I I D-'1 PALEONTOLOGY REPORT #2 File : Ho5e,,n1t n r f oss1 I &rl.$ THE HAGERMAN HORSE QUARRY: HISTORY, STATUS, POTENTIAL, I AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE E'O'rORE I I Results of a records search I and an on-site workshop I I
•I Prepared by: I William A. Akersten and Mary E. Thompson I December, 1992 I I For the National Park Service I I PALEONTOLOGY REPORTS IDAHO MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Idaho State University , Box 8096 PLEASE RETURN TO: Pocatello, Idaho 83209-0009 I ON MICROFILM b-1 I Fk.E: I tff\ •& I Prepared by: ,, William A. Akersten and Mary E. Thompson Idaho Museum of Natural History I December, 1992 I For the National Park Service I I Under Subagreement No. 1 to , cooperative Agreement No. CA-9000-0-0013 I I I r .TABLE OF CONTENTS Page a SECTION ONE: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1 I. Introduction and Scope bf Investigations .•.. ~ •....•.... 1 I I I . Setting .. ~ .. ~ ..... ~ ...· .. :· -~ ~..... · . ~ . ~ ....· ...... 3 ,, III. Historical Narrative ...... 3 IV. Information Relevant to Extent of HHQ Deposit ...... 9 I V. Interpretations ...... 20 SECTION TWO: THE WORKSHOP .•••.••....••••.....•••••.•.....•.. 29 I I. Description ...... · ...... 29 I II. Results ...... 32 SECTION THREE: RECOMMENDATIONS·•··························· 39 I • Research Effort .• ..... ~...... 41 • I I . Interpretive Effort •• ~ ..•..•.•••..•••••...... •••..... 47 .I REFERENCES CITED ••••••••••••••.••••••. -. ••••••...•••.••.....• 51 I ILLUSTRATIONS ••...... •.•••.••.•• ~ ~ .••.• •..• ••••.....•....•...... 53 APPEND.ICES • • • • • • . . .. • • • • .• • . • • . • • • • • • •. . • . . • • • • ...... • ...... A. l I Report from Dr. D. D. Gillette •...... A. 2 Report from Dr.. H. T. Ore ...... • ...... • . • • ...... A. 6 Transcription of Dr. c. L. Gazin 1 s Field Notes A. 9 I ' ...... Transcription of Dr. J. R. ~acDonald's Field Notes ...... A. 25 I Transcription of Dr. J. A. White's Field Notes ...... A. 38 I Transcription of Mr. . D. E • Fortsch's Field Notes ...... A.50 I, I I t SECTION ONE: BACKGROUND INFORMATION r I. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATIONS I The National Park Service Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument contracted with the Idaho Museum of Natural History (IMNH) to ,. develop information regarding the known extent of the various Hagerman Horse Quarry (HHQ) excavations and the probable quantity I and distribution of material remaining in the HHQ. The IMNH was also to recommend a plan of action regarding potential reopening I of excavations at the quarry for interpretive and/or scientific ,. purposes. At the time, anticipated possible actions ranged from none to a full scale enclosed excavation/interpretive effort I similar to that at Dinosaur National Monument . The study proceeded in several stages. The first stage was to •I gather, digest, and interpret old excavation records and photographs. A synthesis and preliminary interpretations were I then prepared for an on-site workshop held April 20 and 21, 1992. Invited participants included Monument staff, Park Service Ii planners, paleontologists, members of the Idaho State University I Geology Department, the few surviving excavators who had worked at the HHQ, and remote sensing specialists. One main thrust was I to supplement written records by "picking the brains" of the excavators as to where they did and did not find bones, the I sedimentary context of the specimens they did find, their .,i opinions as to the origin and morphology of the deposit, and the , 1 ,, I I quantity and distribution of materials which remain. During on- site and subsequent intensive discussions, the participants r debated the best approach to maximize the scientific and I interpretive potentials of the HHQ deposit. From this ,, "brainstorming" and subsequent written reports by two of the participants, the group arrived at a recommended overall plan of ,, action. The informal interaction of interested parties from various backgrounds proved to be quite valuable because the final I plan was quite different from any that had been previously ,, discussed (even though it incorporated elements from a number of them). The recommendations described later in this report outline a series of research steps that will more clearly define I the nature and scope of the HHQ deposit while providing new kinds of interpretive opportunities • •1,. The format of this final report consists of three sections ., (Background Information, The Workshop, Recommendations) plus References Cited, Illustrations, and Appendices. Four archival ,, copies were supplied to the National Park Service and two were retained by the Idaho Museum of Natural History. Archival copies I were photocopied with a fused toner process on Permalife 20# Bond paper and Perma/dur Bristol Board cover stock, both supplied by I University Products, Holyoke, Maine; they include additional archival prints of the photographic figures. ,,I , 2 I I ,a II. SETTING At several times during the late Tertiary, huge lakes occupied I most of a northwest-southeast trending structural trough in what is now the lower Snake River Plain. During the Blancan Land I Mammal Age (Pliocene), the Glenns Ferry Formation was deposited in one of these lakes and along its tributaries. The Hagerman t fossil beds are located in fluvial and floodplain deposits along I the eastern margin of the Glenns Ferry Formation. In this area, the Snake River runs almost due north with the Hagerman beds I cropping out in the bluffs west of the river. Natural vegetation is sparse and the fine grained, uncemented Hagerman sediments are I subject to rapid erosion, especially ablation from frequent strong winds and, recently, mass wasting resulting from percolating irrigation waters. The area contains extremely rich • deposits of small fossils, most of which are recovered from lag deposits in ablated areas. The Hagerman Horse Quarry is the ·1' single major source of larger fossil remains. II I III. HISTORICAL NARRATIVE I I A. Location and Discovery.- The HHQ actually consists of a series I of excavations in the NW 1/4, NE 1/4, NW 1/4, Sec. 16, T7S, Rl3E , 3 ,, I I B.M. All appear to have involved a single fossil level and occur , close t~gether along the western and southern margins of a north south elongate hill (S.I. Hill, fig. 1). In map view, S.I. Hill I approximates a slightly curved teardrop with a flattened southern margin and dangles pendant-like from the adjacent upland surface I to the north. Some disagreement exists as to the exact year of discovery, the first discoverer, and some of the events which t transpired thereafter. In any event, a local resident, Mr. Elmer Cook, who had leased grazing rights to the land (a state i section), reported the deposit to Dr. H. T. Stearns of the United I States Geological Survey. Stearns, in turn, brought it to the attention of Dr. J. w. Gidley of the Smithsonian Institution in I 1928. B. Smithsonian Excavations.- Upon learning of the find, the 't Smithsonian staff wasted no time investigating the site. J. w. Gidley collected at the HHQ in 1929 and 1930. He was replaced by I N. H. Boss in 1931. There were no excavations in 1932 or 1933 but c. L. Gazin took over in 1934. There appear to be no I surviving field records of the Gidley excavations except for a I few photographs. Gidley (1930) barely mentions the locality in passing while Gidley (1931) contains a little information. I surviving Boss material includes some photographs, sketches of associated specimens, a crude quarry sketch, and an inventory of I collected specimens. Gazin's records include moderately good I field notes (typed transcription in appendices to this report), , 4 I 'I photographs, and specimen inventories. All published short popular accounts of their field work in the Smithsonian r "Explorations and Fieldwork" series (Gidley, 1930 and 1931; Boss, ,, 1932: Gazin, 1935b). Unfortunately, the Smithsonian records are not completely organized and curated. We have had relevant photographs on order from the Smithsonian for more than a year. In letters and notes, the promontory in which the HHQ occurs is I' variously referred to as Smithsonian Hill, Smithsonian ,,/ Institution Hill, or S.I. Hill. r one member, Dr. Samuel P. Welles, of the 1930 field crew survives. In his ao•s, he is an active emeritus of the Museum of J Paleontology at the University of California, Berkeley and works most mornings at the Museum; he can be reached at (510) 643-5205. In 1930 he had just finished up his undergraduate degree. When ,i• contacted, he stated that he was just hired as a pick and shovel ,, man and his memories are quite vague. He declined to participate in this workshop because he did not believe he would be able to contribute anything of significance. He was unable to locate any I personal field notes, photographs, field notes, or other records I relating to Hagerman in his possession. He does have a number of anecdotes about the 1930 excavations and we recommend that he be I contacted soon to obtain an oral history. I George F. Sternberg, a member of the 1934 Gazin excavation crew, ,,\ kept some records of various excavations in which he ,, 5 ,, t I. participated. Several generations of Sternbergs were famous , private collectors, especially of Cretaceous vertebrates from the Niobrara Chalk of Kansas. Most of the fossils in his estate are housed at the Sternberg Memorial Museum of the Fort Hays State ~I Museum, Hays, Kansas. The majority of his notes and documents I also went to this museum but some apparently are held by a relative in the southeastern U.S. The Fort Hays records have t been on loan to an individual who is writing a book on the Sternbergs and were only recently returned. The curator of the I museum, Dr. Richard Zakrzewski, went through the Sternberg I' records for Hagerman information. However, both he and Mr. Orville Bonner (fossil vertebrate preparator at the University of I Kansas Natural History Museum) indicate that George F. Sternberg often did not take notes when he was working under someone else. Zakrzewski did locate and send us a number of Sternberg's photo 'l album pages with prints of Smithsonian photographs and others J regarding Hagerman. Copies of a number of these are attached. c. University of Utah Excavations.- In 1953, a Mr. Golden York i of the University of Utah Geology Department(?) collected at the I Horse Quarry. His work was apparently funded by the University of Utah Research Committee. We have located fragmentary I reimbursement records from May, June, and September 1953 including a September 20 item of $10.00 for "Moving fossils from I pit to top of hill". Mr. York collected widely but is reputed to I have kept few records of his work. Most of his collections , 6 I t I including the Hagerman material have been transferred to the Utah , Museum of Natural History. Mr. Frank DeCourten, Acting Director of the Utah Museum, was unable to locate any documentation I regarding their Hagerman collections. D. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Excavations.- ' Dr. J. R. MacDonald headed a Horse Quarry excavation effort from j June 1 through June 28, 1966. We obtained copies of his field notes (see appendices for typed transcription) and photographs on I file at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles county and Dr. 1 Macdonald supplied us with slides from his personal collection. I E. Idaho Museum of Natural History Excavations.- Dr. John A. White and party excavated at the Horse Quarry from September 7 to 9, 1966 and from April 26 to July 26, 1967. We have his field 'l notes and a few slides and the field notes of Mr. David E. Fortsch who assisted Dr. White (see appendices for typed I transcriptions). Mr. Fortsch also has slides of the excavation I but has not yet located them. I F. Pacific Union College Excavations.- A group from this institution excavated during the summer of 1968. The faculty I member in charge is deceased; his notes (if any) and negatives of his photographs have not been located. However, Dr. Ken Millard I (Chair of the Biology Department) has been very cooperative and I , 7 I 'I sent us mounted and captioned photographs from an exhibit. Dates r on the captions are July 31 and August 1, 1968. t G. Incorrectly Reported Excavations.- Cunningham (n.d., p.7) reported that "major collections at the Horse Quarry were made by I the California Institute of Technology, the University of California (Berkeley), ••••••• ". Neither of the these j institutions made collections at the Horse Quarry though both obtained HHQ specimens through donations and exchanges. For Cal. I Tech., this is documented in the incompletely sorted personal r correspondence of c. Stock and his students, now being processed at the George c. Page Museum. In August 1935, HHQ specimens were a shipped to Stock by A. Wetmore of the Smithsonian. A former student of Stock, Dr. Robert w. Wilson (who made the first studies on rodents from Hagerman), confirmed that Cal. Tech. made •l no collections at the HHQ. Part of the problem may lie in the fact that the Cal. Tech. collections were taken over by LACM and I the later collections made by LACM were cataloged under the Cal. Tech. (CIT) locality number. We contacted the curatorial staff i at Berkeley regarding their HHQ collections and were informed • that they were acquired by exchange and donation. 1 H. Amateur Collecting.- The remote location, fame, and lack of protection for the Horse Quarry has resulted in the loss of I numerous specimens to amateur collectors. MacDonald (1964) t described finding a destroyed complete skeleton "several years , 8 I J· I ago." Field notes from the IMNH and LACM excavations indicate , that the HHQ area was a popular collecting place for both local· people and visitors from other states. About 1984 while the .I senior author was a curator at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, the widow of a widely traveled amateur collector I donated his accumulation of specimens to that institution. It ,, included about 50 pounds of broken and battered fossil horse post-cranial material in a burlap sack. The preservation of the II specimens and the matrix adhering to them indicated that they very probably originated from the Hagerman Horse Quarry but there I was not a shred of documentation. We believe that many specimens have been lost to amateur collectors and that the original shape 1. of the quarries on the south side of S.I. Hill has been ,, considerably altered by the amateurs. I. IV. INFORMATION RELEVANT TO EXTENT OF HHQ DEPOSIT 1 A. Smithsonian Excavations.- The Smithsonian excavations were by i far the most extensive at the HHQ. All available evidence I indicates that the 1929 and 1930 Gidley excavations and the 1931 Boss excavations were conducted at a single site, the "Main f. Quarry" referred to in Gazin's notes. Gazin not only collected extensively at the Main Quarry but also opened other smaller I quarries. ,' 9 .1· I' The Main Quarry.- The main quarry is definitely located on the , northwest corner of the southwestern bulge on S.I. Hill (see fig. 4). While the 1929 and 1930 Gidley excavations must have been I substantial, we have no written estimate of their size. In Boss' quarry sketches (fig. 5), undated but apparently made at or near I the end of his excavation, he depicts a semi-circular excavated area about 90 feet wide and 40 to 45 feet front-to-backi I apparently including the area excavated by Gidley. There is an unlabelled wandering but almost vertical dashed line in his I sideview of the quarry; we interpret this to indicate the I backwall of the Gidley excavations. He later estimated (Boss, 1932) that he exposed some 5000 square feet of the fossil-bearing i layer, about twice the area indicated by his sketch. His sketch also indicates a stepped backwall about 41 feet high and described as 45 feet high in Boss (1932). Other points of •I interest in this paper include the statement that "the bone horizon dips steeply downward" and that Harold Tucker of the I State Historical Society spent six weeks collecting material for the Society. In Boss' quarry sketch cross-section, there is I another unlabeled dashed line sloping gently down from right to left just under the floor of the quarry. This may represent the • dipping bone horizon. Boss collected 11 5 more or less complete 1 skeletons, 32 skulls, 48 pairs of lower jaws, and numerous articulated limb and foot bones". His quarry photographs reveal I considerable thicknesses of cross-bedded sands above the fossil I level. , 10 I 'I , In 1934, Gazin greatly expanded Gidley's and Boss' digs at the main quarry. While he took decent field notes and made a number I of photographs, we have not located either a quarry map (although the presence of a compass in one of Sternberg's photographs 1 suggests that a map may have been made and H.G. McDonald informs us that he has seen one at the Smithsonian) or the final I dimensions of the main quarry. He does state (Gazin 1935a) that ,, "The exposed surface of the fossil bed was in plan the shape of a crescent about 55 feet between tips and about 18 feet from front I to back across the widest portion." However, his photograph #11 (fig. 6), taken at about the end of overburden removal, shows a i much larger exposed area. After removing overburden with horses and scrapers, he dug a huge trench along the backwall for dumping excavation spoil and to capture small slides from the backwall. •I This was occasionally cleaned out with horse and scraper. In photo #11 (fig. 8), a lower, semi-circular area is visible at the I far end of the quarry (the man working with the team and scraper is standing on it near the left side). Even though it appears a I bit smaller, we interpret this as the site of the previous I excavations as sketched by Boss. However, the figures in the left of the photo are standing in another low area which extends I to the left foreground. This must represent another area excavated prior to the photo, possibly the "quarry just south of I main pit" alluded to in Gazin's June 1 field notes. 1 , 11 I I I Airphotos (figs. 30 and 31), contours (figs. 3 and 4), and ground , inspection indicate that a major slide area exists just above the flat on the northwest corner of the hill.~ This undoubtedly was I formed from collapse of the very high back wall to the quarry. Thus, the Main Quarry included the existing flat and extended I well under the slide area. Gidley (1931) described the sediments in the Main Quarry as ' consisting of cross-bedded coarse and fine sand with .occasional I pebbles and patches and lenses of almost pure clay. He I interpreted these as representing a stream channel deposit. The lower part of the fossil layer was "heavily stained and many of i the fossil bones are encrusted and stained with light accumulations of bog iron." Later in the article, he indicates that most of the bones were in soft, uncemented sand but "In 'I certain sections in the deposit the bones instead of being surrounded by a soft sandy mass, were completely encased with a i nodular or concretionary formation of varying thickness of very hard sandstone •••• " Gazin's field notes contain scattered I observations on the sediments in the Main Quarry. These agree I with h~s published synthesis (Gazin, 1936 p.283) which states I "The great bulk of quarry material occurred in a lens of reddish, bog-iron stained sand. Isolated bones and I articulated skeletal portions were found scattered I through the lens but were most concentrated near the , 12 I I _I bottom, lying near or on a more indurated limy layer, , which an places varies to a thin gravel zone. The lens is irregular in outline but decidedly concave upward in I the north-south profile resembling a channel fill." I On p. 284, he adds "At the periphery of the lens the bones extend into the unstained or less colored sand but in a more restricted I zone ..• " I A major channel which appears to trend east-west is exposed in 1 the quarry backwall in several photos taken on June 29, 1934 (~. g. fig. 9). It is probably related to the channel described by i Gazin (above). In Gazin {l935a), he states that "The greater bulk of bone material in the fossiliferous layer was sufficiently concentrated so that it could be taken up in large blocks •••• " I' Two unlabeled Sternberg photos (figs. 13 and 14) depict large 1 concentrations of horse bones, presumably from the Main Quarry. The question of fossil material remaining in the Main Quarry area I is not directly addressed in the surviving records but one gets I the impression that the last excavator in this quarry (Gazin) did not believe that much was left. However, several of his field I note entries suggest that at least some material occurred next to the margin of the excavation or just beyond it. On July 12 and I July 23, he mentions specimens at the north margin of the Main I Quarry and his July 24 photo #22 (fig. 12) appears to show , 13 I I I specimens being excavated between the trench and the backwall of the quarry. Gazin's fieldnotes for August 8 state: "Small r section of quarry to south not completely excavated though little I bone was observed in it. It is now badly buried by accumulations of land slides from back wall." I He also attributes the iron staining to boggy conditions but cautions that it could have resulted from post-depositional I' waters seeping through the sands. I The Southern Quarries.