MANTIS Data Dictionary

Instructions for categorizing antiquities according to the MANTIS Project method, developed by Fiona Rose-Greenland, James V. Marrone, Oya Topcuoglu, and Tasha Vorderstrasse

This file provides instructions for coding objects based on text and image analysis of their characteristics according the template developed by the MANTIS (“Modeling the Antiquity Trade in Iraq and Syria”) project. The MANTIS strategy is to categorize each object along 5 dimensions: type, time period of origin, material, culture/geographic origin, and size. There are additional descriptors for secondary characteristics that further elaborate an object’s type. Because of the diverse terminology used by different sellers and by archaeologists, terminology must be standardized and organized in a hierarchical way. This manual provides a list of all terms found in the MANTIS object database, along with directions for how to convert those terms into a set of indicator (dummy) variables to be used for quantitative analysis.

HOW TO USE THIS FILE

Antiquities sellers generally provide a textual description and/or image of each object for sale. These descriptions have been turned into a word corpus, from which a standardized set of dummy variables (0-or-1 indicators) are constructed. This file defines the dummy variables that should be associated with each word in the descriptive corpus.

Words from the text corpus are listed alphabetically in bold (with the plural or alternative spellings if applicable) and the relevant characteristic they describe is written in italics. Variable names are indicated in typewriter font. Some words are accompanied by a brief definition or guide to usage. All words in the text corpus are then followed by either: a list dummy variables to be coded equal to 1, or an equivalent word to use as a guide for coding. Note that words may have alternative spellings not listed here, and typos are not uncommon in auction catalogues.

While this glossary is an exhaustive list of terms in the MANTIS database, it is not necessarily exhaustive for all types of antiquities in the world. Other databases may be compiled and found to contain descriptive words not included here. Such terms may be incorporated into this glossary using the same framework, or may even fit under the dummy variables already defined here.

BASIC STRATEGY

Our method relies on just a few basic rules.

1.) Time period of origin and size are numeric variables. Type, culture, and material are coded by dummy variables. 2.) Size is measured in centimeters as the largest dimension of the object. (Often, only one dimension is reported by the seller.) When size is not reported, it can be imputed later based on the other variables. 3.) Time period of origin is given by two numeric variables: early.date and late.date. This is because nearly every antiquities seller reports a date range for the object. Negative numbers reflect dates B.C. and positive numbers reflect dates A.D. Some dates can be identified based on other information, particularly in cases where the era of Egyptian history is listed (“Middle Kingdom”, “XVIIIth Dynasty”, and so on). When the dates are not indicated, they can be imputed later based on the other variables. 4.) Material, culture, and type may be coded by multiple dummy variables, if applicable or if indicated by the directions below. 5.) In addition to object type, several descriptive variables may apply. These descriptors are based on characteristics that are easy to observe or which are generally reported by every antiquities seller. They include the specific shape of an object (such as a vessel in the shape of an animal or a statue in the shape of a man), the presence of inscribed writing or hieroglyphs, and the fragmentary nature of an object. 6.) Some aspects of each object are not coded, because they are not reported by every seller. Chief among these is the particular image painted on an object, or the particular composition of a relief or engraving.

EXAMPLES

The following fictional examples provide guidance as to the details of object coding. The examples provide “original” text as might be found in an auction catalogue or dealer’s description. Each example is followed by an explanation of how the object would be coded.

Example A: Assyrian terracotta cuneiform tablet, ca. 3000-2900 BC. 7.2x10.8 cm.

This example is particularly straightforward. The culture (Assyrian), material (terracotta), and type (tablet) are unambiguous. Looking in the glossary below, we find that Assyrian objects get coded assyrian=1 and additionally take the coding of Syrian, which means syrian=1, mesopotamian=1, and near.eastern=1. Thus, the hierarchy of cultural attributions is described by the coding. As for material, terracotta objects are coded with pottery=1. For type, we set tablet=1. The time period (“3000-2900 BC”) would be re-coded into two variables: early.date=-3000 and late.date=-2900. Finally, size=10.8, the largest dimension (in centimeters) listed for the object.

Example B: Apulian Black-figure vase. Ca. 450-400 BC. Containing an image of Athena holding a laurel wreath; the other side decorated with an owl. The handles molded in the shape of lion’s heads. Height: 25 cm.

This example is more complicated. Using a text-recognition tool highlight words such as handle, lion, or Athena which are not part of the object’s classification. This is because the object itself is not in the shape of a lion or the shape of Athena, and because the term handle is only relevant if the handle is sold alone as a fragment, or if it has an unusual shape. Here’s the proper coding: apulian=1, which implies italian=1 and greek=1. Also, size=25, early.date = -450, late.date = -400, vessel = 1, and black.figure=1. The material is not explicitly listed, but the according to the glossary entry for “black-figure,” the term implies pottery=1.

ANALYZING GROUPS OF OBJECTS

Objects are often sold in groups or lots, such as multiple objects in one lot at an auction or multiple objects offered for one price by a dealer. Each object in the group must be recorded in the database as a separate observation.

To determine whether a group of objects should be recorded, and to calculate the relevant prices, follow these steps (additional examples follow): 1. Does the description identify the total number of objects in the lot? If no, the group is dropped from the database. 2. If yes to Question 1, generate a separate observation for each object in the group, coding the relevant characteristics for each object separately. 3. It may be that the total number of objects is listed, but a full description of each object is not provided. In this case, code as many objects as possible. 4. The “price” of each object is the total price for the group, divided by the number of items in the group.

Example C: Two Sasanian stamp seals. 2nd millennium BC. One, carved with a lion, of chalcedony (diam. 2.3 cm); the second, carved with a bird, of diorite (diam. 1.8 cm).

The description states that there are two items in this lot. We would develop separate observations for each item, where the variable total.items=2 and the price for each item is the total lot price divided by two. For both items, the culture is Sasanian and the type is stamp seal, which have their own entries in the glossary. For the first item, the material is chalcedony; for the second it is diorite. For both items, the time period is 2nd millennium BC, which means the early date is -2000 and the late date is -1000. Finally, for the first entry, size is 2.3 cm; for the second, size is 1.8 cm.

Example D: A collection of Roman glass vessels, ca. 1st-3rd Centuries. Of various sizes and shapes.

Because it is not indicated how many items are in the lot, an accurate price-per-item cannot be calculated. This lot would be dropped from the database.

Example E: A Roman glass carafe, 1st Century (max. dimension 14 cm); and twelve Egyptian bone pins, Early Dynastic Period, one with a bird-shaped terminal.

