies – and particularly by Enron during this crisis were the wholesale energy providers, – to boost their profits. Traders from these companies

who were reaping substantial profits with the vast had convinced power plants to take themselves offline 35 increases in the price of power. Critics began to wonder during peak periods, encouraging them to make up an whether these companies might in some way be involved excuse for doing so. A common reason was claiming the in creating the power shortage, but these ideas were need to carry out maintenance at inopportune times. In MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

tapes acquired during an FBI investi­gation, Enron employees could be heard joking with power plant officials about their scheme and boasting about how much money they were making. Senior managers had also been recorded discussing their fear of facing time in prison if anyone ever found out that they were manipulating the Californian power market. With the purposeful reduction in the supply of power, Enron traders were able to sell power to utilities at escalated prices, sometimes for as much as twenty times the normal price. However, in June 2001, the tide turned for Enron when an interstate power price cap was instituted, forcing the price of power ENRON TOWERS down substantially. Suddenly, Enron found itself under pressure, unable to command the substantial prices for power that it had before. And so, Schadenfreude has been widely interrogated by psycho­ when the fires ripped through California two years later, logists because it implies something distinctly sinister about human nature, with many studies discovering that intense feelings of schadenfreude are linked to psycho­

36 ... Enron employees could be pathic and narcissistic personalities. Generally, schaden­ heard joking with power plant freude is identified in individuals who are unable to feel officials about their scheme empathy for a person who is suffering, in a context in and boasting about how much which it is expected that they should feel empathy. Of course, the suffering of a sports team is fairly superficial­ money they were making. when compared to more severe forms of human suffering, and thus the posts and comments that were made after destroying important transmission lines and creating a Germany’s loss were understood to be humorous rather real energy crisis, Enron celebrated. Whilst Californians than deeply malicious. However, as Spencer Kornhaber fled from their burning homes, Enron cheered. notes in an article for The Atlantic, it appears that sports After the tapes were brought to light, three Enron provide humans with a sphere in which it is acceptable to traders pled guilty to federal criminal charges of fraudulent manipulation of the West Coast energy ... it implies something distinctly market. They managed to avoid spending any time sinister about human nature, in prison and were sentenced to two years of court- with many studies discovering supervised release. However, the firm had already suffered a much larger hit by this point. On the 3rd of that intense feelings of December 2001, Enron declared bankruptcy when it was schadenfreude are linked to discovered that its reported success was actually the result psycho­pathic and narcissistic of large-scale, systemic accounting fraud. A significant personalities. portion of the company’s losses was attributable to the loss they incurred when power prices fell substantially in express a mild form of schadenfreude, which – for California in the second half of 2001. members of a civilised society – is completely unaccept­ able to express in other contexts, where the suffering * * * being observed is more profound and real. A Private Life

A few days prior to the match between Germany players and coaches reacted to the disrespectful behaviour and South Korea, Germany played against Sweden and by attempting to shove them back towards their own when Germany stopped a goal from being scored, area. The German Football Association apologised for ensuring a 2-1 victory, members of the team’s manage­ the “unsportsmanlike” behaviour of its delegates, who ment had charged towards the Swedish bench shouting were banned from attending the match against South and pumping their fists to celebrate the win. Swedish Korea. 

9 A PRIVATE LIFE

ieutenant Colonel Earl Woods served two tours of dutyL in Vietnam as an explosives expert with the Green Berets. Whilst stationed in Vietnam in 1966, Earl met his second wife Kultida “Tida” Punswada, marrying her

in Brooklyn, New York, in 1969. In 1975, Tida gave 37 birth to their first child, Eldrick Tont “Tiger” Woods. The nickname Tiger was given to him by his father, who had developed a close friendship with a South Vietnamese Lieutenant Colonel, Vuong Dang Phong, known to the American soldiers as Tiger. Earl vowed to name his son after his Vietnamese friend who had saved his life in the jungle. Waking up one morning next to a bamboo thicket, a deadly bamboo viper hung down from a branch just centimetres from Earl’s face. Phong had noticed the snake and told Earl to lie dead still. The Vietnamese soldier picked up his gun and flicked the snake out of the way, seconds before it attacked. TIGER WOODS After twenty years of service in the army, the military way of life had been ingrained in Earl Woods’ very being. Earl had always been athletically gifted, playing college After twenty years of service in baseball and later in life becoming a single-digit handicap golfer after hanging around the golf courses in military the army, the military way of bases. Earl passed on this passion to his son, and before life had been ingrained in Earl the age of two, Tiger had a golf club in his hand. Woods’ very being. With access to the Navy golf course in Los Alamitos, Orange County, Earl trained Tiger in the only way he a specific function. For Earl, the specific function to be knew – like a soldier. In the bubble of the Naval course, achieved was for Tiger to be the best golfer in the world. Tiger’s life revolved around the military philosophy of In Tiger’s daily schedule, there was very little scope standard operating procedure (SOP) – a set of detailed for flexibility. The SOP dictated exactly what, when and instructions to achieve uniformity of the performance of how things would take place. When he arrived home MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

from school, in accordance with the standard operating fraud and corruption, earning him the nickname of the procedure, he would do his homework. After this task “Sheriff of Wall Street”. Some of the big names on his was completed, it was time to train with his coach, staying list included Merrill Lynch, AIG and even the board of out on the course for hours and hitting hundreds of balls the NYSE. In 2006, Spitzer won the gubernatorial election race against his rivals, Republican John Faso and Libertarian With access to the Navy golf John Clifton, with an overwhelming 69% of the votes. course in Los Alamitos, In the traditional midnight ceremony, Spitzer was sworn Orange County, Earl trained in as the 57th Governor of New York State on the 1st Tiger in the only way he knew – of January 2007. Achieving a life-long dream, Spitzer like a soldier. quickly went to work to implement some of the reforms that were closest to his heart. One such reform was to propose a bill that would legalise same-sex marriage in a day to perfect his game. Ultimately, the excruciating the state of New York. With strong support from the training paid off. By the age of 8, Tiger broke 80. By 11, public, the proposal made it past the State Assembly, he was beating his father. By 12, he broke 70. And by 16, but was shot down by the State Senate in late 2007. Tiger had won six Junior World Championship titles. Spitzer’s liberal democratic views were very popular with In 1994, Woods received an athletics scholarship a forward-thinking New York support base, and some to attend Stanford University and was voted the Male even hoped that his election to Governor would be a Freshman of the Year. At the age of 19, he competed stepping-stone to one day running for President of the in his first PGA Tour major competition, the Masters at United States. Despite his great promise and obvious Augusta National, and was the only amateur player to aptitude for public office, the loyalty of his supporters

38 make the cut, placing 41st by the end of Sunday afternoon. would be severely tested by the revelation of some very When turning pro at just 20, the endorsement deals serious accusations, not much more than a year after he flooded in, with Nike and Titleist rushing to sign the was elected to office. young prodigy in what was to be the largest endorsement On the 7th of March 2008, The New York Times ran a contract in golf at the time. In 1997, at the age of 21, story about the discovery of a high-end prostitution ring, Woods became the youngest player in history to win called the Emperors Club VIP, working out of New York a Tour major, destroying the Masters field in a record- City. On the 10th of March, a federal affidavit was breaking 12-shot victory. Later that year, Tiger Woods released to the public, providing explicit accounts of become the No.1 golfer in the world. dozens of phone calls and text messages between Emperor Club VIP management and an entity who they referred * * * to simply as Client 9 – in the affidavit, Spitzer was identified as Client 9. As captured on a wiretapped Nobody was surprised when, in 2004, two-term New phone by federal agents, the report describes in fine York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer announced that he was going to run for Governor of New York. From Achieving a life-long dream, a prestigious New York family, Spitzer had graduated from Princeton University and went on to earn his Juris Spitzer quickly went to work to Doctor degree from Harvard Law. Spitzer was a perfect implement some of the reforms student, scoring a 1590 out of 1600 on the Scholastic that were closest to his heart. Aptitude Test (SAT) and attaining a perfect score for the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) for admission to detail one particular appointment between Client 9 and Harvard. During his tenure as Attorney General, Spitzer a woman from the Emperors Club VIP. used the power of the office to subpoena documents and On Valentine’s Day 2008, then 50-year-old Spitzer, build cases against numerous Wall Street companies – on a business trip to Washington DC, had called the and their associated brokerages – suspected of corporate agency and arranged for “Kristen” – a 22-year old A Private Life

ment Network, flagged to be in violation of their Anti- Money Laundering (AML) and Countering the Finan­ cing of Terrorism (CFT) covenants. Suspecting that he may be laundering state funds, federal investigators­ put Spitzer under surveillance in 2008. What they found, however, was obviously not what they had expected. Over the course of several years, first as Attorney General of New York and then as Governor of New York, Spitzer spent over $80 000 to hire the services of high-class prostitutes, such as Ashley Dupre and others, through the Emperors Club VIP. For a single night, Spitzer could be billed up to $3 500 for these services. Upon learning of Spitzer’s indiscretions, The New York State Assembly immediately moved to initiate impeachment proceedings against him. On the 17th of March 2008, Spitzer resigned as Governor of New York, walking off the stage of the press conference hand-in-hand with his wife, Silda, whom he had met and married during his time at Harvard Law School. ELIOT SPITZER

* * * 39 brunette subsequently identified as Ashley Dupre – to travel from New York to his hotel in Washington, the By 2009, Tiger Woods had won just about every title Mayflower. It was only because of this detail – the and broken every record that exists in the game of golf. arrangement for Ms Dupre to travel across state lines – Many were already calling him the greatest player to ever play the game and he still had time to break perhaps the It was only because of this ultimate record – surpassing the 18 major titles won detail – the arrangement for by the great Jack Nicklaus. But whilst everything in his professional life was apparently superlative in almost Ms Dupre to travel across state every way, it would be the events in his private life lines – that a federal case could that would ultimately derail his mission to become the be brought against Spitzer ... undisputed greatest golfer of all time. Following the death of his father in 2006, Woods that a federal case could be brought against Spitzer, under did not seem to be the same player who had dominated the auspices of the Mann Act – an Act dating back to the game in the decade past. Suffering multiple injuries 1910, once called the White-Slave Traffic Act, making it and undergoing numerous surgeries, Woods would a felony to carry out the interstate transport of “any struggle to some degree after returning from time off to woman or girl for the purpose of prostitution or recover in 2008. In 2009, he was back on the Tour, but debauchery, or for any other immoral purpose.” it would be in that same year that rumours would start Incidentally, federal authorities began monitoring to surface about his marital infidelities. He had married Spitzer at the time, only because his bank had notified Swedish model Elin Nordegren in 2004 and fathered them of certainly suspicious transactions from his two children with her by 2009 – a daughter called Sam account. As required by the Bank Secrecy Act, and bols­ and a son called Charlie. tered by the Patriot Act of 2001, Spitzer’s bank, North In November 2009, the National Enquirer ran a story Ford Bank (now Capital One), had reported transactions­ that claimed Woods had been having an extramarital to the Treasury Department’s Financial Crimes Enforce­ affair with New York nightclub hostess, Rachel Uchitel. MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

Uchitel denied the allegations, but the unwanted media out of his suite. In all, it was estimated that Woods had attention weighed heavily on Woods. Two days after slept with over 120 women while married to Nordegren, the story broke, on the night of Thanksgiving, Woods’ with the list including pornstars, waitresses, actresses, wife found messages on his phone from various women, neighbours and dozens of prostitutes. The following including a message from Woods to Uchitel that read, years were difficult for Woods, and in 2010, his wife “You are the only one I’ve ever loved.” It was 1am and and the mother of his two children, filed for divorce. Woods – who had been having trouble sleeping and had Falling from the dizzying heights of stardom and glory, by 2017 Woods reached perhaps the lowest point in The following years were his life when he was arrested near his home in Jupiter Island, Florida, for driving under the influence of drugs difficult for Woods, and in 2010, and alcohol. Woods was found asleep in his car on the his wife and the mother of side of the road, with the engine running, and told the his two children, filed police that the prescription medication he had taken had for divorce. resulted in his extreme drowsiness. He avoided jail time as a first-time offender, but was sentenced to fifty hours taken an Ambien – was in deep sleep when his wife woke of community service, and was prohibited from drinking him up screaming. Nordegren threw Woods’ cellphone alcohol and ordered to undergo regular drug tests during at him, chipping his tooth, and chased him out of the his year of probation. house with a golf club. Woods tried to escape in his car, In 2019, at the age of 43, eleven years since his but groggy from the medication, crashed the Escalade last major championship win, Tiger Woods made a into a fire hydrant, a tree and some hedges near his remarkable comeback to win the Masters tournament Florida home. He attained only minor facial injuries at his beloved Augusta National Golf Club – the same

40 from the incident but would take some time off from course where he had won his first ever major all those golf for the next few months. years ago. His 15th major tournament win meant that In the months to come, stories began to emerge Tiger had come one step closer to overtaking the long- one after the other about Woods’ affairs with dozens of standing record set by Jack Nicklaus of 18 major wins, women, as well as details of debaucherous nights in Las providing him still with a narrow window of time to Vegas where multiple prostitutes would rotate in and become the greatest golfer ever. 

10 THE GREATEST SHOWMAN ON EARTH

efore even starting his controversial career as a and King was not convicted. In 1967, King killed a young boxingB promoter, Don King had killed two men and had man, Sam Garrett, an employee who owed him $600, by been arrested thirty times between the years of 1951 and brutally stomping him to death in public. Police reports 1966. In 1964, working as a prominent bookmaker in note that King spent $30 000 to pay off witnesses not to Cleveland, Ohio, King shot and killed a man who was testify against him. On the day of the trial, no witnesses allegedly trying to steal from his establishment, which was showed up. King was found guilty of second-degree operating illegally out of a record store’s basement. The murder by the jury, but in an underhanded sequence of shooting was ruled as justifiable homicide by the court events, King and his lawyer met alone with the judge The Greatest Showman on Earth after the trial, who then filed a court order to have King’s sentence reduced to manslaughter. King spent less than four years in prison and was later pardoned by the Ohio Governor, Jim Rhodes, clearing his record. King would enter the world of boxing through his friend and popular singer Lloyd Price. Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998, Price regularly performed at one of the nightclubs King owned in Cleveland in the 1960s. A friend of Mohammed Ali, Price introduced King to the young boxer, whom King managed to convince to fight in a charity event to raise funds for a local hospital. The night was a success, with King adding to the glitz of the affair by hosting a fashion show and rock concert alongside the main event. The DON KING fight raised $20 000 for the hospital and King’s career as a boxing promoter was born. To get himself more exposure to the sport, King the capital city of Kinshasa. This handsome prize was all travelled to Jamaica in 1973 to witness a heavyweight King needed to convince Ali and Foreman to assign him title fight between the reigning heavyweight champion exclusive rights to the fight. Joe Frazier and an undefeated George Foreman. King The much-anticipated match-up drew global atten­ rode with Frazier to the match in his limousine and sat tion, with 60 000 attendees watching in Kinshasa and

in his corner for the fight, but after the second-round a record-breaking one billion viewers tuning in from 41 around the world, with 50 million of those watching on pay-per-view in movie theatres around the United States. The fight raised $20 000 At this time, Ali was a 4-1 underdog to the powerful for the hospital and King’s and undefeated Foreman but using his unique “rope- career as a boxing promoter a-dope” tactic to wear out the reigning champion, Ali was born. knocked out Foreman in the eighth round. The fight was a massive commercial success, bringing in a gross $100 technical knockout of the Frazier by the more powerful million revenue, with Don King getting a very healthy Foreman, King jumped into the ring to celebrate with cut of $14 million as the main organiser of the event. Foreman and ended up leaving the match with the new heavyweight champion, becoming his promoter. * * * Just three years out of prison, King was now the promoter for both the undefeated world heavyweight On the 27th of June 1988, Donald Trump stood along­ champion George Foreman and former heavyweight side Don King in a boxing ring in Atlantic City to champion Mohammed Ali. With Ali poised to make promote his casino, the Trump Plaza. Trump had bid a comeback after his title was stripped because of his $11 million for the right to host what was billed as the refusal to be drafted into the army, citing religious “Once And For All” fight between the world heavyweight reasons, King began planning what was to become the champion Mike Tyson and Olympic gold medallist and most historic boxing spectacular the world has ever title contender Michael Spinks. The event attracted a seen – The Rumble in the Jungle. Many experienced host of prominent celebrities, including Jack Nicholson, promoters were competing to facilitate the fight between Sylvester Stallone, Sean Penn, Madonna, Warren Beatty, Ali and Foreman, but with a stroke of genius, King Oprah Winfrey and Chuck Norris, who all came out to managed to secure $10 million in prize money from the watch the title fight. government of Zaire, with the condition that the venue The fight was short but memorable, with Tyson for the 15-round world championship fight would be knocking out Spinks in just 91 seconds. It was one of MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

to fund this enormous development. In the past, the banks had lined up to get behind Trump’s projects but considering the poor performance of his existing casinos in the area, combined with worsening economic conditions in the late 1980s, he was struggling to attract the necessary capital to complete the development. Desperate, Trump reached out to the junk bond market, where he managed to secure funding of $675 million, but the loans were priced at an interest rate of 14%, far in excess of the usual rates charged by banks for such projects. “When this property opens,” predicted gaming- industry securities analyst Marvin Roffman, just two weeks before the opening of the Trump Taj Mahal, “he will have had so much free publicity he will break every DONALD TRUMP record in the books in April, June, and July. But once the cold winds blow from October to February,” he reported the shortest heavyweight title fights in history, with to The Wall Street Journal, “it won’t make it.” Just to cover just ten punches being landed, eight from Tyson and its loan payments, Roffman estimated the casino had to two from Spinks. Many boxing commentators called it bring in over a million dollars a day – more than any the pinnacle of Tyson’s career and he even considered casino in the world had ever sustainably recorded. When retiring unbeaten after the fight. The event was a huge hearing of these predictions from Roffman in the press,