- Gazin initiated a series of additional I excavations on the southwestern portion of S.I. Hill at the same level as the main quarry. Again, we could not find quarry sketches or any precise description of sizes or locations of 'I these excavations. The first of these was mentioned in his May 29 notes: "Sternberg and Pearce settled in a small quarry at 1 south end of hill in which bone was plentiful but in rather hard matrix." This quari:y was also mentioned May 30 and 31 as the I quarry at the south end of the hill. It generally became known ,, as the south quarry or the (hard) white sandstone quarry. I Another southern quarry was initiated on June 1: "green sand quarry just west of white sandstone (hard) quarry in which I Sternberg worked". This was usually referred to as the green ,, sand or green sandstone quarry. A photograph (figs. 6 and 7) , 14 .1 I I from Sternberg's album suggests that this Green Sandstone Quarry, , as it will be termed hereafter, was in the flat southwest of the prominent bluffy outcrop on the southwest-corner of the hill (see I figs. 3 and 4). Pieces of both greenish and light gray carbonate cemented sandstone can be found in the quarry spoils along the I hill. Unfortunately, these have been moved around so much by visitors that they cannot be considered to represent adjacent in I situ deposits. Pearce's quarry was begun midway between the white sandstone and green sandstone quarries on June 4. This I seems to have become the richest of the quarries on the south end I of S.I. Hill. on June 25, Pearce's Quarry was extended to the west and on June 30 Gazin refers to the Pearce Quarry, east I extension. Two of Sternberg's photographs taken from the southwestern corner of S.I. Hill about June 29 appear to be of Pearce's Quarry and/or its West Extension (see figs 15 and 16 and 'I their captions). In order going east from the Green Sandstone Quarry are the West Extension of Pearce's Quarry, Pearce's I Quarry, the East Extension of Pearce's Quarry and the White Sandstone Quarry. Those are the names we will use in the I remainder of this report; collectively these will be referred to I as the Southern Quarries. Few clues can be found as to the exact location of these quarries. Gazin (1935b) described a new I antilocaprid which was found in Pearce's Quarry according to his field notes (June 9 and 28). on p.390 of his 1935b publication I he states: "The specimens were encountered by Mr. George F. I Sternberg while excavating horse material in a small prospect- , 15 I I I quarry one hundred feet or more to the southeast of the principal , quarry, •••• " One hundred feet south-southeast of the Main Quarry would place Pearce's Quarry about where we place the Green I Sandstone Quarry, or just northeast of the southwestern corner of the hill. However, the references to the West Extension of I Pearce's Quarry suggest that Pearce's Quarry must be somewhat east of the southwestern corner of the hill. Otherwise, Gazin I should have called the West Extension either the North or Northwest Extension. In Gazin (1936) he states "In addition to I the main quarry several smaller quarries and prospect holes were I opened on the south and southwest slopes of the hill and at about the same horizon, ••••• " Close inspection of the contour maps I (figs. 3 and 4) and air photos (figs. 30 and 31) suggest that a second slide area exists above the narrow flat along the south edge of the hill. We interpret this scanty information as 'I indicating that the White Sandstone Quarry and Pearce's Quarry (including West and East Extensions) were located along the I southern margin of the hill as were several subsequent quarries I (see below). I Again, Gazin's sparse field notes on the geology agree with his summation (Gazin, 1936, p. 284): 11 •••• and in places on the south I slope of the hill [the bones] occur in a concretionary layer with a considerable portion of the material firmly cemented in large I blocks of gray to white limy sand." He gives no hint in notes or I publications about the potential extent of this fossil deposit. , 16 I I ,I B. LA.CM Excavations.- From field notes, photographs, and a I conversation with Dr. J. R. MacDonald, these excavations took place in two areas of the Southern Quarries area. About 40 feet I of the quarry face were cleared with a bulldozer which left a spoil pile (figs. 18a and 18b) at the east end of the cleared I area. The apparent remnants of this spoil pile remain at the I site. MacDonald's East Trench (see sketch in his June 28 field notes in the Appendices) yielded most of the materials he I collected, including more than 20 horse crania. While the notes do not pinpoint the East Trench along the south side of the hill, I two slides (figs 18a and 18b) show it as being close to his bulldozer spoil. This is confirmed by matching the background in the slides with the present landscape. Thus, we are confident 'I that a very significant group of fossils existed near the east end of the Southern Quarries area, at least 30 feet east of I control point 6 in fig. 4. In his June 28 field notes, MacDonald sketched a "Smithsonian trench with tunnel" just west of his East I Trench. There is no mention of a tunnel in Gazin's rather sparse I notes. We cannot determine whether this was actually a Smithsonian effort or perhaps the result of amateur excavations. I Just west of this MacDonald shows a "Michigan Trench" and his ,, notes mention the late c. w. Hibbard from Michigan working there at the same time as he did. However, Michigan has relatively I little HHQ material and we found no pertinent notes or , 17 I I I photographs among their documents. West of the Michigan trench, , MacDonald's party collected the skeleton of a colt in a block (figs. ·19a, 19b, and 20a.). We remain unsure of where this was I within the western part of the Southern Quarry area. I On June 15, 1966 MacDonald noted "Bones are in fine sands with interbeds of coarse sand (usually cemented) range through 3 1 I elevation, one clay conglomerate bottom." Many of the specimens I which MacDonald collected were in nodules or concretions of carbonate cemented sand. Photographs show substantial I thicknesses of crossbedded sand with occasional layers of small gravel. Quarry sketches in MacDonald's field notes (June 12) I show preferred orientations of crania approximately northwest southeast and northeast-southwest. 'I c. IMNH Excavations.- Dr. John A. White, who had recently I arrived at the Idaho Museum of Natural History, visited MacDonald's excavation in June, 1966 and made two subsequent I trips to conduct his own excavations. His party made some I collections in the former LACM quarry, but mostly worked to the west of the LACM quarry. The overburden was removed from an area I about 60 feet long (Fortsch field notes, June 9, 1967), about two-thirds of which was ultimately excavated (D.E. Fortsch, I personal communication, 1992). Slides of the IMNH excavations I (figs 22, 23,and 24) show a fairly large exposed area, the west , 18 I I I end of which is probably about 10 to 15 feet east of the , southwest corner of the hill. About a dozen crania and large quantities of other materials were recovered, not all have been I prepared. I Neither White's notes nor those of Fortsch include a quarry map or detailed stratigraphic information. They do note that many I specimens, especially horse crania, occurred in concretions. I Most of the specimens appear to have been scattered across the excavated areas with no large concentrations. Many unprepared I specimens in the IMNH collections are in grayish carbonate cemented cross-bedded sand with granule layers. Photographs I (figs. 23, 24, and 25} again show a considerable thickness of cross-bedded sand above the fossil level. 'I D. Pacific Union Colleqe Excavations.- Their photographs and I photograph captions (~. g. figs, 26, 27, and 28} indicate that this group worked in the same general area as LACM and IMNH, more I probably the latter. The earlier photos in the sequence show the I group removing the soft backfill which White and/or MacDonald had used to bury the quarry for protection from amateurs. The I captions indicate that the group was unaware of this practice and they apparently did not backfill their quarry, leaving it I vulnerable to private collectors. They recovered eight or nine I crania, mostly horses but, according to J.A. White (personal , 19 I I I communication, 1991), one was·a very good camel cranium. Little , more information can be adduced from the photographs and captions. I E. Amateur Collecting.- As noted above, the HHQ appears to have I been a Mecca for amateurs over many decades. It seem improbable that the Main Quarry was vandalized very much because slides from I the back wall have deeply buried most of the potentially I fossiliferous area. The Southern Quarries, however, have certainly been severely impacted. Much of the difficulty in I matching current hill features with those in the 1966 through 1968 excavations is undoubtedly due to modification caused by I amateur collectors, though some resulted from the rapid erosion evident in the area. 'I V. INTERPRETATIONS I A. origin of the HHQ Fossil Deposit.- One major step in I determining the extent of a fossil deposit is to define its mode I of origin. However, the HHQ excavations were conducted before the era of taphonomy and little data directly relevant to the I origin of the fossil deposit was gathered. Still, there are I sufficient data available to make some reasonable guesses. I , 20 I I I The following brief review of the probable setting for the HHQ , omits citations for the sake of simplicity. The Glenns Ferry Formation in the Hagerman area consists of fluvial and floodplain I sediments; lacustrine deposits occur fairly close to the west. Plant remains indicate an open woodland with gallery forests and I aquatic environments. Mollusk and vertebrate remains include a high percentage of semi-aquatic and aquatic forms. Sediments are I primarily fine-grained with no evidence of significant relief. I The general picture seems to be of a rich wetlands in a broad, flat valley with marshy streams winding their way to Pliocene I Lake Idaho. I Sediments surrounding unprepared and partially prepared HHQ specimens consist of carbonate-cemented fine sand to fine gravel, often cross-bedded. The granule and gravel size fractions are 'I primarily composed of rounded caliche nodules. Several specimens show distinct layers of different size fractions. While it is I difficult to be certain which side is up in these isolated pieces, it appears as though coarser material was deposited first I followed by the bone(s) with or just prior to a fine sand. one I specimen consists of a bone resting on clay and surrounded by sand. Indurated float and quarry spoil in the quarry area I consist of similar lithologies and field notes describe the fossils as being in various types of sand. Excavation I photographs show loose to indurated layers of cross-bedded sand I with fine gravel and channeling. The caption to Figure 32 in , 21 I I I Gidley (1931) describes the fossil layer as about 2 feet thick at , the place depicted. Except for Gazin's (1935a,1936) brief synopses and Boss' (1932) description of a dip to the fossil I layer, there is very little information regarding the morphology of the deposit in the Main Quarry. Gazin's suggestion of an I east-west trending channel through the Main Quarry appears to be supported by his June 29 photographs (~. g. fig. 12) showing a I distinct channel in the east or southeast backwall of the Main Quarry. The Main Quarry appears to have contained a very large I concentrated mass of specimens (figs. 13 and 14). In many ways, I the Main Quarry deposit is similar to a channel lag deposit. However, the apparent lack of water-worn specimens, the great I number of complete skulls, and the presence of associated skeletal elements is not typical of most channel lags. 'I In photographs (figs. 15 and 16) of the Southern Quarries, the apparent dip of the sediments is to the right. While this I suggests a roughly west to east current direction, there is too much uncertainty regarding exact camera orientation and how the I apparent dips might relate to actual dips. At least one I individual cross-bedded unit above the fossil level appears to be a meter or more thick. The base of the fossiliferous layer often I consists of gravel and the thickness of the fossiliferous layer is unclear except that MacDonald's June 15 field notes suggest a I three foot thickness. I , 22 I I I All of the available information on the HHQ sediments indicates river deposition, probably during a substantial flood. r The apparent low gradient in the Hagerman area and the large I quantities of fine sand suggest that the stream may have had a sandy braided channel pattern as described by Cant (1982). I Many of the specimens were preserved as partial to complete I skeletons, indicating that they were deposited as partial to complete carcasses. A cursory inspection of the IMNH HHQ I collections reveals little gnawing or weathering; this and the I frequent occurrence of articulated materials suggest rapid burial. Even isolated bones do not display significant abrasion I or rounding, implying either a short transport distance or transport as carcasses. While no definitive study has been done, we have an impression from the LACM and IMNH collections that the I' majority of specimens range from young to mature with a fair number of juveniles but few old individuals. There also appears I to be distinct age classes as noted by Gazin (1936) for the juvenile dentitions. Gazin even suggested (1936, p. 304) that I there was a preponderance of individuals of one age class, a I little less than a year old, and suggested an early spring time of death for this class. If these preliminary observations are I true, the data better match the population profile typical of catastrophic mortality than that typical of attritional I mortality. In other words, most or all of the horses probably I died during a single event rather than over an extended time , 23 I I ·~ . period. The great preponderance of a single species in the r quarry also fits best with a catastrophic mortality event. I Perhaps the most difficult data to reconstruct are the positions and orientations of the bones. Boss made a few quarry sketches I of associated materials but these lack North arrows. One of the unlabeled photographs in the Sternberg album (fig. 14) depicts a I mass of bones with two obvious preferred orientations at right I angles to each other. Unfortunately, there is no clue as to the orientation of the photograph. I In the Southern Quarries, MacDonald sketched one concentration of I specimens, some of which are oriented slightly west of North to slightly east of South. Others lie at right angles to the first group. A set of unlabelled close-up photos, ~· g. fig. 21, of I' the LACM quarry (presumably some of the same specimens) shows a group of parallel horse crania. While the photos are not I oriented, the skulls appear to be aligned approximately I Northwest-Southeast. I While the data are very poor and unclear, there appear to be a number of differences between the Main Quarry and the Southern I Quarries. The Main Quarry fossils seem to occur as a concentrated mass at the bottom of a rather large channel. I Specimens from the Southern Quarries appear to be more scattered I with occasional modest concentrations. Substantial quantities of , 24 I I I articulated materials have been recovered from both areas but seem to form a greater proportion of the Southern Quarries r specimens. Similarities include evidence of fluvial deposition, I the high percentage of horse remains, and their occurrence at the same stratigraphic level and in close proximity in an area I lacking other similar sites. We conclude that the two areas very I probably represent different aspects of a single event. The following tentative interpretation seems to fit best with I what is known. The HHQ deposits were formed during a single I flood when a large herd of horses and a few other animals were caught, killed, and transported mostly as complete or partial I carcasses to the site of deposition. One reasonable, but less likely, alternative is that the flood picked up the carcasses of • a group of horses which had very recently died from other causes. I The flood scoured existing sediment and deposited a thin basal layer of lag gravel including clay balls and caliche nodules over I at least part of the site. During the height and/or the waning portion of the flood, the carcasses were stranded in a temporary I channel, along a channel margin, and/or on a point bar. A short I period of exposure to the elements and scavengers resulted in partial disarticulation and disassociation. A subsequent weaker I flood or floods reworked some of the specimens and buried all with a layer of sand. In the Main Quarry area, many specimens I were washed into and concentrated along the bottom of a I (temporary?) channel (perhaps in a low spot) with little net , 25 I I I downstream transport. In the southern Quarries area, remaining specimens remained relatively scattered. Small, oriented r clusters of similar elements were aligned parallel and/or I perpendicular to the water/land junction either during the original depositional episode or subsequent reworking. I While this interpretation appears to be internally cohesive and I fits the known data, the known data are so few that it can only be extremely tentative. 'I After burial, much of this sand and gravel deposit became cemented with calcium carbonate. Cementation was not uniform, I records indicate that the fossil layer was completely cemented in some areas, uncemented in others and nodular in still others with the fossils often serving as loci of nodule formation. Aside •I from volcanic materials, this is the most extensive indurated unit we have seen in the Glenns Ferry Formation within the I monument. Uncemented fossiliferous sands in the main quarry acquired an iron stain from percolating subsurface waters and not I from bog deposition as has been previously suggested. I B. Extent of HHQ Deposits.- If our interpretation of the mode of I formation is correct, the original deposit was probably elongate and at least somewhat arcuate, as is typical of both channel and I point bar deposits. However, a point bar deposit could be fairly I broad depending on the interplay of water levels, stranding, and , 26 I I I reworking. Since elongate specimens tend to be oriented either parallel to or at right angles to current direction, the sparse r orientation data suggest that the most probable current direction I was roughly west to east. The long axis of the original deposit may have also been east-west because fluvial fossil deposits tend I to be more elongate parallel to current direction. However, the north-south dimension of the deposit indicated by known finds is I so large that an even greater east-west dimension seems I improbable. I Even if we could determine the original morphology of the deposit, we would still have to consider the question of how much I remains in the ground after erosion and collecting. Smithsonian Hill occupies an unusual topographic situation for the area. It dangles like a pendant from the upland flats, with a flat upper •I surface separated from the uplands by a small saddle and a flattened, rather than pointed termination. No other landform in I the area displays a similar configuration or any tendency toward one. This suggests that the existence and shape of the hill may I be controlled from its other unique feature - a patch of I indurated sediments •. If so, the southwestern termination of Smithsonian Hill may closely reflect the configuration of the I original margin of the HHQ deposit and the deposit has probably been subject to erosion for quite some time. The great amount of I material already collected would seem to approach the limit of I , 27 I I I what would be expected to have accumulated if the HHQ were indeed r formed during a single, catastrophic event. I One other point of incidental interest. These is a good deal of crushing and distortion in the HHQ specimens but, at present, I only about 60 feet of overburden. Other quarries with similar amounts of overburden display much less distortion of specimens. I Perhaps a fair amount of sediment has been eroded from the top of I the geologic section in this area. I In summary, it is not possible to draw any reasonable conclusions from existing data regarding potential of the HHQ to produce I significant additional materials. The primary argument against much potential rests on the interpretation that the deposit was formed during a single, catastrophic event. If so, the quantity •I of fossils already recovered from the HHQ seems to exceed what could be reasonably anticipated from a single such occurrence and I one would not expect much to remain. On the other hand, it appears that specimens have been recovered from much of the I periphery of the southern part of S.I. Hill and a large intact I area lies between the two major foci of excavation effort. One might reasonably expect that at least the area directly between I the Main and Southern Quarries should also contain major fossil resources. Another possibility is that the channel exposed in I the backwall of the Main Quarry is directly related to the fossil I deposit and the deposit continues directly to the east. , 28 I I I SECTION TWO: THE WORKSHOP r I. DESCRIPTION · I Since the review of existing data did not lead to a definite, or I even a reasonably probable, indication of the amount and the distribution of any fossil material which might remain in the I HHQ, an on-site workshop was held April 20 and 21, 1992. I Technical Participants included: I Dr. William A. Akersten, Associate Professor and Curator of I Vertebrate Paleontology at the Idaho Museum of Natural History (IMNH), is the Principal Investigator for this project • •I Ms. Mary E. Thompson, Graduate Student in the Department of Biological Sciences at Idaho State University, is the Assistant I to the Principal Investigator for this Project. I Dr. John A. White, Professor and Curator Emeritus of Vertebrate I Paleontology at the Idaho Museum of Natural History, conducted excavations at the HHQ in 1967 and 1968. I Dr. David D. Gillette, State Paleontologist of Utah, has used I several ground-based remote sensing techniques in searching for I dinosaur remains. , 29 I I I Dr. H. Thomas Ore, Professor of Geology at Idaho State University r specializes in geomorphology and the geology of sedimentary I rocks. I Mr. David E. Fortsch, Lecturer in Geology at Idaho State University, teaches invertebrate paleontology and assisted Dr. I White during the IMNH excavations. I Unable to attend were Dr. James R. MacDonald (retired) who I conducted the 1967 Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (LACM) excavations at·the HHQ and Mr. Glen Carpenter, I Geophysicist for E.G. & G., Idaho, a specialist in ground-based • remote sensing • I Participants from the National Park Service included: I Mr. Neil King, Unit Manager, Hagerman Fossil Beds National I Monument. I Robert Willhite and Walter Bonning, Jr., Park Rangers, Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument. I Brian Jones, Dave Guinney, and Ron Roos, Exhibit and Media I Specialists, Harpers Ferry Interpretive Center. I , 30 I I I The following media groups covered the workshop: KMVT, Channel 11, Twin Falls, Idaho 'I KBCI, Channel 2, Boise, Idaho. I Prior to the workshop, a draft review of existing data and I interpretations (essentially the information presented in Section One above plus a series of questions for their consideration) was I sent to the technical participants for their input. A revised I draft, incorporating comments by the participants and other new information, was presented to the group during a briefing session I by Dr. Akersten and Ms. Thompson on the evening of the 20th. The following morning the group went to the site of the Horse Quarry by bus and conferred there most of the day. Dr. White and Mr. •I Fortsch confirmed our interpretations of the IMNH and LACM excavations. They stated that modest concentrations of I paleontologic materials were patchily distributed along the east west axis of the Southern Quarries Area and that some material I was left in situ near the eastern and the western termini of the I Southern Quarries. However, these could have subsequently been removed by Pacific Union College