The description indicates there are 13 items, so this lot would yield 13 separate observations in the database. The first items has culture Roman, type carafe, material glass, time period 0-100 AD, and size 14 cm. The other twelve observations are nearly identical: type is pin, material is bone, culture is Egyptian. Size is not specified and would be left as a missing variable. The date is implied by “Early Dynastic Period,” which would mean an early date of 3150 BC and a late date of 2686 BC. The last item additionally is indicated to have a bird-shaped terminal, which means it gets the additional coding for bird and terminal.

GLOSSARY abbasid culture: same as mesopotamian and islamic agate material • agate abbevillian culture: same as acheulian • gemstone • stone achaemenid culture • achaemenid agrippina descriptor (describing an object in the • additionally the same coding as persian shape of Empress Agrippina): same as empress achelous descriptor (also acheloos or achelos, akhenaten descriptor (describing an object in the describing an object in the shape of the god shape of Pharaoh Akhenaten): same as pharaoh Achelous): same as god akkadian culture acheulian culture: same as paleolithic • akkadian • additionally same as syrian achilles descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the mythical figure Achilles): same as alabaster material hero • alabaster • gypsum acrobat descriptor (describing an object in the • stone shape of an acrobat): same as male type acroterion type • vessel • architectonic • ornament alexander the great descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the emperor): same as actaeon descriptor (describing an object in the emperor shape of the mythical figure Actaeon): same as hero alexandrian culture: same as egyptian adam descriptor (describing an object in the shape alloy descriptor of Adam, the first man): same as male • alloy adonis descriptor (describing an object in the shape almandine material: same as garnet of a man): same as male altar type adze type (also adze-axe) • altar • adze • additionally same coding as ritual object • additionally same coding as axehead amarna culture: same as egyptian aegis type • aegis amazonite material: same as feldspar • additionally same coding as medallion amber material aesclepius descriptor (describing an object in the • amber shape of the god Aesclepius) • gemstone • aesclepius • stone • additionally same coding as god amethyst material african culture: same as north african • amethyst anhydrite material: same as gypsum • gemstone • stone animal descriptor (describing an object in the shape of any animal or part of an animal) amlash culture • animal • amlash • additionally same coding as persian anklet type: same as bangle and leg ampelos descriptor (describing an object in the ant descriptor (describing an object in the shape of shape of the mythical satyr Ampelos): same as an ant) satyr • insect • animal type (also neck amphora) • vessel antaeus descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the half-giant Antaeus): same as god amphoriskos type • vessel antefix type • antefix ampulla type • additionally same coding as architectonic • vessel antelope descriptor (describing the shape of an amset descriptor (describing an object in the shape object): same as deer of the Egyptian god): same as imsety anteros descriptor (describing an object in the amulet type shape of the Erote Anteros): same as erote • amulet anthropoid descriptor (describing an object of amun descriptor (describing an object in the shape human or humanoid form) of the Egyptian god) • human • amun • additionally same coding as god anthropomorphic descriptor: same as anthropoid amygdaloid type: same as amulet antinous descriptor (describing an object in the shape of Penelope’s suitor Antinous) amykos descriptor (describing an object in the • mythical shape of the son of Poseidon): same as god • male • human amymone descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the daughter of Danaus): same as antisthenes descriptor (describing an object in the goddess shape of the philosopher): same as male anatolian culture antler material: coded as bone • anatolian • additionally same coding as near eastern antonia descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the Roman empress): same as empress anadyomene descriptor (describing an object in a specific form of Aphrodite): same as aphrodite antoninus descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the Roman emperor): same as andesite material: same as diorite emperor anglo-saxon culture anu descriptor (describing an object in the shape of • anglo.saxon the god): same as god • european anubis descriptor (describing an object in the shape aries descriptor: same as ram of the Egyptian god) • anubis arm descriptor (also forearm, describing the shape • additionally same coding as canine and god of an object, usually fragmentary or a votive) • arm ape descriptor • animal armenian culture: same as eurasian • ape armlet type: same as bangle aphrodite descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the goddess) armguard type • aphrodite • arm • additionally same coding as goddess • armor apollo descriptor (describing an object in the shape armor type of the god) • armor • apollo • additionally same coding as god arrow type • arrow applique type • applique arrowhead type: same as arrow • ornament artemis descriptor (describing an object in the apulian culture shape of the goddess) • apulian • artemis • additionally same coding as south italian • additionally same coding as goddess aragonite material: same as calcite type • vessel aramaic culture: same as levantine asia minor culture: same as anatolian archaic culture: same as greek asclepius descriptor (also asklepios; same as archer descriptor (describing an object in the shape aesclepius) of an archer): same as male type architectonic descriptor (also architectural) • vessel • architectonic assyrian culture architrave type: same as architectonic and • assyrian fragment • additionally same coding as syrian ares descriptor (describing an object in the shape of astarte descriptor (describing an object in the shape the god) of the goddess) • ares • astarte • additionally same coding as god • additionally same coding as goddess argonaut descriptor (describing an object in the astragalos type (also astragalus): same as shape of the mythical sailors): same as mythical gamepiece and male athena descriptor (describing an object in the shape ariadne descriptor (describing an object in the of the goddess) shape of the goddess): same as goddess • athena • additionally same coding as goddess baltic culture: same as nordic athlete descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as male baluchistan culture: same as central asian and iranian atlas descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the mythical Titan): same as god bampour culture: same as baluchisatn attachment type: same as fitting bamiyan culture: same as central asian attic culture: same as greek bangle type • bangle attis descriptor (describing an object in the shape of • jewelry the god): same as god balsamarium type attributed descriptor (describing an object by a • vessel named artist or school of artists) • attributed bari culture: same as south italian aurelius descriptor (also marcus aurelius, basalt material describing an object in the shape of the Roman • basalt emperor): same as emperor • stone avar culture: same as eurasian basanite material: same as basalt axehead type (also axe-hammer, battle-axe, hand- base type (describing a support for an object, sold axe, pickaxe) alone without the original object) • axehead • base • weapon basin type axumite culture: same as ethiopian • vessel azerbaijan culture: same as caspian basket type • vessel baal descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the god): same as god bastet descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the Egyptian goddess) baboon descriptor: same as ape • bastet

