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The Morphology of Resistance: Korean Resistance Networks 1895-1945

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The Morphology of Resistance: Korean Resistance Networks 1895-1945 THE MORPHOLOGY OF RESISTANCE: KOREAN RESISTANCE NETWORKS 1895-1945 EUN KYONG SHIN Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2015 c 2015 Eun Kyong Shin All rights reserved ABSTRACT THE MORPHOLOGY OF RESISTANCE: KOREAN RESISTANCE NETWORKS 1895-1945 Eun Kyong Shin My dissertation, The Morphology of Resistance: Korean Resistance Networks 1895-1945, develops a theory of resistance. Investigating the dynamics of collec- tive resistance, this study focuses on people who decisively resisted an unwanted authority; colonial Korea is the empirical locus. Despite the prevalence of resis- tant movements thoughout our history, very little is known about the relational structure of resistant movements. Thus, my dissertation fills that lacuna in the literature. The focal question is how less powerful and less equipped colonized people organized and sustained collective resistance. Building on the accumu- lated knowledge from the social movement theory, studies of secret societies and a social network perspective, my dissertation advances a structural under- standing of resistance movements and covert social networks. I have conceived my dissertation in four empirical components. First, my study focuses on rela- tional structures of the Korean resistance movement from 1895 to 1945. Using an innovative prosopographical network method, I capture the historical trajec- tory of the morphology of resistance, providing structural accounts of Korean resistance movements. Next, I statistically examine the structural conditions that enable large-scale mobilization under the conditions of severe repression. Proposing a theory of network visibility highlighting structural heterogeneity and network fragmentation, I demonstrate the ways in which network visibility operates for covert mobilization. Comparing the March 1st Movement (MFM) in 1919 and the June 10th Movement (JTM) in 1926, I next consider why the MFM mobilization was remarkably successful than the JTM. I argue that the es- calated insurgency of the MFM can only be explained by the specific structural conditions for mobilization. Then, my study shifts focus to the demobilization process. What are the structural mechanisms that can explain the evolution and devolution of resistance movements? I empirically show different dynamics for movement mobilization and demobilization. Lastly, I examine the Provisional Government of Korea, which operated from 1919 to 1945 in Shanghai, China, as a case of a successful covert organization. By systematically allocating risk on the margin and to the members who have shorter experience, the covert or- ganization protected the core members and secured their resistance resilience. As a result of these analyses, my dissertation contributes to understand of both resistant movements and covert social networks. The lessons learned from the Korean case help make sense of other cases of covert collective action. Contents List of Tables vi List of Figures vii I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Overview 2 2 Theoretical Foundation 6 2.1 Social Networks and Collective Action . 7 2.2 Social Networks and Resistance Movements . 9 2.3 The Clandestine Nature of Covert Networks . 12 3 Moving Forward: Covert Network Dynamics 15 3.1 Structural Factors for High-risk Mobilization: Network Visibility 16 3.2 Movement Evolution and Devolution: In & Out . 17 3.3 Different Functions of Network Localities . 19 4 Longitudinal Prosopographical Network Analysis 24 5 Organization and Summary of Findings 26 5.1 The Morphology of Resistance . 27 5.2 Network Visibility and Covert Mobilization . 28 5.3 The Strength of Flat Networks . 30 i 5.4 Risk on the Margin . 31 6 Contributions 32 II HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1895 - 1945 37 1 Preludes to Modernization 38 2 Emergence of the Korean Resistance Movement from 1895 to 1905 41 3 Moving toward Annexation from 1905 to 1910 43 4 The Era of Military Rule from 1910 to 1919 44 5 The Era of Cultural Rule from 1920 to 1931 46 6 The Era of Rule by Assimilation from 1931 to 1945 48 7 Summary 50 III THE MORPHOLOGY OF RESISTANCE 54 1 Introduction 55 2 Prosopographical Network Analysis 56 3 Data Source: A Collection of Biographies 59 4 Data Coding 61 ii 5 One-way Snowball Sampling 63 6 The Morphology of Resistance 67 7 Conclusion 73 IV NETWORK VISIBILITY AND COVERT MOBILIZA- TION 97 1 Introduction 98 2 Historical Comparison of the March 1st Movement and the June 10th Movement 100 3 Network Visibility and Covert Mobilization 103 4 Analytical Model: Variables and Measurements 108 5 Results and Findings 112 6 Structural Comparison of the March 1st Movement and the June 10th Movement 115 7 Conclusion 119 V THE STRENGTH OF FLAT NETWORKS 121 1 Introduction 122 iii 2 Extending the Scope 123 3 Explaining Social Movement Growth and Decline 126 4 Analytical Design 127 5 Evolution and Devolution Process of Resistance Movement 130 6 Explaining Social Movement Growth and Decline 131 7 Conclusion 134 VI RISK ON THE MARGIN 137 1 Introduction 138 2 Covert Network Structures and the Risk Distribution 141 3 Research Design and Data 145 4 The Provisional Government of Korea Networks 148 5 Operationalization and Hypotheses 150 6 Group-Level Analysis and Findings 154 7 Individual-Level Analysis and Findings 157 8 Conclusion 160 iv VII CONCLUSION 164 1 Introduction 165 2 The Thesis Restated 166 3 Remarks on Cooperative Relationships of Resistance 169 4 Contribution and Implications 171 References 173 v List of Tables 1 The comparison of MFM and JTM . 