in 1968 and/or amateur I collectors. Dr. Ore surveyed available outcrops in the area and discussed his initial interpretations of the overall geology and I its potential for providing more detailed scientific knowledge I (see his attached report). Dr. Gillette discussed the potential , 31 I I I for using the ground-based remote sensing methods he had used for dinosaurs (see his attached report). Rain showers began to move r in and.the group adjourned to the Park Service offices in I Hagerman where they "brainstormed" results of the workshop and developed the basis of an overall plan for the Horse Quarry. I I II. RESULTS I The final consensus of workshop participants regarding the potential for significant paleontologic resources remaining in I the Horse Quarry area was (1) that important buried fossils undoubtedly still existed; (2) that the available data were not I adequate for making reasonably accurate estimates of the quantity and distribution of remaining fossils; (3) that existing ground -based remote sensing methods were probably not sensitive enough •I to locate buried horse remains under present site conditions; and (4), most significantly, that much more remained to be learned I about the HHQ deposit. I The finding that existing data were inadequate to define I remaining fossiliferous areas had been anticipated from our efforts to gather background information. There simply was very I little detailed information to be found. This is not to fault those who excavated at the HHQ; their documentation of what was I done was typical or somewhat better than average for work done at I that time. However, like any active field of research, , 32 I I I paleontology constantly learns more about what kinds of data can and should be sought and recorded. Even in the 24 years since r the most recent digs at the HHQ, excavation data gathering and I analysis have changed enormously. The field of taphonomy (study of the processes which affect and alter a biota between the time I that it lived and the time that portions of it are available for study) was not recognized in North America until the pioneering I work of Voorhies (1969). Ground-based remote sensing techniques have only recently diversified beyond searching for deeply buried I hydrocarbon and mineral deposits. Also, the study of I sedimentology has become increasingly sophisticated. We can now extract far more information from an excavation and make far more I accurate estimations of the extent of fossil deposits than even the wildest dreamers would have suspected a few decades ago • However, even if the previous excavations had been done using the •I most modern techniques, we would still not be able to exactly predict what might remain in the HHQ area and where to look for I remaining specimens. I The following approaches have the potential to produce additional I data which could yield better estimates of the quantity and distribution of fossils remaining in the HHQ area without I conducting extensive excavations. I 1. Ground-based remote sensing techniques have the potential to I locate large scale geologic features and underground objects , 33 I I I using equipment located on or in the surface of the ground. The buried objects need to possess contrasting physical properties r (such as density, radioactivity, reflectivity, or conductivity) I which can be used to distinguish them from surrounding materials. Larger objects are more easily detected than smaller ones having I the same properties. The recent interest in locating buried hazardous waste has resulted in accelerated development work in I this area, but the majority of objects being sought in most waste I management projects are much larger (~. g. 55 gallon drums) than fossil horse bones and many have distinctive characteristics (~. I g. refined metals) not found in fossils. Following is a brief description of some current techniques and their potential I applications to this problem (see also the attached report from Dr. Gillette) • •I Ground penetrating radar (GPR) operates like other radars in that electromagnetic pulses are emitted and their reflections from I objects having different electrical properties are detected. It is most effective at shallow depths and appears to be the most I promising current technology for work at the HHQ. However, both I Dr. Gillette and Mr. Carpenter doubt that existing GPR would be able to directly detect horse fossils under the existing steep I slopes and varying thicknesses of overburden in the HHQ area. The odds of detection would be greatly improved if the surface I above the quarry were flat and no more than 10 feet above the I potentially fossiliferous layer. GPR technology is relatively , 34 I I I new and rapidly changing. Thus, it may have even more potential , within a few years. I Seismic methods detect acoustic waves reflected from or refracted by subsurface objects, primarily rock layers with different I acoustic characteristics. Until recently, the primary emphasis in seismic work was to define large and/or deep geologic I structures. Shallow seismic methods are relatively inexpensive and may be able to locate the cemented layers which occur in or I below the fossiliferous horizon but they are very unlikely to I help in directly locating fossils. Their usefulness would also be enhanced if the overburden were thinner and the overlying I surface were flat • Geophysical diffraction tomography {GOT) measures the distortion •I of acoustic waves transmitted through the ground and picked up by arrays of hydrophones in waterf illed plastic piping placed in I vertical boreholes. It requires that the objects being sought transmit sound at a different rate than any surrounding materials I and has been successfully used to locate large dinosaur bones in I New Mexico {Witten et al., 1992). Dr. Gillette, who was a participant in the dinosaur effort, feels that this relatively I expensive method is unlikely to produce interpretable results because the sediments surrounding the fossils are not homogeneous I and the fossils are relatively small. However, this method is I , 35 I I I also undergoing rapid refinement and could become useful in the r near future. I Scintillation counting measures radioactivity, especially beta and gamma rays. While HHQ fossils are radioactive, they emit I primarily alpha radiation (Cunningham, 1990) which would be stopped by the thinnest layer of surrounding sediment. Thus, it I would not be of use at the HHQ. I Magnetometry techniques measure magnetic field strengths and are I unlikely to be useful at the HHQ. I Electromagnetic techniques measure conductivity and may be useful for delineating geologic features but are not likely to pinpoint fossils. •I In summary, the current prospects for using ground-based remote I sensing for the direct detection of fossils at the HHQ are not encouraging; however, they would assist in the mapping of I subsurface geology. Also, the world's problems with waste I management are providing a major impetus for improving existing techniques and developing new ones. We can expect rapid changes I in the coming years. It is quite possible that a technique I applicable to the HHQ problem is even now being developed. I , 36 I I I. 2. Sedimentologic/stratigraphic studies of the HHQ area would develop a great deal of information relevant to origin of the HHQ r deposit (see attached report by Dr. Ore). Defining the origin of I the deposit would, in turn, greatly improve our ability to estimate its original size and shape and the gross distribution I of fossils within the deposit. However, it is unlikely that these data will provide a foolproof means of accurately I pinpointing the amount and distribution of remaining I paleontologic resources. I Such a study would be quite cost effective; a number of different analyses can be performed at a relatively modest cost and without I major ground disturbance. The results would not only be useful at the HHQ, they could serve as a model for future work at other paleontologic sites around the world. A thorough sedimentologic I• study would thus make an important contribution to overall scientific knowledge and would be an excellent thesis problem for I a good student. I 3. Taphonomic studies seek to determine the chain of events I which intervene between a living biota and the recovery of its fossilized remains and, by doing so, to estimate how accurately I the preserved remains reflect the real biota. While much taphonomic data (associations of skeletal elements, orientation I of elongate elements) must be gathered in the course of I collecting the fossils, a fair amount of data can be gleaned , 37 I I I after the fact. Population studies such as age structure and sex ratios can be derived from existing collections and yield r information as to whether or not the deposit may have resulted I from a single catastrophic event. surface features (including degree of weathering, evidence of scavenging, water-wear, and I breakage patterns) also shed light on how fossils may have accumulated. A taphonomic investigation of existing HHQ I collections, especially those at the U.S. National Museum, would I be very informative. (Incidentally, one of the world's foremost taphonomists, Dr. Anna K. Behrensmeyer, works in the Department I of Paleobiology at the U.S. National Museum.) Again, these studies should result in better estimates of the quantity of I fossil material and its distribution but they are far from foolproof. •I I I I I I I , 38 I I I r SECTION THREE: RECOMMENDATIONS I Given the original objectives of this project, the results of the records search and workshop initially appeared to be negative I because we found no reasonably certain way to predict how much fossil material might remain in the HHQ or where the best place I to search for additional materials might be. However, a new and I potentially far more productive plan emerged from the final brainstorming sessions of the workshop. This new approach would I not only result in very important scientific advances, it would also provide a major opportunity for more meaningful educational I efforts than does the typical interpretation of a more-or-less static excavation site with exposed fossils. The rationale for this different perspective rests on three basic facts: •I 1. The legislation establishing the Hagerman Fossil Beds National I Monument mandates continuing paleontological research as a primary purpose of the Monument. Also, as professional I scientists, we place a very high priority on the development of I new knowledge. I 2. The HHQ represents a very unusual, even unique, paleontologic occurrence. As such, we need to understand how this deposit I formed and what it can tell us about the ancient animals and I environments of the area. Much scientific information of global , 39 I I I significance can be gained from of detailed study of the Hagerman r Horse Quarry and surrounding deposits. I 3. There has been a great deal of debate regarding the causes of the general lack of appreciation of science and the scientific I method among the American public. In our opinion, part of the problem results from the way scientific information is often I presented to the public. Usually, the emphasis is on a suite of I authoritative facts while the dynamics and fascination of the processes of scientific inquiry are ignored. In most of the few I instances where an attempt is made to illustrate the process of scientific investigation, examples are artificial and/or I superficial and rarely is there any attempt made to distinguish between the methodologies of the experimental sciences and those of the historical sciences. The two are very different. Thus, •I in most interpretations of scientific data, the public must either accept the presented facts at face value or wonder "How do I they know that?" "Are they sure?" Without some grasp of the ways in which scientific information is developed, people who simply I accept "facts" have no basis to discriminate between real science I and the pseudoscience of charlatans. I In the light of these three considerations, the HHQ problem is transformed into a major opportunity when it is approached I primarily as a scientific investigation with the interpretative I focus being scientific methodology and processes rather than the , 40 I I I facts which result from scientific inquiry. The following recommended approach is distilled from the comments and r suggestions of workshop scientists. Participating scientists I reviewed this final report before it was submitted to the National Park Service and agreed with the statements and the I recommendations • .I I. RESEARCH EFFORT I I. The following recommendations for the initial phase of I investigation are designed to develop as much information as possible without major ground-disturbing activities. While the I estimated duration for this phase would be two to four years after beginning, elapsed time should not play an important role. It is far more important to maximize recovery of information than •I to meet some arbitrary deadline. I A. Pursue a detailed sedimentologic study of the BBQ and the entire Monument.- As mentioned earlier, a thorough knowledge I of the sedimentary context of the Horse Quarry is vital to I understanding its mode of formation and to making any predictions as to its probable morphology and dimensions as I well as the probable distribution of fossils within the deposit. The best and most efficient approach would be to I develop an overall sedimentary and stratigraphic framework for I the entire Monument. This would not only enhance , 41 I I I sedimentologic data developed at and near the HHQ by placing them in context but also serve as a baseline for all future r paleontologic studies in the Monument. I While the details of a specific plan for a comprehensive I sedimentologic-stratigraphic study are best left to the individual(s) conducting the work, small-scale manual I trenching would be required to expose continuous geologic I sections in several areas throughout the monument. Minor backhoe work may also be needed to clear, and subsequently I backfill, several areas at the old quarries. Substantial laboratory facilities and expertise will be required for data I analysis. While this study could be contracted out, it would probably be much more economical and productive if an interested geology graduate student could be found to 'I undertake the study as a thesis topic with NPS support. I B. Perform several ground-based remote sensing tests.- While we do not expect spectacular success, we believe that ground- I penetrating radar and seismic reflection and/or refraction I studies will produce useful geologic information and should be done if they can be accomplished at modest cost. It may be I possible to do this on a cooperative basis with an individual or organization who wishes to test their method(s) or to I provide a public service. Potential cooperators include the I Geology Department at Boise State University which has a , 42 I I I geophysical center and E.G. & G., Idaho (through Glen carpenter, MS 2107, E. G. & G., Idaho, Inc., P. o. Box 1625, r Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415). Mr. Carpenter has mentioned the I possibility of cooperative work at Hagerman to his supervisor and was not discouraged from pursuing the matter. Dr. Gillette I has contacts at Oak Ridge and Los Alamos National Laboratories. Also, Dr. H. G. McDonald (pers. comm., 1992) I talked with a student named Rob Young from Canada who I mentioned that Dr. Dereld G. Smith, (Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4) had recently acquired a GPR system and was looking for a test I- project. c. Continue to locate and acquire old records, photographs, oral • histories, etc.- Someone should spend considerable time at I the Smithsonian tracking down all possible records and photographs and making certain that copy negatives and prints I are produced as promised. As we found during this exercise, the Smithsonian cannot be relied upon to produce promised I photowork for out-of-town groups. Dr. H. G. McDonald, I monument paleontologist, recently informed us that he has seen a quarry map plotting horse crania recovered by the I Smithsonian. Members of former excavation parties or their families may have photographs or other records. Such data I gathering might best be accomplished by NPS staff if they have I the time. Except for the quarry map, we do not believe that , 43 I I I any additional information gathered from these records will significantly augment our understanding of the HHQ but one r never knows for sure. Certainly, such documents will be I invaluable for historical and interpretive purposes. I D. study the taphonomy of existing collections, particularly those at the Smithsonian.- If possible, the LACM, IMNH, and I PUC collections should also be examined. Dr. H. G. McDonald I informs us that a number of Smithsonian specimens have been exchanged with other institutions. He has been keeping a log I of such materials when visiting other museums. (Unfortunately, the typical museum exchange usually involves cranial material I from prime individuals and creates a bias in the remaining collection.} This problem is not substantial enough to form • the basis for a thesis but it would make a valuable research I paper. This may be a good project for the monument paleontologist depending on available time and it could be I combined with the gathering of historical Smithsonian records as described above. Failing this, Dr. Behrensmeyer of the I Smithsonian or another paleontologist interested in taphonomy I might be interested in the work if given at least travel support. I II. After the initial phase of investigation is completed, we I suggest the following tentative longer range plans involving I major ground disturbing activities. These cannot be solidified , 44 I I I until the results from the first phase are available and any new remote sensing technologies are evaluated. First phase results r will be particularly important in making a final selection of the I area where the work is to proceed. Naturally, the duration of these activities cannot be even roughly estimated. I A. Prepare an area for qround-based remote sensing and I excavation.- Based on existing data, select the most I promising target area and remove overburden to produce a fairly large flat surface between 5 and 10 feet above the I potential fossil horizon. This greater than usual amount of overburden left above the fossil horizon is meant to I discourage would-be thieves. At present, the most promising target areas are between the Main Quarry and the Southern • Quarries and to the northeast of the Main Quarry. A qualified I geological engineer will be needed to design a grading plan which will permit safe excavations through the fossiliferous I level. Earth moving must proceed cautiously under the direction of qualified monitors because bones could occur I anywhere in the section (see Gazin's notes for June 22, 1934 I where he mentions blasting out a mastodon skull above the Main Quarry). Detailed sedimentological data and samples should be I collected to augment the earlier study. I B. Employ remote sensing techniques in the target area.- Using I GPR, seismic, or any other potentially useful methodology, , 45 I I ·1 testing should be conducted for anomalies which might be indicative of buried fossils. This would be a good time to r work out cooperative efforts with groups wishing to try out I new technologies because the area would soon be tested by actual excavation. I ,, c. Conduct excavation.- The next step would be to evaluate all the data gathered to date in order to select a modest portion of the target area in which to begin actual excavations. I During excavation, qualfied personnel should gather all I possible sedimentologic and taphonomic data and screen all excavated sediment. Here too, new techniques could be I explored cooperatively. For example, there are several existing technologies which allow three dimensional positional measurements to the nearest 0.01 mm. to be entered directly •I into a personal computer at incredibly fast rates. Without sacrificing scientific integrity, the excavation could be made I into a "showplace" and testing ground with professionals and manufacturers invited to participate. Course credit could be II offered through Idaho State University or other institutions I for summer work in the Quarry and at other Hagerman localities. If original material is to be left in situ for I· interpretive purposes, its preservation and security must be ensured. I,, , 46 ,,, I I D. Determine next step.