DOCSLIB.ORG

Large Passive House Building HVAC the New England Experience

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Large Passive House Building HVAC the New England Experience 2020‐08‐19 1 Large Passive House Building HVAC The New England Experience Mike Woolsey, Certified Passive House Designer Member iPHA, ASHRAE Voting Member ASHRAE SPC 227P Passive Building Business Development Manager Swegon [email protected] +1 612 685 6519 Course credit: 1.0 PDH; 1.0 PHI CEU 2 Integrating HVAC into Large Passive House Building Design 2 1 2020‐08‐19 Learning Objectives 1. Understand the benefits of energy recovery ventilators in general, with special focus on their benefits to the Passive House project. 2. Understand the properties of energy recovery ventilators that are most valuable on Passive House projects. 3. Understand the limits of energy recovery ventilators when applied on Passive House projects. 4. Understand the integration of energy recovery ventilators in the Passive House design, with case studies. 3 Integrating HVAC into Large Passive House Building Design 3 Passive House Characteristics 4 2 2020‐08‐19 DRAMATIC ENERGY SAVINGS Approx90% Up to75% reduction in heating & cooling reduction in total energy usage. Introduction to Passive House www.naphnetwork.org 5 FROM EXPERIMENT TO POLICY 1st Modern Passive House: 1990 Introduction to Passive House www.naphnetwork.org 6 3 2020‐08‐19 BOLD IMPLEMENTATION BRUSSELS, 2015: All buildings, private, public, new and retrofitted mandated Passive House performance. EUROPE, 2020: Nearly zero-energy buildings. Introduction to Passive House www.naphnetwork.org 7 COMPLEX BUILDINGS IN VARIED CLIMATES Introduction to Passive House www.naphnetwork.org 8 4 2020‐08‐19 PASSIVE HOUSE CHARACTERISTICS Airtight High Performance Openings Climate‐specific Insulation Continuous Ventilation With Heat Recovery No Thermal Bridges 9 Integrating HVAC into Large Passive House Building Design 9 PHI PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS Design Criteria – energy saving features Criteria Alternate Criteria AIRTIGHTNESS Infiltration / Exfiltration n50 (n0.2) ACH ≤ 0.6 HEATING Annual Heating Demand kBtu/ft2•yr ≤ 4.75 Peak Heat Load Btu/ft2•hr ≤ 3.17 COOLING ≤ 4.75 Cooling kBtu/ft2•yr + climate specific dehumidification allowance Cooling Load Btu/ft2•hr THERMAL BRIDGING Ψ Btu/(hr•ft•˚F) <0.006 10 Integrating HVAC into Large Passive House Building Design 10 5 2020‐08‐19 PHI PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS Design Goals – comfort and energy consumption Criteria COMFORT Indoor Temperature °F < 75 most of the year (90%) Energy Demand Goals Renewable Primary Energy Demand (PER) kWh/ft2•yr 5.6 RESULTS: Actual energy performance 40-80% less EUI than average new build.* Sources: • Frappé-Sénéclauze,Tom-Pierre et. al. Accelerating Market Transformation for High-Performance Building • iPHA Fact Sheet 2019-02. Heating Energy Consumption: expectations confirmed in practice, International Passive House Association, https://news.passiv.net/archive/DGvow‐aeM/_mcmHyFPT/pKN8V60HUJ 11 Integrating HVAC into Large Passive House Building Design 11 12 Integrating HVAC into Large Passive House Building Design 12 6 2020‐08‐19 Question 1 • Name 2 of 5 Passive Building characteristics 13 13 Passive House HVAC 14 7 2020‐08‐19 AIRTIGHT CONSTRUCTION Saves Energy and Requires Continuous Ventilation Airtight layer • saves energy by reducing infiltration of unconditioned air, and reducing exfiltration of conditioned air • improves comfort by reducing draftiness and keeping fine airborne particles outside • traps moisture and contaminants by preventing exfiltration Continuous ventilation • Replaces moist and contaminated air with conditioned outside air Photo courtesy of Rockwool 15 Integrating HVAC into Large Passive House Building Design 15 AIRTIGHT CONSTRUCTION Energy savings example 700,000 Example 600,000 Building dimensions 100ft x 50ft x 50ft ASHRAE 