• additionally same coding as goddess and feline baby descriptor: same as child

bastis descriptor: same as bastet babylonian culture

• babylonian bat descriptor • additionally same as iraq • animal

• bat bacchus descriptor: same as dionysus

baubo descriptor (describing an object in the shape bactrian culture of the goddess) • bactrian • erotic • additionally same coding as central asian • additionally same coding as goddess

balance type: same as steelyard bead type

• bead balkan culture: same as european

beaker type • vessel black-figure descriptor (describing a pottery vessel painted in the black-figure technique) bear descriptor • black.figure • animal • pottery • bear blade type beard type (describing a false beard usually made of • blade pottery) • beard block type: same as brick • additionally same coding as mask bloodstone material: same as jasper beast descriptor (describing an object in the shape of an animal): same as animal boar descriptor: same as animal boat descriptor (describing the shape of an object) beetle descriptor • boat • insect • animal boeotian culture • boeotian bell type • additionally same coding as greek • bell bone material bellerophon descriptor (describing an object in the • bone shape of the mythical hero): same as hero boot descriptor (describing the shape of an object): belt type same as foot • belt boss type beryl material: same as gemstone • boss • additionally same coding as ornament bes descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the phallic dwarf god): same as dwarf, god, and bottle type phallic • vessel beset descriptor (also besit, describing an object in bovine descriptor the shape of the Egyptian goddess): same as • animal goddess • bovine beycesultan culture: same as anatolian bowl type • vessel bichrome descriptor (describing an object in two colors): same as polychrome box type • vessel bilbil type • vessel boxer descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the athlete): same as male bird descriptor (describing the shape of an object) • bird boy descriptor: same as child and male • animal bracelet type: same as bangle bitetradrachm type: same as coin brass material bitumen material • copper • bitumen • alloy brazier type: same as censer bulla type: same as amulet breastplate type burial descriptor: same as funerary • torso • armor bust type • bust breccia material • portrait • breccia • figure • stone button type: same as amulet brick type • brick buttress type • architectonic bridle type • fragment • harness • fragment byzantine culture • byzantine british culture • additionally same coding as near eastern • british • european caeretan descriptor: same as black-figure and greek brooch type • brooch caesar descriptor (describing an object in the shape • clasp of the emperor): same as emperor • jewelry calcite material bronze material • calcite • bronze • gemstone • metal • stone • alloy caledonian culture: same as british bronze age culture calf descriptor: same as bovine • bronze.age

• also, bronze.age=1 for any object from 3300- calligraphic descriptor: same as inscribed 1200 BC with near.eastern=1

• also, bronze.age=1 for any object from 3200- camel descriptor: same as animal 800 BC with european=1 cameo type: same as intaglio bucchero descriptor • bucchero campanian culture • pottery • campanian • additionally same coding as etruscan • additionally same coding as south italian buckle type canaanite culture • buckle • canaanite • additionally same coding as belt and fragment • additionally same coding as levantine bucranium descriptor: same as relief canard type • vessel buffalo descriptor: same as bovine candelabrum type: same as polycandelon bull descriptor: same as bovine candlestick type • candlestick • polycandelon caucasian culture (also caucasus): same as european and eurasian canine descriptor • animal cauldron type • canine • vessel canopic descriptor cavalryman descriptor: same as horse-and-rider • canopic • funerary celtiberian culture: same as celtic and iberian canosan culture celtic culture • canosan • celtic • additionally same coding as south italian • european capital type censer type • capital • censer • column centaur descriptor (also centauromachy): same as • fragment mythical, male, and horse

capricorn descriptor central asian culture • mythical • central.asian • fish • additionally same coding as near eastern • goat

centurion descriptor (describing an object in the carafe type shape of the Roman soldier): same as male • vessel ceramic material: same as pottery carchesium type • vessel cerberus descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the mythical three-headed dog): same carnelian material as mythical and canine • carnelian • gemstone ceres descriptor: same as demeter carolingian culture: same as frankish chain type • chain carpathian culture: same as european chalandriani culture: same as cycladic carthaginian culture: same as north african chalcedony material cartonnage material: same as plaster • chalcedony • gemstone cartouche descriptor: same as inscribed • stone casket type: same as coffin chalcidian culture: same as greek caspian culture: same as iranian and eurasian chalcolithic culture/time period: coded as neolithic castor descriptor: same as dioscuros chalcophone type: same as musical instrument

cat descriptor: same as feline chalice type

• vessel cattle descriptor: same as bovine champleve culture: same as iranian and islamic chrome material: same as chromium chandelier type: same as polycandelon chromium material: same as metal chantress descriptor (describing in object in the cicada descriptor form of a singing female): same as female • insect • animal chape type • fragment cinerarium type • fitting • funerary • additionally same coding as scabbard • vessel chariot type (describing a chariot or a piece of a cinerary descriptor: same as funerary chariot) • chariot cippus type • pillar charioteer descriptor: same as horse-and-rider clapper type cheekpiece type • clapper • cheekpiece • musical.instrument • additionally same coding as horsebit clasp type chert material: same as chalcedony • clasp cherub descriptor: same as cupid classical culture: same as greek chest type clay material: same as pottery • vessel clazomenian culture: same as greek chi-rho descriptor • inscription cleopatra descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the Egyptian queen): same as queen child descriptor (also children) • child cobra descriptor • human • animal • reptile chimera descriptor (also chimaira): same as • snake monster • cobra christ descriptor (describing an object in the shape cockerel descriptor (also cock): same as rooster of Jesus Christ): same as god coffin type christian culture (also early christian): same as • coffin levantine collar type: same as necklace chisel type: same as tool colmar culture: same as gallic chlorite material • chlorite columbarium type • stone • vessel chous type column type • vessel • architectonic • column cow descriptor: same as bovine comb type: same as household and implement cowrie descriptor • cowrie compass type: same as implement • animal composition material (see faience) cowroid type • seal cone type • additionally same coding as cowrie • cone crab descriptor: same as animal container type • vessel crane descriptor: same as bird coin type cretan culture: same as greek • coin crocodile descriptor concubine descriptor (describing the shape of an • animal object): same as female • reptile • crocodile copper material • copper cross type (describing the Christian religious object) • metal • cross coptic culture crossbow type • coptic • crossbow • additionally same coding as egyptian • weapon coral material cucuteni culture: same as european • coral cudgel type: same as mace corinthian culture • corinthian cufflink type • additionally same coding as greek • cufflink • jewelry cornelian material: same as carnelian cuirass type cornice type • torso • architectonic • armor • fragment cuneiform descriptor: same as inscribed corslet type • torso cup type • armor • vessel couple descriptor (describing the shape of an object cupid descriptor (describing the shape of an object) depicting a man and woman) • cupid • human • additionally same coding as god • male • female cuproviraite material • cuproviraite courtesan descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as female cybele descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as goddess cycladic culture deity descriptor • cycladic • mythical • greek • god • human cylinder type • cylinder demeter descriptor (describing the shape of an object) cylinder seal type • demeter • cylinder • additionally same coding as goddess • seal demon descriptor: same as monster cymbal type: same as disc diadem type cypriot culture • diadem • cypriot • jewelry • greek diamond material cyproarchaic culture: same as cypriot and archaic • precious • gemstone cyproclassical culture: same as cypriot and • stone classical diana descriptor: same as artemis cyprogeometric culture: same as cypriot and geometric dice type: same as gamepiece cyprominoan culture: same as cypriot and minoan dinar type: same as coin cypromycenaean culture: same as cypriot and type Mycenaean • vessel cyprophoenician culture: same as cypriot and dionysus descriptor (describing the shape of an phoenician object) • dionysus dacian culture: same as thracian • additionally same coding as god dagger type: same as blade diorite material