- After completion of the first excavation and evaluation of the results in consultation with r appropriate professionals, the monument staff may select I another area to excavate, suspend additional excavations until a future date, or terminate excavation work. If excavation is I to continue go back to item "C" above. Upon suspension or termination of excavations, the future use of the Quarry site ·I can be planned. I I II. INTERPRETIVE EFFORT i As stated above, we recommend that the interpretation emphasizes the methodology and dynamics of scientific inquiry, especially in paleontology and geology. Since the research will lead to a •I constantly refined and changing understanding of the HHQ, the interpretive plan and materials should accommodate and facilitate change. The following is a suggested preliminary outline for -I interpretation. I A. Describe the general nature of scientific inquiry and the methodological contrasts between the experimental sciences and I the historical sciences and show how answering one research II question almost always raises many more questions. I , 47 ., I I B. Describe the constantly changing and improving state of , knowledge and techniques in science as a whole and specifically in paleontology and geology. Explain why it is I desireable not to excavate an entire site but to leave some for future, more sophisticated techniques. (This leads to a I dilemma: theoretically we would ultimately learn more from any site if we left everything for the future when better methods I will be available but sites deteriorate through time and the I only way to develop better methods is to excavate.) I C. Describe what we know about the HHQ as of 1992 (or some other starting date), what we suspect or hypothesize about it, and I what we don't know but would like to know. Carefully distinguish among fact, interpretation, hypothesis, and speculation. I' D. Explain how we propose to develop additional knowledge I (above plan of research effort) as of the starting date and the fact that the plan is flexible and subject to change as I each step is completed and evaluated or if new technology I arises (especially new ground-based remote sensing developed for waste management). t E. As each step is completed, present what was discovered and I compare that with prior hypotheses. Explain how this might I change the original plan and other original hypotheses. , 48 I I I Explain "spin-offs" from new information (e. g. if the HHQ resulted from a single catastrophic event, what does this tell r us about fossil horse behavior?). Keep up a running synthesis I of current knowledge including advances developed at other paleontologic sites. I F. Invite visitors to return in a few years to find out what :1 additional new knowledge has been developed. I G. The excavation work can be used as a live exhibit. If fossils '11 are uncovered, some can be left in situ to illustrate various points of methodology or information, providing that they can I be kept safe. The design of a protective structure will • depend upon how the research plan unfolds. I H. Upon suspension or termination of the excavation effort, the ,. Quarry site could be converted into a static interpretive exhibit depending on circumstances. I In summary, refocusing the thrust of the Hagerman Horse Quarry I investigations would result in the most optimum realization of its potential. Rather than attempting to determine the best ·1 place to dig to find fossils for just another exhibit of fossils in situ (such as the one at Dinosaur National Monument), the I. primary goal of HHQ work should be to maximize scientific I knowledge of this unique fossil deposit. While this may or may , 49 I I I not ultimately result in finding a major fossil deposit about which an exhibit could be developed, the initial primary message r of interpretation should be the methods and dynamics of I paleontologic and geologic research. I I I I I •I 1 I I 'I I , 50 I I I REFERENCES CITED r Boss, N. H. 1932. Explorations for fossil horses in Idaho. I Explorations and field-work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1931, Smithsonian Institution Publication, 3134:41-44. I Cant, D. J. 1982. Fluvial facies models and their application . .1 p. 115-137 in P. A. Scholle and D. Spearing (eds.) Sandstone depositional environments. The American Association of I Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 410p. I Cunningham, G. o. n.d. Hagerman faunal area paleontological I survey. Report prepared for Boise District Office, Bureau of Land Management under contract ID-010-CT3-17, 64p. •I Cunningham, s. 1990. Investigation into regulations concerning the preparation of fossilized remains containing radioactive I material. Unpublished report of the Idaho State University I Radiation Safety Office, 7 ms. pages. I Gazin, c. L. 1935a. Fossil hunting in southern Idaho. Explorations and field-work of the Smithsonian Institution in I 1934, Smithsonian Institute Publication, 3300:9-12. I Gazin, c. L. 1935b. A new antilocaprid from the upper Pliocene I of Idaho. Journal of Paleontology, 9(5):390-393. , 51 I I I Gazin, c. L. 1936. A study of the fossil horse remains from the r upper Pliocene of Idaho. Proceedings of the United States I National Museum, 83(2985):281-331. I Gidley, J. W. 1930. Hunting fossils on the old Oregon Trail. Explorations and field-work of the Smithsonian Institution in I 1929, Smithsonian Institution Publication, 3060:31-36. I Gidley, J. w. 1931. Continuation of the fossil horse round-up I on the old Oregon Trail. Explorations and field-work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1930, Smithsonian Institution I Publication, 3111:33-40. MacDonald, J. R. 1964. A plea for fossil vertebrates. Mineral I' Information Service, California Division of Mines and Geology, 17(12) :232-233. I Voorhies, M.R. 1969. Taphonomy and population dynamics of an I early Pliocene vertebrate fauna, Knox County, Nebraska. I University of Wyoming Contributions to Geology, Special Paper 1, 69p. I Witten, A., D.D. Gillette, J. Sypniewski, and w.c. King. 1992. I Geophysical diffraction tomography at a dinosaur site. I Geophysics, 57(1):187 -195. , 52 I I I , ILLUSTRATIONS I Captions for the following illustrations are on facing_ pages except where one caption refers to two sequential illustrations. I Figures 3 and 4 are fold-outs • .I I I I •I I I I I I,, , 53 I I I 31"'-. ~s~( HAGERMAN QUADRANGLE r IDAHO 7.5 MINUTE SERIES ! UTM GRID AND 1978 MAGNETIC NORTH • DECLINATION AT CENTER OF SHEET I ~ I > I I I I I , Figure 1. I -·----~--·~-~---~-- 11 SCALE: 1 = 100 I CONTOUR INTERVALS: Steep slopes= 2 1 Gentle slopes = 1 1 DASHED LINES = Trails ·+ ...... l2j ~ID ~ + r -~ I rI I I I I I I •I I I I I I ,I I ~ Figure 3. EXPLANATION_ SCALE: 1 11 = 30 1 CONTOUR INTERVALS: Steep slopes= 2' Gentle slopes = l' DASHED LINES = Trails 3354.tB \ ~ 3354.iS 3354# ~ 3354.tJ ~ ~7&\~/ ~ ..- ~J90 3251tll -~------= ~ Figure 4. ·EXPLANATION SCALE: l" == 30 1 CONTOUR INTERVALS: Steep slopes == 2' Gentle slopes == l' DASHED LINES == Trails ~ 3:5l+5 -- / ------3280------ ~7 "--- 1~- ~J90 3261.fl~ I l I I I .. I I 1 ··. r ·I . : I i I ! I i :I p:( l I i I i ' -· 'i i I .,.... " ' '• I I j· i I I I I i i l ?-~'I .! I . I l i i ! . I I l i I I i 1 · I I I , I I I ! I ' I I :· I i I I I I i . : i ·-.:' I •j l UJ~r I I I : . '., I . \ ; i i j i : i 1 i I ! I ! ' I . I I : I ·'.! : I ~~ .... J._j ___ .; _...\ J· 1.... \ ~ I .. ~-- .·1!. :··· ~. ~~~~--·...... ___ _ I I 1· 'I r i --~ i I <1 i i i I" i I I· , I ' : i' j · f I . ! I ' I l ' : . . j ! I I ' i I ! : . ! ·j ·i i i I t. I I I I I l· ! i ! .1 I· 1 i- , I ' i ! I . I I1 . I ; i· ' I .. I I i I I I : I ! • ' I , ;· I· . i l-r7 1 t ' I f't:)' : ! I I I ,. I I ! ; I ·I I I !__,,. I. I ~--~,~., . I ! l..\; ·I - I V I .,------..:._...:__.....:..._'~_; 'I I I ' I i I I ' ! I. l l ' i I i I ... ·l i l i I I J! I I i I I I I . ;I ,. ; : I ·• ~· t'. , ' I I ~.: j I i I : , I I I .~ ! i I I I i I l\1 i i , i I : -.t !. I ! , I ; 1 1 I i '. I I I . 1 ! I i ! I ! . I I I • I i I ;--: ... I I ! ! I i 1 I I ; I l~'f?~ ! : ! I ~ ! . , Figure 5. I I I, I I I I I I •I I I I I I I , Figure 6. I I Ir I I I I I I •I I I I I I I , Figure 7. I I Ir I I I •,._-.. I : I I . 'I,, .I ..I I . " I •I I I I •• •" I .. " \ "7. I I , Figure a. I -~-~~-~-~'~--~~~~~-r-- ~~~-~-:~=~~-,--.,---::~:.~~:~~r·~-:_:~.~ - :· :,;::·~~~~~, ~· ,,·f" \.\,! t .'!Ot~t • :_ '" I' ·' '' 1 ... ~,i:-;-r ~,{\ ~.,, •. ~~.;, ._:" 't ".. ~~ 1 ~ I,,•~ / -·· - ..-;,\\' . "'1;f,.. ~·-:" f .,_,_I~. ~ f \• ~ t~~•.i . .-·\ ·1~\' ;~·i,:·-~t,\ )_ \•;:··; -1-~ 1 +.. -~ ~~-~ ; 1' - --Jnr.~~ •.,, ; . ~ .. ~ 4-,' ,,~ t • i 1 \.~' :~:.. .. ~~« ,.: ": .. . ' .. '·"\ ;.\ . -\~.~ !" - \1 -,\ .. "- . • , \~ \ ~'. -~-:ift~.:;"'"· -"'.r' '.-; ,,_. ,· ~~,,,_ . ff>''>T ...... , ~.li~i" {. ·~··-.--: 11·~•.J,,-.. ,~·c•J;,·\.,~.,~~ . l"' ·. •tl_!,"#i:! •• • .- : ''.c• ·l:., .'>\· :~ 2 ?.~-~ _.' .. '~ ; ,· .--.,.., ·.~,_,,,' ,\~ ·. __ ,, ·-..."*: ! ~ • ' ;· ~.,-~ "'~~ •• ,;; 1<-"' •'•1-'- ""- ~.·'- •• _. - ' ~·-· i c> ~ ' •..•· l Figure 9. I I r I I I J I I I •I I I I I I I • Figure 10. I I I r I I I I I I •I I I I I I I , Figure 11. I I Ir I I I I I I • ".. -~"' I ~ ...... ~ I •' .. ; . .. ·. I I' ·. ~ 4 ~ r:i· ri:: ~· I ' . ~·-. ~) I I . ·~· ~- . .,.. ,,_. •.. . ~ I , Figure 12. I I rI I I I I I I •I I I I I I I , Figure 13. 1, I I I' I I I I I I •I I I I I I I , Figure 14. I I ,I ' I ! I I I I •I ,I 1~ I ~~-- I I • I ,,f I • , Figure 15. I I I t I I I I I I •I I I I I 0 I . .,."" . v . ·#" ~. ~· .;.: ,, ... ,, . . ' . r - - __._...... _ __ ,. ·..- , /. I ------·------, Figure 16. I I Ir I I I I I I •I I I I I I I , Figure 17. I I I I' I I I I I Figure 18a. I •I ·1 I I I I Figure 18b. ,I I I I f I I I I I I •I I I I ,- I __ ,~-~ I ~~f--~,-""' ,, .· I -~ , Figure 19b. I I I t I I I I I I Figure 2oa • •I I I I I I I, Figure 20b. I I Ir I I I I I I •I I I I I I I , Figure 21. I I I, - ..--- I • I I I :"~~~-" I ,_ ~j I .. ; . •I I I I ---/ i~ (:*..._:\;_~~=- I -_'~ I I , Figure 22. I I I I I I I I I Figure 23: Print made from J.A. White color slide, 1967.- This I photo appears to have been made at the western margin of the IMNH excavations. Note large scale cross-bedding and apparent distance from bend in outcrop. Dr. John A. White on right with I back to camera; Phil Bjork (then a Michigan Graduate student) in rear with white straw hat. I I I I I I I 94 I I I Ir I I I ""i I I I I •I I I I I I I L__._ r Figure 23. I I Ir I I I I I i.c:. ~ I I - - -11 ,_ I t t ' ,,.l •I I I . . I I f. - I ~·· ,_ I -· .J , Figure 24. I I Ir I I I I I I •I I I I I I I Figure 25. 'I I I t I I I I I I •I I I I I I I , Figure 26. I I I f I I I I I I ~~~ -~~~ -.: -0-: ~ "!"~-0. ·~ ... ~ •I ~- I . I I ' I I I, I , Figure 27. I I I f I I I I I I •I I I I I I • -..- '1 I •. ~ , Figure I I I, I I I I I I •I I I I I . ' I I , Figure 29. I I rI I I I I I I •I I I I I I I , Figure 30. I I Ir I I I I I I •I I I I I I I , Figure 31. I I I r APPENDICES The reports of Ors. Gillette and Ore are true copies of the I originals. Field notes are transcribed from the original I handwritten copy except for several photocopied sketches. The transcription of Gazin' s notes was supplied by the Smithsonian I Institution and contains a number of minor errors. The notes of MacDonald, White, and Fortsch were transcribed at IMNH. I I I I I I I I I I I A. l 'I I St~ite of Utah Department of Community & Economic Development I Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Norman H. Bangerter 300 Rio Grande Governor Salt Lake City, Utah 84101-1182 r MaxJ.Evans (801) 533-5755 Director FAX: (801) 364-6436 May 12, 1992 I Dr. William A. Akersten Museum of Natural History Idaho State University, PO Box 8096 I Pocatello, Idaho 83209 I Dear Bill, Enclosed is my summary recorrunendation for the search for bones at Hagerman National Monument with respect to remote I sensing technology. Probably the best way to treat my remarks is as a preliminary report, since the remote sensing experts from INEL I haven't been to the site. Please feel free to call on me for expanding these ideas as you prepare your overall report for the I Park Service. I enjoyed the site visit and your excellent organization of the meeting and field trip. • sr~ I David D. Gillette, State Paleontologist I of Utah I I I I ,I A.2 Board of State History: Douglas D. Alder • Marilyn C. Barker • Dale L. Berge • Boyd A. Blackner I Hugh C. Garner • Peter L. Goss • David D. Hansen • Dean L. May • Amy Allen Price • Penny Sampinos • Jerry Wylie I I RECOMMENDATIONS ON HAGERMAN FOSSIL BEDS NATIONAL MONUMENT Observations r 1. Fossil bones occur throughout the section above and below the horse quarry level. Some of the productive levels have been sampled for small vertebrates. However comprehensive study of the I full section has not been attempted. 2. The horse quarry level is fairly easy to establish, even though slumping and weathering have covered the exact horizon or I horizons. With careful field preparations, a field geologist could fix the level within ± 1 meter. I 3. The three dimensional geometry of the ancient stream channel that yielded the horse fossils is difficult to ascertain at present. Extensive exposure of the slope will be required for I additional information gathering using traditional surface techniques of sampling and mapping. 4. Paleoenvironmental interpretations, which depend on good I exposures not only at the fossil horizon but also above and below, can be attempted only with limited confidence at present. These interpretations should be relatively easy to produce, I although the effort may be time-consuming. Paleoenvironment may be the most important theme in both research and presentation to visitors. 5. The likelihood of the quarries having been exhausted by • earlier excavations is low. In my experience in excavations, time and money run out before the fossils are exhausted; moreover, the I oversteepening of the walls of the quarries clearly caused problems throughout the excavations, and I suspect that therein lies the limiting factor. In other words, excavations were I declared completed whenever the workers lost their nerve in expanding walls of the quarry, not for want of fossils. 6. The gravel layer in the stream channel may be an important I marker in the subsurface, especially if it is continuous. This may be the key to remote sensing success, more than the I occurrence of bones, for which resolution may be more difficult. 7. With mechanized equipment, including heavy equipment such as bulldozers and backhoes, the configuration of the hillside can be I easily altered to improve access to the fossil beds and improve the safety. Soils engineers should be able to establish correct angles of repose and suggest designs for contouring that would be I suitable for the project. 8. Base line data are insufficient at present. More data gathering is called for, including sedirnentology and micro I stratigraphy. , 9. Unless fossil bones are exposed and susceptible to vandalism, A.3 I I I I don't see any reason why a simple chain-link fence would not suffice for security. , 10. The site is too deserving of additional scientific research to relegate the interpretation to a "living history" theme. That would be fine if the site and all relevant research were completed and all parties satisfied that nothing useful remains I to be done; but that's not the case. Indeed, I suggest that research at the site has only just begun. The early excavations "only scratched the surface" to use an apt platitude. I 11. I think that excavations and geologic studies should begin right away. The only way to answer some of these questions is I with fieldwork. Recommendations for Remote Sensing I The only applicable technique is ground penetrating radar. Proton free-precession magnetometry and acoustic diffraction tomography are unproven and too costly, respectively, and neither would be likely to produce interpretable results. On the other I hand, the site might be useful as research applications for these techniques, as base-line experimental data for their experiments. Bringing in either of these would be costly unless the Park I Service can wrangle cooperation from the national laboratories (Oak Ridge and Los Alamos) on a cooperative basis. I could look into this idea if the administration would like to pursue that approach, but I am pessimistic about the prospects for useful information that would influence decisions on excavation and • development. I Ground penetrating radar seems to be the most likely tool for remote sensing. Effective use would require modification of the hillside, to bring the equipment close to the bone layer, say I within 10 feet of the productive horizon. The radar cannot be used with any confidence on the slopes in their present configuration. I I recommend grading the slope roughly 10 feet above the projected bone level by cutting a notch in the hill to produce a level and clean horizon from which to work. The larger the I platform the better. At least 50 feet into the hill and as long a parallel distance as possible, say 200 feet, would be suitable. This would require stepping the slope above, for safety and to I reduce the hazard of slumping. (How about placing tilt meters in strategic spots to monitor slope adjustments?) The basal gravel in the stream deposits will probably be the I key horizon that will show on the radar profiles, rather than the bones. On first trial, I suggest you team up the geologists with the INEL scientists so everyone understands the nature of the I strata. , The best radar profiles seem to come from groomed and A.4 I I I leveled slopes. A surface need not be horizontal but it should be graded to undisturbed rock, removing soil and rubble. Also, the closer the surface to the projected bone level the easier the interpretations (that is, less "noise" from superjacent layers): r 5 feet above would be better than 10 feet. And, if you have the luxury of planning far in advance, try to choose a time when the site has been dry (and devoid of irrigation seepage) for a long I time -- saturation zones seem to be a problem in interpretation. The specialists from INEL will have a better feel for this situation. I A grid system should be established for the radar measurements, starting from a fixed and permanent datum point, or better, two datum points for triangulation. I have found this to I be critical for future evaluation. As excavations and slope modifications proceed, renewed radar mapping (second and third trials) is most useful when the previously gathered data can be I superimposed on the new data. Precision in setting the grid is essential, perhaps even surveying the corner points. I think a one-meter grid system is sufficient, but the INEL guys may have different ideas since optimal spacing depends on which wavelength I antenna they use. Even easily interpreted data cannot be regarded as I conclusive: some targets may not be bone or gravel, but instead could be saturation zone, or caliche-filled fissures, for example. And alternatively, the radar may not pick up all targets with equal resolution, or could miss them altogether. After establishing underground truth with excavation the radar data should be evaluated for accuracy and reliability. Then, with more •I experimentation, new radar data may become more useful. In any case, I would like to follow these experiments, and continue my participation in the project. If I have left anything I out, or you need clarification or elaboration, please feel free to call on me. ~ /;-- ~ I David D. Gillette, Ph.D. I May 12, 1992 I I ,I A.5 I I I Idaho State University Campus Box 8072 • Pocatello, ID 83209-8072 • (208) 236-3365 • Fax (208) 236-4414 College of Arts & Sciences r Department of Geology I To: Dr. Bill Akersten Idaho Museum of Natural History ISU Campus Box 8096 I ISU From: H. T. Ore . f) I ISU Geolog0.V April 28, 1992 Re: Hagerman Horse Quarry Workshop I April 20, 21, 1992 Following is a brief report on geologic, particularly sedimentologic, aspects of the deposits below and above those which entomb the fossil horse and other remains in the quarry west of the Snake River, across from Hagerman, Idaho. These deposits were I visited by a workshop group of those with knowledge of and current interest in the Hagerman Quarry on April 21, 1992, and part of that morning was available for me to I examine the deposits generally associated with the fossil beds. BACKGROUND Fossil Horse and associated remains have been known since the 1930s from a setting on the west bank of the Snake River, due west of Hagerman, Idaho. Bjork, 1970, in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (New Series, vol. 60, pt. 7) described • the faunas of the "Hagerman Local Fauna," and provided some measured sections and I preliminary detail of depositional environment(s) of the sediments containing these fossil remains. He cites earlier work by Malde and Powers (1958, Geol. Soc. America Bull. v. 69, no. 12) in which the floodplain affinity of the "Hagerman Lake" beds is discussed. I Beyond this, there is no systematic scientific work I know of on depositional environments or possible further extent of the fossil deposits. There have been photographs taken during a variety of excavations at the site; most emphasize people doing the excavations, accumulations of fossil material in situ and close-up shots of I individual pieces of fossil. Very few provide photographic documentation of the nature of the deposits, aside from that they contain abundant fossil remains. The horizon containing the fossils is now completely covered with sediment mass wasted from above, I so is unavailable for outcrop observation and sampling. Perusal of documentation of previous excavations reveals no quantitative data on texture of the deposit, nor on primary sedimentary structures. Such information would lead to useful interpretations of I depositional environments and paleocurrents. The general picture is one of westerly flowing streams draining into basalt-dammed? Pliocene Lake Idaho. These streams have been speculatively characterized by various I workers as both braided and meandering, causing deposition of the fossil material either in a singular, possibly catastrophic event, or more gradually. Other speculations involve the original extent of the deposits and the associated question of how much of the original I volume of the deposits has already been removed. Ancillary questions involve the geologic, or geomorphic meaning of the SI Hill, on whose margins the excavations have , been made. It has been suggested that the deposits are in a large channel whose A.6 I /SU Is An Equal Opportunity Employer I I dimensions are those of the SI Hill, and which played some role in preserving the unusually isolated tract of upland, almost separated from the main plateau to the north and west. The Pleistocene Tuana Gravel has also been suggested as being a resistant cap increasing resistance to erosion locally. Other questions involve taphonomy, revolving r around the location and method of preparation of the skeletal material for transport. The lack of predation and mechanical attrition effects on the fossil bones is related to such I taphonomic considerations. OBSERVATIONS A traverse was made around the east side of the hill, across to the north, from the I irrigation pipe leading from the river up onto the plateau surface, and back to the southeast and south side of the hill, well below the level of the earlier excavations. Outcrops along this traverse reveal some aspects of the nature of depositional I environments prior to and since fossil deposition, as well as other characteristics of the site, and provides tentative information relating to the speculations alluded to above. I The Tuana Gravel is not clearly holding up the SI Hill, even though there is such gravel in the regolith at the surface of the hill. This gravel is in the section, several tens of meters below the top of the plateau surface to the north. The top of the SI Hill is approximately at the elevation of that gravel. A basalt is in the section to the north of the I SI hill, well below the level of the bone accumulations. The material in this hillside is .described in Malde, H. E. and Powers, H. A., 1972; U.S. G. S. Miscellaneous Geologic I Investigations Map I - 696. Their description is lake and stream deposits characterized by abrupt lateral changes in facies between neighboring sequences several hundred feet thick. Facies include: (1) silt in massive layers marked with faint banding; (2) sand in evenly layered thick beds cemented locally to flaggy sandstone; (3) thinly bedded dark clay, olive silt, and carbonaceous shale; (4) ripple-marked sand and • silt; (5) granitic sand and fine pebble gravel; and (6) quartzitic cobble I gravel. With these facies are several thin beds of silicic volcanic ash and thicker beds of basaltic tuff ... Volcanic ash samples ... are dated at 3.3 I my and 3.2 my . . . . The material in the section north of the SI Hill, on the east side, exhibits a preponderance of silt and fine sand, few medium or coarse sand layers, and none of the coarse gravely sand that a few photographs, and the matrix on the bones, suggests as the host for the I fossil materials. On the SI Hill section, below the bone horizon, the section is essentially the same as to the I- north. There are a few layers