42 financial success, becoming the highest-grossing single- Trump was furious. day sporting event in history, surpassing the 1987 Super Just days after the article was published by TheWall Bowl. It was also a major success for the Trump Plaza Street Journal, Trump sent a fax to Roffman’s employer, casino, recording a $11.5 million haul for the day of the Philadelphia-based brokerage Janney Montgomery the fight. This, however, was one of the few successes of Scott. “You will be hearing shortly from my lawyers,” Trump’s casino ventures in Atlantic City. read the letter from Trump, “unless Mr Roffman is By the late 1980s, Trump’s existing establishments immediately dismissed or apologizes.” Trump then in Atlantic City – the Trump Plaza and Trump’s Castle – phoned the chairman of the brokerage and demanded were finding it difficult to cover their excessive operating that Roffman write to the Journal redacting his statement costs. The decision to then build another casino in the and to say that “the Taj Mahal is going to be the greatest city, larger and effectively in competition with his already success story ever.” Roffman refused and was fired. Roffman’s prediction was, however, correct. The new Donald Trump stood casino missed its very first interest payment. Not a year after opening its doors, the Trump Taj Mahal filed for alongside Don King in a boxing pre-packaged bankruptcy – a plan to restructure agreed ring in Atlantic City to promote upon before the company declares its insolvency. This his casino, the Trump Plaza. resulted in Trump having to forgo more than half of his stake in the company to bondholders, with the agreement struggling casinos, was therefore a massive risk. In 1988, to extend the repayment schedules of the loans. Trump purchased the unfinished Taj Mahal casino on In the years that followed the opening and subsequent the Atlantic City boardwalk and began construction of bankruptcy of the billion-dollar development, it was what he dubbed “the 8th wonder of the world”, eventually discovered that hundreds of contractors who worked costing in excess of a billion dollars to complete. on the construction of the casino had been underpaid, The problemTrump faced from the outset of the or not paid at all, for their services. The Associated Press construction project, however, was how he was going reported in 2016 that 253 contract companies, providing The Greatest Showman on Earth a workforce of thousands, were owed over $70 million into the annals of boxing history. But the controversy for work done on the Trump Taj Mahal. Many of these surrounding his name became even greater in the later small businesses simply could not survive the financial years of his career. shortfall this created, whilst others tried – often in vain In his last championship fight, Muhammad Ali was – to recover funds through lawsuits that dragged on for severely beaten by Larry Holmes. By all accounts, Ali many years. should have never fought that fight. Ali was very unfit One such contractor was cabinet-maker Edward and was already suffering from Parkinson’s disease, which Friel, whose small company secured a $400 000 contract later contributed to his death. As a prerequisite, Ali had to build bases for slot machines and reception desks to pass a medical examination to be granted his boxing for the new casino. After completion of their work, the licence for the fight. The doctor who wrote the report noted that Ali missed, to some degree, his nose when ... 253 contract companies, trying to touch it, had difficulty in coordinating the providing a workforce of muscles used for speech, and that he did not display the required agility when hopping on one foot. Nonetheless, thousands, were owed over he was cleared to fight. King promoted the fight and $70 million for work done promised Ali would be paid $8 million for the bout. on the Trump Taj Mahal. After the fight, in which Ali took many heavy blows that forced his trainer to stop the match in the tenth Edward J. Friel Company was still owed $83 600, but round, the former champion was admitted to hospital. they never received their payment. The family-owned Whilst in hospital, Ali learned that King had significantly company that was started by Friel’s grandfather went out underpaid his match fee and contacted his lawyer to sue

of business not long after, unable to recover from the his promoter for the money. King sent one of Ali’s close 43 loss of many months’ worth of work, as well as the losses friends, Jeremiah Shabazz, to his bedside with a suitcase resulting from legal fees accrued in an attempt to recover filled with $50 000 and a contract to walk away from the what they believed they were still owed. lawsuit. Ali, who at this stage was struggling to speak, Ironically, whilst the bankruptcy of the Trump Taj was convinced by his friend to sign the contract, which Mahal caused significant distress to hundreds of small also included a clause to make King his promoter for any business owners and their staff,Trump used the failure to future fights. In later interviews, Shabazz has expressed his advantage. As reported in The New York Times in 2016 his regret in helping King saying, “This guy just uses – the year of his presidential election – the losses incurred people. He uses you up then he has no more need for by Trump’s ventures in Atlantic City and elsewhere, you.” amounting to $916 million, provided him with a means to pay almost zero personal income tax for almost two decades. “Under the rules in effect in 1995,” the Times notes, “the $916 million loss could have been used to wipe out more than $50 million a year in taxable income for 18 years.”

* * *

Following the overwhelming success of The Rumble in the Jungle and the subsequent Thrilla in Manila – a heavyweight title fight between Ali and Frazier that broke the viewership records of the event in Zaire – Don King’s name had been penned MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

It was not only Ali who had controversy with Don Despite his controversial past, Don King has con­ King, but seemingly almost every boxer he promoted. tinued to attract the attention of the world for his benefit, Larry Holmes claims that, throughout the course of especially in his use of charitable acts in managing his career, King cheated him out of $10 million worth his public image. In a tradition that is now over sixty of prize money. Tim Witherspoon has accused King of years old, King conducts an annual Christmas turkey blackmailing him to sign exclusive deals with King and giveaway, donating approximately two thousand turkeys his grandson, taking over 80% of any of his winnings. to disadvantaged families in the Cleveland area. In 2016, And Mike Tyson has publicly called King a “ruthless, the Cleveland City Council even proposed renaming deplorable and greedy” character, suing him for $100 a street after their most famous boxing promoter. The million of stolen prize money over the course of a ten- proposed location of the new Don King Way, Cedar year relationship – a case that was settled out of court for Avenue, was the very same street on which Don King $14 million. stomped to death Sam Garrett in 1967. 

11 PUSHING THROUGH THE PAIN 44 rom 1952 until the early 1990s, international to perform the floor exercise as their final event. If Russia women’sF gymnastics was dominated by an unbeatable achieved near-perfect scores in the floor exercise, or if the team from the USSR. However, in the 1996 Summer US faltered in the vault, the US would lose their chance Olympics, held in Atlanta, the American team – or “The at gold. Magnificent Seven” as they would become known – were To perform a vault, gymnasts sprint down a runway determined to win the gold medal. If they succeeded, it and jump onto a springboard to launch themselves onto would be the first time in history that the US had won the vault. They touch down briefly on the vault with the women’s gymnastics event at the Olympics. their hands, using the momentum of the jump to propel At that time, the scoring system for female gym­ themselves off the vault again in one fluid movement. nastics was somewhat complicated. Each Olympic team had seven official members, but only six members were If they succeeded, it would nominated to participate in each of the four events: vaulting, balance beam, uneven bars and floor exercise. be the first time in history that Gymnasts were then scored individually on a scale of the US had won the women’s 0-10 for each event, with the top five scores in each team gymnastics event at the Olympics. added together to determine a total team score. Thus, whilst gymnasts performed individually, they competed A series of twists, somersaults and other moves can be as a team. At the Atlanta Olympics, the American team performed in the air both before the gymnast touches and the Russian team were neck and neck throughout the vault and afterwards, with more technically intricate the competition, with each team completing their first vaults receiving higher scores. The entire performance, four events without major incident. The American team from the journey down the runway to the landing on sailed through the uneven bars, balance beam and floor the mat on the other side of the vault, is over in a matter exercise, heading into their final event, the vault, in the of seconds. The landing of the gymnast on the other lead, just 0.897 points ahead of Russia, who were about side of the vault is a particularly important moment as Pushing Through the Pain 45 they should land cleanly within a landing zone that is marked on the mat. If they hop or stumble as they land, If Russia achieved high scores in or if they land outside of the demarcated zone, points the floor exercise, her score would are deducted. Each gymnast is given two attempts at the pull down the US team’s total vault, although only the highest score out of the two is and possibly end their chances of included in the final team tally. obtaining the gold medal. The first four members of the US team performed strongly in the vault, but the fifth member of the US American team at that point. Despite enduring a number team, Dominique Moceanu, fell backwards onto the mat of serious injuries – including torn stomach muscles and as she landed on both of her vault attempts, earning her back muscles – and struggling with an eating disorder a score of only a 9.200. If Russia achieved high scores throughout her teens, by 1996, she was at the pinnacle in the floor exercise, her score would pull down the US of the sport, having beaten all her competitors at the team’s total and possibly end their chances of obtaining American Cup that year by almost half a point – a margin the gold medal. All the hopes of the US team – and the that is almost unheard of in high-level gymnastics. large, excited American audience watching the event on When it was Strug’s turn to perform the vault at the their home ground – rested on the shoulders of the final 1996 Olympics, she ran determinedly down the runway team member to perform the vault, Kerri Strug. for her first attempt, but she under-rotated in the final Strug had been a member of the US national gym­ part of the jump and landed badly, falling backwards nastics team since 1991, having won the vault at the US as she hit the mat. She received a score of only 9.162, Gymnastics Championships at the age of just 13. The but that was not what distressed her the most. As her following year, she competed at the 1992 Barcelona feet had hit the mat, she had heard a sickening snap as Olympics and, with the rest of her team, won bronze, two tendons in her ankle tore. She hopped off the mat, behind a Unified Team comprised of gymnasts from the turning pale from the pain. former USSR, which took gold, and Romania, which took silver. Strug had been the youngest member of the * * * MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

Traditional toy makers are under pressure as they try to compete with a new world of digital games – an increasingly difficult feat as is evidenced by the bank­ ruptcy of Toys R Us in 2017. However, despite the new challenges in the toy market, Lego remains one of the Christiansen theorised that even during the harshest economic periods, parents would still set aside money to buy toys for their children ...

most successful and resilient companies in the world. The Lego Company was established in 1932 by Ole Kirk Christiansen, a Danish carpenter who was searching for a way to make a living and support his four children during the difficult years of the Great Depression. He established a company that made wooden stepladders and ironing boards, as well as wooden toys, such as ducks and cars. These toys were not the iconic studded bricks we now associate with the Lego brand, but they

46 were nonetheless called Lego, with Christiansen joining the Danish words “leg” and “godt”, which mean “play” KERRI STRUG and “well”, to name his creations. Christiansen theorised that even during the harshest economic periods, parents would still set aside money to buy toys for their children, This design feature also means that there are numerous and he was proven correct as the small business grew ways of combining the bricks when building a structure. steadily during its first decade of existence. However, in Søren Eilers, a mathematics professor at the University 1942, Lego faced a serious setback. A fire burnt down the of Copenhagen, wrote a computer programme in 2005 entire factory that held not only Christiansen’s stock of to model all the combinations that could be made with toys, but also his blueprints for new ranges. At this point, six standard 4x2 studded bricks. He ran the programme Christiansen came close to giving up and ending his for over a week and found that there were 915,103,765 business venture, but with the help and encouragement possible combinations. Importantly, Christiansen also of his son, Godtfred, he found the motivation to rebuild. made the monumental decision to produce the bricks in Christiansen experimented with crafting wooden bricks that could be fitted together so that children However, despite the new could build something of their own imagining. Getting the bricks to stick to each other, however, proved challenges in the toy market, problematic, resulting in structures that were very un­ Lego remains one of the most stable. Eventually, Christiansen came up with the stud- successful and resilient and-tube design characteristic of Lego today, which companies in the world ... ensured the bricks could be fastened together more securely, but could still be easily taken apart by a child. plastic rather than wood, resulting in the hard, brightly The standardised design also ensured that every piece coloured pieces that are now iconic of the brand. could fit with another, meaning that pieces produced in From the 1960s to the 1980s, the company added 2019 can still interlock with those produced in the 1950s. various pieces to their brick collection, such as wheels Pushing Through the Pain and figurines, and began to compile kits that enabled the add-ons that had developed through the years and children to create a variety of structures, such as cars focusing instead on the simple building bricks on which and castles. The company also introduced an array of its previous success was based. By 2006, Lego had made an Lego-themed merchandise and clothing and opened a annual profit of $281 million. Between 2008 and 2010, it quadrupled its annual profits. By 2014, it became the Getting the bricks to stick to largest toy manufacturer in the world, achieving what David Robertson, Senior Lecturer at the MIT Sloan each other, however, proved School of Management, describes in his book Brick by problematic, resulting in Brick: How Lego Rewrote the Rules of Innovation (2013) structures that were very as one of the most successful corporate turn-arounds in unstable. history. In 2015, Lego overtook companies including PwC, Lego theme park in Denmark. By the 1990s, Lego was Red Bull, Unilever, L’Oreal and Ferrari, to become experiencing double-digit growth in its sales, whilst the world’s most powerful brand, according to a study the rest of the toy industry was only seeing increases conducted by business consultancy Brand Finance. With of roughly 4%. By this time, Lego controlled 80% of profits of £660 million that year, Lego was also the top the construction toy market and was the fifth largest performing toy company in Europe and was ranked toymaker in the world in terms of sales. third in America, where sales reached over $1 billion for However, by 2003 the company was facing another the first time in 2015. In 2000, the British Toy Retailers crisis moment, crippled by a 30% drop in sales year- Association voted Lego the toy of the century, beating on-year and carrying $800 million of debt. In 2004, Monopoly, the Yo-Yo, and Barbie for the top position th

Lego recorded a $374 million loss for the financial year. in the 20 century. And despite the challenge of new, 47 However, CEO Vig Knudstorp – a former McKinsey more technically-advanced entrants in the toy market, consultant – remained determined to pull the company Lego has innovated whilst still keeping itself firmly in the back from the brink of financial disaster. Under his non-software market. In 2017, in a move that seamlessly leadership, the company made a risky decision: it decided merged the old and the new, Lego launched a social to downscale its product offering, abandoning many of networking platform specifically for children, where they can share photographs of their Lego creations with one another.