• diorite dancer descriptor (describing the shape of an • stone object): same as female

dioscuros descriptor (also dioskouros, describing danish culture: same as nordic an object in the shape of Castor and/or Pollux):

same as god danubian culture: same as european

diploma type daunian culture • inscription • daunian • tablet • additionally same coding as south italian

dipper type: same as ladle and vessel dedicatory descriptor: same as inscribed

disc type (also disk) deer descriptor • disc • animal

• deer discoid type: same as disc • earplug dish type • earring • plate • jewelry • vessel earring type divinity descriptor • earring • mythical • jewelry • god • human ear-scoop type • household dog descriptor: same as canine • implement dolium type (plural dolia) earthenware material: same as pottery • vessel east greek culture: same as greek and anatolian doll type and eastern mediterranean • doll • additionally same coding as toy eastern empire culture: same as eastern mediterranean dolomite material: same as stone eastern mediterranean culture: same as near dolphin descriptor eastern • animal edomite culture: same as jordanian donkey descriptor: same as horse eel descriptor: same as fish door type • door egg type (describing a bird egg, usually painted) • egg dove descriptor: same as bird egyptian culture dragon descriptor: same as monster • egyptian duamutef descriptor (describing an object in the egyptian blue material: same as cuproviraite shape of the Egyptian god): same as canine, male, and god egyptophoenician culture: same as egyptian and phoenician duck descriptor • duck eirene descriptor (describing the shape of an • bird object): same as goddess • animal elamite culture dwarf descriptor • elamite • dwarf • additionally same coding as iranian • grotesque • male electrum material • human • gold • silver eagle descriptor: same as falcon • alloy ear descriptor (describing the shape of an object) elephant descriptor • ear • animal • elephant earplug type elephant-and-rider descriptor (describing the etruscogeometric culture: same as etruscan and shape of an object) geometric • animal • elephant etruscoroman culture: same as etruscan and • human roman elymaean culture: same as susiana euboean culture: same as greek emerald material euphrates culture: same as mesopotamian • precious • gemstone eurasian culture: same as european and central asian • stone emperor descriptor: same as king euripides descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the playwright): same as male empress descriptor: same as queen europa descriptor (describing the shape of an enamel material (also enameled) object): same as goddess

• enamel european culture

• encaustic material: same as polychrome european

eurynome descriptor (describing the shape of an encolpion type (also enkolpion): same as pectoral object): same as goddess envelope type ewe descriptor: same as sheep • envelope

ewer type epichysis type • vessel • vessel

exaleiptron type equestrian descriptor: same as horse-and-rider • vessel eros descriptor: same as cupid eye descriptor (describing the shape of an object or erote descriptor: same as cupid a specific type of painted cup) • eye erotic descriptor (describing an object in form of a love-making scene or depicting exaggerated eyebrow descriptor (describing the shape of an genitalia) object) • erotic • eyebrow ethiopian culture: same as north african face descriptor: same as mask etruscan culture faience material • etruscan • faience • additionally same coding as italian • pottery etruscocampanian culture: same as etruscan and falcon descriptor campanian • bird • animal etruscocorinthian culture: same as etruscan and • falcon corinthian faliscan culture: same as south italian fastener type: same as clasp • animal fatimid culture: same as north african and islamic fishhook type and near eastern • fishhook • implement faun descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as satyr fitting type • fitting faustina descriptor (describing an object in the • additionally same coding as ornament shape of the empress): same as empress flagon type fawn descriptor: same as deer • vessel fayoum culture: same as egyptian flake type

• fragment feather descriptor (describing the shape of an

object) flask type • feather • vessel

feldspar material flavian culture: same as roman • feldspar • stone flint material • flint feline descriptor • stone • animal • feline fluorite material: same as stone female descriptor fly descriptor: same as insect • female • human font type • vessel fertility descriptor (describing the specific purpose for an object or votive figure) foot descriptor (describing an object in the shape of • fertility a foot or feet) • foot fibula type • fibula fork type: same as spoon • additionally same coding as brooch fortuna descriptor: same as tyche figure type • figure fossil material: coded as stone figurine type: same as figure fountain type: same as architectonic and basin finger descriptor (describing the shape of an object) foundation cone type: same as cone • finger fox descriptor: same as wolf finial type • finial fragment descriptor (describing a partial or • additionally same coding as fitting incomplete object) • fragment fish descriptor (describing the shape of an object or a specific style of Greek pottery dish) frankish culture • fish • european • frankish gazelle descriptor: same as deer french culture: same as gallic gem type: same as intaglio fresco type: same as painted and wall gemstone type frieze type: same as relief • gemstone • stone frit material: same as glass geometric culture frog descriptor • geometric • animal • additionally same coding as greek • reptile • frog german culture: same as european frontlet type gesso material • torso • gesso • armor • polychrome funerary descriptor ghaznevide culture: same as persian and islamic • funerary gilt descriptor funnel type: same as household and implement • gilt furniture type girl descriptor • furniture • child • female gallic culture • human • gallic • european gladiator descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as male galloetruscan culture: same as gallic and etruscan glass material galloroman culture: same as gallic and roman • glass gameboard type: same as gamepiece glaux type • vessel gamepiece type (also gaming piece) • gamepiece glazed descriptor • glazed gamikos type • vessel gnathian culture • gnathian gangetic culture: same as central asian • pottery • additionally same coding as apulian ganymede descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as god gneiss material: same as feldspar and quartz garnet material goat descriptor • garnet • animal • gemstone • goat • stone goblet type gaul culture: same as gallic • vessel granodiorite material: same as granite god descriptor (describing an object in the shape of a grasshopper descriptor: same as insect male deity) • mythical greaves type • god • leg • male • armor • human greek culture goddess descriptor (describing an object in the • greek shape of a female deity) • mythical grenade type • god • grenade • female • weapon • human greywacke material (also greywacke): same as gold material sandstone • gold griffin descriptor (also gryphon) • metal • griffin goose descriptor • mythical • bird • animal • animal • goose grotesque descriptor • grotesque gorgon descriptor (also gorgoneion) • male or female (as appropriate) • mythical gryllos descriptor: same as monster • human