of black, well-sorted sand, black from apparently an organic? grain coating but which also may be manganese. Similar black material is in Pliocene deposits at various locations. A yellowish coating is locally present; it appears to be sulfur. Locally also are selenite crystals associated with the well-sorted sand. Flood I plain layers of well-sorted sand, with common wood molds, ripple cross stratification, and fossil root balls, are interspersed with overbank silt beds. West-dipping foreset laminations fill meter-scale pods, appearing to be local scour holes. There were no I extensive, coarse, point bar sand and gravel accumulations noted in this lower section; most appear to be overbank floodplain deposits. I Several meters above the level of the bone-bearing strata are exposed several meters of whitish floodplain silts and fine sands. This section contains layers of slightly more , indurated sediment, possibly representing paleosol levels, spaced several dm to around a A. 7 I I meter apart. Below this floodplain, the overbank sequence is well sorted, fine, non I indurated sand, which may be stratigraphically only a short distance above the bone bearing horizon. r Matrix material attached to bone fragments was available for observation at the Hagerman NPS headquarters. This material is well sorted, some angular, some rounded, basaltic and quartz sand. This tentative observation, that the material is texturally and compositionally I bimodal, may provide a clue concerning the taphonomic history of the fossil material. In effect, the fossil material may have had a two-stage history of burial and exhumation, possibly accounting for lack of predation marks and of attrition during transport as bone I material. This will be developed below. One observation from a photograph deserves comment. Photo No. 10, of the Gazin expedition of 1934, shows details of the primary sedimentary structures in the sediments I just above the bone-bearing horizon. The specific structure visible that provides the basis for paleohydrologic speculation is subaqueous dunes. Estimates of wave length and amplitude of the dune are possible using as scale individuals that were the primary target I of the photo, even though they are some several meters in front of the outcrop. Using the equations that relate water depth to wave length and amplitude of dunes, my best estimate is that the water carrying the sediment forming the dunes that covered the fossils was about 2.5 meters deep, and obviously in lower flow regime. It doesn't seem as if the I bones were carried far; likely they were eroded out of earlier floodplain deposits in which they had been entombed and rotted, and carried a distance of only a portion of a meander wave length before being redeposited and again buried in the existing bone bed. This I scenario seems to fit what is known of the bone material as well as the deposits. RECOMMENDATIONS A series of stratigraphic sections should be measured. One or more could be in the areas of Bjork's sections. The purpose of this would be to place the bone horizon in the • sequence of floodplain evolution and deposition. I Possible results of, and reasons for this stratigraphic analysis of the sequence are: a. estimation of the time interval between dated horizons and the fossil beds. b. determination of frequency of floodplain, overbank facies, as opposed to floodplain growth by migrating point bars. I c. substantiation of general flow direction of the system, d. palynological and physical substantiation of the possible marsh facies in the section, as suggested by Bjork, possibly related to fluctuations in the level I of Lake Idaho c. further search for lacustrine facies in the section e .. frequency of events of the magnitude of the one that eroded and redeposited I the faunal materials could be estimated f. samples could be collected for spore and pollen analysis from appropriate horizons, and invertebrate collections made. g. sedimentary petrologic studies would reveal details of petrologic bimodality of I sands, clay mineralogy, detrital mineralogy, etc. Probably at some point the section could be cleaned off in the vicinity of the fossil horizon I to allow better estimate of how much fossil material might remain. I don't think that it would be necessary to do this for the whole section. May this could be accomplished in I an area between the two earlier quarries, as well as in one or both quarry areas. , A.8 I ~· EXPEDITION 1934 G;;A ZI tJ TO IDAHO MAY 18 FRI. I LEFT FOR PITTSBURGH ON 11:40 P.M. TRAIN MAY 19 SAT. ARRIVED IN PITTSBURGH IN A.M. AND REGISTERED AT WEBSTER HALL HOTEL.ON r ARRIVING AT CARNEGIE MUSEUM DISCX>VERED THAT SCOIT A.~ HORSEFALl.. HAD AL.SO JUST ARRIVED FOR A STAY OF ABOUT A WEEK. SAW PRENTICE AND TALKED RABBITS WITH BURKE.HAD LUNCH AS GUEST OF I ARINOFF WITH SCXYIT,MCFARLAND,HORSEFAU.,BURKE & HENNE AT UNIVERSITY CLUB. MAY 20 SUN. I lOOKED AROUND TOWN IN A.M. AND WENT TO MUSEUM IN P.M. HAD DINNER AT PRENTICE' Ha-iE WITH BURKE. I MAY 21 r-DN. LJX)KEJ) THROUGH CX>LLECTIONS·AT MUSEUM AND WENT OVER EXHIBITS AGAIN. LEFT FOR CHICAGO IN EVENING. I MAY 22 TUES. ARRIVED IN CHICAGO IN A.M. AND WENT DIRECTLY TO FIELD l'-1USEUM. SAW RIGGS AND PATTERSON. HAD LUNCH WITH RIGGS AND TOURED EXHIBIT HALL WITH HIM. TALKED TITAVOIDES AND SOUTH AMERICAN FOSSILS WITH PATTERSON AND IN I EVENING REGISTERED AT STEVENS HCYrEL AT SUGGESTION OF RIGGS. I MAY 23 WED. WENT OOWN TO UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO AND VISITED WALKER MUSEUM. SPENT GCX>D PART OF AFTERNOON WITH ROMER. PLANNED TO GO ON TO DENVER THIS EVENING Bur ON ACCX>UNT OF BAD CX>LD DECIDED TO LAY OVER ANOTHER DAY. • MAY 24 THURS. I STAYED IN BED UNTIL LATE AND DOCT'ERED CX>LD. LEFT FOR DENVER IN EVENING. I. MAY 25 "1/..1 • • FRI ENROUTE ON TRAIN TO DENVER. HAD LUNCH IN KANSAS CITY DURING 3 HOUR LAY OVER. I MAY 26 SAT. ARRIVED IN DENVER IN A.M. AT WENT DIRECTLY TO DENVER MUSEUM WHERE I MET FIGGENS AND REINHEIMER.FIGGENS CX>RDIAL Bur BREIF. WENT OVER EXHIBITS I- WITH REINHEIMER. CX>LO. MUSEUM WAS GETI'ING Sa-iE ELEPHANT SKELETONS Fin1 S MAY 27 SUN. I RETURNED TO DENVER AND IN AFTERNOON TOOK TRAIN FOR IDAHO. I MAY 28 r-DN. , A.9 I 1· ARRIVED IN BLISS AT 1: 10 P .M. WHERE I WAS MET BY STERNBURG AND PEARCE. WENT OOWN TO HAGERMAN WHERE WE ARRANGED FOR GROCERIES AND ~ LEFr MY TRUNK AT HOTEL. DROVE ON TO CAMP NEAR QUARRY WHERE WE PUT UP . I TENTS AND BECAME SE'ITLED AFrER A FASHION. MAY 29 TUES WENT our ON HILL AND LOOKED OVER THE QUARRY SITUATION. PROSPECTED r AROUND IN SEVERAL roINTS ON HILL. STERNBURG AND PEARCE SE'ITLED IN A SMALL QUARRY AT sourn END OF HILL IN WHICH BONE WAS PLENTIFUL BUT IN RATHER HARD MATRIX. I SPENT PART OF t-r)RNING ATl'EMPI'ING TO WORK IN RED LAYER AT MAIN ·I QUARRY Bur WORKED UNDER DIFFICULTIES OF CAVED ROCK AND OVERBURDEN AND DID Nar ENOOUNTER MUCH WORTH SAVING. IN AFrERNOON I T MAY 30 WED. I STERNBURG AND PEARCE CONTINUED AT QUARRY ON SOl1l'H END OF HILL. G. F. S. oor ANCYI'HER GOOD SKULL our AND EXroSED ~. I CONTINUED TO PROSPECT BETWEEN QUARRIES AND TRIED CAVING IN Sa1E OVERBURDEN AT MAIN QUARRY, WITHOUf MUCH SUCCESS. '100 DANGEROUS. I TEAM ARRIVED AFTER ALL DAY DRIVE FR01 TOWN AND WAGON WITH HAY WAS LEFI' A ffll SHORT DISTANCE TO NORTHEAST OF CAMP • MAY 31 THUR. STERNBURG AND PEARCE AT QUARRY AT sourn END OF HILL. G.F.S. Gar TWO • SKULI.B ONE WITH LOWER JAWS, AND PEARCE ANCYI'HER. \I SPENT A. M. 'WITH CLIFFORD AND TEAM. CLIFFORD DROVE WHILE I HUNG ON TO PLOW. LATER HE Gar THE SCRAPER INTO ACTION AND MADE A Nal'ICEABLE IMPRESSION IN HILL. IN AFTERNOON I WENT PROSPECTING OFF TO SOUTHWEST AS SCRAPER DID Nar NEED MY HELP. FOUND A VERY NICE SATHERIUM JAW IN A CANYON I ABOUT 2 OR 3 REM::>VED FRa1 S. I. HILL TO sotrrHWEST. ALSO A FEW CYI'HER FRAGMENTS OF BONE INCLUDING A BEAVER TIBIA AND A LUTRAVUS JAW WITHOUT TEETH. I PEARCE ALSO Gar A TURTLE AT QUARRY ON sourn END OF HILL. JUNE 1 FRI. WORKED IN QUARRIES AROUND SOUI'H END OF HILL. 4 SKlJLl.BINTODAY, TWO I WITH LOWER JAWS. oor sa-m LOWER JAWS AND UNCOVERED SEVERAL LIMB BONES IN GREEN SAND QUARRY JUST WEST OF WHITE SANDSTONE (HARD) QUARRY IN WHICH STERNBERG WORKED. PEARCE OOfA SKULL AND lOWER JAWS IN A QUARRY JUST I sourn OF MAIN PIT, ALSO UNCOVERED PARTS OF TWO CYI'HER SKULLS AND lOWER JAWS AND LIMB BONES AT SAME PLACE. WILL NOT BE ABLE TO CONTINUE WORK AT THIS PLACE THOUGH AS DEBRIS FR01 SCRAPER FALLS OOWN OVER IT. I ALSO FOUND METAroDIAL OF AN ARTIODACTYL AT GREEN SAND QUARRY, AND TOE BONE OF A PECCARY AND A FRAGMENT, APPARENTLY OF A RADIUS BELONGING TO A MASTOOON. THESE WERE UNCOVERED WITH THE HORSE LIMB BONES. I JUNE 2 SAT. , A.10 I 1· STERNBERG Gar A YOUNG SKULL OF A HORSE AT THE WHITE SANDSONE QUARRY ON SOUTH END OF HILL. LOWER JAWS AT GREEN SANDSTONE QUARRY TAKEN OUT AND LIMB BONES GUMMED. ALL WENT TO TOWN IN AFrERNOON AND HAD SUPPER AT I HCYI'EL. IN EVENING WENT TO TWIN FALIS TO SHOW AND STAYED ALL NIGIIT AT AUI'O CAMP. ALSO GCYr SHAVES, HAIRCUTS AND BATHS. JUNE 3 SUN. r BREAKFAST IN TWIN FALIS AND THEN ~ED TO MURTAUGH WHERE WE L(X)l{ED UP MR. D.W. HUNTER WHO WRaI'E IN TO SMITHSONIAN REGARDING SaiE BISON BONES HE HAD FOUND IN GRAVELS ALONG SNAKE RIVER. HUNTER WOULD Lllrn TO GIVE US I THE BONES BUI' DUE TO HIS FINANCIAL OONDITION WOULD LJKETO GETSCMETHING FOR THEM. HAS THE BACK PART OF A BISON SKULL WITH BOTH HORNS AND A NUMBER OF LIMB BONES AND A FEW VERTEBRAE ALSO, A LOWER JAW OR TWO. THE SKULL I R>RTION APPEARS TO BE SCl1EWHAT r-DRE ROBUST WITH LARGER BONES THAN B. OCCIDENTALIS BUI' MUCH SMALLER THAN B. ALLEN!. At-DNG LIMB BONES ARE A FEW BEI..DNGING TO DEER AND A SMALL ARTIODACTYL, R>SSIBLY SMALLER THAN SHEEP, IF NCYI' ACTUALLY BELONGING TO SHEEP. THERE IS ALSO A LOWER JAW OF A DEER AND I SEVERAL ISOLATED TEETH LYING AROUND. OF MJST INTEREST TO ME WAS A BADGER SKULL, APPARENTLY FOSSIL AND IN GOOD PRESERVATION, STATED TO HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE GRAVEL WITH THE BISON BONES. PRa1ISED MR. HUNTER TO LET HIM I KNOW IF WE CXXJLD BUY ANY OF HIS MATERIAL. ON RRETURN TRIP STOPPED TO SEE SHOW IN TWIN FALIS. RETURNED TO HAGERMAN LATER IN AFTERNOON, PICKED UP OOR cmcx:;mms AT STORE, oor WATER .I AND MAIL AND HEADED FOR CAMP, WHERE WE }40lUCEP) ARRIVED JUST BEFORE SUN OOWN. JUNE 4 I IN A.M. WORKED QUARRIES ON SOUTH SIDE OF S. I. HILL. I OONTINUED IN GREEN SANDSTONE AND UNOOVERED 3 PAIRS OF LOWER JAWS ONE OF WHICH WILL HAVE TO BE SACRIFICED FOR THE arHERS, ~ TWO SCAPULAE, TWO METAroDIALS, A FEMUR AND S FRI. JUNE 8 I WENT WITH PEARCE TO GET BEAVER SKELETON; 001' A :NUMBER OF VERTEBRAE AND SCME LIMB BONES BUT NCYI' SKULL. LATER WENT TO SEE "DEER" MATERIAL WHICH POOVED TO BE PECCARY. OOI'H LOWER JAWS SOOE SEPARATE LIMB BONES, Sa1E I INroiPLETE WERE OBTAINED. PEARCE GCYI' A LUTRAVUS JAW ON WAY OVER TO PECCARY LOCALITY. SIFTED SAND NEAR PECCARY LOCALITY AND 001' A NUMBER OF SMALL BONES AND FRAGMENTS AND ISOLATED RODENT TEETH. 1--. IN P .M. I HELPED G. F. S. IN QUARRY ON SOUTH END OF HILL. SAT. JUNE 9 WORKED WITH G. F. S. IN QUARRY WHERE GIDRGE UNOOVERED AN ANTELOPE I SKULL. THE BONES AND CRUCIAL roRTION SEEMED O.K. BUT THE ROSTRUM WAS GONE. THIS IS AN UNUSUAL FIND. PEARCE OONTINUED PROSPECTING WITH H:>DERATE SUCCESS. IN P .M. WENT TO HAGERMAN AND TWIN FALLS. I THIS DAY WE WERE VISITED BY HARRY HALL AND PAZZE'ITO, TWO PROSPECTORS ON THE RIVER. ARRANGED TO HmE HALL TO DO SCME POWDER WORK ON MAIN I QUARRY. HE APPEARED TO BE AN OLD TIMER AT roWDER WORK IN MINES. , A.12 I 1· SUN. JUNE 10 ZWifl BATHS, ETC. IN TWIN FALLS AND THEN BACK TO CAMP. GOT Sa-IB ,. SUPPLIES IN BUHL WHICH WERE ARRANGED FOR ON SATURDAY. M:>N. JUNE 11 G.F.S. CONTINUED TO CLEANPEARCEQUARRY IN PREPARATION TO TAKING UP MATERIAL. r HALL ARRIVED AND GOT IN A COUPLE OF SHCYI'S WHICH MADE A PRE'ITY GOOD IMPRESSION ON THE BACK WALL OF THE MAIN QUARRY. CLIFFORD'S OUTFIT BROKEN DOWN IN THE M:>RNING AND DID N WED. JUNE 13. GIIDLEY BOY BROUGH!' UP TEAM AND WE WORKED ON DEBRIS FROM BLASTING AND ON STUMP Bur BEFORE LONG THE FRESNAL BROUGHT UP BY CLIFFORD BROKE DOWN • ( Sa-IB OUTFIT) . 'IOOK GIDLEY TO TOWN TO FIND SCME SCRAPERS AS WE DECIDED WE I COULD DO OORE WITH ONE SCRAPER ON EACH HORSE THAN WITH BCYl'H HORSES ON A mw~ BROKEN DOWN FRESNAL. ALSO WENT TO BUHL FOR PLASTER. oor ONE SCRAPER AND GIDLEY HOPED TO I..a;ATE ANarHER BEFORE 'fCM)RROW. PEARCE BROUGHT IN A BEAVER SKULL TODAY DURING MY ABSENCE, ALSO HAD A I WINDSTORM AND IN THE z~ SHUFFLE SKULL CIN MATRIX) oor KNOCKED ON F1..00R AND PRETI'Y MUCH MIXED UP AS I DISCOVERED uroN RETURNING FHOM TOWN. ,, G.F.S. AT PEARCE QUARRY AND HALL ON roWDER HOLES AND PICKING ON DUMP. THURS. JUNE 14 G.F.S. CONTINUED AT HORSE QUARRY, oor IN sa-m HORSE MATERIAL TODAY Bur WIND WAS TERRIFIC, ESPECIALLY THE DUST AND SAND, MAKING ANY WORK BAD. GOT 1- IN .ANaI'HER SHar AT THE MAIN QUARRY AND sa-m SCRAPING DONE. PEARCE I..a;ATED ANarHER BEAVER SKULL . .I FRI. JUNE 15 ['IOOK 3 PICTURES. ? 4 - VIEW OF PEARCE QUARRY WITH OONE EXR:>SED. X 5 - VIEW OF MAIN QUARRY AFTER LAST SHar OF BLACK roWDER. I HALL, ARABEL GIDLEY AND MYSELF IN PICTURE WITH TWO BONES. I X 6 - SAME PLACE Bur ACTION SCENE TAKEN FHOM S. END OF QUARRY.] , A.13 I 1· WIND PRE'ITY BAD TODAY AL.SO, BUI' GOT M:>RE WORK OONE. BHOUGIIT IN A NUMBER OF ARTICULATED LIMB AND VERTEBRAE AND A HORSE SKULL WITH M:>Ul'H ,. OPEN. G.F.S. FOUND A VERY GOOD ALILERJS? JAW IN THE HORSE QUARRY (PEARCE QUARRY) AND PEARCE BROUGIIT IN HIS NEW BEAVER Sh.1.JLL WITH LOWER JAWS WHICH APPEAR TO BE A PRIZE FRa-1 WHAT CAN BE SEEN. AL.SO INCLUDES PROXIMAL AND DISTAL roRTIONS OF VERTEBRAL CDLUMN, AND PELVIS. HALL PUT IN LAST SHar AT QUARRY AND IS .NOW WORKING WITH ~U. r ASABEL GIDLEY AT SCRAPER WHICH RELIEVES ME CONSIDERABLY. SAT. JUNE 16 I CONTINUED QUARRY WORK, JW.L WITH GIDLEY ON SCRAPER. G. F. S. IN PEARCE QUARRY, AND PEARCE PROSPECTING. TO TOWN IN P .M. & TO TWIN FALLS • .I SUN. JUNE 17 WROrE LE'ITERS IN A.M. AND WENT TO SHOW IN P. M. AND 'IHEN BACK TO CAMP. M:>N. JUNE 18 I RICHARD CLIFFORD BACK TODAY AND Eil1ER COOK CAME UP TO WORK. PUT COOK TO PROSPECTING AND HE WORKED IN LOWER SlDPES NEAR S.I. HILL GE'ITING A NUMBER OF SMALL SPECIMENS INCWDING Sa1E BIRD BONES. I PEARCE RAN INTO SCliE PECCARY MATERIAL ABOl1I' 2 OR 3 MILES sourn OF QUARRY. WIND TERRIFIC ABOl1I' 2 P.M. SO ALL HAD TO 't/.YJ'., QUITE. STERNBERG, PEARCE & I WENT TO SEE PEARCE'S PECCARY FIND ABOl1I' 4 P.M. AND DISCOVERED I IT TO BE GOOD MATERIAL WITH TWO SKULLS WITH JAWS IN SIGIIT. TUF.S. JUNE 19 I; CLIFFORD & HALL DID NOT WORK TODAY AS WIND STARTED PRETrY STRONG IN A.M • COOK, G. F. S. , PEARCE & I WENT TO PECCARY QUARRY AND FRa-1 THERE COOK AND I PROSPECTED WHILE G.F.S. & G.B.P. WORKED ON PECCARIES. I GOT A PAIR OF JAWS AND PARTS OF THE SKULL OF AN CYITER IN A SHORT CANYON • TO NORTH OF PECCARY lDCALITY AND NEAR RIVER (HIGH UP) AL.SO Sa1E BIRD & I RODENT BONES. WED, JUNE 20 [TWO PICTURES I x 7 - PICTURE BY MYSELF OF PECCARY QUARRY WITH COOK, PEARCE AND STERNBERG M0LDING BlDCK WITH PECCARY SKELETON IN IT. x 8 - PICTURE BY G.F.S. PEARCE COOK & MYSELF AT YOUNGER PECCARY SKELETON IN PECCARY QUARRY. ] I CLIFFORD & HALL ON SCRAPER AGAIN TODAY COOK AND THE THREE OF US WENT TO PECCARY QUARRY TO CARRY PLASTERED SPECIMENS UP TO CAR. SCliE CLIMB. l·- IN P. M. TOOK SPECIMENS TO TOWN AND GOT GROCERIF.S & WATER. THURS. JUNE 21 1 CLIFFORD & HALL HAD TROUBLE GE'ITING HORSES OVER TODAY AND WORKED LATE TO MAKE UP TIME. I WORK WITH THEM HELPING SHOVEL IX>WN DEBRIS SO SCRAPER COULD PICK IT UP. G. F. S. BACK IN PEARCE QUARRY AND GOT our SEVERAL LIMBS AND A SKULL I PEARCE DISCOVERED EDANTATE Fro!' BUT DID Nar GET IT IN. COOK DISCOVERED BONES OF WHAT WE THOUGIIT WERE BEAVER BUT WHICH PEARCE ·1 BELIEVED CAT. , A.14 I 1· FRI. JUNE 22 WORKED WITH SCRAPING AT QUARRY ALL DAY. G. F. S. GOT !'-DRE LL~ ETC. AT ,. PEARCE QUARRY AND PEARCE CONTINUED PROSPECTING IT WITH LI'ITLE LUCK. CCOK BROUGIIT IN HIS TWO DAYS HAUL WHICH INCLUDED THE CAT1 MATERIAL AND A NUMBER OF SMAI..J... RODENTS JAWS, INCL. SQUIRREL. GOT M::>ST OF MASTOOON SKULL (LOWER roRTION INCL. TEETHl AND PARTS OF r JAW (IWR) IN, WHICH WAS BLASTED our ABOVE HORSE QUARRY SEVERAL DAYS AGO. SAT. JUNE 23 PACKED UP A LARGE l\U1BER OF SMALL MISCELLANEOUS SPECIMENS INCLUDING .1 t-DST OF THE Mll-OiYS & ONDATRA MATERIAL, BLARINA ALILEPUS? HYroLAGIS ETC. AND SENT IT BY FRANLAND MAIL TO MYSELF AT NAT. MUSEUM. CAT? SKELETONS COLLECTED BY COOK PACKED BUI' '100 HEAVY FOR MAIL SO INCLUDED WITH PLASTERED I PACKAGES TO BE SENT BY FREIGHI'. G.F.S. WORKED IN PEARCE QUARRY TAKING UP MISCELL. SKELETON MATERIAL AND PEARCE PROSPECTED. TO TOWN IN P.M. & TO TWIN FALLS. I SUN. JUNE 24 RETURNED FRa1 TWIN FALLS & 'IOOK SUPPLIES BACK TO CAMP. GOT 2 SACKES I OF PLASTER FRa1 FRAME, LEAVING TWO OF THE FIVE ORDERED FOR AN IDN. JULY 2. 001' AN EARY START AND RETURNED TO CAMP. CXX)K WORKED IN CAMEL LOCALITY IN M::>RNING AND SAT. AFTERNOON AS WEI.J.... GETTING IDRE LIMB AND FOOi' MATERIAL, Bur IMMATURE. IN P.M. PEARCE, COOK & I ~PECTED AND G.F.S. STARTED IN MAIN QUARRY. 'I I REEXAMINED MY RABBIT QUARRY, Bur FOUND THAT I MUST HAVE EXHAUSTED IT. COOK WENT BACK TO THE CAMEL LOCALITY AND PEARCE DISCOVERED ANarHER I PECCARY QUARRY. TUF.S. JULY 3 COOK & I HELPED G. F. s. IN MAI N QUARRY AND PEARCE WENT BACK TO PECCARY LOCALITY. I IN P .M. COOK, PEARCE & I WENT DOWN WITH CAR TO CANYONS OR EMBAYMENT JUST NORTH OF rowER LINE TO SOUI'H: OF CAMP, "CANYON #9" ABOUT 5 MILES S. OF I- CAMP. SCREENED A FEW SMALL JAWS & TEETH Bur LUCK NO!' SO GOOD. WED. JULY 4 oar EARLY START AND SPENT DAY IN TWIN FALLS, RE'TURNING TO CAMP BY II NIGHI' FALL. SAW TWO IDVIES. THURS. JULY 5 COOK & I HELPED G.F.S. IN MAIN QUARRY AND PEARCE PROSPECTED IN A.M. I PEARCE HAD PRETrY GOOD LUCK WITII SMALL JAWS AND RABBIT MATERIAL IN "CANYON #9" I , A.16 I ,. IN P.M. O:OK, PEARCE & I RETURNED TO CANYON #9. SAW V'IJfrZl FRI. JULY 6 r CXOK & I WORKED WITH G.F.S. IN MAIN QUARRY IN t-DRNING AND IN AFrERNOON WENT WITH PEARCE TO "CANYON #9". O:OK & PEARCE WENT DOWN NEAR HEAD OF CANYON TO SEE SCX1E BEAVER MATERIAL FOUND BY O:OK DAY BEFORE AND RAN ONTO I SCX1E HORSE BONES. I WENT Ol1l' TO POINT AND WENT Ol!I' ON BARE BUTl'E NEAR RIVER. HAD SaiE GCX)D LUCK WITH SMALl.. JAWS AND BIRD BONES, ALSO SCX1E CAT & UJI'RAVOUS MATERIAL. I SAT. JULY 7 IN t-DRNING WIND BLEW BAD SO CXX)K AND G.F.S. WORKED IN PEARCE QUARRY. PEARCE PROSPECTED AND I WRAPPED .. LABELLED SPECIMENS. I IN P. M. O:OK PROSPECTED AND THE REST OF US WENT TO HAGERMAN FOR SUPPLIES THEN TO TWIN FALLS. I SUN JULY 8 ~/10/(lfOO& WENT FRa-1 TWIN FALLS OUT TO MURTAUGH TO SEE HUNTER ABOUT BUYING BISON AND BADGER SKULLS BUI' lRJNTER HAD FIGURES AROUND $100 IN HIS HEAD AND I I ONLY OFFERED $10 SO WE DISCUSSED GOLD MINING. RETURNED TO CAMP IN P.M. LEFI' NCYI'E \fl'n!A T O:OK' S HOUSE TO BRING HORSE, CLIVIS, & SINGLE TREE. (PHafOGRAPH #l3X I VIEW IN SNAKE RIVER CANYON NEAR MURTAUGH, IDAHO PICTURE OF GOLD MINING OUI'FIT WORKED BY lRJNTER AND HIS FRIEND. GRAVEL IN BACKGROUND PRODUCED A NUMBER OF BONES. t-DN. JULY 9 CXOK BROOGHT HIS HORSE AND WE USED THE SCRAPER ON THE LANDSLIDE WHICH HAD OOVERED UP PART OF QUARRY JULY 1. G. F. S. & PEARCE WENT Ol1l' TO CANYON 9 TO TAKE UP THE NEW HORSES FOUND 'I BY O:OK & PEARCE TUES. JULY 10 I O:OK & I OONTINUED WITH SCRAPER IN SLIDE AND ALSO CLEANED oor TRENCH BACK OF QUARRY. G.F.S. & PEARCE WORKED AT HORSE LOCALITY AS YESTERDAY GETTING ALL SECTIONS PLASTERED & WRAPPED AND RETURNED TO MAIN QUARRY BY NOON, LEAVING I LARGE SECTION TO BE TAKEN OUT LATER BY ALl.. FOUR OF US. PEARCE PROSPECTED IN P. M. & G. F. S. WORKED IN MAIN QUARRY. O:OK & I ON I-- SCRAPER. WED. JULY 11 ['IOOK PICTURE #14X OF QUARRY IN MORNING FRa-1 NEAR CAMP. FIGURE ON NEAR I EDGE OF DUMP IS E. O:OK.] IN A.M. ALl.. OF US WENT TO GET HORSE SECTION OUT OF CANYON 9 WHICH WE DID BY USE OF A 10'-2"X4". SaiE CLIMB! IN P .M. PEARCE PROSPECTED. G. F. S. WORKED AT MAIN QUARRY AND CXX)K & I I WENT TO GCX)DING TO SEE CAMEL SPECIMEN AT GCX)DING OOLLEGE. SAW SPECIMEN AND TALKED TO PRES. C.W. TENNEY ABOUT A R>SSIBLE EXCHANGE FOR HORSE MATERIAL. MR. TENNEY DID NaI' WANT TO PRa1ISE ANYTHING WITHOUI' FIRST ,I OONSULTING SCIENCE TEACHER. I AM TO WRITE LETTER PROFQSING THE EXCHANGE. A.17 I 1· CAMEL SPECIMEN IS THE LARGE SPECIES AND IS FAIR ALTHOUGH BADLY DAMAGED IN I BEING TAKEN our WED. JULY 18 I I THURS. JULY 19 WES. JULY 24 I OOOK BROUGHT HIS HORSE AND WE SCRAPED OFF Sa-tE OF THE DEBRIS WHICH HAD SLID OOWN FRa1 THE BACK WALL AND REM)VED Sa-tE OF OOR WASTE DIRT IN DiroI. ALSO I.DWERED SURFACE ro WORK ON ro A roINT SEVERAL FEET BELOW TOP OF RED (IN MIDDLE FORTION OF QUARRY). PEARCE PROSPECTED. I [TOOK 2 PHal'OORAPHS. #22 VIEW FRa1 S. K WITII HORSE, & MYSELF HOLDING ROPE GUIDING SLED. N #23 VIEW K WITH Jtl!:.l'* REIGNS, AND MYSELF GUIDING SLED WITII ROPE TIED TO REAR END. WED. JULY 25 I CXX>K & I WORKED IN QUARRY WITH G. F. S. HAD CXX>K CLEAN DIRT AWAY FRa1 EDGE OF PAY DIRT. PEARCE ALSO STAYED IN QUARRY 'IDDAY. I I WENT INl'O HAGERMAN FOR ~IES WATER AND MAIL IN P.M. TIIURS. JULY 26 PEARCE & I GCJr AN EARLY START AND WENT TO GRAND VIEW AND ON TO SINKER CREEK WHERE PROSPECTED IN BEDS ON WEST SIDE OF VAi.LEY NEAR BENNETr RANCH. FOUND NUMEOOUS FRAGMENTS. "2>$nl' OF HORSE & CAMEL. ~~o LL E CT ED A FEW OF THE BETTER FOOi' OONES AND REruRNED 'ID GRAND VIEW VIA ROAD NEAR SNAKE RIVER PROSPECTED A LITTLE IN CLAY BEDS NEAR ROAD JUST 'ID EAST OF 'I CASTLE CREEK. BROWN & WHITISH MUD, NO FOOSILS. HAD SUPPER IN GRAND VIEW AND WENT BACK INTO H.lniJS HIU..S SOlITH OF TOWN TO CAMP. FOUND Sa-ffi FISH BONES IN BROWNISH SANDSTONE BEDS NEAR WHERE WE CAMPED. I CXX>K WORKED WITH G.F.S. IN QUARRY TODAY. FRI. JULY 27 EXAMINED !'-DRE EXrosURES NEAR CAMP AND TIIEN WENT TO A WELL EXroSED I roINT s. w. OF GRAND VIEW Bur FOUND NCYrnING' ALL MUD BEDS. WENT TO A roINT ABOUT 13 MILES N.W. OF GRAND VIEW AND TRIED 'ID FIND C.I.T. LOCALITY WHICH WE DID, APPARENTLY. LOCALITY IS IN LAKE BEDS EXR)SED BELOW LAVA IN THE I-- l'-DRE EASTERLY OF THE CASTLE BUITES ALSO IN BEDS ADJACENT TO WEST AND SOlTI'H. NUMEOOUS BONF.S FRAGMENTS SEEN. OOLLECTED A FEW FOOi' BONES OF HORSE AND PROBABLY CAMEL. ALSO A PORCUPINE LOWER JAW, AND Sa-tE ~ I TEETH OF BEAVER. RE'ruRNED TO GRAND VIEW FOR SUPPER AND TIIEN WENT ON TO Mr. Ha-ffi. CAMPED FOR NIGIIT ON DESERT EAST OF Mr. HG1E. I SAT. JULY 28 RE'ruRNED TO CAMP IN ~ING AND WORKED WITH G. F. S. & OOOK IN QUARRY UNTIL NOON. CXX>K 'IOOK AFI'ERNOON OFF TO GET HIS HAY IN SHAPE AND THE REST I OF US WENT TO HAGERMAN & TWIN FALLS. , A.20 I 1· SPENT THE NIGIIT AT AlJl'O CAMP IN TWIN FALLS. 001' BURLAP & PLASTER IN BUHL ON WAY TO T. F. FOUND THAT HCME LUMBER 00. HAD ABOUT 10 SACKS OF PLASTER ON HAND. 