* * *

As Strug sat recovering after injuring her ankle during her first attempt at the vault, she contemplated a seemingly impossible feat. To secure the gold, she would have to complete the second vault and achieve an almost perfect score, planting two feet firmly on the mat as she finished her jump, without stumbling, and with the full force of the landing crashing down onto her damaged ankle. But she was determined not to let her coach or her team down, or to sacrifice the lifetime of hard work and dedication that had led up to the event. Strug took a deep breath and limped to the end of the runway, visibly gritting her teeth with the effort of overcoming the pain she felt as she charged forward for her second attempt. She leapt off the vault and as she finished her jump, for a split-second, she landed MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

perfectly on two feet, before quickly hopping onto her won with Moceanu’s score of 9.200. Despite this, Strug good foot and saluting the judges with a forced smile had become a sporting legend overnight. Her coach, Bela that, despite her best attempts, was unable to hide the Károlyi, carried her to the winner’s podium to receive her anguish on her face. As she collapsed onto her knees, the gold medal with the rest of the team, and as the national judges announced that she had achieved a score of 9.712, anthem began to play, there was a visible outburst of earning America the gold medal in the team event. sentiment amongst the American audience. The picture As it turned out, the Russians did not do as well of Strug landing her second vault became the defining as expected in the floor exercise and had Strug not image of the 1996 Olympics.  completed the vault, the American team would still have

12 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

ichael Phelps is built for swimming. His nick­ size of a man that is 2.03m tall, whilst his lower body is name,M “The Flying Fish”, stems from the fact that he the size of a man just under 1.83 m tall. This means that

48 has an unusually long wingspan at 2.03m wide. For the not only does Phelps have an unusually powerful core average person, the length from the tip of one middle for his build, but his body is also naturally positioned finger to the other when their arms are outstretched is higher in the water than the average swimmer and his usually almost the same as their height. Phelps is 1.93m legs – which are relatively short compared to his torso – tall, making his wingspan a full 10cm more than his cause less drag. height, and he subsequently uses fewer strokes than However, perhaps most remarkable about Phelps’ other swimmers, making him more energy-efficient in biological make-up is the fact that his body naturally produces less than half the amount of lactic acid than the Phelps is 1.93m tall, making average person. Normally, when athletes exert themselves his wingspan a full 10cm physically, their bodies produce lactic acid, which plays a role in slowing muscle contractions and causing fatigue. more than his height, and he As a result, after a period of high exertion, athletes usually subsequently uses fewer strokes require a recovery period during which the lactic acid is than other swimmers ... eliminated from their bodies. As his body produces less lactic acid, Phelps is able to recover more quickly than the water. He also has hyperextended joints that enable other athletes, both during training sessions and between him to extend his elbows, knees and ankles beyond the races. normal range of motion with ease and without pain. Although his determination and lifetime commit­ Admittedly, this is not an entirely unusual physical ment to swimming have undeniably played a huge role feature for top-level swimmers, but the flexibility of his in his success, there is no doubt that his physiological joints combined with his size-14 feet and abnormally make-up has also contributed to making him the most large hands, essentially provide him with built-in, highly decorated Olympian of all time. Phelps has competed in flexible flippers with which to propel himself through five Olympics and has won 28 medals – 23 gold, 3 silver the water. Phelps’ torso is also disproportionately large and 2 bronze. He holds the world records for 100m and in relation to the size of his lower body. His torso is the 200m butterfly and the 400m individual medley. He is Competitive Advantage

... there is no doubt that his over their competitors because of these physiological features. In each case, their naturally occurring physical physiological make-up has also oddities have been celebrated for the role they play in contributed to making him making these athletes champions of their respective the most decorated Olympian sports. of all time. * * * also a member of the relay teams that hold the record for the 100m freestyle relay, 200m freestyle relay, and 100m Audi is one of the most technically advanced manu­ medley relay. At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, rumours facturers of luxury vehicles in the world. Guided by its that he was doping emerged, but Phelps quickly shut company motto, “Vorsprung durch Technik” or “lead by these down by joining the US Anti-Doping Agency’s technology”, the company grew in the second half of the Project Believe, in which athletes can volunteer to be 1990s to become a direct competitor to heavyweights tested in excess of World Anti-Doping Agency guidelines. BMW and Mercedes Benz, thanks to the stellar engineer­ During the Olympics, Phelps passed all nine tests that ing team behind its designs. This team was the result of were administered to him. the merging of four leading car manufacturers – Audi, Phelps is not the only athlete with a built-in compe­ DKW, Wanderer and Horch – in 1932. It is from this titive advantage. Andy Roddick has an unusually flexible merger that Audi derives the four interlocking rings of spine and ribcage, which enable him to achieve the arch its emblem, which are often mistakenly thought to be that delivers the fastest serve in tennis. Usain Bolt has an linked to the Olympic rings. Audi was the first German abundance of fast-twitch muscle fibres and a longer than car brand to produce a car that was left-hand drive and

average stride length. Neither Phelps, nor Roddick, nor the first European car company to offer a six-cylinder 49 Bolt has ever been accused of having an unfair advantage engine, front wheel drive model.

MICHAEL PHELPS MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

With this legacy behind it, the automatic Audi 5000 had been propelled through the garage door when became one of the most popular cars in the US after its her car charged forward, and stayed its course despite release in 1982. The model was aerodynamically superior her desperate attempt to push down the brake pedal. to other cars on the market, with Audi innovating flush Apparently, the car had not only accelerated of its own windows to reduce drag. This design was subsequently accord but at precisely the same moment, the brakes had widely adopted by other car manufacturers. The aero­ failed. Joshua was pinned between the car and the back dynamic design of the vehicle’s body also ensured better wall of the garage and tragically, he died from his injuries. fuel efficiency and gave the model a higher top speed Bradosky was just one of a growing group of Americans than other cars of similar engine size. In addition, the who were suing the German automobile manufacturer model featured Audi’s new procon-ten safety system, over the apparent defect in the Audi 5000 design. which essentially pulled the steering wheel towards the With investigations by the National Highway Traffic front of the car and away from the driver in the case Safety Administration (NHTSA) into the allegations of impact, and also removed any slack in the seat belts to hold occupants more firmly in their seats. Owing to its advanced design, the Audi 5000 series became Apparently, the car had the first of Audi’s vehicles to reach a production of one not only accelerated of its own million units, with Audi’s overall sales increasing by 48% accord but at precisely the between 1980 and 1985. The vehicle cemented a general same moment, the brakes acknowledgement of Audi’s superior technical prowess. had failed. However, in 1986, Audi became the subject of much controversy when the public began to fear that the of unintended acceleration ongoing, Audi was forced vehicle had become altogether too advanced in its design to recall 250 000 of its model 5000 cars. Despite this

50 – apparently, the car was also capable of spontaneous attempt to manage the reputational damage that had acceleration. CBS news programme 60 Minutes aired an been caused, Audi sales in the US plummeted from episode entitled “Out of Control”, in which interviewees 74 000 units in 1984 to 12 000 by 1991. Lexus quickly relayed several stories of the Audi 5000 accelerating at replaced the Audi 5000 as the most popular symbol of an alarming rate no matter how hard the driver had middle-class affluence. rammed their foot down on the brake pedal. Seeming However, federal auto safety officials were unable to surge forward entirely of its own volition, the car had to uncover any mechanical defect that would cause the caused 700 accidents and six deaths. The show’s exposé cars to spontaneously accelerate. Moreover, the Audi of the lethal vehicle reached its apex in an interview with 5000’s 110 hp engine simply did not have enough power a teary Kristi Bradosky, whose six-year-old son, Joshua, to override the brakes. In 1989, after three years of investigation, the NHTSA released a report completely exonerating Audi. The report found that in the Audi 5000, the accelerator was placed closer to the brake than in a typical US-manufactured vehicle and that this had caused many of the Audi drivers to mistakenly hit the accelerator when they were trying to brake. Despite the fact that the accusations brought against Audi were completely false, 60 Minutes did not retract the episode that had caused the company so much reputational and financial damage. Audi had neither knowingly nor unwittingly cheated; it had simply focused on excelling in its industry and it had never felt compelled to violate any legal or ethical rules to do so. And although the accidents had not been caused by a mechanical fault in the vehicle, Audi added an Competitive Advantage

lifetime ban for doping violations and their results were disqualified as far back as 2010. With the reallocation of the 2012 Olympic medals, Semenya received gold. The next year, at the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Semenya won gold in the 800m event with a time of 1:55:28. This made her the fourth fastest female ever to run the event, behind Jarmila Kratochvílová – 1:53:28 in 1983 – Nadezhd Olizarenko – 1:53:43 in 1980 – and Pamela Jelimo – 1:54:01 in 2008. Her time was also well behind that of David Rudisha’s record time of 1:40:91 for the men’s 800m in 2012. In fact, it placed her behind the 599th fastest men’s time for the 800m event ever – in all competition up to that point in time – a time of 1:45:85, achieved by Brandon Lasater in 1992. Throughout her career, Semenya has faced enormous criticism related to the elevated levels of testosterone in her blood. In 2009, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) requested that she undergo a sex verification test, stating that the purpose of the enquiry was to ascertain whether Semenya had a “rare medical condition” that gave her an “unfair advantage”.

It was decided that she did not, and she continued to 51 CASTER SEMENYA compete. In a 2015 case unrelated to Semenya, the Court automatic transmission interlock to its vehicles, making of Arbi­tration for Sport (CAS) found that there was it impossible to shift an automatic into drive or reverse insufficient evidence to suggest that elevated levels of without a foot on the brake. By this point, however, the damage was done – Audi would not regain the impressive The testosterone also makes her sales figures in the US that it had achieved in the early bones stronger and increases 1980s, until more than a decade and a half later. the levels of haemoglobin in her * * * blood, ensuring better delivery of oxygen throughout her body. Caster Semenya is built for running. Her body naturally produces higher levels of the hormone testosterone testosterone increased female athletic performance. than the average female runner. This makes her muscles The ruling was made in the case of Dutee Chand vs the larger, providing her with an unusual level of power. The Athletics Federation of India (AFI) and the IAAF. Despite testosterone also makes her bones stronger and increases winning two gold medals at the Asian Junior Athletics the levels of haemoglobin in her blood, ensuring better Championships in 2014, Chand – a professional­ delivery of oxygen throughout her body. sprinter from India – had been dropped from the 2014 Semenya has competed in two Olympic games. Common­wealth Games team, with the AFI claiming She was chosen to carry South Africa’s flag during the that her higher-than-average levels of testosterone made opening ceremony of the 2012 Olympics in London and her ineligible to compete, according to International received a silver medal in the 800m, finishing the race Olympic Committee regulations. Dutee broke the behind Russia’s Mariya Savinova who won gold with a national record for the women’s 100m dash in 2016, winning time of 1:57:23. However, in 2015, Savinova, clocking 11:24 at the Asian Athletics Association’s XXVI together with four other Russian athletes, received a Kosanov Memorial meet, held in Kazakhstan, and MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

The rules applied only to testosterone-suppressing drugs in the past has left her feeling physically ill and psychologically altered. The runners competing in the 400m, IAAF’s justification for these rules is that it wishes to 800m and 1 500m races – ensure that the competition between female athletes seeming almost to target remains “fair and meaningful”. Semenya specifically ... Semenya has claimed that she will no longer take part in international athletics if she cannot run the thereby automatically qualifying for the Rio Olympics. 800m. She appealed the new rules in CAS for Sport, Chand became the third Indian woman to participate but her appeal was rejected. She then took up her in the 100m race at the Olympics, however, she did not appeal with the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, move beyond the heats. which instructed the IAAF to suspend the rule that In April 2018, after Semenya’s success at the 2016 would force female runners to suppress naturally high Olympics, the IAAF announced new rules, requiring levels of testosterone. In June 2019, the IAAF filed a that female athletes with naturally occurring testosterone submission to the Supreme Court to lift the suspension. levels of more than five nanomoles per litre take medi­ Defending its stance on its website, the IAAF stated: cation to artificially lower their testosterone levels. An “The IAAF will continue to defend its DSD [disorder of average man has between 9.2 nmol/l to 31.8nmo/l, whilst sexual differentiation] Regulations and the CAS Award an average woman has anywhere from 0.3 nmol/l to 2.4 in the appeal proceedings before the SFT, because it nmol/l. The rules applied only to runners competing in continues to believe in equal rights and opportunities the 400m, 800m and 1 500m races – seeming almost for all women and girls in our sport today and in the to target Semenya specifically – and would be effective future” (emphasis added). The irony of this statement, by 8 May 2019. It is estimated that the ruling could considering the IAAF’s determination to handicap

52 add as much as seven seconds to Semenya’s 800m time, Semenya so specifically, appears to be somewhat lost on and Semenya has reported that experimentation with the regulator. 

13 MINOR OFFENCES

on Mould is a professional cyclist from Wales. In Cyclists create an avatar on the Zwift app and, using J2018, he won a silver medal in the Commonwealth readings from the indoor trainer, as well as weight and Games road race, just losing out to Australia’s Steele von height inputs on their profile, the avatar’s speed and Hoff in a sprint finish of the 168km race. Mould has therefore relative progress is determined by the cyclist’s raced all over the world, but in the winter season of 2019, own outputs. If the indoor trainer being used is what most of his cycling has taken place within the comfort of is known as a smart trainer, then the resistance on the his home, competing in digital racing competitions on user’s bike will automatically change as the gradient of Zwift. the virtual road in the virtual world of Zwift changes. Zwift is a training app for cyclists that enables riders Watching their avatar on their phone, laptop or TV, to connect their indoor trainer setup to a virtual world cyclists can race on famous routes such as Prudential of cycling. In the Zwift world, cyclists can race or partake RideLondon, UCI World Championship courses such in social rides alongside users from around the world. as Richmond, Virginia and Innsbruck-Tirol, as well as Minor Offences fun “Watopia” routes such as a loop around Central Park This Monday, Wiese was on his way to Luxembourg, but in New York. There is even a track inside a bubbling on the coming weekend, he was attending a wedding in volcano. Russia, and he still wanted to be back in South Africa Whilst most users of the app are amateur cyclists, during the week to cast his vote in the nation’s general for professionals such as Mould, Zwift has created an elections. elite league called the KISS Super League. In this league, Arriving comfortably at the terminal before the departure of his flight to Luxembourg – with his return Zwift is a training app for ticket to London booked for the same day – everything was going smoothly, until Wiese reached security. At cyclists that enables riders to the security gate, Wiese placed his hand luggage on the connect their indoor trainer setup conveyer belt and as the bag rolled through the airport to a virtual world of cycling. x-ray machine, it immediately attracted the attention of the custom officials. Wiese was pulled over and upon teams of professional cyclists compete in weekly races, searching his hand luggage, officials found that his bag streamed live for audiences around the world to watch was stuffed with thousands of bound £20 and £50 notes. on Zwift’s Facebook and YouTube channels. Mould and In total, there was £120 000 – more than two million his team, Madison-Genesis, have done exceptionally well South African Rand in today’s terms. Not surprisingly, in these races and Mould himself has won many of these airport authorities were suspicious. weekly rides. Taken to a secure room for questioning, Wiese So appealing have these virtual races become for explained that the money came from a safety deposit box the greater cycling community that the British Cycling at the Ritz Hotel in London. It was transported there

Organisation held the first ever national eSports cycling from a strong box in a London branch of the Swiss bank 53 event in March of 2019. The best riders in the virtual UBS and he was now taking it personally to be deposited cycling world were invited to compete in the event after at his bank in Luxembourg. The officials had meanwhile placing in the top ten in a qualifying race. The top ten located Wiese’s checked-in luggage and began examining included Mould, as well as riders such as Stevie Williams, its contents. In that bag, officials discovered an even Ian Bibby and Olympic gold medallist Dani Rowe. greater stash of elastic-bound bricks of cash, with a value Televised on BT Sport in the United Kingdom, finalists of £554 920. In total, between the hand luggage and travelled to the broadcaster’s London studios on the day the checked-in bag, Wiese had been planning to carry to compete alongside each other on their indoor trainers. The eSport scene is growing in popularity every day and big players in the industry, such as Zwift, have high hopes that eSports may even one day be included in the Olympics. At this very early stage of virtual cycling, however, there have been some challenges, including what the Zwift community is calling the “Weightgate” scandal.