90.1 3 500,000 Energy Standard Occupied volume 230,000ft (Btuh) for Buildings Envelope area 25,000ft2 loss 400,000 (2016) International Temperature, indoors 68°F heat 300,000 Energy Temperature, outdoors 10°F Conservation 200,000 Code (2016) Resulting 100,000 Passive House 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Allowable envelope leakage (CFM) Maximum tested Resulting infiltration Heating required due envelope leakage / exfiltration (CFM) to leakage (Btuh) Passive House 0.6 ACH 2,300 144,072 baseline IECC 0.25 CFM/ft2 6,250 391,500 +171% ASHRAE 90.1 0.4 CFM/ft2 10,000 626,400 +334% 16 8 2020‐08‐19 CLIMATE-SPECIFIC INSULATION Saves energy and maximizes benefits of energy recovery Climate‐specific insulation • Saves energy by reducing heat flows into/out of the building • Improves comfort by keeping surface temperatures warmer in winter, cooler in summer • Reduces heating/cooling equipment size • Improves resiliance Energy Recovery Ventilation • Saves energy by capturing heat, returning heat to building, rejecting heat in summer • Minimizes need for additional Photo courtesy of Rockwool heating and cooling • Reduces need for and size of 17 Integrating HVAC into Large Passive House Building Design central and terminal heating 17 Energy Recovery Air Handlers 18 9 2020‐08‐19 ENERGY RECOVERY AIR HANDLER Rotary Wheel Type HRV EXHAUST AIR RETURN AIR OUTDOOR AIR SUPPLY AIR 19 Integrating HVAC into Large Passive House Building Design 19 HEAT RECOVERY VENTILATOR (HRV) ROTARY WHEEL 20 Integrating HVAC into Large Passive House Building Design 20 10 2020‐08‐19 HEAT RECOVERY VENTILATOR (HRV) Plate type - Large OUTDOOR AIR RETURN AIR EXHAUST AIR SUPPLY AIR 21 Integrating HVAC into Large Passive House Building Design 21 ENERGY RECOVERY VENTILATOR (ERV) Winter Operation • Continuous ventilation • Recovers sensible heat Exhaust Air Fan • Recovers latent heat Rotary Heat Exchanger 85% Sensible, 83% latent Return Air Filter, MERV 13 13°F Exhaust Air (EA) Return Air (RA) 70°F 92% RH 30% RH 3°F Outside Air (OA) Supply Air (SA) 60°F 79% RH 36% RH Outside Air Filter, MERV 13 Supply Air Fan Outside Inside 22 Integrating HVAC into Large Passive House Building Design 22 11 2020‐08‐19 ENERGY RECOVERY VENTILATOR (ERV) Summer Operation • Continuous ventilation • Recovers sensible heat Exhaust Air Fan • Recovers latent heat Rotary Heat Exchanger 85% Sensible, 79% latent Return Air Filter, MERV 13 88°F Exhaust Air (EA) Return Air (RA) 75°F 41% RH 52% RH 90°F Outside Air (OA) Supply Air (SA) 77°F 39% RH 50% RH Outside Air Filter, MERV 13 Supply Air Fan Outside Inside 23 Integrating HVAC into Large Passive House Building Design 23 PHI-certified Air Handling Units with Heat Recovery 24 12 2020‐08‐19 PHI Certification of recovery ventilators 25 25 PHI Certification Criteria 26 26 13 2020‐08‐19 PHI Certification Criteria 27 27 PHI Certification Waste heat heat recovery effectiveness term AHRI ASHRAE PHI PHIUS HVI ̇ No minimum No minimum 75% minimum 83%-94% minimum No minimum effectiveness effectiveness effectiveness1 effectiveness2 effectiveness 1. www.passivehouse.com 2. http://www.phius.org/documents/PHIUS%20HRV%20ERV%20certification%20program%20v0.8.pdf 28 28 14 2020‐08‐19 PHI Certification Air handling unit electrical efficiency Specific electrical power Pel SI ≤0.45 Wh/m3 IP ≤0.765 W/CFM Electrical power (W) measured during thermodynamic testing, sum of: ①supply fan ④ ②exhaust fan ② ③energy recovery wheel motor ④control devices ③ ① 29 29 PHI Certification Air handling unit electrical efficiency – example of energy benefits Selection PHI-certified AHU AHRI-certified AHU Airflow (CFM) 3450 3450 Size 35 20 Specific electrical power (W/CFM) 0.62 1.03 (+66%) 30 30 15 2020‐08‐19 PHI Certification Air handling unit leakage Leakage <3% Exhaust/Supply Cross-contamination 31 31 PHI Certification Air handling unit comfort Supply Air ≥61.7°F temperature When Outside Air = 14°F temperature Exhaust Air (EA) Return