'IOOK 2 BUT NOW KNOW WHERE TO I GET t-DRE. SUN. JULY 29 WROTE LETTERS IN A.M. A(TO MACKENZIE, ~TO CHASE IN MELBA) AND IN r P.M. RETURNED TO HAGERMAN TO CAMP. AT CAMP WE WERE VISITED BY A MR. NELSON OF THE STANDARD OIL 00. WHO WANTED ME TO TALK AT ROTARY CLUB LUNCHEON ON FOLl.OWING WEDNESDAY, ABOUT FOSSILS AND WHAT WE ARE DOING. I PR.a-USED TO DO SO BUT AM REGRETING IT NOW. r-DN. JULY 30 I C(X)K DID Nar SHOW UP TODAY' POOBABLY HAYING YET. WORKED wrrn G. F. s. IN QUARRY IN A.M. PEARCE REroRTED FINDING CAT. IN P.M. I PROSPECTED AND PEARCE WENT BACK AFTER HIS "CAT" WHICH MAY BE PECARRY. I WENT OVER TO CXX>K' S CAMEL L(X;ALITY BUT IT DIDN'T J.OOK SO GOOD, I NOTHING IN SIGH!' BUT A FEW BROKEN RIBS. PEARCE RETURNED LATE WITH "CAT" AND A BROKEN FRONT SPRING ON CAR. I TUES. JULY 31 WENT TO TWIN FALLS TO GET NEW MAIN SPRING ON LEFT SIDE. ALSO 001' SACK OF PLASTER IN BUHL. G. F. S. & PEARCE WORKED IN QUARRY. I WED. AUG. 1 WENT TO HAGERMAN AND Gar SUIT OUT OF TRUNK FOR ROTARY CLUB TALK. WAS MET IN HAGERMAN BY SAM LARKIN WHO DROVE ME TO TWIN FALLS. WAS VERY I CORDIALLY RECEIVED BY CLUB MFMBERS. MEETING WAS HELD AT PARK HOTEL. ~ R.EMa-IBER HAVING MET DR. SOOl'T, DR. DAVIS, DR. PASSER, MR. A.L • SWIM, OTHER NAMES SLIPPED ME. TALKED ABOUT OUR WORK IN IDAHO AND ABOUT GEOl.OOY & PALEONTOl.OOY IN GENERAL. AFTER MEETING I WAS TAKEN TO CANYON OF SNAKE NEAR THE HIGH BRIDGE TO SEE SCME CRYSTALLINE? ROCK !JN EAR BOTl'CX'1 OF CANYON, BY MR. SWIM. DARK J.OOKING ROCK NEAR BOTl'CX'1 DOES NCYr • M)RE WEATHER LIKE BASALT AND MAY BE AN OLDER ACIDIC LAVA OR rossIBLY I INTRUSIVE CRYSTALLINE ROCK. WE WERE UNABLE TO GET CLOSE TO IT WITHOUT OONSIDERABLE TROUBLE. SAME ROCK BELIEVED TO BE EXroSIID AT FALLS FARTHER UP RIVER. SHOSHONE OR TWIN AFTER J.OOKING AT CANYON WE WENT BACK TO MR. I SWIM'S OFFICE AND DISCUSSIID WATER roWER ETC. AND A SMITHSONIAN PUP.LIGATION ON NIAGRA FALLS BY S.S. RY WYER, MINERAL TECHNOLOGIST IN THE MPSEUM. NEXT WENT TO A t-DVIE TO KILL TIME UNTIL MR. LARKIN WAS ABLE TO BRING ME BACK TO HAGERMAN. I PEARCE - CXX>K & G.F.S. IN QUARRY - PEARCE POOSPECTEDAIN PART THURS AUG. 2 PEARCE PROSPECTED IN A.M. , & CXX>K AND I WORKED WITH G.F. S. IN QUARRY. I- IN P. M. PEARCE & I POOSPECTED. PEARCE BROUGHT IN ONE OF HIS BEAVERS. CXX>K HELPED IN QUARRY. I FOUND WHAT MAY BE PREMAXILLARY roRTION WITHOUT I TEETH OF EITHER BOROPHAGUS OR OYCRENOONATHUS. FRI. AUG. 3 A.M. WENT TO TOWN FOR WATER G. F. S. & CXX>K IN QUARRY. LEFT PEARCE AT CANYON #9 WHERE I PICKED HIM UP AT NOON. PEARCE BROUGHT IN ANOTHER OF HIS I BEAVER SPECIMENS HE HAD STAKED OUT. IN P.M. WROTE LETTERS & HELPIID G.F.S. & CXX>K IN QUARRY. PEARCE BROUGIIT IN A THIRD BEAVER HE HAD SPO'ITED. I SAT. AUG 4 , A.21 I ,. IN A .M. CXX)KED HELPED STERNBERD IN QUARRY AND I WENT WITH PEARCE TO GET SWI'H MATERIAL HE FOUND Sa1E WEEKS EARLIER. WE TOOK UP A PLASTERED SECTION WHICH OONTAINS SEVERAL FOOT. BONES INCLUDING THE CALcANEUM. THIS I MATERIAL SmfS TO BE IN SOFT BROWN MUDSTONE, FOSSIBLY OF LATER DATE THAN HAGERMAN LAKE BEDS, OR LI.ES ON CONTACT BETWEEN TWO AND WAS LATER COVERED BY THIS SUBSEQUENT MUD WHICH IS SO OFTEN FOUND COATING OR CAPPING THE SPURS NEAR THE RIVER (THOUGH AT S I WED. AUG. 8 ALL WORKED IN MAIN QUARRY mM>VING THREE LARGE SECTIONS PART OF WHICH WERE IN WELL CEMENTED GRAVEL AND LIMEY CLAY. THIS CONCWDED EXCAVATION IN QUARRY AS ALL BONE IN SIGHT WORTH mM>VING IS NOW UP. SMALl.. SECTION OF QUARRY TO SOUI'H Nar cntPLETELY EXCAVATED THOUGH LITI'LE BONE WAS OBSERVED IN IT. IT IS NOW BADLY BURIED BY ACCUMULATIONS OF LAND SLIDES FHa1 BACK WALL. 'I CXX)K TO BRING TEAM TCMJRROW TO DRAG SECTIONS our OF QUARRY AND TO GET ~~MASTODON AT MASTOOON l.OCALITY UP HILL TO CAR. LATER IN DAY WE ALL WENT TO MASTOOON LOCALITY AND IMPROVED TRAIL OVER I WHICH SKULL MUST BE DRAGGED. THURS. AUG. 9 IN A.M. CXX)K BROUGHT TEAM AND ALL SECTIONS IN QUARRY HAULED our ON I STONE BOAT. PEARCE & I 'IOOK ONE LOAD IN TO HAGERMAN. IN P.M. SUN. AUG. 12 IN A.M. CORRESroNDENCE ATTENDED TO BY G.F.S. & PEARCE AND I TCOK A LONG WALK AROUND TOWN. IN P. M. RETURNED TO HAGERMAN AND PUT UP AT AlITO 'I PARK ACROSS STREET FROM MARTIN'S WAREHOUSE WHERE WE ARE TO PACK OUR BOXES. MJN. AUG. 13 oar ABOUI' 400 FEET OF LUMBER IN BLISS AND MADE 9 BOXES, STARTING WITH THE BIGGFST SECTIONS. IN SEOOND TRIP TO BLISS IN AFl'ERNOON oor 360 FEET I MJRE OF LUMBER. VllMl~lllMGl/ti TUES. AUG. 14 I MADE TWO TRIPS TO BLISS GETTING 370 AND 333 FEET OF LUMBER IN EACH. MADE 13 BOXES TODAY. I WED. AUG. 15 oar 60 FEET MJRE OF LUMBER TODAY ~ MADE 13 BOXES AGAIN, LEAVING ONLY ONE BOX FOR TCMJRROW. ARRANGED WITH CADY TO HAUL SH~ SHI™ENT AND ARRANGED WITH STATION 1.W£1 AGENT IN BLISS TO HAVE FREIGIIT I CAR ON HAND. THURS. AUG. 16 I [ 2 PHaroGRAPHS N #25 CXX>K & PEARCE FINISHING BOX #36 AND MYSELF STENCELING ADDRESS ON BOX #331 N #26 VIEW LOADING TRUCK FOR FIRST HAUL TO BLISS. ::J!;$J!l'..V(ALL LOADED FILM USED)] • FINISHED 36TH BOX AND JIM BARLOGI HAULED THE BOXES TO BLISS IN TWO I LOADS. ALL HANDS ON DECK TO LOAD & UNLOAD TRUCK. BOXES LOADED DIRECTLY INTO FREIGIIT CAR. PRE'ITY STRENUOUS DAY. I FRI. AUG. 17 DROVE TO BRUNEAU VIA MI'. Ha1E WHERE I LEFl' MY TRUNK. IN P. M. HAD A BOY BY NAME OF RICHARD PARK IN "" BRUNEAU SHOW US WHERE HE HAD SEEN FOSSILS IN JACK CANYON LEADING INTO THE HEAD OF LI'ITLE VALLEY. SAW I OONSIDERABLE FISH MATERIAL. RETURNED TO BRUNEAU AND HAD DINNER AT HaI'EL AND THEN DROVE OlJI' OF TOWN TO CAMP FOR NIGIIT. I SAT. AUG. 18 IN A.M. DROVE UP TO Har SPRING AND THEN 'IOOK ROAD TO SOlITH SLOPES OF HORSE HILL TO l.OOK FOR FOSSIL LOCALITIFS DFSCRIBED BY POOPLE OF BRUNEAU. I FOUND Sa1E HORSE BONES NEAR TOP OF HILL IN GRAVEL AND OONSIDERABLE FISH AND A FEW BIRD BONES IN GREENISH BROWN LAYER ARaJND LOWER PART OF HILL. IN P.M. OONTINUED SEARCHING FISH LAYER FOR arHER REMAINS. ~ LATER IN AFl'ERNOON DROVE TO BOISE 10 AND WENT TO AN AlITO CAMP AND THEN TO DINNER I & MJVIE. I SUN. AUG. 19 , A.23 I ,. [MAILED FILM TO GII.IDRE] IN P.M. DROVE TIIROUGH NAMPA AND 100K ROAD SOtn'H LEADING TO MURPHY AND SILVER CITY. AT MURPHY WE TURNED WEST ON GRAND VIEW ROAD. Gal' ONTO A BAD I STRETCH Bur FINAU...Y MADE OUR WAY TO THE BETl'ER ROAD AND CAMPED DIVIDE JUST EAST OF SINKOR CR.EEK AFTER HAVING GONE AROUND LOWER PAST!IUI OF CANYON ON BURN ROAD. SAW Sa-1.E EXroSURES EAST OF MURPHY WHICH~ WERE LIGIIT BROUGHS AND APPARENTLY WELL~ STRATIFIED (LAKE MUDS?) r 9~..,..,.1 .. r-K>N. AUG. 20 [ x 3. PH WED. AUG. 22 • EXAMINED ~ AROUND OOINT BETWEEN CASTLE & CATHERINE CREEK. THEN DROVE IX>WN TO CASTLE BUITE NEAR f'KXJI'H OF CASTLE CREEK AND I.roKED AT I BEDS ON EAST SIDE OONTINUING EASTWARD TO NEAR LOCALITY WORKED YESTERDAY. PCX)R WCK DECIDED TO CALL IT A SEASON AND DROVE INTO MI'. Ha-1.E AND TO AN AUTO CAMP WHERE WE REPACK.ED PREPARATORY TO LEAVING IDAHO. G.F .S. HAS 6 I PLATES WHICH HE WILL SEND TO ME AT MUSEUM LATER. I I I· I I 'I A.24 ,. Macdonald Field Notes I 1966 1 June Ely, Nevada , Floyd Hummeston (with pickup truck) and I left museum at 0600 and 0625 this morning. (I'm driving my own car) for Hagerman, Idaho. Met at Olancha and again at Bishop. I drove ahead to Ely (arrived 1640) and checked into Park-Vue Motel. Floyd arrived I 1840. 2 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho I Left Ely 0620. I arrived Walter Olson farm (south of Buhl) 1015. Went to Buhl and talked to Olson (old friend of County Highway Commissioner),. bulldozer was on way to quarry site. Went to Sliger's (on w. bank of Snake River one mile s. of Gridley I Bridge) and started to set up camp. Hummeston arrived at 1415. Left him to finish camp and headed for quarry. Got lost on new trails. Arrived quarry at 1600 - operator had cut trail to quarry I and left. Quarry is 16 miles (25 min.) from camp. 3 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho I Began operations at "Hagerman Horse Quarry" (CIT 210). Bulldozer from Buhl Highway District was available for opening quarry. (Jack Palmer Rt 3 Buhl - operator) (Ronald Palmer 301 s. 7th Buhl - mechanic) Laid open three areas for quarrying. Claude I Hibbard - u of Michigan with 2 boys arrived 0900. Will help - but interested mainly in screening • JRM 1491 CIT 210 Plesippus Idaho fm. • cranium (2 pkgs) party I JRM 1492 CIT 210 Plesippus Idaho fm. juvenile palate party I JRM 1493 CIT 210 Ground sloth Idaho fm. I claw fragment JRM JRM 1494 CIT 210 Plesippus Idaho fm. I Misc. party 4 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho I started trenching at east end of old quarry. Will take quite a bit of hand work to get into hoped for bone level. Hibbard helped dig in A.M. - His boys were prospecting. I Cold wind all day. Windblown sand is rough. JRM 1495 CIT 210 Plesippus Idaho fm. I Mtp. III JRM , Came in at 1600. Will go to Walter Olson's (S. of Buhl) I A.25 1· 4 June (can't) Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho I for supper. There is an old army friend visiting there. 5 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho r Hummeston went to quarry and continued trenching. I went to Buhl to pick up my u.s.c. Historical Geology examination papers. Spent day at Olson Farm correcting papers and computing grades. I There were several visitors at the quarry. Jerry Kern, Buhl Hi school senior visited camp in evening. He wants to help dig. I Weather clear, calm, warm. 6 June Sliger•s 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho Continued digging slump to expose "bone layer". I Bulldozer crew helped for a while and removed our spoil from Saturday and Sunday. JRM I 1496 CIT 210 Plesippus Idaho fm. cranium (2 pkgs) party JRM I 1497 CIT 210 Plesippus Idaho fm. foot elements party I JRM 1498 CIT 210 Plesippus Idaho fm. teeth party JRM • 1499 CIT 210 Plesippus Idaho fm. I phalanges party JRM 1500 CIT 210 I Plesippus Idaho fm. phalanges party Overcast, warm, no wind. I 7 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho Rain and wind during night. overcast and cool with sprinkles most of day. I-~ JRM 1501 Bird CIT 210 skeleton Idaho fm I 3 pkgs. JRM 1502 CIT 210 Plesippus Idaho fm. I misc. foot elements party Continued digging trenches and working bedrock. Quarry I is shaping up. 8 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho , Continued digging and screening. We have three I A.26 1· a June (can't) Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho I associations of horse skeletal material going. One with skull, one with jaws and one with limbs and vertebrae. Found Sorex jaw which we gave to Hibbard. r JRM 1503 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry fm. I misc. limb elements Party JRM 1504 CIT 210 Misc. fish, amphibian and mammal I Misc. bone (including Pliopotamys minor) G.F. fm. Substitute Glenn's Ferry for Idaho fm. above. I 9 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho A day off. Hummeston went fishing. I went to Buhl - talked to Walt Olson in Highway Office. I Then to Olson farm and changed clothes. Talked to Rotary Club (50 present) on Hagerman quarry and fossil collecting. Back to camp after changing clothes again. Floyd came home with five fish, 3 self caught and 2 given. I Back to Buhl to talk to Boy Scouts (20) at 2015. Same talk. 10 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho I Continued work on exposed horses this a.m. Marie Hopkins (Idaho State University) and party were there. Olsons and several others showed up. Worked till noon. Driven off after lunch by rain. Hibbard and party left 1100, we left 1230. Took Rambler to • Twin Falls for 16000 mile check. 11 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho I A good morning. We uncovered three (?four) horse cranii and four pairs of jaws No Michigan party. Wind so bad that we closed down at 1330. Sand blowing badly. I JRM 1505 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry fm. Juvenile humerus & scapula (fetus?) Hummeston I JRM 1506 CIT 210 Plesippus & turtle Glenns Ferry fm. 1. Misc. party JRM 1507 CIT 210 I Plesippus Glenns Ferry fm. Partial Jaw Hummeston 12 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho I Continued working east trench. Will add to following diagram as more material shows up. East trench. ca. 6'E-W, 8' N.S. I Visit from Buhl Boy Scout Troop, Walter Olson and Cile , and Don Walker. Wind drove us out about 1500. A.27 I 1· ··.·., ,. . . . ~-~~.:. <~ -. - .· . - : . -.. - ... .. ·· . ·:.~--· . .. ·: .... --- . ~- : · r ; ! ,,,,..-.... I - \ __ , I I I I I •I I I l t 1--- 1 I ,I i A.28 I 1· ,. .· .. , /1"-c..cl OkAt-L J r 116t ,-.... ( I \ I if._,I I I I I ' • ! I I I 1--. I I ,1· ~- -~~~~~~-l--~~~~~...L-~~~~~~~~"\--~~~-7'--~~~~ I A.29 1· I 13 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho Continued digging East Trench Visited by Walter Olsons and Lucille Parish. To Buhl for groceries after wind blew us out. To Wendell to have supper with r Michigan crew. 15 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho I Continued in East Trench. A good day. To Buhl after wind came up for more sacks and stove parts. JRM 1508 CIT 210 I Plesippus Glenns Ferry Jaws and atlas (roots) party JRM I 1509 CIT 210 Plesippus & Castor Glenns Ferry Misc. Bones party I JRM 1.51.0 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry Misc. Bones party I JRM 1511 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry I cranium party JRM 1512 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry jaws (concretion) party • JRM 1513 CIT 210 I Plesippus Glenns Ferry skull - pisiform party JRM I 1514 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry Jaws party I JRM 1515 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry cranium party I- JRM 1516 LACM (CIT 210) CIT 210 122759 I Plesippus Glenns Ferry cranium party JRM 1517 CIT 210 I Plesippus Glenns Ferry Jaws party JRM I 1518 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry , cranium (juvenile) party I A.30 I 15 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho JRM 1519 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry r cranium party JRM 1520 CIT 210 I Plesippus Glenns Ferry cranium party JRM 1521 CIT 210 I Plesippus Glenns Ferry Jaws party JRM I 1522 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry Jaws & vertebra party I JRM 1523 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry cranium party I JRM 1524 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry I cranium party JRM 1525 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry cranium party • JRM 1526 CIT 210 I Plesippus Glenns Ferry stallion cranium Eileen Macdonald JRM I 1527 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry cranium party JRM I 1528 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry cranium (juvenile) party 1--. JRM 1529 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry I cranium party Bones are in fine sands with interbeds of coarse sand (usually cemented) range through 3' elevation, one clay I conglomerate bottom. 16 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho Hibbard brought crew to work in quarry and he and I went I to his fish locality. JRM V661 SW 1/4 Sec 16 T5S, RBE, Indian Cave Quadrangle. One either side of embankment, just beyond second , cut when entering section from SW corner on abandon U.P. grade. I A.31 1· 16 June (can't) Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho I Just SW marked elevation 2751 & 1/4 mile NE RJ2878 Glenns Ferry fm. = Shell Mtn = + Horse Quarry fide Hibbard. Type locality Prodipodomys idahoensis Hibbard 195 • r Fossil shells, fish, and mammals weather out of silts and fine sands. Many concretions with fish remains. JRM I 1530 JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry fm skull JRM JRM I 1531 JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry fm skull JRM I JRM 1532 JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry fm I skull JRM JRM 1533 JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry fm I skull JRM JRM 1534 JRMV661 I Fish Glenns Ferry fm misc in nodules JRM JRM 1535 JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry fm • misc JRM JRM I 1536 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry fm skull U of Michigan I JRM 1537 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry fm skull dozer I JRM 1538 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry fm I·, cranium dozer 17 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho I Continued working East Trench. Uncovered several juvenile jaws. Went to Olson's for supper. Met Eileen at Twin Falls I Airport 2015. Her baggage did not arrive so stayed at Olson's. 18 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho Still no baggage. Worked East Trench. I Steve Wright & Mark arrived just after lunch and Harley and Vi Garbani about 1400. r Don and Cile Walker arrived camp about 1600. I A.32 18 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho I Warm and windy all day. JRM 1539 CIT 210 r Plesippus Glenns Ferry fm jaw dozer I 19 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho continued working East Trench Hummeston started new trench to west of Michigan trenches. Eileen M. found adult stallion cranium - will use JRM I 1526. Toshio and Mary Odano arrived with Allyn, Jan and Steve I Odano, Mike Gray and Fred Chasson. 20 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho Took day off to visit friends and tour Eileen who took I 1645 plane to L.A. Hummeston took Tosh to site in a.m. He took 1045 plane to L.A. Took rest of crew to site in p.m. and found colt skeleton. (JRM 1558) I William Shawver of Kennewich, Wash. arrived about 2130. 21 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho I Continued work at site. I uncovered two more horse cranii, remainder worked on colt skeleton. Extremely heavy wind at 1400 - RAN • JRM 1540 CIT 210 • Misc. mammal & lizard Glenns Ferry fm I Misc. Steve Odano 22 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho Went to site in a.m. with John White who stopped by last I night. Too windy to work. Returned to camp - lectured to Rick's College field class (30 people) and left Hummeston with them as guide to quarry. White left for Pocatello. I Went JRMV661. Lunch at 1330 at Hammett and returned to camp - Windy. Shawver left for Washington. I JRM 1541 CIT 210 Rodent Glenns Ferry I jaw Hummeston JRM 1542 JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry I misc. party JRM 1543 JRMV661 I Fish Glenns Ferry , nodule party I A.33 1· I 22 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho JRM 1544 JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry nodule party JRM ' 1545 I JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry nodule party JRM I 1546 JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry nodule party I JRM 1547 JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry I nodule party JRM 1548 JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry I nodule party JRM 1549 JRMV661 I Fish Glenns Ferry nodule party JRM 1550 JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry • misc. party JRM I 1551 JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry nodule J.RM party I JRM 1552 JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry nodule party I JRM 1553 JRMV661 Fish Glenns Ferry 1--- nodule party JRM 1554 JRMV661 I Fish Glenns Ferry nodule party JRM 1555 JRMV661 I Fish Glenns Ferry nodule party JRM I 1556 JRMV661 snails Glenns Ferry , slab party I A.34 1- • I 23 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho Continued work on skeleton and East Trench. Steve and Allyn Odano screened and prospected. r JRM 1557 CIT 210 Misc mammal & fish Glenns Ferry fm I misc screening s. & A. Odano 24 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho Continued work on skeleton and East Trench. I Olson's and Pomeroy's (Middleton, Idaho) arrived 1030. Blown out. Lunch back at camp. Visits by E. Russell Robinson I Box 122 Shoshone, Idaho owner of "Shoshone Indian Ice caves". Had collection of I fossil material from caves. Refer to John White. Kenneth D. Jones Rt. 1, Box 244 Jerome, Idaho 83338 I catskinner with mammoth bones from snake River Canyon near Revinne Bridge. Has reported to I.S.U. I 25 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho Continued with skeleton and East Trench. (slide in night had broken one jaw in Trench. Plastered top of horse block and began undercutting. • Perfect weather. 26 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho I Continued working colt area Visits in afternoon by 100 visitors. Local Historical Society, Geology class from Southern Idaho College. George Jakeway I arrived in afternoon. To Olson's for supper. 27 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho Went to Twin Falls in a.m. to pick up U-Haul Trailer, put I on ball hitch at Buhl Highway shops Turned colt skeleton and plastered bottom. Mary and Steve Odano prospected blowout below quarry I- (JRMV662) Walter Olson brought his International 4x4 pickup and Cecil Childs a jeep. Towed colt block to hill below corral. Block I slid off the road into gulch. 28 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho Buhl Highway District cherrypicker pulled colt out of I gulch and put in trailer. Pulled down and loaded camp, excepting tent, and took Hurnrneston to Olson Farm to pick up stored packages. Headed him I toward Wells, Nevada at 1600. Supper with Olson's. Returned to camp 2000. Capt. Clark , Hand and Cpl. Dick Burns arrived camp for 2 hr. visit at 2015. I A.35 1· I 28 June Sliger's 1000 Springs Resort, Idaho JRM 1558 CIT 210 r Plesippus Glenns Ferry fm colt skeleton M. Odano & Hummeston I ~colt !-~~~~~n· - -1-~~!,,~~onian ~~:~ch j( .I 40• -~~~~---~~~~::______~ I JRM 1559 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry I jaws Party JRM 1560 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry I jaws party JRM 1561 CIT 210 I Plesippus Glenns Ferry jaws party JRM I 1562 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry jaws party JRM 1563 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry • cranium party I JRM 1564 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry cranium party I JRM 1565 CIT 210 Plesippus Glenns Ferry I cranium (skeleton pit) party JRM 1566 CIT 210 I-· Plesippus Glenns Ferry misc (skeleton pit) party JRM I 1567 CIT 210 wood Glenns Ferry unaltered, exposed by wind (? decayed root) JRM JRM I 1568 JRMV662 Misc Glenns Ferry misc. M. & s. Odano I JRMV662 in blowout 330 yds s. of E. of CIT 210 (east) and , 300 ft below horse level I A.36 1· I 29 June Tonopah, Nevada Packed out this morning. To Olson farm to change clothes. Scheduled to talk to Buhl Kiawanis Club. - duplicate r speakers - to Olson's for lunch. Left farm 1245 - arrived Tonopah 2015 I 30 June Santa Monica, California Arrived Santa Monica at 1600. 2940 miles on my odometer I I· I· I I •I I I I I I I, I A.37 1·,. _,. Field Notes John A. White r 1966 CIT 210 - Hagerman Horse Quarry 22 June 1966 I With J. R. Macdonald went to the quarry since J. R. Macg. found a large concentration of bone including 20 ( ! ) horse skulls & ! ! Glenns Ferry fm (Lava flow and below 3.5 my.) check George, et al. also see C.L. Gazin Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 83(2985): 281-320 + 11 I plates. 1936 CIT 210: NWl/4 Sect. 16 T7S Rl3E: I Hagerman Quadrangle I The land on which CIT 210 is located belongs to the state of I Idaho, school land section 7 Sept. 1966 I Hagerman Idaho - Gidley Quarry Horse foot bones and axis. Notes to follow • CIT 210 (=JAW 42), Hagerman Horse Quarry 6 September 1966 • Left Pocatello with David Schmidt around 3:00 PM and after picking up equipment at airport warehouse followed Dave to his I parents house about 12 miles from Thousand Springs resort. We had dinner with the Schmidt's and arrived at Thousand Springs at a:oo I PM. Set up tent. 7 September 1966 Went to Hagerman Quarry and after examining Macdonald's "digging" of last June, we decided to open a small (approx 7 feet I wide) part of the quarry. After removing overburden we began finding vertebrae and limb bones. We return~d to T.s. for lunch and then went to grocery s~ore 1.