* * *

It was a typically cold and rainy morning in London. On Monday the 27th of April 2009, with a busy week of travelling ahead, South African billionaire Christo Wiese checked in at London City Airport – a favourite amongst businessmen for its proximity to the city. It was also a convenient option for Wiese, just an hour’s drive from JON MOULD the Ritz Hotel, where he had stayed the night before. MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

And indeed, Wiese knew exactly what he was doing. When travelling between countries in the European Union, there is no limit to the amount of cash one is allowed to carry across the borders within the economic zone. If entering or exiting the EU, one is only allowed to travel with up to £10 000, but on a flight between London and Luxembourg, this did not apply. The apprehensive airport staff had no grounds upon which to detain Wiese, but the customs officials had the right to seize the money under the suspicion that it was laundered, until a judge ruled otherwise. Wiese would have to go to court to get back his millions. The initial ruling in 2010 by District Judge Snow In total, between the hand of Westminster Court was that, without proper docu­ luggage and the checked-in bag, men­tation to account for the source of the funds, the Wiese had been planning money was to be forfeited as the court believed it was to carry £674 920 in cash on an the proceeds of criminal activity. Wiese appealed the 54 international flight... decision, hiring one of the top Lawyers in the UK, Claire Montgomery, to plead his case – the same lawyer £674 920 in cash on an international flight – over R12 to defend Shrien Dewani, who was accused of hiring a million in today’s terms. hitman in South Africa to kill his wife, Anni Dewani. It Wiese explained that the money was from the sale of took a year and a half, but Wiese eventually got back his diamonds back in the 1980s. In his younger years, Wiese money, minus the £30 000 spent in court to overturn the had bought a diamond mine on the banks of the Orange original ruling. Wiese has subsequently considered suing River in partnership with one of his friends, Johan de British authorities to claim back the money he lost in the Villiers – a 22-year-old article clerk. Wiese’s timing legal process. on the entry and exit of his venture into the diamond industry was near perfect, buying in just before the boom * * * in the 1970s and getting out just before the collapse of the diamond price in 1981. After winning back-to-back races in the Zwift KISS Despite his explanation, however, the authorities still Super League in early 2019, Jon Mould was invited to wanted to know why he had kept the money in cash all compete in a Zwift exhibition race in New York. Being these years and had not deposited it in a bank. Wiese a highly publicised event with great riders from around claimed that he had kept the money in cash because the world in the field, the organisers wanted to make it he did not want a paper trail, as it was frowned upon as controlled and standardised as possible. One control to keep money overseas as a South African during the was having riders weigh in before the race – a procedure 1980s and early 1990s. By depositing traveller’s cheques that is not usually undertaken in ordinary Zwift races, and keeping the money in a safety deposit box, there was generally relying on an honesty system when it comes no paper trail. The retail mogul argued that the situation to riders entering their weight and height on the app. was all above board and even offered the customs officials But when a lower weight is entered than what is factual, the contact numbers of his accountant and a contact at riders gain a crucial power-to-weight advantage – one of UBS, to further clarify his story. the most important ratios in cycling. Minor Offences

Standing on the scale that day in front of the race races often come down to a sprint finish, having almost officials, Mould weighed 76 kilograms – three kilograms a half a minute handicap is a massive advantage – and heavier than the weight he used on his Zwift account this was just in a solo race. When riding in a peloton, the whilst racing in the KISS Super League just a few advantage of an increased power-to-weight ratio becomes days before. Prominent Zwift cyclist and outspoken even more pronounced. The drafting effect when racing Australian Shane Miller, aka GPLama, called out Mould on the back wheel of a teammate or competitor signi­ on his popular YouTube channel for “weight doping” ficantly decreases the energy needed to maintain the speed of the peloton, with the front rider creating a Standing on the scale that slipstream for the riders behind him. Without this effect, the energy needed for a solo rider to maintain the same day in front of the race officials, speed as the peloton over the course of a race is almost Mould weighed 76 kilograms impossible, owing to the continuous turn-taking of the – three kilograms heavier than front position in the peloton by what are known as the the weight he used on his super domestiques, those who ride on behalf of others. Zwift account ... The watts-to-kilograms ratio thus becomes crucial for a rider to keep up with the group, because if they are – deliberately understating his weight on his Zwift dropped, without the required power-to-weight ratio, profile to gain a power-to-weight advantage over his they have little chance of catching up with the peloton. competitors. Many of Miller’s 85 000 niche YouTube In this scenario, the 25 seconds difference in a solo ride, channel subscribers were incensed. as measured by Pritchard, can quickly become minutes Defending himself against the vitriolic attack by of lost time in a non-time-trial race – a race in which

Miller, Mould claimed that the long-haul flight from drafting has a significant influence. 55 the UK to the US, along with some overeating during In the app, there are no consequences for amateur the trip, had resulted in his unexpected weight gain. riders on Zwift who tinker with their weights to gain an For the organisers of the event in New York, it did not advantage over their virtual counterparts. However, with seem anything out of the ordinary and they simply asked the recent growth of third-party intermediaries such as Mould to update his weight on his Zwift profile before ZwiftPower – a website that organises and tracks races on the race. But for many Zwift fanatics, the incident served Zwift for a large community of riders – the administrators as indisputable evidence that what they suspected might of the website have started to suspend obvious weight be happening was in fact happening – at every level, dopers from their race rankings and overall standings. Zwift riders were weight doping. In their very active forum, Zwift riders openly name After the accusations that Mould had weight and shame profiles who they believe are cheating and, doped, Chris Pritchard, a professional cyclist who has following a quick investigation by administrators, the represented Scotland in the Commonwealth Games, cheaters are suspended. created a YouTube video to investigate how drastically In the world of Zwift, the trivial weight doping issue a weight change would affect a rider’s performance in is perhaps symbolic of a far more complex idea – the Zwift. By racing the same track with different weights, difference between a game, played purely for recreation Pritchard demonstrated the extent to which understating and enjoyment, and a sport, as an event that involves your weight has a direct advantage in improving a rider’s serious competition. This dichotomy is succinctly power-to-weight ratio, or watts-to-kilograms (W/kg). In captured in a comment on an online Zwift forum, the video, over the course of a 64km race, a 67kg rider regarding “To cheat or not to cheat”. In the forum, a new with a height of 183cm – simulating the measurements rider asks if it is acceptable to change his weight in a non- of Mould – was up to 25 seconds slower in a solo ride competitive group ride to keep up with the group, even than the 63kg version of the same rider with the same though he would be lying about his true measurements. height. A veteran Zwift rider responds, “If it’s just for funsies, Whilst 25 seconds may not seem like much, in group ride, workout etc., do what you want. If it’s a race, profes­sional events, where the margins are miniscule and stay legit. No one likes a weight doper.”  MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

14 SYSTEMATIC CHEATING

he Russian Olympic team seemed to be almost just hours after WADA’s report was released on the 18th Tunbeatable on their home-ground at the 2014 Winter of July 2016 assuring the world that he would punish Olympics in Sochi. That year, the country entered its anyone found to be involved in doping, although he largest team ever – 232 athletes – with representatives denied that his government had played any part in it. in all 15 sports. Russia collected 33 medals, achieving At the centre of the scandal was Russia’s anti-doping the highest medal count of all competing countries. At laboratory in Moscow and its director Dr Grigory the previous Winter Olympics, Russia had come in sixth Rodchenkov. Rodchenkov is widely considered to be overall. It was a remarkable achievement. one of the leading international experts on performance- Evidence would soon emerge, however, that it was enhancing drugs and he was identified in the WADA

56 too remarkable. In December 2014, ten months after report as the mastermind behind Russia’s doping scandal. Rodchenkov was forced to resign after the report was WADA found that during the released and, fearing that he would be assassinated, he 2014 Winter Olympics, Russia fled to the US in 2015, where he turned whistle-blower. He shared the details of the doping scandal with The New had the highest number of York Times, which ran a story in May 2016, supporting athletes guilty of doping of any his claims with emails and photographs. Prior to the country, at any event, in history. 2014 Winter Olympics, Rodchenkov claimed that he was recruited by the Russian government to put his the end of the Sochi Olympics on the 23rd of February, knowledge to good use, by helping athletes to use banned German broadcaster ARD aired a documentary entitled substances without being detected at international The Doping Secret: How Russia Creates its Champions. events. During the 2014 Winter Olympics, he had In it, investigative reporter Hajo Seppelt uncovered supplied the Russian Ministry of Sport with a cocktail evidence of largescale, systematic, apparently state- of drugs that was administered to athletes to help them sponsored doping amongst Russian athletes. In response, recover between training sessions and races. The mixture in May 2016, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) included Metenolone, Trenbolone and Oxandrolone. commissioned an investigation that confirmed extensive An en masse swap out of athletes’ urine samples in doping amongst Russia’s sporting elite and also alleged the dead of night had then been orchestrated to ensure that regulators and government officials in the country that their use of the drugs was not detected by the anti- had been actively involved in covering up the doping to doping authorities. WADA routinely tests the urine avoid suspicion from international sporting authorities. samples of athletes from all countries during major WADA found that during the 2014 Winter Olympics, sporting events, and at the 2014 Winter Olympics, Russia had the highest number of athletes guilty of held from the 7th to the 23rd of February 2014, these doping of any country, at any event, in history. Russian samples were stored and tested at the Moscow anti- President Vladimir Putin held a hasty press conference doping laboratory. Rodchenkov helped to devise a covert Systematic Cheating

plan that involved storing clean samples from Russian original 386-person team competed, although the IOC

competitors – which had been collected months before would later ban Russia from the 2018 Winter Olympics 57 the Olympics – in a spare storage room at the laboratory. in South Korea. Disturbingly, however, Rodchenkov During the Olympics, whenever testing was required, the claims that Russian doping extended well past the clean samples were then passed through a secret hole in Olympic team, describing it as an accepted feature of the wall between the storage room and the official sample professional sport in Russia. In 2016, for example, testing room. Agents from the Russian secret service had heavyweight boxer Alexander Povetkin, tennis player found a way to remove the Swiss-made tamper-proof Maria Sharapova and footballer Roman Eremenko all security caps from the official dirty samples, which were failed drug tests, along with Elena and Olesya Nurgalieva disposed of and replaced with the clean samples, before – the Russian twins who dominated the ladies’ race of the Comrades Marathon between 2003 and 2013. ... Rodchenkov claims Many of the cases involved Meldonium, a performance- that Russian doping extended enhancing drug that increases blood flow throughout the body, which appeared for the first time onWADA’s well past the Olympic team, banned substances list in 2016. Sharapova – who still describing it as an accepted represents Russia in tennis, despite having lived in the feature of professional sport US for many years – claimed that she had been taking in Russia. Meldonium for nearly a decade on her doctor’s orders to treat a magnesium deficiency and to protect her WADA carried out the urine tests. Immediately after the against diabetes. She claimed to have had no idea that 2014 Winter Olympics, Putin awarded Rodchenkov the the medication had been outlawed and as a result, her prestigious Order of Friend­ship. two-year ban from tennis was reduced to 15 months, on Based on Rodchenkov’s astounding story, the Inter­ the basis that she was not an “intentional doper”. national Olympic Committee (IOC) decided that The official response to Rodchenkov’s story in Russia individual sports federations would be responsible for was scathing. Rodchenkov alleges that Russia’s Ministry deciding whether Russian athletes would be allowed of Sport was actively involved in widespread doping to compete in the 2016 Rio Olympics. 271 of Russia’s amongst its country’s athletes. However, although Putin MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

reportedly initiated an inquiry into the accusations, should be, the team assumed that their testing equipment officials at the ministry were largely dismissive of The New was faulty. However, after repeated testing produced the York Times article, describing it as completely unfounded same results, they first contacted Volkswagen with their and an attempt to discredit Russia’s athletes ahead of findings in mid-2014.Volkswagen began recalling its the 2016 Olympics in Rio. The implication from Russia vehicles, claiming that it would be running its own tests was that other countries were simply intimidated by the and that it would conduct repairs on any vehicles found Russian team that had outperformed them in 2014. to be malfunctioning in terms of NOx emissions. In fact, its engineers were refining the defeat device to improve * * * the cars’ ability to pass emissions tests. In 2015, an unnamed Volkswagen employee – In 2015, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) believed by some commentators to be Stuart Johnson, discovered that many of Volkswagen’s diesel vehicles were head of VW’s Engineering and Environmental Office not nearly as environmentally friendly as their humorous in Detroit – confirmed that his employer had indeed range of television adverts had suggested. This was not installed defeat devices on its vehicles. He further claimed due to a design fault, nor was it a malfunction applicable that the cover-up of cheating in emissions tests had been to only a few cars. It was the result of an active attempt ordered from the highest levels of management at the by the car manufacturer to cheat the emissions tests that company. When Volkswagen was confronted with these vehicles must pass in the US. The cars were fitted with a allegations, it maintained that it had no knowledge of defeat device – software that could detect when the car any active attempts to cheat emissions tests and claimed was being run in a test situation versus on the road in the that if a defeat device did exist, its engineers had acted on their own to design and implement it. However, investigations by US Congress would reveal several emails

58 With evidence mounting between Volkswagen senior management, including against Volkswagen, the company CEO Martin Winterkorn, discussing the continued adopted a stance of co-operation cover-up of the defeat device, which had been installed and pled guilty in the US for cheating emissions tests.

real world. During the test situation, the device ensured that the vehicles produced low enough emissions to pass the test. In the real world, the same cars would emit on average 40 times more than their test results suggested. The negative effects of the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by diesel engines have been well researched, and around the world, to varying degrees, emissions regulations have been introduced, with the US leading the way with some of the strictest standards. To boost their sales in the US, in the early 2000s, Volkswagen proudly introduced a range of cost-effective and environmentally­ friendly vehicles that were enormously successful. In 2008, the Volkswagen AG Jetta TDI even won the title of “Green Car of the Year”, awarded by trade magazine Green Car Journal at the Los Angeles Auto Show. So advanced were Volkswagen’s diesel cars that the EPA began to study the vehicles to find out how other car manufacturers could improve their own designs. When they discovered that MARTIN WINTERKORN the cars were emitting substantially more NOx than they Systematic Cheating in over 11 million cars, from as early as 2014. With cities across Germany where the amount of toxicity in evidence mounting against Volkswagen, the company the air is above the limit specified by international air adopted a stance of co-operation and pled guilty in the quality standards. US for cheating emissions tests. The company was fined Meanwhile, although the US has always led the $2.8 billion. way in terms of emissions regulations, in June 2017, However, further investigations conducted by the US US President Donald Trump announced that America Department of Justice and the European Commission would be exiting the 2015 Paris Agreement. The Agree­ revealed that it was not only Volkswagen that was ment – which was signed under the Obama adminis­ ­ cheating­ emissions tests, but many car manufacturers – tration with notable support from former vice-president including Volvo, Renault, Citroën, Mercedes Benz, Fiat- and environmental activist Al Gore – forms part of the Chrysler and Opel. Far from being a scandal limited to a United Nations Framework Convention on Climate single company, it turned out that an entire industry was colluding in cheating the system, and knowingly releasing In addition, it is estimated poisonous fumes that pollute the air. Whilst there has that these emissions cause roughly been no confirmation that there is an industry-wide use of defeat devices per se, investigations by the EPA and one million people to fall ill other environmental protection agencies have revealed each year in the 70 cities across that there are several “tricks” that are routinely employed Germany ... to exploit the loopholes in emissions regulations. These practices are especially concerning in Europe, where Change and aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. emissions regulations are generally already more lax than Trump claimed that the Agreement imposed unfair

in the US. One study has estimated that between 2001 standards on businesses, adding that it was undermining 59 and 2013, the difference between the emissions recorded the authority of the US government to define its in a test situation versus on the road had risen from 8% own regu­lations. His announcement was met with to 31%. By 2016, the difference was on average 42%. strong resistance, with a network of US local leaders, No penalties are enforced by European regulators, representing 405 municipalities, joining together under who turn a blind eye to cheating in emissions tests. the Climate Mayors initiative to affirm their commitment The EPA speculates that the reason for this is because, to reducing harmful emissions. In addition, thousands of although emissions standards are uniform across business­es have pledged to continue to follow the Paris countries in Europe, each individual state is responsible Agreement goals. for the regulation of its own automotive industry. This Ironically, to ensure that the Agreement was some­ makes it unlikely that any one country will impose what politics-proofed, under the stipulations of the Paris penalties on vehicle manufacturers in their own country, Agreement, the US will not be able to exit the Agreement as this would undermine their performance in the until the year 2020 – when the next US presidential European market, where other countries continue to take elections will also be held. shortcuts. European regulators thus play an integral role in protecting an industry that employs approximately * * * 13.8 million people – accounting for 6.1% of total employment in Europe – and which contributes 4% Two of Rodchenkov’s colleagues at the anti-doping to Europe’s GDP. However, in Germany alone, where laboratory – one of whom was reportedly writing a the automotive industry employs 800 000 people, the tell-all book about Russian doping programmes – died German Federal Environmental Agency has estimated unexpectedly within weeks of each other shortly after he that more than 6 000 deaths per year are linked to left the country in 2015. On the day Rodchenkov was NOx emissions, which are known to contribute to the due to meet with US immigration officials to secure a development of illness such as heart and lung disease. long-term stay in the US, Russian authorities filed charges In addition, it is estimated that these emissions cause of drug-trafficking against him in what is believed to be roughly one million people to fall ill each year in the 70 a blatant attempt to get him extradited back to Russia. MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

He is currently still living in the US under the Federal who fear that WADA will fail to uphold the sanctity of Witness Protection Programme. clean, fair sport. “The situation is a total joke and an To further corroborate Rodchenkov’s story and embarrassment for WADA and the global anti-doping identify which Russian athletes are guilty of doping, system,” says chief executive of the United States Anti- WADA ordered that the anti-doping laboratory hand Doping Agency, Travis Tygart. over all data for further investigation. WADA lifted the In November 2015, the International Association blanket-ban on Russian athletes in September 2018, of Athletics Federations (IAAF) banned Russia from with the agreement that the data would be delivered by international competitions, pending further investi­ga­ the end of the year. However, Russia failed to deliver tions. As of June 2019, the IAAF has declared that the the data by the deadline, which led to much conjecture ban will remain in place until the data is received from the about whether the sanctions against Russian athletes anti-doping laboratory. This decision is at odds with that would be reinstated or not. Internationally, there has of WADA and the International Olympic Committee, been an outcry from athletes across different sports, which have suspended the ban. 