Air (RA) 14°F Outside Air (OA) Supply Air (SA) 61.7°F Outside Inside 32 32 16 2020‐08‐19 PHI Certification Air handling unit airflow range Supply Air flow range 315 to 5300 CFM When tested at External pressure 0.9 to 1.5 inWC Exhaust Air (EA) Return Air (RA) Outside Air (OA) Supply Air (SA) Outside Inside 33 33 PHI Certification Automatic controls to Avoid Excess Negative Pressurization CAUSES: ERV1 • uneven filter loading • opening doors/windows • wind pressure • temperature differences COMPLICATIONS: Air entering via infiltration is unconditioned: • leads to unpredictable comfort • eventually consumes HVAC energy PHI-required REMEDY: self-balancing controls 34 17 2020‐08‐19 PHI Certification Automatic controls to Avoid Excess Positive Pressurization CAUSES: • uneven filter loading ERV1 • opening doors/windows • wind pressure • temperature differences COMPLICATIONS: Conditioned forced out of building • Wastes air handler energy • May force moisture into building material • more difficult to maintain comfort PHI-required REMEDY: self-balancing controls 35 Question 2 • Name 2 of 5 criteria for achieving PHI certification for ERV 36 36 18 2020‐08‐19 Integrating HVAC into Passive Buildings 37 PASSIVE HOUSE ERV CERTIFICATION REDUCED ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION ERV selected Annual Energy lowest PHI- VALUE of Consumption first cost certified PHI-certification (kWh) ERV (kWh) Fans (3450 CFM) 10,396 6,235 41% less fan Recovery Wheel 146 146 No change Cooling 7,419 7,128 4% less cooling Heating 23,790 24,402 3% more (reheat) School and Gym Passive House Certified Energy Recovery Air Handlers Moisture control 1,268 997 21% less moisture control TOTAL 43,020 38,908 9.6% less Total Energy use 38 Integrating HVAC into Large Passive House Building Design 38 19 2020‐08‐19 HVAC INTEGRATION Reference Standards Standard Informs UL/ULc Addresses North American requirements for overall life safety ISO
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Preparing HVAC Systems Before Reoccupying a Building by JOHN MCCARTHY, SC.D., C.I.H., MEMBER ASHRAE; KEVIN COGHLAN, C.I.H
    TECHNICAL FEATURE This article was published in ASHRAE Journal, January 2021. Copyright 2020 ASHRAE. Posted at www.ashrae.org. This article may not be copied and/or distributed electronically or in paper form without permission of ASHRAE. For more information about ASHRAE Journal, visit www.ashrae.org. Preparing HVAC Systems Before Reoccupying A Building BY JOHN MCCARTHY, SC.D., C.I.H., MEMBER ASHRAE; KEVIN COGHLAN, C.I.H. As states across the U.S. roll out new phases of reopening and ease social distanc- ing restrictions instituted to “flatten the curve” of infection from SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19), commercial building owners and facility manag- ers are seeking direction in preparing their spaces to a return to near-normal levels of occupancy. World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations have focused on “de-densifying” spaces and disinfection of surfaces, while the ASHRAE Epidemic Task Force’s comprehen- sive Building Readiness guidance addresses strategies for preparing HVAC systems for buildings reopening after COVID-19 closures.1 Still, facility engineers have been wondering whether disinfecting their facility’s HVAC system is a further protective step to take to prepare for reopening—and about what else they should do. While no blanket answer exists to fit every scenario reduced loads or turned off as an energy-saving and every building type, the current science2 indicates measure. that, in general, disinfection of mechanical systems is not likely to be necessary. However, that doesn’t mean How SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Impacts Disinfection there isn’t work to be done—or risks to address before Recommendations reopening or expanding the number of occupants To understand why HVAC system disinfection may not in the space.