• monster guttus type

• gothic culture vessel

• gothic gypsum material • european • gypsum

• graeco-bactrian culture (also greco-bactrian): stone same as greek and bactrian hacilar culture: same as anatolian graeco-egyptian culture (also greco-egyptian): same as greek and egyptian haematite material (see hematite) graeco-persian culture (also greco-persian): same hairpin type: same as pin and jewelry as greek and persian hair-ring type: same as ring graeco-phoenician culture (also greco- phoenician): same as greek and phoenician halberd type: same as axehead and spear graeco-roman culture (also greco-roman): same as halicarnassus culture: same as anatolian greek and roman hallstatt culture granite material • hallstatt • granite • european • stone hammer type: same as tool

hand descriptor (describing an object in the shape of a hand or hands) hellenistic culture • hand • hellenistic handle type (describing a handle sold by itself, or an helmet type object with a handle of a specific shape) • helmet • handle • armor hapy descriptor (describing an object in the shape of hematite material the Egyptian god): same as male, god, and ape • hematite • gemstone hardstone material: same as stone • stone hare descriptor: same as rabbit hemidrachm type: same as coin harness type hen descriptor: same as rooster • harness hephaestus descriptor (also hephaistos, describing harness trapping type: same as harness and the shape of an object): same as god fragment hera descriptor (describing the shape of an object): harpocrates descriptor (describing the shape of the same as goddess god) • harpocrates hercules descriptor (also hercle, heracles or • additionally same coding as god herakles, describing the shape of an object) • hercules hasaean culture: same as south arabian • additionally, same coding as hero hasanlu culture: same as iranian herm type • herm hasmonean culture: same as levantine • pillar hasp type: same as clasp hermaphrodite descriptor: same as male and female hathor descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the Egyptian goddess): same as goddess and hermes descriptor (describing the shape of an bovine object)

• hermes hattian culture: same as anatolian • additionally same coding as god

hauran culture: same as syrian hero descriptor (describing the shape of an object)

• mythical head type (describing the shape of an object) • hero • head • male headrest type • human • headrest hieroglyph descriptor: same as inscribed hecate descriptor (also hecateion, describing the shape of an object): same as goddess hilt type • handle hedgehog descriptor • weapon • animal • hedgehog himyaritic culture: same as south arabian hippalektrya descriptor • vessel • mythical • additionally same coding as rooster and horse hygeia descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as goddess hippocamp descriptor • mythical hymenaios descriptor (describing the shape of an • horse object): same as erote • fish • animal iberian culture • iberian hippopotamus descriptor • european • animal • hippo ibero-celtic culture: same as iberian and celtic hittite culture ibex descriptor • hittite • animal • additionally same coding as anatolian • sheep • ibex holy land culture: same as levantine ibis descriptor horse descriptor • ibis • animal • bird • horse • animal horse-and-rider descriptor ichneumon descriptor: same as shrew • horse.and.rider icon type: same as portrait and saint horsebit type • horsebit idiophone type: same as musical instrument • harness idol type: same as figure • fragment

ilkhanid culture: same as iranian and islamic horseshoe type

• horseshoe illyrian culture: same as greek

horus descriptor (describing the shape of an object) impasto material • horus • polychrome • additionally same coding as god • pottery

hound descriptor: same as canine implement type

• human descriptor implement

• human imsety descriptor (describing the shape of an

object) humbaba descriptor (describing the shape of an • object): same as god imsety • additionally same coding as god hunnic culture: same as central asian infant descriptor: same as baby hunter descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as male inhert descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the Egyptian god) type • inhert • additionally same coding as god italo-corinthian culture: same as italic and inlay type corinthian • inlay italo-geometric culture: same as italic and inkwell type geometric • vessel italo-megarian culture: same as italic and inscribed descriptor (also inscription) megarian • inscription ivory material insect descriptor • ivory • insect • animal jackal descriptor: same as canine instrument type (describing a non-musical jadeite material: same as gemstone instrument or tool): same as implement janiform descriptor (describing an object in the intaglio type: same as ringstone shape of two faces looking in opposite directions) ionian culture: same as greek • janiform iranian culture janus-headed descriptor: same as janiform • iranian • additionally same coding as near eastern jar type (also stirrup-jar) • vessel iraqi culture: same as syrian jasper material irish culture • jasper • irish • gemstone • european javelin type: same as spear iron material • iron jemdet nasr culture • metal • jemdet.nasr • additionally same coding as sumerian isin larsa culture: same as sumerian jesus descriptor: same as christ isis descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the Egyptian goddess) jet material: same as gemstone • isis • additionally same coding as goddess jewelry type • jewelry islamic culture jewish culture: same as levantine israelite culture: same as levantine john the baptist descriptor: same as saint italic culture: same as italian jordanian culture: same as levantine italian culture • italian judaean culture: same as levantine italo-celtic culture: same as italic and celtic jug type (also juglet) • vessel juggler descriptor • mummy • male • additionally same coding as god • human khorassan culture juno descriptor: same as hera • khorassan • additionally the same coding as persian jupiter descriptor: same as zeus khorvin culture: same as iranian justinian descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the emperor): same as emperor kid descriptor (describing an object in the shape of a young goat): same as goat kalathos type • vessel kilnspur type: same as support and household kallipygos descriptor (describing the shape of an king descriptor (describing the shape of an object) object): same as aphrodite • king • additionally same coding as male kalpis type • vessel kitharoidos descriptor: same as apollo kaluraz culture: same as iranian knife type: same as blade kandila type (also kandile) knucklebone type: same as astragalos • vessel kitten descriptor: same as feline type • vessel koban culture: same as caucasian karnak culture: same as egyptian kore type • figure kashan culture: same as iranian • female • human kassite culture: same as babylonian kothon type kemai type • vessel • vessel kotile type (also kotyle) kerman culture: same as baluchistan • vessel type kouros type • vessel • figure • male ketos type • human • vessel type (also bell-krater or column-krater or kettle type volute-krater) • vessel • vessel key type krateriskos type • key • vessel • household kufic culture: same as iraqi and islamic khonsu descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the Egyptian mummy-god) kurdistan culture: same as iraqi • stone kushan culture: same as bactrian leather material kushano-sasanian culture: same as kushan and • leather sasanian leda descriptor (describing the shape of an object): kushite culture: same as nubian same as mythical and female type leg descriptor (describing an object in the shape of a • vessel human leg) • leg type • vessel lekanis type • vessel labrum type: same as fountain type lachrymatorium type • vessel • vessel lentoid type: same as amygdaloid laconian culture: same as greek leopard descriptor ladle type • animal • ladle • feline • household • leopard • implement levantine culture lady descriptor: same as female • levantine • additionally same coding as mesopotamian lagash culture: same as sumerian libyan culture: same as north african lagynos type • vessel lid type (describing the lid of a vessel sold by itself) • lid lamp type • lamp limestone material • limestone lance type: same as spear • stone lapis material (also lapis lazuli) limonite material: same as hematite • lapis • gemstone linen material: coded as textile lar descriptor lintel type: same as architrave • mythical • god lion descriptor • male • animal • human • lion • feline larnax type • funerary lioness descriptor: same as leopard • vessel lizard descriptor lead material • animal • lead • reptile • lizard magna graecia culture: same as greek lobster descriptor male descriptor (alternatively man or men) • animal • male • human lock type • clasp maltese culture: same as mediterranean • household mamluk culture: same a egyptian and islamic and lodestone material: same as magnesite levantine loutherion type manganese material: same as magnesite • vessel marble material loutrophorus type • marble • vessel • stone lucanian culture: same as south italian marduk descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as god luristan culture • luristan mari culture: same as syrian • additionally same coding as iranian marlik culture: same as iranian lusatian culture: same as european mars descriptor: same as ares lydian culture: same as east greek marsyas descriptor: same as satyr type • vessel mask type • mask lynx descriptor: same as feline master-of-animals descriptor (describing the shape maat descriptor of an object) • maat • master.of.animals • female • human type • • mythical vessel