15 VIVE LE TOUR 60

n the 2nd of October 1996, a 25-year-old Lance the competition, finishing 7 minutes and 37 seconds OArmstrong was diagnosed with Stage 3 testicular cancer. ahead of second-place rider, Alex Zülle. The next year, By the time of his diagnosis, the cancer had spread to Armstrong won the Tour again, this time against more his abdomen, lungs and brain. He was coughing up formidable opponents that included Jan Ullrich and the blood and his affected testicle was severely swollen. The man known as “The Pirate”, Marco Pantani – considered Texan urologist who made the initial diagnosis, Jim by many cycling commentators to be the greatest climber Reeves, believed that there was little chance of his patient of all time. Between his return to the Tour de France surviving, admitting later that, with the kind of cancer in 1999 and his initial retirement in 2005, Armstrong Armstrong had, there was “almost no hope”. In the won every year. He had beaten cancer and achieved the months after his diagnosis, Armstrong had his cancerous unthinkable – he had come back from death’s door to testicle removed and had surgery to remove lesions on win the most gruelling endurance cycling race in the his brain that were found to contain extensive necrosis world a record-breaking seven consecutive times. At the – permanent damage to brain cells that causes their peak of his career, Armstrong was unbeatable. premature death. Miraculously, in February of 1997, after Armstrong had completed a successful programme * * * of chemotherapy treatment, he was declared cancer-free. By January 1998, he was training with his new cycling The son of a founder of Adcock Ingram, Barry Tannen­ team, US Postal Service, and less than three years after baum finished his schooling in Krugersdorp and his diagnosis, he raced again in the Tour de France. graduated from Wits University in 1987 with a Bachelor Before his cancer diagnosis, Armstrong had managed of Science Degree. After university, Tannenbaum began a handful of stage wins, but had not come close to working for EuroChemicals in 1992, trading under the winning the Tour de France outright. In the year of name Frankel Chemicals. Just six years later, Tannen­ his return to the Tour, in 1999, Armstrong blew away baum was the owner of EuroChemicals, purchasing Vive le Tour

LANCE ARMSTRONG 61 the company in 1998 through a legal entity called the accounting records, upon receiving the profits, investors Frankel Trust – of which Barry Tannenbaum was the sole would be paid back their initial capital and a very healthy beneficiary. interest amount, with a 95-day loan of R15 million from Tannenbaum’s plan for his new company was to a single investor yielding an interest return of R3 million, purchase active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) as an example of an actual transaction that took place from around the world to sell to large pharmaceutical between an entity called the DWP Trust and Frankel companies such as Adcock Ingram, Novartis and Aspen, Chemicals in 2008. With the world reeling from the worst recession With the world reeling from since the 1920s, the returns promised by investing in Tannenbaum’s Frankel Chemicals were simply un­ the worst recession since the heard of in the prevailing economic climate. By 2007, 1920s, the returns promised Tannenbaum had relocated with his family from Johan­ by investing in Tannenbaum’s nesburg to Sydney, Australia, but continued to bring Frankel Chemicals were simply investors on board from South Africa and beyond with un­heard of ... the help of lawyer Dean Rees, and retired advocate Darryl Leigh. These three managed to secure investments for use in the manufacture specifically of antiretroviral from some of the most prominent – and supposedly (ARV) drugs for the South African market. Instead prudent – business figures in South Africa, including of funding his operations through loans from banks, former Pick ’n Pay CEO Sean Summers, former JSE Tannenbaum aimed to secure funding from investors to chair Norman Lowenthal and former Bond Exchange conclude what he marketed as high-margin deals. These CEO Tom Lawless, each of whom invested significant deals, often lasting only a few months, purportedly amounts into Tanenbaum’s venture. And with such involved using investors’ money as bridge financing well-respected businessmen involved, the credibility of to secure the chemicals that would then be sold on at the business grew organically, with new investors often significant gross profit margins. As was recorded in the being personally recommended by previous investors, MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

who had successfully made significant returns from their Tannenbaum communicated to Dean Rees in an email own contributions. that it “feels as if the rivers are slowing – know what I At the height of the scheme, tens of millions of rands mean?” of investors’ funding was flowing directly into the private In October 2009, then Finance Minister Pravin accounts of Rees and Tannenbaum. And to the benefit Gordhan announced that over 400 investors had been of the scheme, investors were often willingly rolling over swindled out of billions of rands – the exact figure was their funding into supposedly new transactions, rather later estimated at R12.5 billion. A warrant was issued for than withdrawing their capital. In June 2009, however, the arrest of Barry Tannenbaum and Dean Rees, and a with hundreds of investors around the world owed special task team was assembled, using resources from the hundreds of millions of rands, the scheme collapsed. NPA and SARS to investigate the scheme. In the years At first, the news spread slowly that investors were that followed, Rees and Tannenbaum’s South African not timeously receiving their earnings when called upon, assets were frozen, as were Rees’s UK assets, but neither with Tannenbaum making up a host of excuses with has been arrested to date, with extradition requests regard to mistakes made on banking forms that were lodged by the South African government being overruled delaying payments. In 2009, suspicion turned to dismay by Swiss and Australian authorities respectively. when three hundred investors met in the Sandton offices In 2015, Tannenbaum conducted an interview of law firm Routledge Modise, now Hogan Lovells, with with Australia’s Nine Gold Coast News. In the interview, the aim of uncovering the underlying reason for the Tannen­baum claimed to be broke and that he was work­ delay in the return of their investments. In the meeting, ing as an Uber driver in Runaway Bay on the Gold Coast the mood was sombre, as those who believed they were of Australia. The article noted he used a relatively new part of a small and exclusive group of investors realised Jeep to ferry around his customers. After the inter­view, that they were part of what was to become known as the the South African media ran the headline, “From über

62 largest case of corporate fraud in the country’s history – a trickster to Uber driver: SA Ponzi boss Tannenbaum’s massive Ponzi scheme the likes of which South Africa new life as a taxi driver.” had never before experienced. For years, Tannenbaum had been forging purchase * * * orders equating to billions of rands from companies such as Aspen, Adcock Ingram, Revlon and Sandoz Novartis, In 2004, Sunday Times sportswriter David Walsh and amongst others, in order for him and his business partners French sports reporter Pierre Ballester published a book to lock in funding from investors. In reality, however, titled L.A. Confidentiel: Les secrets de Lance Armstrong (L.A. Confidential: Lance Armstrong’s Secrets). The book At the point when there were was published in French and contained detailed accounts of how, for years, Armstrong and his US Postal Service not enough new investors putting team had been using performance-enhancing drugs to in funding, previous investors win the Tour de France. Despite the evidence provided did not receive their payments by key witnesses such as long-time US Postal Services and the scheme collapsed. masseuse, Emma O’Reilly, that pointed to Armstrong and his team’s extensive use of blood doping during there was no underlying business taking place. Whilst competitive racing, the book went largely unnoticed investors believed their profits originated from the sale and was never published in English. Armstrong strongly of chemicals to multinational pharmaceutical companies denied any accusations of doping, saying in 2005, “If to make life-saving antiretroviral drugs, they were in you consider my situation: a guy who comes back from truth being paid solely from the incoming funds of new arguably, you know, a death sentence, why would I then investors. At the point when there were not enough new enter into a sport and dope myself up and risk my life investors putting in funding, previous investors did not again? That’s crazy. I would never do that. No. No way.” receive their payments and the scheme collapsed. Eight In press conferences after the publication of L.A. months prior to the collapse of the scheme in June 2009, Confidentiel, Armstrong referred to Walsh as a “little Vive le Tour troll” and stated that “extraordinary allegations require testosterone.” In opposition to Betsy Andreus statement, extraordinary evidence”. Armstrong also sued Walsh’s under oath, Armstrong said, “I race the bike straight up employer, The Sunday Times, after they published fair and square,” defending his claim that he had earned excerpts from the book in the sports section of the all rights to the bonus promised by SCA Promotions. popular newspaper. In 2004, The Times settled the libel Despite Andreu’s testimony, the arbitration panel ruled case out of court and apologised to Armstrong, saying in Armstrong’s favour and ordered that he be awarded that “The Sunday Times has confirmed to Mr. Armstrong $7.5 million, paid out by SCA, including the original that it never intended to accuse him of being guilty of $5 million plus interest and legal fees. In a statement after the ruling, Armstrong said, “It’s over. We won. They But despite Arm­strong’s lost. I was yet again completely vindicated.” aggressive denial of all doping In 2010, after being stripped of his 2006 Tour de France title for doping, former US Postal Service rider accusations against him, Floyd Landis sent a string of emails to anti-doping extraordinary evidence would officials admitting that he, along with teammates Lance eventually emerge to support Armstrong and George Hincapie, had used performance- the allegations. enhancing drugs from 2002 to 2006. His emails also claimed that the US Postal Service team director, Johan taking any performance-enhancing drugs and sincerely Bruyneel, had bribed International Cycling Union apologized for any such impression.” But despite Arm­ (UCI) officials to keep quiet about Armstrong’s positive strong’s aggressive denial of all doping accusations against drug test in the 2002 Tour de France, with it later being him, extraordinary evidence would eventually emerge to revealed that Armstrong had made a donation of $25 000

support the allegations. to the UCI in 2002, to be used in the junior anti-doping 63 In 2005, in a court case involving Armstrong and programme to buy new blood testing machines. The Texas-based company SCA Promotions, a witness came UCI president, Pat McQuade, denied the allegations forward and testified under oath that Armstrong had and stated that Landis was simply seeking revenge for used performance-enhancing drugs. SCA Promotions his own fall from grace. Similarly, Bruyneel claimed that had made a deal with Armstrong that if he could manage Landis’ story had no credibility and that he was just five consecutiveTour de France wins, they would pay “angry at the world”. him a $5 million bonus. But when rumours had started In 2012, the United States Anti-Doping Agency to emerge in 2004 that Armstrong had been doping, the (USADA) released a report of over a thousand pages, promotions company decided to withhold the bonus accusing Armstrong of running what they believed was and Armstrong took the company to court. “the most sophisticated, professionalized and successful The witness who provided the testimony against Armstrong was a woman named Betsy Andreu. She was The UCI president, Pat the wife of Frankie Andreu, who was the captain of the McQuade, denied the allegations US Postal Service team until 2000 and a close friend and teammate of Armstrong’s. In 1996, when Armstrong and stated that Landis was was diagnosed with cancer, the Andreus visited him simply seeking revenge for his in hospital. In that same year, after Armstrong’s brain own fall from grace. surgery, Betsy Andreu heard him confess to his doctor that he had used performance-enhancing drugs. In her doping program that sport has ever seen.” The report testimony in the SCA Promotions case, she said, “the contained witness accounts from 26 individuals, doctor asked him a few questions, not many, and then including 15 professional cyclists, testifying to have one of the questions he asked was ... have you ever used knowledge of Armstrong and the US Postal Service any performance-enhancing drugs? And Lance said team’s doping activities. Under extreme pressure from yes. And the doctor asked, what were they? And Lance the public and with the overwhelming evidence provided said, growth hormone, cortisone, EPO, steroids and by the extensive USADA report, Armstrong finally MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

admitted, in 2013, to taking performance-enhancing could be mistaken for an outpost of the Lone Star State, drugs. For the first time, Armstrong told Oprah Winfrey, with thousands of supporters waving American and on a television interview that aired on the 17th of January Texan flags, as their hero rode into the heart of Paris. 2013, that he had used banned performance-enhancing Armstrong, winning his seventh consecutive Tour, stood drugs for most of his career and throughout all of his on the winner’s podium and delivered what would be his Tour de France wins. farewell speech to the jubilant crowd. “Finally, the last Between 1999 and 2005, Lance Armstrong was thing I’ll say to the people who don’t believe in cycling, not only the undisputed king of the Tour de France – the cynics and the sceptics: I’m sorry for you. I’m sorry he was bigger than cycling. He miraculously overcame that you can’t dream big. I’m sorry you don’t believe in cancer to again compete in the sport he loved, he started miracles,” he said. “But this is one hell of a race. This is the Livestrong Foundation and he was an inspiration a great sporting event and you should stand around and to millions of people around the world for his courage believe it. You should believe in these athletes, and you and determination. During his career, he broke almost should believe in these people. I’ll be a fan of the Tour de every Tour de France record and changed the sport of France for as long as I live. And there are no secrets – this cycling forever. On the day of his final Tour win, on is a hard sporting event and hard work wins it. So Vive the 24th of July 2005, the Avenue des Champs-Élysées le Tour forever!” 

64 16 THE FUTILITY OF SABOTAGE

t was the evening before the US Figure Skating attack had simply been too deliberate to be dismissed as ChampionshipsI in January 1994 and defending national a random act of violence; there was clearly a weightier champion Nancy Kerrigan had just finished her last motive. After all, had the attacker succeeded in breaking practice session at the Detroit Cobo Arena. As she walked Kerrigan’s leg, she would have been unable to compete, down the corridor leading out of the arena, she heard not only the next day but for the rest of the year, effectively hurried footsteps as a man ran up behind her, holding a eliminating her from both the National Championships 53cm long collapsible baton. He struck out at her right and the Winter Olympics that year. knee with enough force to make it terrifyingly clear that Right from the outset, Harding had been a misfit he intended to injure her severely. By sheer luck, she in the somewhat prissy world of sequined leotards, taut escaped with bad bruising, but no broken bones. expressions and graceful moves. Her family had struggled Even before a formal investigation into the attack financially and she wore hand-me-down costumes that was launched, Kerrigan’s biggest rival, Tonya Harding, her mother sewed for her. She liked to skate to rock songs; was immediately suspected of having been involved. The her build was muscular and her hair wild; her skating style powerful and athletic rather than swift and elegant. She learned about motor mechanics from her father and Right from the outset, spent weekends drag racing and hunting with him. She Harding had been a misfit in the dropped out of high school to pursue her skating career, somewhat prissy world of funding it by working as a truck driver and an assistant sequined leotards, taut expressions in a fishing shop, among other jobs. For many people, and graceful moves. it didn’t seem too far a stretch of the imagination that The Futility of Sabotage the “bad girl” of American figure skating could have became the first woman to ever complete a triple-axel in planned an assault on the wholesome young Kerrigan in combination with another move, in that case a double her signature white leotard. toe loop. She won the 1991 US Ladies’ Singles title, Before 1994, Harding was most famous for being achieving a 6.0 technical merit score, and went on to one of only two women in figure skating history to have compete at the 1991 World Championships, where she showed off her triple-axel once again. The US took all three podium places in the competition, with Harding Before 1994, Harding was most finishing second, behind the national champion Kristi famous for being one of only Yamaguchi, and ahead of Kerrigan. two women in figure skating But Harding’s time at the top was short-lived. By history to have landed a 1992 her rankings were falling and in 1993 she failed to triple-axel – the most difficult even qualify for the World Championship team. By 1994, she was under serious pressure to get her professional jump in figure skating ... skating career back on track. Meanwhile, Kerrigan had taken the bronze medal at the 1992 Winter Olympics landed a triple-axel – the most difficult jump in figure and the silver in the 1992 World Championships. skating, named after its creator Norwegian skater Axel With Yamaguchi’s retirement, Kerrigan became the US Paulsen. The magnificent manoeuvre requires the skater to champion in 1993. leap off the ice with enough velocity to propel themselves An FBI investigation into the attack would reveal through three full turns in the air, before landing back that Harding’s ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly, and one-time on the ice and fluidly turning out of the move on one bodyguard, Shawn Eckardt, had orchestrated the assault

leg. Not only did Harding achieve a perfect triple-axel at on Kerrigan. When she was questioned immediately 65 the 1991 US Championships, but later that year at Skate following the attack, Harding vehemently maintained America she went on to repeat the move – executing it her innocence, claiming that she had had absolutely twice in the competition. At that competition, she also nothing to do with it. Later, however, she admitted that she had found out about Gillooly’s involvement after the attack had occurred and had failed to report it. She denied that she had played any role in planning the assault and maintained that “despite my mistakes and rough edges, I have done nothing to violate the standards of excellence in sportsmanship that are expected in an Olympic athlete.” With little evidence to suggest otherwise at that point, the US Figure Skating Association (USFSA) disciplinary panel allowed her to remain a member of the 1994 US Olympic ice-skating team, alongside Kerrigan, who returned to the rink within a month, determined to show the world that she would not be defeated by the attack.

