Commercial Strategies in Paratextual Features of Late Eighteenth-Century Children’S Books
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PhD Thesis in English Studies Commercial Strategies in Paratextual Features of Late Eighteenth-Century Children’s Books Candidate: Supervisor: ALEXANDRA PRUNEAN Dr DAVID OWEN Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Department of English and German 2016 Commercial Strategies in Paratextual Features of Late Eighteenth-Century Children’s Books Contents Acknowledgements A: OVERVIEW 1. Introduction 1.1 The Framework of the Study 1.2 Primary Sources 1.3 Contemporary Appreciation: Secondary Sources and Recent Research 1.4 Thesis Statement B: HISTORICAL AND CONCEPTUAL CONTEXT 2. Education, the Image of Children and the Development of Children's Literature in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 2.1 Children and Children’s Literature 2.2 The Educational Debate in the Works of Locke and Rousseau 2.3 Moral and Religious Instruction and Its Effect on Women’s Education 2.4 Catering to Juvenile Readers: Boreman, Cooper, Newbery and Marshall C: THESIS MATERIAL 3. Five Women Writers, One Common Goal: The Literary Associates of John Marshall 3.1 Writers of Influence: Fielding, Barbauld and Edgeworth 3.2 The Marshall Writers 4. Paratextual Features of Late Eighteenth-Century Children’s Books 4.1 Paratextual Typologies and Stylistic Features 4.2 Commercial Strategies in the Works of the Marshall Writers 5. Early Children’s Magazines and Periodicals 5.1 Newbery’s Lilliputian Magazine 5.2 Commercial Strategies in the Family Magazine and the Juvenile Magazine 6. Conclusion 7. Further Research 8. Annex: Publication Frequency 9. Bibliography 9.1 Primary Sources 9.2 Secondary Sources Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my PhD supervisor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Dr David Owen, who has helped me tremendously not only throughout my PhD programme, but also when I first came to Spain as an undergraduate and then later as an MA student. I am grateful for his endless patience, insightful tutorials and, above all, for allowing me to find my own critical voice at my own pace and for helping me become the scholar that I am today. I would also like to thank Professor Andrew Monnickendam from the same university for showing support, guiding me throughout the years, offering valuable feedback especially on my second chapter and for agreeing to be part of the PhD tribunal. My PhD thesis would not have been possible if it had not been for Professor Matthew Grenby at Newcastle University, whose enthusiasm and motivation are contagious, for taking the time to share his vast knowledge on children’s literature with me. Moreover, he has kindly agreed to assist me in sending material to consider for my research, making suggestions and agreeing to come to Barcelona as a member of the PhD tribunal. I also appreciate the input offered, articles sent and questions answered in our correspondence by Dr David Stoker at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, and Emeritus Professor John Stephens at Macquarie University, Sydney. I would also like to express my appreciation to Dr John Stone at Universitat de Barcelona for accepting to sit on my PhD tribunal. Institutionally, I gratefully acknowledge the fellowship awarded by the Chawton House Library in August 2014, which enabled me to undertake significant research on my topic, not only because of the rarefied academic atmosphere, but also because of the possibility to network with professors and fellow researchers specialised in the long eighteenth century, or specifically in my research field. It was 3 the perfect combination of academic support, intense concentration and hard work, all to be carried out in the tranquillity of the location. I would also like to show my appreciation to the Children’s Books History Society, which provided me with helpful information and great opportunity to attend a symposium on Children’s Book Publishing in the Hand-Press Period held in May 2013 in London. Throughout my PhD programme I attended several BSECS conferences (Salamanca 2012, Oxford 2013 and Newcastle 2013), two of the Juvenilia Press Conferences (Durham 2013 and Barcelona 2015) and the Fourteenth International Congress for Eighteenth- Century Studies (Rotterdam 2015), which have been of tremendous help for my research, not only because of the sense of belongingness to a community, but also because they led to a fruitful contribution to my thesis and gave me the chance to assess my own progress. Working on a PhD can sometimes be an isolating experience, yet I have been fortunate to have met wonderful people along the way who have inspired me immensely. It was a great pleasure to work with fellow PhD candidates Reyhane Vadidar and Noelia Sáchez, and our supervisor Dr David Owen on our editing project promoted by Emeritus Professor Christine Alexander at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, and director and general editor of the Juvenilia Press. Writing a critical introduction and annotating the first edition of Hannah More’s A Search after Happiness was an incredible opportunity to learn more about the editing process and what it entails, and, moreover, it complemented our own investigation and enabled us to view it from another perspective. Finally, on a more personal note, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my loving parents and brother whose encouragement, support and sacrifice helped me with my academic pursuit. I thank my best friend, Ioana Bota, who has put up with me for all these years and has helped me to survive those many sleepless nights 4 working before deadlines. Her brother, Horațiu, has also contributed to my research by tracking down Lucy Peacock’s Eleanor and Jessey and Emily, or the Test of Sincerity at the University of Glasgow. I cannot thank Paul Giurgiu enough for his constant assistance for the entire writing process, for his patience to read parts of my thesis and for offering his opinion on the subject matter. I would also like to thank fellow researchers Astrid Cañizares (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Deborah Brown (University of Chichester) and Sara Nyffenegger (University of Zurich), who have become my dear friends. Also Craig McCrorie and Diana Croucher for their most honest support given to me since I moved to Spain. Last, but not least, I would like to thank Roger for being my most faithful companion over the last ten years and who has provided me with the perfect example of discipline, hard work, passion, motivation and determination to always be at the top of your game. 5 FORMATTING This thesis has been written mostly in accordance with the Modern Language Association (MLA) style. Paragraphs are indented except for sections 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 4.2 and 5.2, in which the paragraphs separation is necessary for emphasis. 6 A: OVERVIEW 1. Introduction 1.1 The Framework of the Study The purpose of this research is to deepen the understanding of both individual children’s books and of children’s literature as a whole and to draw attention to the commercial side of children’s literature.