    [Show full text]
  • Position Document on Resiliency in the Built Environment
    ASHRAE and CIBSE Position Document on Resiliency in the Built Environment Approved by ASHRAE Board of Directors June 26, 2019 Approved by the CIBSE Board July 11, 2019 Expires June 26, 2022 © 2019 ASHRAE and CIBSE ASHRAE • 1791 Tullie Circle, NE • Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2305 • 404-636-8400 • www.ashrae.org CIBSE • 222, Balham High Road • London SW12 9BS • 0208 675 5211 • www.cibse.org © 2019 ASHRAE and CIBSE. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without copyright holders' prior written permission. COMMITTEE ROSTER The ASHRAE and CIBSE Position Document on Resiliency in the Built Environment was developed by ASHRAE’s Resiliency in the Built Environment Position Document Committee formed on October 10, 2017, with David Under- wood as its chair. David Underwood Andrew Persily Retired NIST Oakville, ON, Canada Gaithersburg, MD, USA Scott Campbell Thomas Phoenix National Ready Mixed Concrete Association Clark Patterson Lee Milwaukee, WI, USA Greensboro, NC, USA Hywel Davies CIBSE Paul Torcellini London, United Kingdom Eastford, CT, USA Bill McQuade Chandra Sekhar AHRI National University of Singapore Arlington, VA, USA Singapore, Singapore The CIBSE Technology Committee was responsible for oversight of the CIBSE contribution to this position docu- ment. Cognizant Committees The chairperson of ASHRAE Technical Committee 2.10, Resilience and Security, also served as an ex-officio member: Jason DeGraw Arvada, CO, USA ASHRAE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, owned by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. © 2019 ASHRAE and CIBSE. For personal use only.
    [Show full text]
  • ASHRAE Position Document on Filtration and Air Cleaning
    ASHRAE Position Document on Filtration and Air Cleaning Approved by ASHRAE Board of Directors January 29, 2015 Reaffirmed by Technology Council January 13, 2018 Expires January 23, 2021 ASHRAE 1791 Tullie Circle, NE • Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2305 404-636-8400 • fax: 404-321-5478 • www.ashrae.org © 2015 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission. COMMITTEE ROSTER The ASHRAE Position Document on Filtration and Air Cleaning was developed by the Society's Filtration and Air Cleaning Position Document Committee formed on January 6, 2012, with Pawel Wargocki as its chair. Pawel Wargocki, Chair Dean A. Saputa Technical University of Denmark UV Resources Kongens Lyngby, Denmark Santa Clarita, CA Thomas H. Kuehn William J. Fisk University of Minnesota Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Minneapolis, MN Berkeley, CA H.E. Barney Burroughs Jeffrey A. Siegel Building Wellness Consultancy, Inc. The University of Toronto Johns Creek, GA Toronto, ON, Canada Christopher O. Muller Mark C. Jackson Purafil Inc. The University of Texas at Austin Doraville, GA Austin, TX Ernest A. Conrad Alan Veeck BOMA International National Air Filtration Association Washington DC Virginia Beach, VA Other contributors: Dean Tompkins Madison, WI for his contribution on photocatalytic oxidizers Paul Francisco, Ex-Officio Cognizant Committee Chair Environmental Health Committee University of Illinois Champaign, IL ASHRAE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, owned by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. © 2015 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only.