* * *

Three muscular men with buzzcuts were practically bulging out of a Volkswagen Golf GTI as they drew level with a shiny silver Mercedes Benz S 600 on a deserted road in Johannesburg, at around 9pm. The driver of the fancier car – a plump middle-aged man with greying edges NANCY KERRIGAN to his dark hair – rolled down his window and seemed MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

to almost purposefully turn to face the other vehicle as the public image of his business intact. And, in fact, to a one of the muscular men drew out a gun and aimed it large extent, he also managed to keep the public image of straight at his head. The assassin pulled the trigger, but himself as a wealthy, powerful and ethical businessman nothing happened. The victim and the shooter looked intact as well. He led a lavish lifestyle, complete with at each other in a moment of astonishment, before the highly connected political friends, luxury vehicles and killer shouted to his driver, “Kappie, go!” The driver of a private jet, and he was known to make extravagant the Mercedes remained where he was, apparently waiting donations to the arts. At his funeral he was remembered whilst the Golf circled around the block before drawing by South Africa’s business elite and prominent politicians level with him once more. Having reloaded his gun, as an intrepid dealmaker, mentor to young entrepreneurs, again the assassin tried to shoot. Again, the gun failed and philanthropic leader. However, as the mystery of his death began to unravel, At 32, Kebble was at the so did the truth behind his apparent success. To stem the losses his companies were experiencing in the early 2000s, helm of JSE-listed Randgold and Kebble had engaged in an array of fraudulent activities Exploration ... that reportedly on occasion involved senior members of the ANC. Kebble was a prominent supporter of Jacob to discharge. Again, the driver of the Mercedes waited. Zuma, who was building momentum to take over the On the third attempt, the assassin caught the look of presidency from Thabo Mbeki at the time. Far from the disappointment in the elder man’s eyes before he leaned noble businessman he had appeared to be, Kebble was through the window and finally squeezed out a shot. He in fact the kingpin at the intersection between business, continued to shoot, with seven bullets ripping into the politics and the criminal underworld in South Africa at other man before the Golf drove way for the fourth, and the time. By 2005, the carefully constructed façade of

66 final time. Kebble’s life was starting to crumble, with an audit about This was the account of the murder of South African to reveal that he had swindled Randgold’s investors out mining magnate Brett Kebble provided by Mikey Schultz, of R2.5 billion. In addition, his outstanding tax bill was the former bouncer from Alberton who admitted to sitting at around R250 million. Kebble was forced to pulling the trigger. On the condition that he was granted resign from three of his companies. A month later, he full and permanent indemnity from prosecution, he was dead. told the South Gauteng High Court how he and two The state’s prime suspect in Kebble’s murder was other men had been hired by Kebble’s former head of Glenn Agliotti, a physically imposing businessman with security, Clinton Nassif, who promised them R2 million a greying moustache and a serious expression that give to carry out the hit. And in another strange twist of him the look of an archetypal mafia don. A convicted events, apparently Nassif had been tasked with arranging the murder by Kebble himself. It was a highly elaborate By 2005, the carefully pseudo-murder suicide – or so the court ruled. At 32, Kebble was at the helm of JSE-listed Rand­ constructed facade of Kebble’s life gold and Exploration, a mining company that grew to was starting to crumble, with incorporate several subsidiaries, including Randgold an audit about to reveal that Resources and Western Areas. At the time, Western Areas he had swindled Randgold’s controlled South Deep – the richest unexploited gold seam investors out of R2.5 billion. in the world. However, despite the significant resources at his disposal, when the price of gold unexpectedly drug-dealer, Agliotti also stood accused of murder or skyrocketed in 2006, Kebble missed the boat entirely. attempted murder in several other cases involving senior In need of funding, he had previously agreed to sell gold mine managers. Cell phone records show that he had at a fixed rate of $308 – less than half the going price of called the hitmen on the evening of Kebble’s death, and gold in 2006. Through a range of complex business deals prosecutors aimed to demonstrate that he had planned and machinations, Kebble nonetheless managed to keep the murder with John Stratton, a former business The Futility of Sabotage associate of Kebble’s. Stratton was believed to have been involved in the shady business dealings that had begun to destroy Kebble’s empire and was known to have links to both Agliotti and Nassif. However, Stratton had relocated to Australia, and managed to avoid extradition and investigation. Perhaps more importantly, however, Agliotti was also a close friend of then national police commissioner Jackie Selebi. A former judge named Willem Heath was hired by the Kebble family to review the evidence in the trial ... the police had released Kebble’s car to Nassif shortly after the murder, enabling Nassif to have the car cleaned before it was processed for evidence. and he noted that the police had mishandled evidence or otherwise bungled investigations into the murder to such a degree that he suspected that they had deliberately

tried to sabotage the investigation. As one example, it 67 was well-documented that the police had released * * * Kebble’s car to Nassif shortly after the murder, enabling Nassif to have the car cleaned before it was processed for After returning from the 1994 Winter Olympics, Harding evidence. The case featured no forensic evidence, making pled guilty to the charge of conspiracy to hinder the it impossible to draw any certain conclusions. Agliotti prosecution for failing to report Gillooly’s involvement maintained that Kebble had made a deal with him to once she learned about it, and further admitted that acquire his services in an assisted suicide, but that on she had colluded with Gillooly and Eckardt to create a the evening of his death, Agliotti had tried to contact cover story immediately after the attack occurred. She the hitmen to call off the plan, as Kebble had not paid received three years of probation, a $100 000 fine and him. He was not guilty of murder, he claimed, and with 500 hours of community service and agreed to undergo Schultz’s testimony and the dearth of physical evidence, psychiatric examination. However, to this day, Harding all charges against Agliotti were dropped. maintains that she had no prior knowledge of the assault However, until his own death in 2015 – also, on Kerrigan. There has been much speculation about apparently, suicide by shooting – Kebble’s father, the truth of her claims, given her close connection to Roger, vehemently maintained that his son would never Gillooly and the fact that, had the assault succeeded in have killed himself. And indeed, the court ruling that eliminating Kerrigan, she was the only one who stood Kebble’s death had been self-inflicted seems strangely to benefit directly from the incident. Gillooly – who over simplistic, given the plethora of ulterior motives served prison time for the attack – has also claimed that existed in the case. The Kebble case prompted an that although he devised the plan to attack Kerrigan, it investigation into Selebi, who in 2010, was convicted for was Harding who ultimately gave him the instruction corruption, with evidence emerging that he had accepted to go through with it. She allegedly also provided the over R1.2 million in bribes from Agliotti for confidential hitman with information about where Kerrigan would information about police investigations since 2000. be training on the day of the attack. Selebi received a 15-year jail sentence. Agliotti provided At the 1994 Winter Olympics, Kerrigan competed the key testimony required to secure the conviction. in the same costume she had been wearing when she was MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

attacked and took the silver medal. Meanwhile, as the allowance – Harding finished eighth overall. With the announcer repeatedly called out Harding’s name over ongoing conjecture at the time about her involvement in the loudspeaker, Harding struggled frantically in the Kerrigan’s attack, the USFSA disciplinary panel agreed changing rooms with a broken lace on her ice skates. that Harding had shown “a clear disregard for fairness, She entered the Olympic ice rink late and flustered and good sportsmanship, and ethical behaviour”. She was broke down in tears a few minutes into her routine. subsequently stripped of her 1994 US Championship Although the referees allowed her a second chance – a title and banned from competing in USFSA events for highly unusual move that many considered an unfair life, as either a skater or a coach. 

17 THE PUREST PURSUIT

he Alps mountain range is the highest and largest Walker Spur on the north face of the Grandes Jorasses, Tin Europe, stretching 1 200km across eight countries, all of which are in Italy. At 20, he and Camillo Barzaghi including France, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Liechten­ became the first climbers to ever ascend the east face of

68 stein, Austria, Germany and Slovenia. The range was the Grand Capucin, a peak in the Mont Blanc massif, formed by a collision between the African and Eurasian which extends over Italy, France and Switzerland. The tectonic plates, which caused sedimentary rocks to fold journey up the mountain was plagued by storms that up into mountain peaks, roughly a hundred of which are over 4 000m high. The magnificence of this natural masterpiece has inspired many poets and writers, including Mary Shelly, William Wordsworth and Ernest Hemingway, who have described it in terms of both its beauty and its menace. DH Lawrence perhaps captured the allure of the Alps most eloquently in Women in Love (1920), noting, “It was a silence and a sheer whiteness exhilarating to madness. But the perfect silence was most terrifying, isolating the soul, surrounding the heart with frozen air.” By the age of twenty, Walter Bonatti – a mountaineer from Monza, in the Lombardy region of Italy – was already well-acquainted with the vast system of snow- covered mountains that would become the central focus of his life. Having explored the parts of the Alps that lay near his home all through his adolescence, at 18, Bonatti became the second climber in the world to ascend the Oppio-Colnaghi-Guidi route on the south face of the Croz dell’Altissimo, the third climber to complete the Ratti-Vitali route on the west face of the Aiguille WALTER BONATTI Noire de Peuterey, and the fourth to reach the top of the The Purest Pursuit kept driving the climbers back, at one point forcing them in the climb to the top and that they had concocted them to spend three days in hanging bivouacs – basic, a plan to prevent him from doing so. He claimed that temporary shelters that hang from the face of the it had been agreed that he and Mahdi would meet the mountain. Following this accomplishment Bonatti other two climbers about 500m from the summit and became something of a hero in his hometown. When he deliver the oxygen tanks to them, spending the night returned to Monza, he was welcomed with a civic service there where they had made camp. However, according to Bonatti, when they arrived, Compagnoni and Lacedelli At 8 611m, K2 is the second- had moved the camp from the agreed position and were nowhere to be found. As it was too late for them highest peak in the world after to descend, Bonatti and Mahdi were forced to endure Mount Everest and is regarded a long night in a bivouac, where conditions were so as significantly harder to summit harsh that Mahdi consequently lost several fingers and than Everest. toes to frostbite. However, the Italian Alpine Club, Club Alpino Italiano, was unwilling to believe Bonatti’s version to celebrate his achievement. But his success was quickly over that of its older members, and so Bonatti became eclipsed by his mother’s death owing to a heart attack, something of a pariah amongst the Italian climbing which struck during the service that was held in Bonatti’s community. To frame the expedition as a story of great honour. Italian success required that Compagnoni and Lacedelli’s Despite the bad omen of his mother’s death, Bonatti version of events be deified, and that Bonatti be cast in continued to tackle several challenging climbs on the the role of the villain. As a result of this, although Bonatti Alps and in 1954, he was selected to join an Italian team achieved many notable first ascents in mountaineering

that was to attempt to reach the top of K2. At 8 611m, and alpinism, for most of his climbing career, these went 69 K2 is the second-highest peak in the world after Mount largely unrecognised. Everest and is regarded as significantly harder to summit In 1955, Bonatti decided to tackle the Aiguille du than Everest. And at that time, no person had yet reached Dru, situated in the French Alps, just east of the village the summit of K2. Although the youngest and fittest of Les Praz. One of the highest peaks in the Alps, the member of the team, Bonatti was not selected to climb Dru is an extremely difficult climb, with the north face to the top of the mountain, but rather to work with Amir of the mountain covered in snow and ice, and the west Mahdi, a Pakistani porter, to carry oxygen tanks up for two more experienced climbers, Achille Compagnoni and ... although Bonatti achieved Lino Lacedelli. On the 31st of July 1954, Compagnoni and Lacedelli became the first official climbers in history many notable first ascents in to summit K2, however, the joy of this accomplishment mountaineering and alpinism, for was dampened significantly when the team returned most of his climbing career, home to Italy. There, the two older men told reporters these went largely unrecognised. of the harrowing ordeal they had endured to reach the top of the mountain and claimed that Bonatti had presenting a vast smooth wall of rock almost a kilometre in orchestrated a devious plan to empty the oxygen tanks, length, just below the final summit outcrop. Determined making it extremely difficult for them to complete the to take on a new challenge, Bonatti forged a route on climb. They maintained that Bonatti had been intent the southwest of the peak and completed a steep climb on stealing their glory and had attempted to sabotage of over 600m in six days, carrying with him all the food them so that he could reach the summit first. That they and gear required to do so. The climb was recognised had nonetheless prevailed despite this potentially fatal as one of the most important in mountaineering history interference, made their achievement seem all the more and the area where the route was established became heroic to much of the Italian public. known as the Bonatti Pillar. However, over forty years Bonatti, meanwhile, told reporters that Compagnoni later, nature seemed to join forces with those who wished and Lacedelli had been fearful that he would overtake to wipe away Bonatti’s achievements, when a massive MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY 70 TITLIS, URI ALPS, SWITZERLAND

The pillar is notorious for its of being the first group to reach the top, but less than 100m from the summit, they were caught in a vicious lightning complexity, owing to the fact that storm, which morphed into a snowstorm that lasted for it is so remote and difficult to more than a week. The decision was made to abandon descend once reaching the top, the climb to the top, and as the most experienced climber especially in bad weather ... in the group, Bonatti took charge during the perilous descent. However, despite his best efforts, only he and rockfall – roughly thirty-five thousand cubic metres of Mazeaud survived the ordeal. Mazeaud told investigators rock – completely decimated the route in 2005. and the press about Bonatti’s heroic attempts to save the In 1961, Bonatti endured further damage to his group and based on Mazeaud’s testament, later that year, reputation, after a disastrous attempt to conquer the Bonatti received the Legion d’honneur from the French unclimbed Central Pillar of Frêney – a peak in the Mont government – the highest award for courage that can Blanc massif. The pillar is notorious for its complexity, be bestowed on an individual in France. Back home in owing to the fact that it is so remote and difficult to Italy, however, Bonatti faced criticism, with the press descend once reaching the top, especially in bad weather, distorting the story to make it appear that Bonatti had because of the rock formations concentrated at the peak. been the one who had endangered the group in the first Bonatti, together with his friends, Andrea Oggioni and place through his desperation to be the first to reach the Roberto Gallieni, decided to attempt the climb, and by top. They further suggested that he had abandoned the chance, came across Frenchmen Pierre Mazeaud, Pierre other climbers to save his own life, leaving them to perish Kohlman, Antoine Vieille and Robert Guillaume at the on the mountain. The story thus proved a useful tool for base of the mountain, who were there for the same reason. further protecting Compagnoni and Lacedelli’s version The men decided to climb together and share the honour of events on K2, cementing in the minds of much of the The Purest Pursuit

Italian public an image of Bonatti as a selfish climber Very rarely do these climbers risk their lives for the who would risk anything for personal acclaim. purpose of winning accolades or public recognition Despite the best efforts of both the Italian press for being the first climber to reach any particular and the Club Alpino Italiano to destroy his reputation, apex. Rather, they risk their lives for a much greater however, Bonatti became something of a hero amongst purpose – to prove to themselves that they can do the impos­sible. And Bonatti was perhaps the purest of the The expedition style purists in this regard. He believed that the art and skill is the more traditional style of of alpinism should not be watered down by advanced equipment; the challenge, he argued, was in being able climbing, which involves the to make it through the climb on your own merit. Often, mountaineer climbing with he climbed alone in harsh weather conditions and his a support team that carries primary objective was always to forge new routes or to equipment and supplies. tackle peaks that had not yet been climbed. For Bonatti, the bigger the challenge, the better. He went so far as to modern climbers because of his purist philosophy on suggest that advancements in climbing equipment had alpinism and also because of the sheer courage and con­ ruined mountaineering, commenting that as a result of vic­tion inherent in his achievements. There are two main these aids, “great achievements have become rather less styles of climbing: the expedition style and the alpine great.” style. The expedition style is the more traditional style In 2005, Lacedelli finally confirmed Bonatti’s version of climbing, which involves the mountaineer climbing of what transpired atop K2, admitting that Bonatti had with a support team that carries equipment and supplies. never engaged in any kind of underhanded behaviour