• god mayhes descriptor (describing an object in the

shape of the Egyptian god): same as male, god, mace type (also macehead) and lion • mace

• weapon medallion type

• medallion macedonian culture: same as balkan • additionally same coding as ornament

maenad descriptor medieval culture: same as european • mythical

• god mediterranean culture (used on its own, not as part • female of eastern mediterranean): same as italian • human medusa descriptor: same as gorgon magnesite material: coded as gemstone megarian culture: same as corinthian meleager descriptor (describing the shape of an minoan culture object): same as god • minoan • additionally same coding as greek melpomene descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as muse minotaur descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as monster, bovine, and male menander descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as male mirror type • mirror menorah type • additionally same coding as household and • menorah implement merchant descriptor (describing the shape of an mitanni culture: same as syrian object): same as male mithradates descriptor (describing the shape of an mercury descriptor: same as hermes object): same as king meret-amun descriptor (describing the shape of an mithras descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as queen object): same as god mermaid descriptor (describing the shape of an modiolus type object): same as mythical, female, and fish • vessel meroitic culture: same as north african moesia culture: same as balkan merovingian culture: same as frankish model type (describing a sculptor’s model) • model mesolithic culture/time period: coded as neolithic mold type mesomphalos type • mold • vessel mongol culture: same as central asian mesopotamian culture • mesopotamian monkey descriptor: same as ape • additionally same coding as near eastern monogram descriptor: same as inscribed messapian culture: same as apulian monster descriptor metal material • monster • metal • mythical metope type: same as frieze montefortino culture: same as italian migration period culture: same as european moravian culture: same as european millefiori descriptor: same as glass mortar type • mortar min descriptor (describing an object in the shape of • vessel the phallic god): same as god and phallic mortuary descriptor: same as funerary minerva descriptor: same as athena mosaic type: same as architectonic and panel miniac culture: same as south arabian mother descriptor: same as female nebuchadnezzar descriptor (describing the shape mother-of-pearl material: same as nacre of an object): same as king mouflon descriptor: same as ibex necklace type • necklace mount type: same as base • jewelry mouse descriptor necklet type: same as necklace • animal • mouse needle type: same as pin mug type nefertiti descriptor (describing the shape of an • vessel object): same as queen mummy type (also mummified) nefertum descriptor (describing the shape of an • mummy object): same as god muse descriptor (describing the shape of an object): neith descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as goddess same as goddess musical instrument type nekhbet descriptor (describing the shape of an • musical.instrument object): same as goddess and vulture mut descriptor (describing an object in the shape of nemesis descriptor (describing the shape of an the Egyptian goddess) object): same as goddess • mut • additionally same coding as goddess nenfro material: same as breccia muzzle type: same as harness and fragment neolithic culture/time period • neolithic mycenaean culture • mycenaean nephrite material: same as jadeite • additionally same coding as greek nephthys descriptor (describing the shape of an mythical descriptor (also mythological, describing object): same as goddess an object in the shape of a mythological person or creature) neptune descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as god • mythical

nereid descriptor (describing the shape of an nabataean culture object): same as goddess • nabataean

• additionally same coding as levantine nero descriptor (describing the shape of an object):

same as emperor nacre material: same as pearl nicolo material nail type: same as cone • nicolo

• naqada culture: same as egyptian gemstone • stone narcissus descriptor: same as mythical and male niello material near eastern culture • copper • near.eastern • silver • inlay omphalos type nike descriptor (describing the shape of an object): • vessel same as goddess onyx material nilotic culture: same as north african • onyx • gemstone nimrud culture: same as assyrian • stone nineveh culture: same as assyrian ordos culture: same as central asian nishapur culture: same as khorassan and islamic ornament type • ornament nordic culture • nordic oscillum type • european • vessel north african culture osiris descriptor (describing the shape of an object) • osiris nubian culture: same as north african • additionally same coding as god nuraghian culture (also nuraghic): same as ossuary type sardinian • funerary

• vessel nymph descriptor (describing the shape of an

object): same as goddess ostracon type (also ostrakon): same as fragment

obelisk type ostrich descriptor: same as bird • pillar ostrogothic culture: same as gothic obsidian material • obsidian owl descriptor • gemstone • owl • stone • bird • animal oceanus descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as god ox descriptor: same as bovine odysseus descriptor (describing the shape of an oxyrhynchus descriptor: same as fish object): same as hero paestan culture offering tray type (also offering table): same as • paestan tray • additionally same coding as south italian

oinochoe type (plural oinochoai) painted descriptor: same as polychrome • vessel

paleolithic culture/time period: coded as olla type prehistoric • vessel palestinian culture: same as levantine olivine material: same as basanite palette type olpe type • palette • vessel palmyran culture (also palmyrene) type • palmyran • vessel • additionally same coding as syrian and roman pendant type: same as brooch and ornament panel type • panel periodite material: same as olivine • fragment persephone descriptor (describing the shape of an panther descriptor (also pantheress): same as object): same as goddess leopard persian culture: same as iranian papasilenus descriptor (also papasilenos or papposilenos): same as silenus pestle type: same as household and implement papyrus material phalera type: same as medallion • papyrus phallic descriptor parthian culture • phallic • parthian • erotic • additionally same coding as iranian pharaoh descriptor (describing the shape of an pataek descriptor: same as ptaichos object): same as king patella type pheasant descriptor (describing the shape of an • vessel object): same as bird paten type phial type • plate • vessel • vessel phiale type type • plate • plate • vessel • vessel philosopher descriptor (describing the shape of an pazuzu descriptor object): same as male