    [Show full text]
  • ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 180-2018
    ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 180-2018 (Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 180-2012) Standard Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of Commercial Building HVAC Systems Approved by ASHRAE on June 11, 2018; by the Air Conditioning Contractors of America on May 13, 2018; and by the American National Standards Institute on June 11, 2018. ASHRAE® Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the Standard number is the year of ASHRAE approval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased on the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: [email protected]. Fax: 678-539-2129. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). For reprint permission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissions. © 2018 ASHRAE and ACCA® ISSN 1041-2336 ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 180 Lead Cognizant TC: 7.3, Operation and Maintenance Management Co-Cognizant TCs: 2.4, Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment; and TC 9.8, Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications SPLS Liaison: R. Lee Millies, Jr. Thomas L. Paxson*, Chair Kristin H. Heinemeier* Heather L. Platt* Donald R. Langston*, Vice-Chair Donald C. Herrmann Donald Prather* Richard A. Danks*, Secretary Peter C. Jacobs* Gregg A. Ray* Hywel Davies Michael J. Lawing* George Rodriguez* Bill R. Benito* Benjamin E. Lipscomb Dale T. Rossi* Michael Blazey Phil London* Robert J. Roth Glenn Friedman* Phil Maybee* Jeff O. Sturgeon* Michael W. Gallagher Marc Newman* John Warfield * Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publication ACCA–EI Standards Task Team 2018–2019 Phil Forner, Chair Warren Lupson Matt Todd Dave Galbreath, Vice-Chair Raymond Granderson Brent Ursenbach Danny Halel, Secretary Timothy Offord Tom Jackson Joe Pacella ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 2017–2018 Steven J.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Design Procedures for Vertical Borehole Heat Exchangers
    PROCEEDINGS, Fortieth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 26-28, 2015 SGP-TR-204 Assessment of Design Procedures for Vertical Borehole Heat Exchangers Eleonora Sailer1, David M.G. Taborda2 and James Keirstead2 1AECOM, Chelmsford, CM1 1HT, UK, formerly Imperial College London, UK 2Imperial College London, Dept. Civil & Environmental Engineering, London SW7 2AZ UK [email protected] Keywords: Borehole heat exchanger, low enthalpy systems, ground source heat, design guidelines ABSTRACT The use of ground source energy systems is a well-established method to provide low cost heating to buildings, diversify the energy mix and help meeting increasingly stricter sustainability targets. However, considerable uncertainties remain over their efficient design, with several standards, guidelines and manuals being proposed over the last few years. This paper aims at providing insight into the implications to the design of a vertical borehole heat exchanger of the adoption of different design procedures. The hypothetical case of a typical dwelling located in London, UK, is analysed in order to highlight the impact on the final design of the chosen methodology. Moreover, a parametric study using an analytical design procedure was performed to point out the influence of various factors, such as borehole characteristics and thermal properties of the ground. It is shown that there are considerable discrepancies between design methods and that uncertainties in some input parameters, such as the thermal properties of the ground, which for relatively small systems are often selected from tables rather than measured in situ, may have a substantial influence on the length of borehole required. 1. INTRODUCTION Borehole Heat Exchangers (BHE) are one type of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems and are classified as low enthalpy geothermal systems since they make use of low temperature differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Humidity and Occupants Presentation