This style is slower than the alpine style, as climbers back in 1954. Around the same time, photographs also 71 stop to make camp at various points on both the ascent emerged of Compagnoni and Lacedelli on the summit, and the descent. The primary focus of the expedition clearly using the oxygen tanks that they had claimed style is to make the difficult journey up the mountain Bonatti had emptied. However, whilst this finally as comfortable and as safe as possible. It represents an cleared his name and shone a more positive light on his attempt to minimise the risk involved with long, arduous climbing career, for Bonatti the confession was largely climbs in harsh environments by using advanced equip­ insignificant. By his own admission, climbing had never ment and ensuring an abundance of supplies. Essentially, been about the pursuit of fame – in 1965, at the age of it is an attempt by man to exert a degree of control over the wild and dangerous terrain; a refusal to be governed For Bonatti, the bigger the by the unpredictable natural environment in which the challenge, the better. climb takes place. In direct contrast, the alpine style represents a He went so far as to suggest that surrender to the power of nature. The core focus of this advancements in climbing style is to be “faster and lighter”– climbers tackle the equipment had ruined mountain with as little gear as possible, with the aim of mountaineering ... getting up and back down quickly. It is a far riskier form of mountaineering, but for many climbers, it is also a far just 35, he retired from alpinism because he claimed that more authentic form of climbing. Rather than relying he had completed every climbing challenge he had set on equipment, climbers are forced to rely on themselves, for himself. In a 2010 interview with The Guardian, he trusting in their skills and experience to reach the top explained: “I chose the ones that interested me and when of the mountain. For alpinists, the challenge lies in the there was nothing left for me to do save repeat myself, I ability to overcome the natural fear instinct that accom­ stopped. Every climb I did was about challenging myself, panies a risky adventure into the unknown. These about not knowing if I had what it took to survive. I climbers thrive on the idea of pushing themselves to the seldom felt a feeling of great triumph when I made it to very edge of mortality – and surviving. the top; that feeling came when I was on the mountain MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

itself and I knew there was nothing that could stop me.” retired from climbing, Bonatti became a photojournalist Bonatti’s determination to conquer increasingly and an author, best known for his book The Mountains of challenging climbs was fuelled not by the desire to My Life (1995) and he and his life-partner, actress Rossana win a competition, but to push himself and his life Podestà, settled in the small town of Dubino. Finally to new heights, achieving, in the process, a sense of forced to accept the frailty of human life, over which he accomplishment far grander than any that could be had claimed victory for so many years, Bonatti died of bestowed by a gold medal or vast sums of money. After he cancer on 13 September 2011 at the age of 81. 

18 THE RELUCTANT BUSINESSMAN

amed after his mother, Yvonne, and son to a significant first ascents. Many of these history-making NFrench-Canadian handyman and plumber who dropped climbs took place in the Yosemite National Park – in what out of school in the third grade, Yvon Chouinard was was known as the “Golden Age of Yosemite Climbing” born in the tiny town of Lisbon, Maine, USA in 1938. – and included first ascents of the sheer rock faces of

72 the North American Wall and the Muir Wall of the seven- Chouinard joined the thousand-foot-tall El Capitan and eight-thousand-foot- Falconry Club. And it was in tall Half Dome vertical rock formations in the Yosemite Valley. seeking out the remote aeries of Chouinard and his close group of climbing friends these birds of prey on rocky pioneered a new way of climbing, focusing on style and a outcrops that he first learned minimalist philosophy, using as few pieces of equipment how to rock climb ... as possible to complete the climbs. And as Chouinard and his friends travelled the world to seek out new peaks When he was seven, the Chouinard family moved from to conquer, the Yosemite big-wall style of climbing began the French speaking Lisbon to Burbank, California. to influence traditional mountain climbing techniques, Being slight in stature and not speaking a word of English ultimately playing an important role in shaping the when arriving in California, Chouinard found solace in modernisation of high-grade alpinism. This minimalist the quiet of nature, away from the unforgiving remarks philosophy stuck with Chouinard and eventually led of the children at his school, where he had not managed him to designing and creating his own essential pieces of to make many friends. Outside of school, Chouinard climbing equipment. spent most of his time in public parks and sneaking With a second-hand coal-fired forge, an anvil, tongs, into golf courses to catch frogs and crawdads. In high a hammer and a borrowed book on the basics of black­ school, Chouinard joined the Falconry Club. And it was in seeking out the remote aeries of these birds of prey on Chouinard and his close group rocky outcrops that he first learned how to rock climb. Climbing would become Chouinard’s great love. In of climbing friends pioneered a years to come, he and his climbing partners, including new way of climbing, focusing renowned American climbers such as Royal Robbins, on style and a minimalist Tom Frost and Chuck Pratt, would complete numerous philosophy ... The Reluctant Businessman

... Chouinard’s pitons became so their pitons were by far the most popular piece of equipment they sold, they had come to realise that the popular amongst the climbing metal spikes that were being continuously driven into community that he began to the rock at Yosemite were causing permanent damage sell them to his peers for $1.50 to the mountains. Thus, in the 1972 edition of the a piece ... company’s catalogue, the owners, along with their friend Doug Robinson, wrote a treatise to clean climbing. “As smithing, Chouinard taught himself how to forge pitons climbers,” Robinson writes, “it is our responsibility to – a metal spike that is usually driven into the rock with a protect this part of the wilderness from human erosion. climbing hammer, allowing a rope to be attached for the Clean climbing is a method we can use to solve this protection of the climber in case of a fall. The improved serious problem. A guide for clean climbers is here design and utility of Chouinard’s pitons became so presented.” popular amongst the climbing community that he began To adhere to their own treatise of clean climbing, to sell them to his peers for $1.50 a piece, resulting in a the Chouinard Equipment company abandoned their small but steady source of income that helped to sustain, popular pitons and instead focused on new, more to some extent, his endless climbing adventures. Realising environmentally friendly pieces of climbing equipment, the potential of selling improved pieces of climbing including their patented Hexentric chockstones. These equipment to a rapidly growing climbing community, new aluminium chockstones – known as chocks or nuts Chouinard and his good friend and experienced climber to climbers – would serve the same purpose as pitons Tom Frost formed Chouinard Equipment Ltd. in providing safe support to climbers but would not Not long after the formation of their company, necessitate the hammering of spikes into the rock, as the

however, Frost and Chouinard experienced something various-sized angular nuts can slide into and lodge in 73 of an existential crisis in terms of their business. Whilst cracks of various widths to secure a climber’s safety rope.

EL CAPITAN, YOSEMITE MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

By using these more rock-friendly pieces of equipment, Chouinard would publish a book called Climbing Ice the catalogue claims, climbers can avoid not only the in 1982 – but it would be Chouinard’s next venture deterioration of the physical environment, but also, that would be his most successful. During a climbing more importantly, the moral deterioration of the art of expedition in Scotland in 1970, Chouinard found that rock climbing as a whole. Do not be a “piton basher” or “mad bolter”, says Chouinard, but rather “re-examine your motives for climbing. Employ restraint and Chouinard Equipment good judgement in the use of Chouinard equipment. continued to innovate and even Remember the rock, the other climber – climb clean.” expand their range of equipment The Chouinard Equipment company found great into the realm of ice climbing – support and success in pioneering and advocating the an art about which Chouinard philosophy of clean climbing. In fact, by 1970, the would publish a book called company that had started out as a self-sustaining hobby Climbing Ice ... became the biggest climbing hardware supplier in the United States. Chouinard Equipment continued to innovate and even expand their range of equipment the local rugby jerseys made in Edinburgh were perfectly into the realm of ice climbing – an art about which suited for climbing and he especially liked the hardy collar that prevented his climbing sling from chafing his neck. Made from rugged material, with strong stitching and rubber buttons to avoid breaking and harming the wearer in rough climbing situations, Chouinard decided to purchase a few dozen to take back to the US. The

74 jerseys were an immediate success within the climbing community for their practicality and unique look, and Chouinard managed to sell them all within a week or two of returning home. Three years later, Chouinard set up the first retail store for his new outdoor clothing brand, Patagonia – named after a particularly memorable road trip he and his friends took from California to the Patagonia region in South America to climb the snow-covered Mount Fitz Roy peak, situated on the border of Argentina and Chile. The store operated out of an old meat-packing warehouse in Ventura, California, and initially shared the space with Chouinard Equipment, selling Chouinard’s specialist climbing clothing alongside his already- popular climbing hardware. Before long, however, the brand expanded its range from strictly climbing clothing to include apparel and gear for various other outdoor pursuits, such as hiking, surfing, skiing and camping, and eventually, Patagonia’s profits began to outstrip those of Chouinard’s climbing equipment. In 1989, recording several consecutive years of unprofitability, Chouinard Equipment Ltd. filed for bankruptcy to avoid numerous product-liability lawsuits. A group of Chouinard Equip­ ment employees bought out all salvageable assets in YVON CHOUINARD the bankruptcy and formed a new company called The Reluctant Businessman

Black Diamond Equipment – today a NASDAQ listed would take Patagonia into the future. These principles corporation. were condensed into a simple mantra: “Build the best Patagonia itself experienced some turbulent times in product, cause no unnecessary harm, and use business the early nineties. Growing at a rate of about fifty percent to inspire and implement solutions to the environmental per year in the late eighties, the retailer was seemingly crisis.” in excellent health, however a combination of restrictive Soon after this decisive moment in the company’s monetary policy enacted by the Federal Reserve from history, Patagonia launched one of the world’s first 1989 to 1991 and an overestimation of future growth clothing lines made from recycled plastic bottles in 1993. by Chouinard’s company caused a severe liquidity crisis. The company also made the decision that they would With stock ordered for another year of fifty percent only use 100% organic cotton in the manufacture of their growth, squeezed consumers did not spend as freely in 1990 as Chouinard hoped. The company’s actual growth As a result of this disturbing was twenty percent lower than expected and Patagonia discovery, Patagonia began an had to take on significant debt obligations to smooth over this difficult period. However, the banks refused to lend extensive audit of their suppliers to Chouinard in this tight money environment and he and raw materials to meaningfully was forced to reach out to alternative sources of funding. clean up their supply chain. Ultimately, Chouinard begged for and borrowed enough money from friends and family to just keep his business clothes. This came about after Chouinard was informed alive. Amid what seemed like impending doom, his close that his employees were getting sick in one of his newly friend and business partner Tom Frost sold his share of opened stores in Boston. After a short investigation,

the business to Chouinard, making Yvon and his wife it was found that a faulty ventilation system was not 75 Malinda the sole owners of Patagonia. effectively circulating air in the store. The bigger concern The company would manage to survive the crisis, but for Chouinard, however, was that it was the fumes from the shock of the ordeal, along with the loss of one of its chemicals in the company’s cotton clothing that were the founding members, prompted Chouinard to reflect on primary cause for making their employees ill. Amongst the purpose of his business. At his core, Chouinard loved other noxious chemicals, formaldehyde – the chemical nature – he was an environmentalist and he wanted his perhaps best known for its use in embalming organic company to reflect this spirit. In hopes of recapturing tissue – is commonly used in cotton clothing products the essence of the ideas that the company was founded to prevent wrinkling and shrinkage, and it was causing on, Chouinard flew twelve of his top executives down the employees in the Boston stores to experience severe to the place that initially inspired the brand’s name – headaches and nausea. As a result of this disturbing Patagonia. On a two-week retreat in the aftermath of the discovery, Patagonia began an extensive audit of their company’s near-death experience in 1991 – when every suppliers and raw materials to meaningfully clean up expense outside of the most basic necessities was being their supply chain. closely scrutinised – Chouinard and his executives sat Today, Patagonia’s concerted efforts to use sustainable for hours meditating in the beautifully serene settings and environmentally friendly practices in all aspects of of the Patagonian mountains and lakes, to contemplate their business has earned them a very loyal and supportive the meaning of the company’s existence. What emerged consumer base. Amongst other initiatives, Patagonia is from the retreat was a clear set of guiding principles that dedicated to using one percent of its sales revenue for environmental activism, sponsoring, at a grassroots level, With stock ordered for environmental causes that are close to their heart, from reducing plastic pollution in the oceans to restoring the another year of fifty percent biodiversity of natural environments affected by the growth, squeezed consumers did disruption of largescale man-made structures such as not spend as freely in 1990 as dams. And in 2017, when Donald Trump cut taxes for Chouinard hoped. American corporations – the same year the US ceased MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

all participation in the Paris Agreement on climate for the purity of nature. And whilst Patagonia has been a change mitigation – Patagonia donated its corporate tax shining light in a time when responsible corporations are savings to environmental causes. Patagonia’s CEO, Rose few and far between, Chouinard himself admits that his Marcario, called the tax cuts “irresponsible” and said, clothing company will never change the world in the way “Instead of putting the money back into our business, he wishes. He believes that the only industry that can we’re responding by putting $10 million back into the make a significant enough impact on the environmental planet. Our home planet needs it more than we do.” crisis is agriculture. “I’m pretty excited about food because From the days of being a penniless, anti-establishment I think we need a revolution in society. It’s not gonna rock climber, who has said that he never wanted to be come from any other way except from agriculture,” he a businessman, Chouinard has built an internationally says, “People don’t care about how cotton is grown in successful corporation, recording hundreds of millions of Turkey but they really care about food. And so I want to dollars of revenue per year, with $209 million recorded be part of that revolution. I want to be in my blacksmith in 2017. Despite his business success, however, it seems shop, sharpening the guillotines.”  that the French boy from Maine, never did lose his love

19 A TRIBUTE TO DUNCAN ELLIOTT

76 By David Buckham

met him first at the University bouldering wall. I had two friends. It was harrowing. But it was doable. After beenI hanging about there for a couple of weeks hoping the climb, six weeks later, I went back to him having to be taken in by one of the elite climbers, or at least to done it. Then we were fast friends. He put me on lead be given some words of advice or encouragement. He on some of the classics on Table Mountain: Africa Crag, was a natural leader, a teacher, the most vocal amongst them. He signified to me the intellectual alpinist, the libertine, the writer, the polymath. Eventually, it was He signified to me the him who came to me to show me the moves. From the intellectual alpinist, the libertine, seated position, crouched, arms extended, his hands out- the writer, the polymath. turned in demonstration – as if orchestrating an invisible ensemble – he began to climb. He moved strongly, not gracefully, but full of confidence. He was not effete, like Jacob’s Ladder, Atlantic Crag. And then on to some of some of the others. the tougher Cederberg climbs: Satisfaction Guaranteed, He was lean, good-looking, with a mop of dark curly Omega. hair. He wore thin-rimmed glasses. And he talked, a He was an experimental physicist. We climbed with great deal – in a genial manner to all, and sometimes theoretical physicists. This was the beginning of the full of intensity. He told me that I was no good, that time of string theory. He said that he did not want to I needed training, but mainly I needed to go out and be a theoretical physicist and that he wanted to work at do some routes. He said, come back to me when you CERN. He had applied and there was a chance. He was have done Tafelberg Frontal in the Cederberg. It was six a good friend. He never drank alcohol or went to clubs pitches, and I needed the full fifty metre rope and I took but on my birthday, he came to the restaurant and drank A Tribute to Duncan Elliott