• mythical phoenician culture • male • phoenician • animal • additionally same coding as levantine • monster

phrygian culture: same as east greek peacock descriptor: same as bird

picene culture: same as italian pearl material

• pearl picrolite material: same as serpentine • gemstone • stone pike type (also pike-head): same as axehead pectoral type: same as brooch and ornament pin type: same as clasp and jewelry pegasus descriptor: same as mythical and horse piravend culture: same as samarkand pegmatite material: same as granite pitcher type • vessel pot type type • vessel • vessel pothos descriptor (describing the shape of an plagioclase material: same as feldspar object): same as erote plaque type pottery material • plaque • pottery • ornament precious stone material plasma material: same as gemstone • precious • gemstone plaster material • stone • plaster prehistoric culture/time period plate type • prehistoric • plate • vessel presargonic culture: same as akkadian platter type priapic descriptor: same as phallic • plate • vessel priapus descriptor (also priapos, describing the shape of an object): same as god and phallic plemochoe type • vessel priest descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as male plumbata type: same as weight priestess descriptor (describing the shape of an plumbbob type: same as weight object): same as female pollux descriptor: same as dioscuros prince descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as king polycandelon type • polycandelon princess descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as queen polychrome descriptor • polychrome prochous type • vessel pommel type: same as hilt proto-attic culture: same as attic pompeiian culture: same as italian proto-bactrian culture: same as bactrian pony descriptor: same as horse proto-corinthian culture: same as corinthian porcelain material: same as pottery proto-cypriot culture: same as cypriot porphyry material: same as feldspar proto-elamite culture: same as elamite portrait type • portrait proto-geometric culture: same as geometric poseidon descriptor (describing the shape of an proto-sumerian culture: same as sumerian object): same as god protome type: same as attachment • sheep pseudo-amphora type: same as amphora • ram pseudo-scarab type: same as scarab rattle type • rattle pseudo-vessel type: same as vessel • musical.instrument psyche descriptor (describing the shape of an razor type: same as blade object): same as goddess red-figure descriptor ptah descriptor (describing the shape of an object) • red.figure • ptah • pottery • additionally same coding as god rein type: same as bridle ptaichos descriptor (also pataikos, describing the shape of an object): same as dwarf and ptah relief type • relief punic culture: same as carthaginian and phoenician reliquary type

• funerary puppy descriptor: same as canine • vessel

type repousse descriptor • vessel • repousse

qataban culture: same as south arabian reptile descriptor

• qebehsenuef descriptor (describing the shape of an animal object): same as god and falcon • reptile quadruped descriptor: same as animal rhenish culture: same as rhineland quartz material rhineland culture: same as german • quartz rhodian culture: same as greek • gemstone

• stone type

• vessel quartzite material: same as quartz

ring type queen descriptor (describing the shape of an object) • ring • queen

• female ringstone type • human • ringstone

• jewelry quiver type

• quiver ritual object type • weapon • ritual.object

rabbit descriptor rock crystal material • animal • rock.crystal • rabbit • gemstone

• stone ram descriptor

• animal rod type: same as household and implement samos culture: same as greek roman culture sandal type • roman • sandal romanesque culture sandstone material • romanesque • sandstone • european • stone romano-british culture: same as roman and sandalwood material: same as wood british sapphire material romano-celtic culture: same as roman and celtic • precious • gemstone romano-coptic culture: same as roman and coptic saqqara culture (also sakkara): same as egyptian romano-egyptian culture: same as roman and egyptian sarcophagus type • sarcophagus romano-syrian culture: same as roman and Syrian • coffin rooster descriptor sard material: same as carnelian • bird • animal sardinian culture: same as italian • rooster sardonyx material: same as onyx rosette type: same as roundel sarmatian culture: same as iranian roundel type • roundel sasanian culture (also sassanian) • additionally same coding as ornament • sasanian • additionally same coding as persian sabaean culture: same as south arabian satyr descriptor: same as mythical, man, and goat safavid culture: same as iranian and islamic saucepan type saint descriptor • vessel • male or female (as appropriate) • human saxon culture: same as anglo-saxon saite culture: same as egyptian scabbard type • scabbard sakissabad culture: same as persian • weapon salgotarjan culture: same as european scandinavian culture: same as nordic samanid culture: same as iranian and islamic scarab type (also scaraboid) • scarab samaritan culture: same as levantine • additionally same coding as amulet samarkand culture: same as central asian scepter type • scepter samnite culture: same as italian • jewelry schist material servant descriptor (describing the shape of an • schist object): same as male or female (as • stone appropriate) scraper type: same as tool sesostris descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the pharaoh): same as king scribe descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as male seti descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the pharaoh): same as king sculpture type: same as figure severus descriptor: same as septimius scylla descriptor: same as monster sextus descriptor (describing an object in the shape scythian culture: same as iranian and and central of the emperor) asian sgraffito descriptor • sgraffito sea monster descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as monster shabti type (also shaouabti) • shabti sea wolf descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as mythical, wolf, and fish shard type: same as sherd seal type sheep descriptor • sheep section descriptor: same as fragment • animal sekhmet descriptor (describing the shape of an sheet type (describing a piece of papyrus or other object): same as goddess and leopard paper) • sheet selene descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as goddess shell material • shell seleucid culture: same as iranian and hellenistic shepherd descriptor (describing the shape of an seljuk culture: same as iranian and islamic object): same as male semitic culture (also western semitic): same as sherd type: same as fragment south arabian shield type septimius descriptor (describing an object in the • shield shape of the emperor): same as emperor • weapon serapis descriptor (describing the shape of an shovel type: same as tool object) • serapis shrew descriptor: same as mouse • additionally same coding as male shu descriptor (describing the shape of an object) serpent descriptor: same as snake • shu