    Humidity and Occupants What the Latest in Humidity Research Means for You Presenters Matt Nowak North American Sales Manager Armstrong International Eric Brodsky, PE Director of Technology Research Products Inc. / Aprilaire / DriSteem Duncan Curd General Manager Nortec Humidity Ltd. Jeremy Wolfe National Sales & Marketing Manager CAREL USA Agenda 1. Fundamentals of Humidity • Key Terms and Definitions • How indoor humidity changes throughout the year • Where humidification matter most 2. Humidity and People • Historical Research • Impacts of moisture to the human body • Recent advances in humidity research 3. Recent Research • Microbiome Study Details • Example of Hospital Savings • Results and Recommendations 4. Humidity in Your Building • Technologies for Humidification • Cooling and Humidifying with Adiabatic Systems • Humidification with Steam • Case Studies / Installation Examples What is Humidity and How Do We Measure It? Humidity • The amount of water vapor in the air • Measured in “Absolute” or “Relative” terms Absolute Humidity • Mass of water in particular volume of air • Expressed as mass (grains/lbda or gw/kgda) Relative Humidity • Amount of water vapor in the air relative to how much it can hold at a given temperature (%) 25 20 15 Maximum Moisture Content Of Air Depends 10 5 0 On Air Temperature Grains Grains of/ Water Cubic Foot of Air 0 5 -5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 -10 100 Air Temperature (F) How Much Water Can the Air Hold? Air Heated From 10°F @ 100% RH to 70 °F 1 lb (kg) of Air Would Only Be Less Than 10% RH 35°F (2°C) 30 gr (2g/kg) The Psychrometric Chart Typical RH in Las Vegas, NV Typical Temps in Las Vegas, NV Need for Humidification Summer (July 19th) – 104F @ 10% RH = 72F @ 27.5% RH Winter (Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Air-Conditioning Market Set for Growth and Technology Changes
    INDUSTRY NEWS This article was published in ASHRAE Journal, June 2020. Copyright 2020 ASHRAE. Posted at www.ashrae.org. This article may not be copied and/or distributed electronically or in paper form without permission of ASHRAE. For more information about ASHRAE Journal, visit www.ashrae.org. Global Air-Conditioning Market Set For Growth and Technology Changes BRACKNELL, BERKSHIRE, U.K.—Air conditioning already repre- GLOBAL HVAC AND BUILDING AUTOMATION CONTROL SYSTEMS (BACS) MARKET, 2019, $US BILLION sents the biggest segment of the global HVAC market, 51.4 62.4 44.4 8.7 18.9 and with rising global average temperatures, the need for cooling will keep growing, according to a BSRIA Commercial AC Residential AC Traditional Heating market report published in March. Renewable Heating BACS However, as the world’s focus will remain on the efforts SOURCE: BSRIA to limit global warming, the air-conditioning market DX SPLITS VS CHILLERS, BY VOLUME (COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, 2018-2024) will keep shifting toward more efficient products, the 14% use of refrigerants with lower global warming potential 12% and toward connectivity that will allow for remote moni- 10% toring of units and systems bringing vital energy and 8% operational efficiencies. 6% 4% In 2019 the global sales of air-conditioning units 2% increased by 2.3% year-on-year in volume and by 2.5% in 0% terms of USD value. Global Europe MEIA ASIA Pacific Americas In the United States, the AC market recorded overall Mini-VRF Maxi-VRF Multi-Splits Total Chillers SOURCE: BSRIA SOURCE: BSRIA growth in 2019, despite being a mature market, driven by a heathy economic growth, accessible and afford- three markets.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Chronology
    Air Conditioning and Refrigeration C H R O N O L O G Y Significant dates pertaining to Air Conditioning and Refrigeration revised May 4, 2006 Assembled by Bernard Nagengast for American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Additions by Gerald Groff, Dr.-Ing. Wolf Eberhard Kraus and International Institute of Refrigeration End of 3rd. Century B.C. Philon of Byzantium invented an apparatus for measuring temperature. 1550 Doctor, Blas Villafranca, mentioned process for cooling wine and water by adding potassium nitrate About 1597 Galileo’s ‘air thermoscope’ Beginning of 17th Century Francis Bacon gave several formulae for refrigeration mixtures 1624 The word thermometer first appears in literature in a book by J. Leurechon, La Recreation Mathematique 1631 Rey proposed a liquid thermometer (water) Mid 17th Century Alcohol thermometers were known in Florence 1657 The Accademia del Cimento, in Florence, used refrigerant mixtures in scientific research, as did Robert Boyle, in 1662 1662 Robert Boyle established the law linking pressure and volume of a gas a a constant temperature; this was verified experimentally by Mariotte in 1676 1665 Detailed publication by Robert Boyle with many fundamentals on the production of low temperatures. 1685 Philippe Lahire obtained ice in a phial by enveloping it in ammonium nitrate 1697 G.E. Stahl introduced the notion of “phlogiston.” This was replaced by Lavoisier, by the “calorie.” 1702 Guillaume Amontons improved the air thermometer; foresaw the existence of an absolute zero of temperature 1715 Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit developed mercury thermoneter 1730 Reamur introduced his scale on an alcohol thermometer 1742 Anders Celsius developed Centigrade Temperature Scale, later renamed Celsius Temperature Scale 1748 G.