But it was Duncan whose for a month or more. He would speak about going to Europe for tenure, or for a junior professorship, or for wake they were caught in, all of a lab position, and he would disappear for a while and them. He was fearless and he was then I would get a call and that same afternoon be on a dramatic. He was larger than life rope with him again, or making the three-hour drive to in a practiced manner. the Cederberg. At some point we had a kind of falling out. We were tequila shots with me, and danced, like a court jester, for camped high in the Cederberg mountains, and we were fun. The girls laughed. cramped in the cave below the Sphinx, and it was cold, He loved women, and they loved him back. He had a and I had failed on a hard climb on top-rope, and he was way of talking about a friend of ours, who was quiet and gloomy with me. What is the point of being here if you tall and who had dark hair and a mystery to him. He liked are not going to climb, he admonished. There was a girl to say of our friend that when he walked through the camped with us who he heard had taken to religion, and university campus, the women would follow him in his he began to admonish her for her beliefs. She cried and wake. But it was Duncan whose wake they were caught we were all quiet. The air was completely still. After some in, all of them. He was fearless and he was dramatic. He time, I could hear her stop crying. was larger than life in a practiced manner. He would say, We did not speak for a while, Duncan and I, per­ I am going to have four daughters, and they will all be haps three months. Then he called on the phone to say named with Italian names. Isabella, Gabriella, I do not he wanted to come over to introduce me to his new recall the others. We always smiled when we saw the girlfriend. He came and we all sat together in the living women hang on his words. We thought he was the most room and he told me he was going to climb in Peru, the

complete of all men we knew. north face of Huascaran. I remember her sitting next to 77 When we climbed, there were usually three of us. Me, him, quiet and very pretty. After a while, when we had Duncan, and our friend Adnan. Duncan had decided to finished our coffee, he stood up to say goodbye and I give us names, out of respect for the history of alpinism, thought perhaps this was his way to forgive me for failing and for fun. I was Walter as in Walter Bonatti. Adnan on the climb, or perhaps it was his way to ask forgiveness was Gaston as in Gaston Rebuffat. And Duncan was for being unrelenting, but he never said the words. Reinhold, as in Reinhold Messner. When we climbed We shook hands. He said, goodbye Walter, and then these were the names we used. Gaston, he would shout there was a prick of intensity in my chest for a moment. from the top of a pitch, peaking his face over the edge, you’re on belay! Walter, put the anchors in. Or Walter, He came and we all sat together you’re on rope. Sometimes I would say, Reinhold, you’re on rope, but it was never the same as hearing it from in the living room and he told me him. he was going to climb in Peru, the He had good, clean, positive energy. He would pore north face of Huascaran. over topographical maps with inscrutable intent, as if between the altitudinal lines could be found some sort It was as if I knew it was the last time I would see him. of oblique ontological meaning. In his head there existed He perished then a month later on that mountain in the marriage of science and mythology. Alpinism was not Peru. Objective danger, he would have called it. At his a sport or a field of play, nor was it a hobby or even a set service later on, held at a church nearby the university, of ethical standards. For, as it was true for his heroes, there were a thousand people. It was sad. The women the mountains were never the field of play. They were were crying. He was, and remains still, one of the more in fact the metaphysical instantiation of the insatiable perfect examples of the human spirit at its finest. He was spirits that compile themselves into what we call man’s not simply a great player on the metaphorical field of life. search for meaning. He was driven by something deeply internal, something Some days he was not the same, he was gloomy. intrinsic and innate, with which he constantly wrestled Some days you could not get hold of him. Sometimes and which ultimately, made him what he was.  MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

INDEX

2015 Paris Agreement, 59, 76 Beattie, Anne, 6 Commonwealth Games, 51, 52, 55 2018 Misano Grand Prix, 20 Beijing, 49 Compagnoni, Achille, 69–71 60 Minutes, 50 Berlin Wall, 10 Comrades Marathon, 57 Africa Crag, 76 Big Two-Hearted River, 6 Countering the Financing of Agliotti, Glenn, 66, 67 Biovail, 21 Terrorism (CFT), 25, 26, 39 Aiguille du Dru, 69 BMW, 49 Court of Arbitration for Sport Aiguille Noire de Peuterey, 68 Board of Control for Cricket in (CAS), 51 Ajo, Niklas, 23 India, 25 Cricket Australia, 24, 25, 28 Alberton, 66 Bolt, Usain, 49 Croz dell’Altissimo, 68 Alps, 68, 69 Bonatti Pillar, 69 Crutchlow, Cal, 20 78 American Council on Germany, 9 Bonatti, Walter, 68–72, 77 Cuprimine, 22 American Cup, 45 Bradosky, Joshua, 50 Daraprim, 22, 23 Am Rothenbaum, 8 Bradosky, Kristi, 50 Davis, Gray, 34 ANC, 66 Brand Finance, 47 Denmark, 47 Ancient Greece, 7 Brick by Brick: How Lego Rewrote the Detroit Cobo Arena, 64 Anti-Money Laundering (AML), 25, Rules of Innovation (2013), 47 Deutsche Bank, 9, 10 26, 39 British Toy Retailers Association, 47 DKW, 49 ARD, 56 Byoung-jin, Han, 34 Dovizioso, Andrea, 19 Argentina, 33, 34, 74 California, 15, 16, 34–36, 72, 74 Dresdner Bank, 10 Arthur F. Burns Memorial, 9 California Horse Racing Board Dubino, 72 Asian Athletics Association, 51 (CHRB), 15, 16, 18 Eastern Europe, 9, 10 Asian Junior Athletics Canadian Open, 10 Championships, 51 Cape Town, 23 East Germany, 10 Athletics Federation of India (AFI), 51 Cardinella, Sam, 6 Eckardt, Shawn, 65, 67 Atlanta, 44 CBS, 50 Eilers, Søren, 46 Atlantic Crag, 76 Cederberg, 76, 77 Elliott, Duncan, 76 Audi, 49, 50, 51 Central Europe, 9 Ellis, Bret Easton, 6 Audi 5000, 50 Central Pillar of Frêney, 70 Enron, 34, 35, 36 Australia, 19, 23, 24, 27, 28, 52, 55, CERN, 76 Eremenko, Roman, 57 61, 62, 67 Chand, Dutee, 51, 52 Ethics Centre, 28 Australian Open, 8, 10 Christiansen, Godtfred, 46 Europe, 9, 10, 47, 49, 59, 68, 77 Austria, 68 Citizen Cup, 8 European Commission, 59 Bancroft, Cameron, 23–25, 27, 28 Citroën, 59 European Debt Crisis, 10 Barbie, 47 Climate Mayors, 59 European Union, 54 Barcelona, 45 Club Alpino Italiano, 69, 71 FBI, 36, 65 Barzaghi, Camillo, 68 CNN, 26 Federal Republic of Germany, 10 Index

Federal Supreme Court of Jacob’s Ladder, 76 Metenolone, 56 Switzerland, 52 Jelimo, Pamela, 51 Mexico, 25, 26, 33 Federal Witness Protection Joyce, James, 6 Mexico City, 34 Programme, 60 K2, 69, 71 Miró, Joan, 6 Fédération Internationale de Football Károlyi, Bela, 48 MIT Sloan School of Association (FIFA), 32 Kazakhstan, 51 Management, 47 Fenati, Romano, 20, 21, 23 Kebble, Brett, 66, 67 Moceanu, Dominique, 45, 48 Ferrari, 47 Kebble, Roger, 67 Monaco, 68 Fiat-Chrysler, 59 Kennedy, John F., 9 Monopoly, 47 FIFA World Cup, 32 Kerouac, Jack, 6 Mont Blanc massif, 68, 70 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 6 Kerrigan, Nancy, 64, 65, 67, 68 Monza, 68, 69 Forward Racing Team, 20 Kim, Young-Gwon, 32 Moro, Aldo, 9 FOX Sports Brazil, 34 Knudstorp, Vig, 47 Moscow, 56 France, 68 Kohl, Helmut, 10 Moto2, 20 Frankfurt, 9 Kohlman, Pierre, 70 Moto3, 23 Frankfurter Zeitung, 10 Kornhaber, Spencer, 36 MotoGP, 19, 20 French Open, 8 Kratochvílová, Jarmila, 51 Mount Everest, 69 Gallien, Roberto, 70 Lacedelli, Lino, 69, 70, 71 Nassif, Clinton, 66, 67 German Football Association, 37 Lasater, Brandon, 51 National Australia Bank, 28 Germany, 8–10, 19, 32–34, 36, 37, Lawless, Tom, 61 National Highway Traffic Safety 59, 68 Lawrence, DH, 68 Administration (NHTSA), 50 Gillooly, Jeff, 65, 67 Laws of Cricket, 28 NBC News, 22 Glumetza, 22 Legion d’honneur, 70 Newlands, 23 Golden Slam, 8 Lego, 46, 47 New York, 9, 11, 37–39, 53–55 79 Gore, Al, 59 Les Praz, 69 NHTSA, 50 Graf, Steffi, 8, 9, 10 Lexus, 50 Nick, 6 Grand Capucin, 68 Liechtenstein, 68 Nine Gold Coast News, 62 Grandes Jorasses, 68 Lombardy region, 68 Nitropress, 22 Grand Slam, 8, 10, 11 London, 51, 53, 54 Nobel Prize in Literature, 6 Great Depression, 46 Longstaff, Simon, 28 Novi Sad, 8 Gris, Juan, 6 L’Oreal, 47 Nurgalieva, Elena, 57 Guillaume, Robert, 70 Los Angeles, 15, 34, 58 Nurgalieva, Olesya, 57 Hamburg, 8 Lost Generation, 6 Office of Foreign Assets Control, 26 Harding, Tonya, 64, 65, 67, 68 Lowenthal, Norman, 61 Office of the Comptroller of the Heath, Willem, 67 Low, Joachim, 33 Currency (OCC), 25, 26 Hemingway, Ernest, 3, 6, 68 Lufthansa, 34 Oggioni, Andrea, 70 Herrhausen, Alfred, 9, 10 Mahdi, Amir, 69 Olizarenko, Nadezhd, 51 Horch, 49 Mailer, Norman, 6 Olympic Games, 11, 33 HSBC, 25, 26, 27 Maleeva, Magdalena, 8, 9 Omega, 76 Huascaran, 77 Manzi, Stefano, 20, 23 Opel, 59 India, 25, 51, 52 Marinelli Snipers, 20, 23 Oppio-Colnaghi-Guidi, 68 Indian Premier League (IPL), 25 Mattei, Enrico, 9 Order of Friendship, 57 International Association of Athletics Mazeaud, Pierre, 70 Oxandrolone, 56 Federations (IAAF), 51, 52, 60 Mbeki, Thabo, 66 Pacific Gas and Electric Co., 35 International Cricket Council (ICC), McKinsey, 21, 47 Palme, Olof, 9 24, 25 Meldonium, 57 Parche, Guenter, 9, 10, 11 International Olympic Committee Mercedes Benz, 9, 49, 59 Paris, 6, 64 (IOC), 51, 57, 60 Mercedes Benz S 600, 65 Paulsen, Axel, 65 Isuprel, 22 Messi, Lionel, 34 Pearson, Michael, 21, 22 Italy, 9, 68–70 Messner, Reinhold, 77 Peru, 77 MONOCLE QUARTERLY JOURNAL | FAIR PLAY

Phelps, Michael, 48, 49 Sharapova, Maria, 57 United Nations Framework Con­ Philidor, 22 Shelly, 68 vention on Climate Change, 59 Phoenixus AG, 23 Shkreli, Martin, 22 University of Copenhagen, 46 Picasso, Pablo, 6 Sinaloa Cartel, 26 US Anti-Doping Agency, 49 Podestà, Rossana, 72 Skate America, 65 US Anti-Terrorism Act, 27 Portugal, 34 Sky VR46, 23 US Centers for Disease Control and Pound, Ezra, 6 Slovenia, 68 Prevention, 26 Povetkin, Alexander, 57 Smith, Steve, 24, 25, 28 US Department of Justice (DOJ), 10, Project Believe, 49 Sochi, 56 26, 59 Prouty, Fletcher, 9, 10 South Africa, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 51, US Environmental Protection Agency Putin, Vladimir, 56, 57 53, 54, 61, 62, 66 (EPA), 58, 59 PwC, 47 South Deep, 66 US Figure Skating Association Pynchon, Thomas, 6 South Gauteng High Court, 66 (USFSA), 65, 68 Randgold and Exploration, 66 South Korea, 32–34, 37, 57 US Figure Skating Championships, Randgold Resources, 66 Soviet Union, 9 64 Ratti-Vitali, 68 Sphinx, 77 US Gymnastics Championships, 45 Rebuffat, Gaston, 77 Stein, Gertrude, 6, 7 US Open, 8, 10 Red Army Faction (RAF), 10 Stockholm, 9 USSR, 13, 44, 45 Red Brigades, 9 Stratton, John, 66, 67 Valeant, 21, 22 Red Bull, 47 Strug, Kerri, 45, 46, 47, 48 Vanity Fair, 23 Renault, 59 Summer Olympics, 32, 44 Vieille, Antoine, 70 Rio de Janeiro, 51 Sweden, 37 Volkswagen, 58, 59 Ritz Hotel, 53 Switzerland, 52, 68 Volkswagen Golf GTI, 65 Robertson, David, 47 80 Sydney, 28, 61 Volvo, 59 Rodchenkov, Grigory, 56, 57, 59, 60 Table Mountain, 76 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), Roddick, Andy, 49 Tafelberg Frontal, 76 56, 57, 60 Romania, 45 Texas, 27, 34, 63 Walker Spur, 68 Ronaldo, Cristiano, 34 The Atlantic Rudisha, David, 51 , 36 Warner, David, 24, 25, 28 Russia, 44, 45, 48, 51, 53, 56–60 The Doping Secret: How Russia Creates Western Areas, 66 Russian Ministry of Sport, 56 its Champions (2015), 56 West Germany, 10 Salinger, JD, 6 The Flying Fish, 48 Wilson disease, 22 Sandpapergate Scandal, 27 The Guardian, 71 Winterkorn, Martin, 58 Sang-il, Kim, 34 The Magnificent Seven, 44 Winter Olympics, 56, 57, 64, 65, 67 San Marino, 20, 23 The Mountains of My Life (1995), 72 Women in Love (1920), 68 Santa Ana, 34 The New York Times, 38, 43, 56, 58 Women’s Tennis Association Satisfaction Guaranteed, 76 The Wall Street Journal, 22, 42 (WTA), 8 Savinova, Mariya, 51 Tour de France, 60, 62, 63, 64 Wordsworth, William, 68 Schultz, Mikey, 66, 67 Toys R Us, 46 World Grand Prix Motorcycle Racing Securities and Exchange Trenbolone, 56 Championships, 20 Commission, 22 Trump, Donald, 41, 42, 43, 59, 75 World War I, 6 Selebi, Jackie, 67 Turing Pharmaceuticals, 22 World War II, 9, 32 Seles, Monica, 8–11 Turnbull, Malcolm, 27 XXVI Kosanov Memorial, 51 Semenya, Caster, 51, 52 Twitter, 34 Yamaguchi, Kristi, 65 Senate Special Committee on UK, 9, 29, 54, 55, 62 Yo-Yo, 47 Aging, 22 Unified Team, 45 Yugoslavia, 8 Seppelt, Hajo, 56 Unilever, 47 Zuma, Jacob, 66

QATRY JOURNAL MONOCLE QUARTERLY

e Monocle Quarterly Journal is a business journal that seeks to explore the intersections that exist between the ever-evolving social, economic and political forces that powerfully shape our world. is Journal speci cally focuses on the banking and  nance industries, which are the mechanisms by which capital and funding are allocated, and which have become ever more critical to society. Each quarter, the Journal pays particular attention to a speci c theme – usually one that we believe is driving signi cant change in the  nancial global markets.

In this, the seventh issue of the Monocle Quarterly Journal, we contrast the world of sport and games with the world of commerce and business. In doing so, we examine what it is that compels us to obey the rules that govern our behaviour, VOLUME 4 3 2019 ISSUE 2 • QUARTER both on the  eld of play as well as within the realm of business. We also explore what it is that drives us as human beings, irrespective of social boundaries, to pursue success with such enormous passion and intent. In Fair Play, we strike out on a new path as we consider these ideas whilst experimenting with a stylistic literary device employed by Ernest Hemingway in his early work, deliberately interrupting one narrative with another to elicit a more nuanced and emotive response in the reader. Drawing on Hemingway’s distinctive style, we attempt to create a pastiche of documentary stories that illuminate the complexity of human nature as it expresses itself both in sport and in business. * * * Monocle is a results-focused consulting  rm specialising in banking and insurance. We believe in doing business with integrity and transparency. We consult, and then translate banking business and regulatory imperatives into tangible IT- and data-driven results, bridging the gap between the business, and its operations. We work closely with every one of our clients to determine and build a unique solution that will solve their challenges.

R145.00 (incl. VAT) Other countries R126.09 (excl. Tax)