- in Hagerman ( 5 mi) • Returned to Quarry around 2 P. M. and collected more limb bones & vertebrae. I decided to remove more overburden tomorrow and try exposing more of the bone layer. Also I decided to take out one small horse skull left by Macdonald. a September 1966 Took out horse skull left by Macdonald. The cranium was in I very hard concretionary sand - we pried the block loose onto soft sand and brought it in without jacketing it. David Fortsch joined us at 3:00 P.M. while we were working on I the overburden at quarry. We found more limb bone material in soft , matrix with few concretions occurring occasionally in matrix. I A.38 1· I 9 September 1966 Returned to quarry and had much better results. We found two colt crania, two sets of articulating mandibles plus part of a third. Dave Fortsch returned to Pocatello at 3:45 PM leaving Dave r Schmidt with me. Dave and I removed the mandibles and left them there to be jacketed tomorrow. So far we have collected the following: I. 1 humerus, 1 tibia, partial femur, One vertebrate each of atlas, axia, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and caudal vertebrae; proximal, medial, & distal phalanges, three crania, two sets (right & left mandibles and other bones such as carpals, tarsals. We hope I to return to Pocatello tomorrow after backfilling our diggings. I 26 April 1967 At the Museum, I.s.u. I Preliminary notes relating to the planned work at the Gidley Quarry at Hagerman, Idaho (June 4 - 30, 1967). Exact Locality: NWl/4 Sect. 16 T7S Rl~E. Hagerman Quadrangle *Mr. John Soderblom I Assistant Director, State Park, Department 920 Bank of Idaho Bldg. I Boise, Idaho 344-5811 *Mr. Walter Olson Secretary, Buhl Highway District Buhl, Idaho *Relating to establishment of a State Park at the Gidley 'I Quarry. I.s.u. Museum 4 May 1967 I. •.• Planned itinerary for Twin Falls trip 5-6 May 1967: John A. White, Marie L. Hopkins, and David E. Fortsch: Lv. Pocatello 9:00 A.M 1. Twin Falls Construction Co. I 2. Buhl Highway District - Mr. Olson 3. Mr. Turner at Wendell 4. Gidley Quarry l·- 5. Travel Lodge - in Twin Falls Lv. TL 7:15 6. Burley - High school Biol. Teacher - muskox skull 1 7. Paul -Kloepfer Concrete Co. Twin Falls Construction Co. 5 May 1967 I •.. Left for Buhl around 12:30 and had lunch in park. At 1:30 we visited Mr. Walter Olson, Secretary of the Buhl Highway District. I we proceeded on to Wendell to find out Mr. Ray Turner Superintendent of the Wendell School District was out of town. , Proceeded on to Hagerman Quarry and collected a few assorted bones I A. 39 (5 May 1967 con't) as follows: Lagomorph upper molar; amphibian bones; distal phalanx of horse; distal epiphysis of radius (horse); three carpals and/or tarsals (horse) and other small frags. *Folks at Thousand Springs agreed to reserve same spot Macdonald used last summer. *Left quarry at 4:30 PM and proceeded to Thousand Springs I Thousand Springs, Twin Falls County, Idaho 4 June 1967 Left Pocatello 9:30 A.M. with David E. Fortsch, Joseph Gross, Alice White, and Jim White and proceeded to this site arriving 2:00 I PM after stopping in Burley and Hagerman for lunch. Spent afternoon setting up camp. Alice and Jim White returned to I Pocatello 8:00 P.M. 5 June 1967 With Fortsch and Gross went to the Gidley Quarry and after I shoveling some overburden decided to try hiring a front-loader. It started raining at 10:00 AM so we returned to Thousand Springs. contracted with Mr. Sligar who also owns the resort at Thousand Springs to have a front loader go to the quarry sometime tomorrow .I if the weather permits. It will cost $15.00 per hour including the time going to and from quarry from Thousand Springs. A much larger rain storm arrived at 2 PM. Write lectures, I etc. will see if trapping mammals is in order tomorrow • Thousand Springs, Idaho 6 June 1967 Rain! • Mr. Orth of Wendell brought his camper for our use as an office. Susan Orth came in this morning at 7:30 but went home I shortly thereafter because of the rain. Tomorrow morning we will check out the road up to Gidley quarry and report to Mr. Sligar if we deem it feasible to take front loader tomorrow in afternoon. I Talked to Macdonald and Downs of L.A. Co. Mus. Sebu Department store okayed for museum. Will I become curator of Pleistocene there? We'll see! I 7 June 1967 Susan Orth joined us at 7:30. Since more rain fell during night we waited until 10 AM before going to quarry the road was 1- barely passable to Toyota. We prospected blowout some 200° feet below quarry, slightly north and toward the river some 200 yds ,, (airline). We found two bird bones, fish, amphib., rabbit teeth, 3 rodent jaws, beaver teeth and other small frags. Returned to Thousand Springs and Dave called the Sligars and it was agreed that front loader will be available and here at 7:30 AM tomorrow. The wind gusted violently this afternoon but it seems it will not rain I so our operation will go on as scheduled tomorrow. Susan went home about 2 PM when we decided not to return to quarry. 11 8 June 1967 No rain last night. Susan Orth arrived 7:15. Front loader , not here 8: oo AM. It arrived 8: 15 arrived at parking area of I A.40 1· (8 June 1967 con't) quarry at 9:15. After making it possible by I maneuvering it finally reach the quarry itself and started removing overburden 9:40. After four hours the overburden was removed back to the quarry face with no apparent damage to bones, although a few r specimens were sheared off and one complete horse skull was recovered almost intact in a concretion. Mr. & Mrs. Orth and two sons joined us at noon and provided lunch at approximately 1:30 we I began working in the quarry and uncovered some limb bones which we left there to be taken out later as it started raining at 4:00 PM. The front loader cost us $108.00 ($60.00 work in quarry and $48.00 mileage from Twin Falls to quarry (one way)! The rain seems to be I more general than we expected and one cannot say what we will do tomorrow! JAW48 - Hagerman - 287 ft strat. below Gidley Quarry. Blow I out weathering out on surface. Cosomys, ?Protilepers, Hypolagus, pisces, amphibia, and other small frags. Collected by Joe Gross, Dave Fortsch, and Susan Orth, and JAW. This material was collected I while front loader was excavating in quarry. 9 June 1967 Susan Orth arrived 7:30 AM but since the roads were wet we I waited until almost 11:00 AM to go to quarry. Joe Gross left for Pocatello shortly before the rest of us left for quarry. We continued what was begun yesterday and uncovered two sets of horse I mandible, one of which was in a concretion and was brought back to camp without jacketing. I am reserving pages 11 and 12 to list the fauna from the quarry. We are adapting a numbering system to keep track of the specimens from the quarry. These numbers will be preceded by an "H" (Hagerman). If more than one block is used to remove a specimen, we will use a small case letter following the • number. Thus, Hla, Hlb etc. Returned to camp at 3:00 PM - threat I of a storm which didn't arrive until evening. If it doesn't rain will return to quarry with Fortsch and Susan Orth tomorrow morning. I Hl Skull with mandible in concretion H2 mandibles, right & left in concretion HJ atlas, ?horse imbedded in concretion H4 mandibles, right & left in concretion I HS cranium in concretion - found 11 June 1967 H6 2 crania in partial concretion - jacketed - 6/11/67 H7 R & L mandibles (incisor missing) 6/16/67 I HS R & L mandibles male A & B 6/16/67 H9 R & L mandibles 6/16/67 HlO Femur & tibia in art. position A & B 6/16/67 I Hll A & B parts of mandibles 6/16/67 Hl2 femur, tibia, metatarsal & splints, tarsals Hl3 Cranium in cast Hl4 mandibles (incompl. left) in concretion I Hl5 cast, flat, with articulated ? vertebrae Hl6 cast with foot articulated & other structures A & B H17 Hypolagus jaw - beautiful! I Hl8 Horse mandibles R & L A & B immature Hl9 Horse mandibles R & L A & B , H20 Horse cranium found very close to Hl8 I A.41 (9 June 1967 con't) H21 cranium & jaws + bones (cast) H22 articulated thoracic series with skull ?(cast) H23 cranium, collected in concretion (A & B) H24 mandibles A & B & C H25 mandibles A & B & c I H26 mandibles A & B & c JAW 42 = CIT 210 NW 1/4 Sect. 16 T7S R13E (BM) ·1 Drawn from Hagerman Quadrangle (U.S. Geol. surv) I ' I ,/.. / 0----, : . ·. .... ,,ye-..·-,·. · ·i: I ·'~,..- I _,' ------·- - ·---- ...... / .. -·----~~---·-·-~ Apparently the front loader did better than we had expected. I It stopped but a few inches above bone layer without any damage to latter • 10 June 1967 Claude Warren and family arrived early this morning. With • Susan Orth, Warren and son Nelson, Fortsch went to quarry and worked for about two hours. Returned with Claude W. , son, and I Susan around 10:30. Returned to quarry arriving there at 12:00. Had lunch then walked down to quarry with Mrs. Warren. The wind was very strong so we returned to T. S. about 2 PM. Must get I goggles! Going to Orths for dinner; will call Alice from there about Jim White coming out tomorrow. 11 June 1967 I Left camp 8:00 AM and proceeded to Pocatello, arriving 10:30 AM. Picked up some things at museum. Alice washed our clothes and with Jim White left Pocatello at 4:30 PM arriving back in camp at l·-- 7:30 P.M. 12 June 1867 1 With Fortsch and Jim went to horse quarry arriving 9:00 AM. Uncovered several interesting things. Scapula and limb elements. Dave found three crania yesterday and while trying to take them out today found rt & left mandibles. Jim wrapped specimens and served I as handyman. We made good strides in quarry. Returned at 4:00 PM and checked mail at Hagerman P.O. I 13 June 1967 Another good day in quarry. We began working at 9:00 AM and , it a few drops of rain fell but nothing else the rest of the day. I A.42 1· I (13 June 1967 con't) We quit at 5:00 PM. We enlarged the diggings begun yesterday and several specimens are ready for jacketing. We hope to accomplish the latter tomorrow. r Specimens H6 - 2 crania are imbedded in a concretion. One is of a colt and is poorly preserved while the other is a large prob. I male 14 June 1967 Rain! Stayed in T.S. went fishing with Jim. Al Linder came in afternoon with family. Al will help us in quarry tomorrow. I Phil Bjork and Rick Zakrzewski brought a young student, Wayne Marshall, from Twin falls who has a collection of fossil mammals from the Glenns Ferry fm. Claude Warren & family left for Hell's I Canyon. 15 June 1967 I Due to the rain last night delayed going to quarry until 9:00, arriving shortly before 10:00 AM. Linder joined us for the day and was extremely helpful getting some earth moving with JAW. Wayne Marshall joined us about an hour after our arrival at quarry and I worked with Fortsch jacketing some specimens. Left quarry around 4 : 15 in hopes of getting to P.O. in time. Fortsch went to town and was able to get mail in spite of being late. our mail will now I come to T.S., since we can't seem to get to town in time • 16 June 1967 Very good day at quarry. Fortsch, Jim and I arrived there at 9:00 AM and this time we drove Toyota to the quarry. We spent the • day mostly jacketing specimens. Wayne joined us and removed a beautiful metacarpal with splints. We loaded ten jackets in Toyota I and returned to T.S. at 6:00 PM. After dinner Fortsch and I loaded his truck and he left for Pocatello. He will return tomorrow. We (Jim and I) will meet the bus in Twin Falls at 12:55 PM for Chris I Shaw is supposed to be on it. We plan to get Jim's second tick shot and my first at that time, have the Toyota serviced, get some ice and white gas. I 17 June 1967 With Jim White went Twin Falls to met 12:55 Bus. Chris Shaw was not on bus: Returned to T.S. to find a Mr. Olson of Boise and 1--. a friend of Earl Swanson's. Talked for a long time with him especially about making Hagerman quarry a state park. He said he would contact Mr. Soderblom and others in Boise to come out and see I the quarry while we have some things exposed to be seen. Called Alice in Pocatello and asked her to call Chris Shaw's parents in Long Beach to find out why the boy was not on bus. Shortly thereafter phone rang and it was Chris from bus station who had I received the note I had left for him. With Jim drove to Twin Falls, picked up Chris, had dinner and returned to T.S. Sky looks I threatening - like rain! We hope not. Dave Fortsch was back in r camp after we came back from Twin Falls. A.43 I 1· 18 June 1967 I went to quarry arriving at 9:30 AM. Being Sunday a number of visitors were "collecting" at quarry in the afternoon, but it was very hot and they soon left. Mr. Olson and Mrs. Olson visited our r quarry and he worked with about 2 hours removing several things including a pelvis. They left at 1:00 PM, at which time we had lunch. Rick and Phil joined us and helped all afternoon. Chris I found a beautiful cranium and Jim a lower jaw. We returned at 6:30 and followed Rick and Phil to two of Hibbard' s "hot spots". Arrived back in camp at 7:00 PM. At 8:20 I left for Twin Falls to pick up Chris Shaw's bedroll which had been misplaced by bus co. I Bought groceries and headed back to T.S. I 19 June 1967 Raining early AM. Chris and Jim stayed in bed. Dave and I went to quarry at 12:00 PM. Jacketed 2 specimens and prepared a I block with limb bones, seemingly in articulation to be jacketed tomorrow. Chris and Jim remained in camp. 21 June 1967 I Rained in morning, went to quarry with Dave about 1:30 PM. Excavated more on what we did yesterday. Nothing striking. Visitor arrived before us and had removed a jaw in pieces. He I turned specimen over to us. He's from Washington and is a private collector. Says he knows Macdonald. Mr. Heartwell was at quarry • Says he went there shortly after the USNM parties excavated in early thirties. Recollections vague. 22 June 1967 • Cloudy day but no rain. Went to quarry arriving about 9:15 I AM and quit at 4:00 PM because wind became to strong to work. Dave found a beautiful male cranium of horse with very large canines (H- 13) and I found a Hypolaqus ? vetris complete mandible and right I and left mandibles of horse (H-14). Went to Bliss for ice and Hagerman for groceries. Arrived back in T.S. at approx. 6:00 PM. The rabbit ramus was collected about 2 inches away from a horse I femur (prox end minus epiphysis). 23 June 1967 Cloudy day. Wind in AM - jacketed 3 specimens (H-15 &16) and I an articulated thoracic and lumbar series with possible pelvis? Found lower jaws (R & L). Tomorrow will take Jim and me into Twin Falls for tick fever shots, hair cut and groceries, etc. Try to I return by 1 P.M. and back to quarry not much time left and will be unable to really put dent in quarry. Returned to T.S. arriving at 7:00 PM. I 24 June 1967 At 8:00 AM went to Twin Falls with Jim to get his last shot and my second Rocky Mt. spotted fever. Returned and went to quarry I arriving l PM. Went to work and Mr. Dick Cook came to visit us from Hagerman, Idaho. His father discovered quarry and he , currently leases the land on which it is found. He seemed upset I A.44 1· (24 June 1967 con't) about our digging but on suggesting that a I State Park be made there, his attitude changed completely. we still have much quarry exposed and won't be able to finish it. Next Friday we'll chuck it in. Tomorrow J. R. Mac should arrive. r Jim washed a lot of sand for us. He found a lot of nice small fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammal bones. I 25 June 1967 Long day in quarry, started 9:00 AM and quit + 7:00 PM. Reid Macdonald, the Stuarts for L.A., Mr. Olson from Buhl and two students stopped by on way to Montana. They had lunch at quarry I and left around 1:30 PM. Found out jacketed immature skull (H-20) found about 8 inches+ away from immature mandible (H-18). I 26 June 1967 Washed clothes all morning had to go to Buhl to buy plaster. Returned 2:00 PM and went to quarry. Were driven out at 6:00 PM. I Rick and Phil joined us for talk in PM. They left at 10 PM. 27 June 1967 Went to quarry at 9:30 AM. Joined by Rick and Phil. Wayne I joined us shortly after. Mr. Wm. Beckert, park superintendent arrived to look over site for state park possibilities. He was duly impressed and took many photographs. We found 2 horse crania I just as he arrived! The 2nd cranium turned out to be only occipital condyles and basioccipital, etc. On returning to T s and call Bill Olson in Boise who informed me that TV cameras will be at the quarry on Thursday the 29th. Returned to T s at 5:00 PM - very strong wind! • 28 June 1967 I Went to quarry arriving 9: 00 AM. Rick and Phil helped us most of day trying to find specimens to show TV. No crania were uncovered but enough of base of face of quarry. Rich and Phil I found crania and colt on our dump. We placed the latter in with a few leaves to make good exhibit. We plan to leave for ISU Friday AM, if all goes well. On return to camp Downs had a call from me from Los Angeles informing me that the Senior Curatorship in I Pleist. V.P. is no longer available. Oh no! I- 26 July 1967 Headed north to Brunneau and decided to call a halt to field operations. Headed for Hagerman Horse Quarry and collected a I number of foot elements and a partial horse jaw. Left quarry at 5: 3 o PM and headed for Twin Falls where we spent the night at I motel. ,I A.45 I Field Notes 1968 I 6 April 1968 Left Pocatello and proceeded to the Ponderosa Restaurant in Burley, Idaho where I met the V.P. class and other students: George r and Pat Miller, Catherine Hopps, James Alter, Dixie Bonnichsen, Susan Abbott, and a friend of Jim Alter (Maurice Anderson), and Lisa Hansen, Joan Ranere. Left Burley around 9:00 AM and arrived I at Gidley Quarry (JAW 42) at 10:15. Found horse molar and foot element, immature jaw and other. Dropped down with the class into JAW 48 - a blow out area to crawl surface. Several microtine jaws, worked for 1 1/2 hours I returned for lunch. severe wind. After eating lunch went to Hagerman with Miller so he could have tire fixed. Returned to I Pocatello with Hansen, Hoops, Ranere. From JAW 42: Unworn Horse? M .:__ upper molar or premolar I ? upper incisor jaw with 3 unworn cheek teeth I 7 horse foot bones. From JAW 48: 10 rodent jaws I assorted lagomorph and rodent teeth 2 or ?3 carnivore teeth assorted lower vertebrate fragments assorted small mammal frags. •I 10 June 1968 Sligar's Thousand Springs Resort I Left Pocatello 10:30 AM and arrived at this destination at 2: oo PM. Went with Fortsch to Gidley Quarry arriving 3: oo PM, looked it over and decided to walk the visitors about 300 yds from to corral to view quarry from above. Returned to T.S. arriving I 4: oo PM. Mrs. Sligar had two phone calls regarding tomorrow's visit. Got motel reservations at the Sportsman's Lodge, about 1/2 mile toward Hagerman from T. s. Mr. Alexander the proprietor is I-- also president of the Huvay 30 Association and naturally interested in establishing a state park at the quarry. Mrs. Sligar will allow I us to use her facilities to register the visitors tomorrow A.M. 11 June 1968 75 persons showed up and we took them to the quarry. They were obviously impressed and I consider it all a success. Soon I after people began leaving the quarry I went to Aldrich Bowler's and was joined there by Mr. & Mrs.Perry Groisher, Mr. Ravenscraft, Mr. Beckert. Mr. Ravenscraft wants to have title of the quarry I transferred from State Board of Education to the State Parks and Idaho State University. 