• additionally same coding as god serpentine material • serpentine sicilian culture: same as italian • gemstone • stone sickle type: same as blade sidonian culture: same as phoenician soapstone material: same as steatite signet type sobek descriptor (describing the shape of an object): • seal same as god and crocodile • ringstone socle type silenus descriptor (also silenos, describing the • vessel shape of an object): same as mythical and male socrates descriptor (describing an object in the silk material: same as textile shape of the philosopher): same as male silvanus descriptor: same as silenus sogdian culture: same as central asian and iranian silver material sokar descriptor: same as ptah • silver • metal sol descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as god simpulum type: same as ladle soldier descriptor (describing the shape of an siren descriptor (describing the shape of an object): object): same as male same as female, mythical, and bird sophocles descriptor (describing an object in the sistrum type: same as rattle shape of the playwright): same as male sisyphus descriptor (describing the shape of an sorcerer descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as mythical and male object): same as male sorceress descriptor (describing the shape of an type object): same as female • situla • funerary south arabian culture • vessel • south.arabian • additionally same coding as near eastern skillet type • vessel south italian culture: same as italian and greek type spatula type: same as household and tool

• vessel spear type slate material: same as schist • spear • blade slave descriptor (describing the shape of an object): • weapon same as male or female (as appropriate) sphinx descriptor slavic culture: same as european • mythical • sphinx smyrna culture: same as east greek spike type: same as spear snail descriptor: same as animal spindle type snake descriptor • spindle • animal • household • reptile • snake spindle-whorl type • spindle • disc • furniture • fragment stopper type: same as lid spoon type • spoon strainer type • household • vessel • implement strigil type spout type (describing a spout from a vessel sold by • strigil itself) • household • spout • implement stag descriptor stucco material: same as plaster • animal • deer stylus type: same as household and implement • stag sultanabad culture: same as Iranian and islamic type • vessel sumerian culture • sumerian stamp type: same as seal • additionally same coding as iraqi stamp seal type: same as seal support type: same as base stand type (also standlet): same as base susiana culture: same as elamite standard type: same as finial swan descriptor: same as goose standard-bearer descriptor (describing the shape sword type: same as blade of an object): same as male syrian culture statue type (also statuette): same as figure • syrian • additionally same coding as mesopotamian steatite material • steatite syro-canaanite culture: same as syrian and • gemstone canaanite • stone syro-hittite culture: same as syrian and hittite steel material: same as iron syro-palestinian culture: same as syrian and steelyard type palestinian • steelyard syro-phoenician culture: same as syrian and • implement phoenician

stele type syro-roman culture: same as syrian and roman • pillar

table type stirrer type (also stirring rod): same as rod • table

• stone material furniture

• stone tablet type

• stool type tablet tambourine type thoeris descriptor (also tueris): same as taueret • musical.instrument thoth descriptor (describing the shape of an object): tanagra culture: same as greek same as god and ibis tankard type thracian culture: same as greek • vessel thraco-celtic culture: same as thracian and celtic tapestry type: same as textile thymiaterion type: same as censer and vessel tarentine culture (also taranto and tarentum): same as apulian ticket type: same as token tarquinia descriptor (describing an object in the tiger descriptor (also tigress) : same as leopard shape of the empress): same as empress tile type taueret descriptor (describing an object in the shape • tile of the Egyptian goddess) • fertility toad descriptor: same as frog • additionally same coding as hippopotamus and goddess togatus descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as male tel brak culture: same as syrian token type: same as gamepiece tel el yahudiyeh culture: same as egyptian and levantine tondo type: same as boss tel halaf culture: same as syrian tool type: same as implement tepe hissar culture: same as iranian toothpick type: same as household and implement tepe giyan culture: same as iranian torque type • torque tepe sialk culture: same as kashan • additionally same coding as necklace terminal type: same as finial torso descriptor (describing an object in the shape of a human torso) terracotta material: same as pottery • torso tetradrachm type: same as coin tortoise descriptor: same as turtle textile type toy type • textile • toy • household theban culture: same as boeotian transcaucasian culture: same as caucasian theriomorphic descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as animal transjordanian culture: same as jordanian thetis descriptor (describing the shape of an object): trapezophorus type same as nereid • vessel thimble type: same as household and instrument travertine material: same as limestone tray type • tray ur iii culture • ur.iii triton descriptor (describing the shape of an object): • additionally same coding as syrian same as god uraeus descriptor (plural uraei): same as cobra trozella type • vessel urmia culture: same as azerbaijan tunic type: same as textile urn type • vessel tunisian culture: same as north african uruk culture: same as jemdet nasr turan descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as goddess uzbekistan culture: same as caspian and central asian tureen type • vessel vase type • vessel turquoise material • turquoise venus descriptor: same as aphrodite • gemstone • stone vespasian descriptor (describing an object in the shape of the emperor): same as king turtle descriptor • animal vessel type • reptile • vessel • turtle vial type tuthmosis descriptor (describing the shape of an • vessel object): same as king viking culture: same as nordic tweezer type • tweezer villanovan culture: same as italian • additionally same coding as household and implement vinca culture: same as european tyche descriptor (describing the shape of an object): visigothic culture: same as gothic same as aphrodite votary descriptor: same as votive udjat eye type: same as wedjat-eye votive descriptor ugro-finnic culture: same as european • votive umbo type vulture descriptor • fragment • vulture • additionally same coding as shield and boss • bird • animal umbrian culture: same as italian ware material (also buffware, creamware, urartian culture greyware, orangeware, redware, whiteware): • urartian same as pottery • additionally same coding as iranian and mesopotamian warrior descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as male worshipper descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as male or female waterfowl descriptor (describing the shape of an (as appropriate) object): same as bird wrapping type: same as textile wax material • wax wreath type: same as diadem weasel descriptor wrestler descriptor (describing the shape of • animal an object): same as male wedjat-eye type (also wadjet-eye) yak descriptor (describing the shape of an • wedjat.eye object): same as bovine • amulet yortan culture: same as anatolian wall type: same as architectonic and panel youth descriptor: same as male weapon type • weapon zebu descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as bull weight type • weight zeus descriptor (describing the shape of an object) welsh culture: same as british • zeus • additionally same coding as god wepwawet descriptor (describing the shape of an object): same as god and wolf ziwiye culture (also ziwiyeh): same as iranian western asiatic culture • western.asiatic zoomorphic descriptor (describing the • additionally same coding as near eastern shape of an object): same as animal wheel type • wheel whetstone type • whetstone • disc • tool whistle type: same as toy wolf descriptor • animal • canine • wolf

woman descriptor: same as female

wood material • wood

wool material: same as textile