102 2 List of Variables and Operationalization . 113 3 Robust Regression Model on Mobilization . 115 4 Structural Contexts of the March 1st and the June 10th . 118 5 Poisson Regression Models on Mobilization . 132 6 Poisson Regression Models on Demobilization . 133 7 List of Variables for Linear Regression Model . 155 8 Linear Regression Model on Group Vulnerability . 157 9 List of Variables for LOGIT regression Model . 158 10 LOGIT Regression Model on Individual Vulnerability . 159 vi List of Figures 1 Prosopographical Network Demonstration at T1, T2, T3 . 58 2 Event Time Frames . 62 3 Korean Resistance Groups . 68 4 Normalized Average Intergroup Connectivity . 69 5 External Internal Index by Group . 71 6 The Morphological Changes of Resistance Networks . 72 7 Modularity of Artificial Networks of Ten Nodes . 109 8 Heterogeneity of Artificial Networks of Six Nodes . 110 9 Descriptive Reports of the Variables . 114 10 Resistance Network Structures . 116 11 Korean Resistance Networks from 1896 to 1945 . 130 12 Population Changes of the Korean Resistant Movements . 131 13 Significant Results in Comparison . 134 14 Models for Covert Networks . 142 15 1919 PGK Network and A Random Graph . 149 16 Main Component of the PGK Networks in 1919 . 151 17 Distributions of Withdrawing Members . 156 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I was and am fortunate to work closely with Peter Bearman at Columbia Uni- versity. Looking back at the final stage, I cannot imagine this journey without his continuous intellectual and emotional support. He is not only my favorite sociolo- gist whom I want to emulate, but he is also the kind of advisor I want to be for my students. His sincere commitment to knowledge and the depth of his care for his students inspires me in the most genuine way. During the first class I took, he said, “If you don’t become a sociologist, that is not going to be the worst thing that can ever happen in your life.” At the moment he said it out loud, I instantly developed a major intellectual crush on him. The irony of the statement—voiced by my ideal sociologist—fascinated me, and my admiration for him has driven my intellectual journey. He was right, as usual, and not becoming a sociologist would not have been the worst occurrence. However, I believe my becoming a sociologist is one of the greatest things that has ever happened in my life. Meeting with and learning from Peter can easily be the best thing that ever happened in my life. We all need role models we can truly admire and who can help us push ourselves to go beyond what seems possible. For me, he was the one, is the one, and will continue to be the one. Debra Minkoff also deserves a great tribute for her constructive advice and encouragement. She is truly a parental figure at Columbia and has observed my journey from the very beginning. I wish to thank Diane Vaughan and Adam Reich at Columbia, who were more than generous with their expertise and precious time. viii I was also fortunate to work with Saskia Sassen, who showed me a different side of scholarship and was equally supportive of my work. I have also been very lucky to take the last classes with Harrison White and Charles Tilly, who have always been and always will be inspirations. Without these two giants, I wouldn’t have been able to conceive the idea for this dissertation. When I started my dissertation project, I was unsure whether I would be capable of conducting it. Harrison’s excitement moved the machinery forward. I also would like to thank my dearest friend, a colleague, and a great documentary filmmaker, Elif Alp, who made every possible attempt to help me by editing and commenting on my work. Without Elif, my journey would have been very dry. Many people outside of Columbia made insightful comments, and thus im- proved the current work as well. A version of Chapter 3 was first presented and received the student paper award at the UKSNA annual meeting. I would like to thank Paul Almeida, Sean Everton, and Hayagreeva Rao for their astute obser- vations on various presentations at ASA meetings. An earlier version of Chap- ter 4 was presented and awarded from the AKSA 2014 at the ASA. I thank the participants—particularly Cheol-Sung Lee—for their helpful comments and sug- gestions.
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