75 persons registered but there were some , 20 - 25 late arrivals so there were nearly 100 persons present. I A.46 I' I 8 July 1968 Left Pocatello at 7:00 AM (Mileage reading 5270) and proceeded , to Tuth, Idaho arriving at 4:45 PM. Contacted Vernon Ravenscraft. Had to wait until he came into company headquarters "the Pent Post company" halfway between Bliss and Wendell on Highway 25. Mr. Ravenscraft showed me a proposal made by the community leaders of I the Hagerman environs. In this proposal, the Gidley Quarry is but one part of the whole. The proposal brings to light a number of very interesting things pertaining to the history of the area as well as the geology which is most unique. Obviously considerable I work has gone into this proposal at its promotion. Met Governor Don Samuelson at the hotel in Hagerman at 3:15 P.M. Wilhelm Beckert arrived shortly after and when the governor finished his hamburger I we left for the quarry, the Governor and Beckert in the governor's limousine (him driving!) and I in my Toyota. After examining the bone beds the governor showed his great interest in making the site I into a park. He talked about where the parking area could be placed and about personnel in operation of park. He thought that the training of 4 students at ISU museum would cut down the overhead in the operation. After 4 o minutes in the quarry we I returned to Hagerman for cold drinks (Mormon screwdrivers) • While at the hotel I mentioned the outstanding job done by Earl Swanson, the importance of our proposed PhD program in Anthropology and I Biology. I was able to extract a promise that he would visit our museum and spend uninterrupted time on our program, etc. One point was made clear and seemingly accepted by him regarding setting up the State Park - that the park would be established as a part of • a "master plan" for the region. Returned to Pocatello at 6:00 PM I 15 May 1970 •••• Went to Bliss and obtained a room at the Y-Inn Motel. Drove to the road which leads to the Hagerman Quarry and found a I new fence with a gate. Went thru gate and MY GOD!! 90,000 acres of sage brush gone! Plowed fields as far as one can see - 90,000 acres, they tell me. Will take class to quarry from the Bliss side I - perhaps not - we'll see! 16 May 1970 Met the class and Jo Scheid at Sligar's 1000 Springs Resort I-- at 9:30 AM. Left for the quarry arriving there (JAW 42) at 11:30 AM prospected around quarry finding a few scraps on dump. We descended to JAW 48 and crawled the blowout. Numerous motorcycle tracks! Found several jaws and other fish and rodent specimens. I Returned to quarry at 4: 00 PM (Hot) • The class returned home while Jo Scheid and I went to see if we could find some localities. It will be difficult to find several sites since all the sage brush I is gone from top of mesa, at least in areas where most of it was above many of the Michigan sites. JAW 57 (DWT 540) is gone, even the pretty little mound which served to mark the place! Jo and I I went to JAW 48 and collected several jaws and other specimens of fish and small mammals. Did more looking around its quite , disheartening! I A.47 1· I 28 July 1970 Went to Hagerman Horse Quarry via road from Bliss side. we , placed a sign posting the quarry to discourage amateurs then went to JAW 58 and collected microvertebrates including Pliopotamys, shrew, fish, and amphib bones. From there we went to JAW 59 and I collected more microvertebrates •••• 1 August 1970 Went to JAW 42 and prospected without much success in section I 16. Returned to camp around 3:30 PM. Very hot day. 3 August 1970 The boys left in Greg's truck for JAW 48 to prospect in I Section 16. I went to Twin Falls to get a new oil line for the Toyota, buy ice and groceries. Returned around 10:00 AM and was out at JAW 42 around 11:10 AM. Prospected below Gidley quarry and I found bird humerus, rabbit humerus, and a large Castor incisor, vertebra and other small bones. This is a Michigan locality numbered UM-IDA 66-65. We had lunch and returned to camp around 2: 30 PM. Went to "headquarters" of the big potato-growing I operation and a Mr. Boyd gave us "permission" to pass through the property to the Glenns Ferry fm exposures ••••• I 4 May 1974 ••••• went to JAW 42 (Gidley Quarry). JAW 48 is wiped out by bulldozers covering (burying) pipeline. The dozers also cut into the horse quarry hill - saw no evidence that the bone unit was cut into. Such arrogance! Returned to Pocatello at 2:00 PM. 30 May 1974 'I Left for Bliss 9:30 AM and arrived there at 12:15 PM. Had lunch at Oxbow Cafe. While eating, Max Pavesic came and told me Paul Fritz & Co. were at the Road Runner Cafe. After eating went I there and met Paul Fritz, Dorma Day, John Shively (who is writing an environmental impact statement on the Hagerman for us. Park Service), John Hagdon (State Engineer), Head ofidaho League Women Voters, Dale L. Riedsel (J.U.B. engineers), 2 men from B.L.M. Went I with all of them to the Hagerman Horse Quarry and saw damage noted on 4 May. From quarry went to road which goes down into canyon. Saw two large gravel borrow pits which were illegally dug. From I-- there went down to pump station and saw new Idaho Power auxiliary station also illegally put in. Went to look at JAW 48 - it no I longer exists! Left for home about 4:00 PM. 3 June 1980 I Left camp at 7:45 AM and proceeded to JAW 58 in the Hagerman area. We crawled the locality and found several bird bones, rodent jaws, etc. The original site was apparently screened by some I unknown person, but by going north across the wash we found at the same stratigraphic level most of our specimens. From this locality , we went, about 11:30 AM to the Hagerman quarry. We prospected (3 I A.48 1· • June 1980) below the quarry with rather poor results, but found a I new locality (J.J.B. 801). Jonathan and Jerry checked two Michigan localities in Fossil Wash while Greg and I worked our way up the hill to the Quarry. Found a Castor calcaneus (JAW 42). Left for r camp and arrived about 5:30 PM. I I I I I I •I I I I I I ,I I A.49 Dave Fortsch Field Notes Hagerman, Idaho 5 June 1967 Norman Smalley - is in Phone book (may be listed under Roy) is man to contact with regard to front loader for possible overburden removal at Quarry. I 737-4820 o. L. Smalley I 733-1266 Doyle Sligar Twin Falls Phone I Bill II Keith " I Wrecker, (Western Crane & Rigging) in Twin Falls, and also has heavy equipment for contract work. Contracted to bench the quarry on the morning of 6-7-67 with a front loader; cost is $15.00/hr. Due to arrive at resort 0730 on 6-7-67 to go out. I Field Party: Jos. Gross (the dent), Dr. J.A. White & D.E. Fortsch (staff I.S.U.M.) I 6-6-67 Rained off and on during the night and has rained more or less steadily during the whole day (up to noon) • Susan Orth (student and lab assistant at the museum) came by this morning to see if we were going to be working in the quarry. With nearly 18 miles of off-highway road to travel, most of it without gravel, the • quarry work is going to have to wait. Fortsch is spending the time working on Hopkins and his paper, while Dr. White and Joe Gross are I spending time taking care of small mammals caught during the night and tending to business in town (Hagerman). Somewhat later in the day: In the late afternoon we were I contacted by Sligar. He doubts the advisability of trying to get the power equipment to the quarry since it's been raining almost constantly. We're to check tomorrow and let them know. During late afternoon Susan's parents brought their camper I over to us so that we might have it as an office and working place while we're here. It will be a big help to us. I 6-7-67 Fairly decent day for a change. We got some work done in the quarry and picked a blowout below the quarry toward the river. Had to be back by noon to let the Sligar outfit know about the I road. Should be ok by morning. Some weather threatened during the afternoon but didn't develop. 6-8-67 Waiting for the power equipment. Should have been here by I 0730. Day has come up bright and clear. Dr. Warren (Claude) should have been here yesterday but didn't show; may come in today. Late evening. The front loader come to Thousand Springs I shortly after 8:50 - Reached the bench above the quarry at 9:00. Cleared the area roughly from Macdonald's quarry to the area where , we worked last fall in 4 hours, reloading the loader onto the truck I A.50 (6-8-67 can't) at 1:00 PM. Charge of $15.00/hr. and mileage from Twin Falls to the quarry at $1.00/mile. Unfortunately no mention was made of any milage charge when we first talked, so the total cost was somewhat higher than we had thought. We managed to get some hand work started after the front loader left, but got rained out. Rain continued long enough so we may not be able to work the quarry tomorrow. Dr. Warren still I didn't show today. Have had visitors this evening - Phil and Rick - u. of Michigan crew. Most interesting "shop" talk. 9 June 1967 Because of heavy rain last evening didn't start toward I Quarry until about 10:00 AM, arriving there about 45 minutes later. Road was in bad shape through canyon area, but we made it even though other rigs had slid off. We worked until mid-afternoon, I getting quite a bit accomplished and bringing a mandible excavated by John and some skeletal elements taken out by Susan with us. Storms promising rain were arriving in when left. I We now have a section of the quarry about 60' long benched down almost to the bone layer and have begun working at the west end, thinking to work toward the east into the area where LA. Co. Museum crew worked last year. I Joe Gross, who has worked through the week with us, left today to go back to Poky and help Claude Warren get ready for the coming dig (archaeological) in Hell's canyon. Will miss Joe - he's a good I natured person and a willing worker • 6-10-67 Claude and Liz Warren came in during the night and were here when we got up. Claude, Liz, and two children went to the quarry with us, but we had to come back down in short order because • the wind and blowing sand were too much. They've decided that Claude will return to Pocatello and get things ready to head for I Hell's Canyon while Liz and the kids stay here at Thousand Springs, to be picked up on the way. I 11 June 1967 John left for Pocatello early this AM and I went to the quarry. was overcast, cold and windy most of the day, though did warm a little during the afternoon. Fairly successful day; Got I one cranium (encased in a hard concretion) out during the morning as well as some limb elements. Rick and Phil came in shortly afternoon and helped in the 1-- quarry until we all left about 4: 00 PM. We partially excavated two more crania and completely excavated a nearly complete mandible of mature individual - which promptly fell apart when we got it out. I It was necessary to remove it to get at the crania, though. Begun storming shortly after I returned to camp - lots of wind and a little rain. I 12 June, 1967 A good day in the quarry John, Jimmy and I arrived there arounq 9:00 and began work. I continued working on the two crania found the day before, and in the process of excavating I around them ran into problems - an atlas, a femur, and off to one side another mandible with both rami present. John worked in an , area where he'd worked on Saturday, and the area where Rick worked I A.51 I (12 June, 1967 con't) on Sunday. Jimmy helped by wrapping small items as they were readied and also by cutting down around the 2 - crania complex. Left the quarry about 4: 00, arriving back at camp somewhat after 5:00. Looked as though we might catch some rain, r but it has thus far failed to materialize. 13 June 1967 Storm didn't arrive last night and; though most of I the day was threatening and cloudy, nothing came of it. We had a good day in the quarry, uncovering and collecting several more minor specimens. Toward the end of the day we came across another I mandible under a jumbled mass of bones. This, however, appears to be incomplete since there's no evidence of incisor teeth where they should be. Tomorrow will probably tell the tale. We should be I able to begin putting casts on some of the specimens tomorrow. 14 June 1967 The storm arrived. Rain began about 0400 and continued 'till nearly 1030. For a considerable portion of the I time it was fairly heavy, so we made no attempt to reach the Quarry, but rather worked on things in camp. Claude came back from Pocatello today (this evening) and left with Liz and the kids for his dig in Hell's Canyon. This afternoon fairly late Al Linder, I his parents and wife arrived on their way to Nevada. Weather permitting, Al will work with us in the quarry tomorrow. Hope the day is a good one, though presently (2300 hrs) it's sprinkling. I Rick and Phil dropped by this PM and introduced a young fellow to us, Wayne Marshall, who says he'd be willing to give us a hand in the quarry. We can use help (can also use some good weather for a change!) 15 June 1967 Had a good day in the quarry. Since Dr. Linder was 'I accompanying us we started a little later than usual, but with Al helping, we more than made up for the late start. Also, Wayne Marshall came down and put in a good day with us. He's good help. The Linders are leaving tomorrow to continue their vacation through I Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, etc. Wish Al could stay a while and give us a hand. It has clouded up this evening and gives promise of rain. Hope it doesn't develop. I 16 June 1967 A good day - and a full one - at the quarry. Brought in several casts and loaded them into my vehicle for transport to Pocatello. I During the day we tried a new technique for holding the paper onto the bone while preparing it for casting - Elmer's Glue diluted about 1 1/2 (H o) to 1 (Elmer's) • Not so long to dry nor so I miserable to work2 with as shellac. Shows good promise for dry situations. Fortsch left for Poe. with a load of fossils just after supper. Arrived at the museum without incident and unloaded I specimens - home and to bed about 0700 hrs 9-17-67. 17 June 1967 Well, somehow made it through the day. All sorts of I minor irritations and delays (car trouble - broken valve spring which I replaced) and finally arrived back at camp at 2010 hrs. , Set about getting things ready for John and Jimmy to return with I A.52 1· ( 17 June 1967 con' t) Chris Shaw. Chris came into Twin via I Greyhound and will work with us for a while. More irritations accomplishing the making ready. Now, at 2300 hrs, again ready to r call it a day. 18 June 1967 A good day at the quarry. During the morning Mr. and Mrs. William Olsen of Boise visited us and "Bill" excavated a nice I innominate while working with us. During the afternoon Rick and Phil came by and worked with us. Since it was Sunday we were plagued at various times with droves of uninvited and (some more than others) unwelcome visitors. Because of that we felt obliged I to bring in some specimens which we would have rather left and prepared further before transporting. A nice day, but quite hot I in the afternoon. 19 June 1967 Another good day. It was hot most of the day, though did cloud up and cool slightly during the late afternoon. We got I a couple of casts made during the PM - one of a fairly complete articulated hind leg from distal end of femur through metapodial. Chris put in another good day (yesterday was his first) and both he and Jimmy seem tired this evening (aren't we all?). Wayne I Marshall came by briefly this afternoon and did s little screening of matrix with reasonably good results. - Oh yes!, we left the quarry fairly late yesterday and checked the locations on some I sites with Phil and Rick - good blowout sites which should be checked periodically. 20 June 1967 Rain. The first shower hit shortly after 0100 this morning - and a steadier more soaking rain commenced about 0530. If it stops and things dry out we may be able to get into the quarry this afternoon, but for this morning our activities are 'I going to be confined to getting things done in camp. The boys (Chris and Jimmy) were more tired then I'd realized, and both are sawing logs. They're not used to the strain of the quarry work and I need the rest. Later: By late mid-morning things had pretty well shaped up weather wise so John and I went to the quarry a little before noon. We worked •till past 5:00 PM and got some good things done. We I finished the cast on the articulated hind leg series (H-12) of bones and brought the cast to camp. We also got another slab ready for casting; will do this tomorrow. Chris and Jimmy stayed in camp I recuperating from their rough day yesterday. They should be in good shape for tomorrow. 21 June 1967 Heavy rain again this morning and we'll not be able I to go into the quarry until afternoon - if it clears sufficiently. John and I have both been taking care of paperwork this morning and will do the shopping before we head out. I Later - We• ve been to town and things look good for this afternoon. A Mr. Hartwell from Boise (l/A 33783) stopped by about noon and told of a site which might be worth checking; no bones, I but tracks and ripple-marks in a sandstone somewhere out in the desert. , Evening. We were able to put in a fairly good afternoon in I A.53 (21 June 1967 con't) the quarry, though were driven out by a I veritable downpour a little past 5 PM. When we arrived at the quarry a couple from Washington were working there and had taken out a jaw that we'd partially uncovered and had planned to cast before removing. They returned it to us - in pieces - then stood and watched us work 'till they became uneasy about the weather and left. After they'd gone Mr. Hartwell stopped by briefly and showed 'I some specimens he had. One was a jaw he'd collected there at the time Gidley was in the quarry in 1930. He pointed out the location, as nearly as he could remember, of the original excavations. These were near the area where Macdonald and the I LACMNH people worked in 1966. Some of the 'tracks' he had in the sandstone are doubtful fossils, but he's expressed a willingness to show the location from which they came - somewhere in Sailor I Creek, he thinks. Says he couldn't tell us how to get there but would be happy to show us. Good! I 22 June 1967 A good day. In spite of weather that was something less than ideal, this was a reasonably successful day. It was cloudy and cool most of the day, and finally the wind drove us out of the quarry. The boys (Chris and Jim) spent a good share of the I day combing the pile pushed over by the front loader, and Chris helped John and me by wrapping several items. John got two items of some significance - a horse mandible in a concretion, and a I complete lower jaw of a rabbit - while I contented myself by finding and spending the day working on a male cranium. That if interesting from the standpoint of there apparently being a P present. Numerous other lesser elements were also found, and a rather considerable quantity of materials was brought out. The cranium will have to be cast before removal, and there are yet other things from previous days' digging to be cast. May we have 'I more good days in the time yet remaining. Wish, however, we had not been run out by blowing sand - perhaps tomorrow? I 23 June 1967 The day started in a miserable fashion - cold and windy - but improved later. We worked until around 6 PM and started after casting some specimens presently uncovered, opening the widely benched part of the quarry. Our efforts were rewarded by I a mandible (which I hit with the pick) in reasonably good condition, and a few other elements. We are now planning to concentrate our efforts in the benched part and stay away from the I cliff face. I hope this will be productive, but have my doubts. I don't think there'll be as much there as we had hoped - but time will tell. Both boys were good help today. I 24 June 1967 This was a reasonably good day. John and Jimmy had to go into Twin Falls this AM so Chris and I held down quarry operations by ourselves 'till noon. Rick and Phil dropped by I briefly, so did Dick Cook, son of the man who originally found the quarry. Cook seems favorable to the idea of making a State Park and said he'd work on people in Boise to see if he couldn't get I some steam behind the project. we got a partial cast on a cranium and a cast onto a juvenile , mandible during the day - as well as got other important items (24 I A.54 I June 1967 can't) located. As for camp - this is a weekend, and I the place is packed with people. One young boy was playing with a boomerang and managed to poke a hole through the door of the supply tent with it - big help! There will likely be many unwelcome visitors at the quarry tomorrow so we'll have them to contend with. Mosquitoes in camp are terrible - doubtless because of all the people stirring things up. ' ' Got in from the field about 7:30 PM to find that the Orths had I been here (left fish for our supper). Sorry to have missed them. 25 June 1967 Sunday - and we expected a crowd of people to come I by since they usually do on the weekend, but they failed to materialize - happily. Dr. Macdonald and his crew stopped by the quarry about noon and spent about an hour talking with us. With I him were a couple who are supporters of the LACMNH, as well as Mr. Olsen of the .Buhl highway dist. Shortly after they left Wayne Marshal came by and brought some specimens for us to see that he's collected - Nice material, mostly beaver. We made our day complete I by bringing in two crania and two mandibles. Because of their proximity and similar age, its probable that one of the crania belongs with one of the mandibles. Hope so at any rate - they are I Hl9 and H20. John found both - good show! Chris and Jimmy were both good help today, too, though it was apparent that they were very tired when the temperature began to climb into the ao•s. We I were all tired, let's be honest. 26 June 1967 Much of the day today was spent in taking care of necessary things outside the quarry. Since the local laundromat isn't open in the evenings, part of the morning was occupied by washing clothes. When this and other things had been taken care of, • we went into Buhl and purchased some plaster (we used the last of I the supply brought from Pocatello on Sunday) before heading to the quarry. We arrived there about 1430 hrs. It was hot and miserable and later storms and high winds drove us away. Sand was whipping around into eyes, ears and noses, making work totally impossible. I We arrived back at camp around 1830 hrs. Rick and Phil dropped by during the evening and said they'd meet us to give us a hand in the quarry tomorrow. This will be a welcome help. We worked out a I trade this evening - our H-1 is being traded to SDSM for a Slim Buttes fauna - this should be advantageous trade for both of our I-- institutions. 27 June 1967 A MISERABLE day at the quarry. During most of the day we fought fairly high wind and were ultimately driven out of the quarry by rain. Rick and Phil helped us most of the day - very I welcome assistance and left about mid-afternoon. Wayne Marshall dropped by and stayed •till after we'd gone. When we returned to camp John received word from Mr. Olsen in Boise that we're to be I afflicted with a visitation of TV personnel on Thursday. They want to take some shots of the bone bed - difficult since we've removed things as we've come to them. Will have to see what we can do I, about locating more on the morrow. A. 55 I I 28 June, 1967 It looked through most of the day as though we were I going to be hard put to find enough new material for the people to photograph tomorrow, but finally found some concentrations with the help of Rick, Phil and Wayne. Unless the TV people show early tomorrow they' 11 find things are all closed up. If we can make it, r we're going to close things down tomorrow and head for Poe. on Friday AM. It will be good to get away, but then one always hates I to leave, too. We'll see. 29 June 1967 We were able to have things in pretty good shape by the time the TV fellow arrived with the Olsens. They came shortly I past noon and left about 2 or 2:30. With Rick, Phil and Wayne helping, we were able to get most of the material we'd uncovered out and packed up. Some items that we'd have had to cast we turned over to Wayne since he's obviously a responsible individual. I Before leaving we slumped in the quarry as much as we could without using explosives. Hope it'll be enough to keep the people out of I there. Planning to leave for Poe. tomorrow. 30 June 1967 This morning we loaded fossils and personal gear and departed for Pocatello. Most of the fossils were loaded into my I pickup, along with my personal effects, with the exception of three boxes of small materials, which John loaded into the Toyota. We arrived in Pocatello about l:OO PM and got the fossils into the lab by about 3:00 PM. Changes are being made in the lab which I should be watched. We need space, and now seems the time to get it . l July 1967 John and I returned to Hagerman to break camp. We got things loaded and left a little after 5:00 PM. The Orths came by • and got their camper about two. It's been a great help to have it as a place to work at night after getting the boys to bed and for I rainy day work. We ate dinner at the Ponderosa in Burley on the way back, and arrived in Pocatello about 9:30. I 2 July , 1967 John, Chris and I unloaded the field equipment today and I started getting things ready for the trip into the Owyhee Desert - to begin on the 17th of July. Hope it'll turn out well. I 10 June, 1968 Left Pocatello about 11:00 this morning and headed for Hagerman. Met John White at the Ponderosa in Burley for lunch and we then proceeded to Sligar's 1000 Springs resort together. When we'd talked with Mrs. Sligar about the things proposed for I- tomorrow, we drove up to the Quarry in John's vehicle to check things out and make plans for the coming day. George Miller joined us shortly after we'd got back and a short time later we went to I supper in Bliss. Following supper we went back through Hagerman to Sligar' s and to the Sportsman's Lodge, a short distance from Sligars, where we I procured lodging for the night. We all enjoyed the evening, walking and talking - making further plans and George took several I photos. When the mesquites got bad we headed for the sack. , A.56 I I ,I I I I I I I •I I I I I I ,I I