    [Show full text]
  • New Guidance for Residential Air Cleaners- ASHRAE Journal Sep 2019
    TECHNICAL FEATURE ©ASHRAE www.ashrae.org. Used with permission from ASHRAE Journal at www.epa.gov. This article may not be copied nor distributed in either paper or digital form without ASHRAE’s permission. For more information about ASHRAE, visit www.ashrae.org. New Guidance for Residential Air Cleaners BY LEW HARRIMAN, FELLOW/LIFE MEMBER ASHRAE; BRENT STEPHENS, PH.D, MEMBER ASHRAE; TERRY BRENNAN, MEMBER ASHRAE As HVAC&R professionals, we in the ASHRAE community are sometimes asked ques- tions about residential indoor air quality (IAQ) and how to improve it. What contami- nants are most hazardous? How do I get rid of a particular smell? Should I use this air cleaner or that filter? Sadly, our friends and family generally lose patience when we helpfully suggest: “Well, it’s complicated. But just read Chapters 46, 60 and 62 in the ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications, because there’s great information in there.” In general, we find that information seekers are frustrated by such helpful advice. Usually, the question is repeated (with some heat) in a form such as: “You’re the professional. Can’t you boil it down? What should I DO in my HOUSE?” Fortunately, two new resources can help you better mainstream and social media. When you get questions answer such questions. First, the ASHRAE Residential from friends and family about residential air filtration Indoor Air Quality Guide1 is a comprehensive summary of and air cleaners, you may find the U.S. Enivronmental IAQ for homes and apartments, written by our mem- Protection Agency’s recently updated publications help- ber colleagues and published by ASHRAE in 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpretation 62.2-2007-10 – November 8, 2011
    INTERPRETATION IC 62.2-2007-10 OF ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 62.2-2007 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings Approved November 8, 2011 Request from: Katrin Klingenberg ([email protected]), Passive House Institute US (PHIUS), 110 South Race Street, Suite 202, Urbana, IL 61801. Reference: This request for interpretation refers to the requirements presented in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2007, Section 5.3 and Table 5.2, relating to continuous mechanical exhaust requirements for kitchens. Background: The Passive House Institute US is advocating and promoting the international Passive House Building Energy Standard to be widely adopted in the United States. The Passive House Building Energy Standard core technical piece is an optimized continuous balanced mechanical ventilation system. The supply and exhaust airflows required under this standard are determined a) by indoor air quality fresh air requirements based on occupants under consideration of the airtightness of the envelope and b) the exhaust air requirements based on the number of bathrooms and kitchens. Bathrooms require 24 cfm continuous exhaust and kitchens require 35 cfm continuous exhaust. The kitchen exhaust is part of the continuous balanced mechanical ventilation system with very high heat recovery efficiency and does not need to be vented directly to the outside. Charcoal filtration at the source of cooking is required before the kitchen exhaust air enters the kitchen exhaust intake. In fact, direct venting is to be avoided in a Passive House to minimize unnecessary heat loss through penetrations of the envelope and to optimize the overall energy balance of the home.
    [Show full text]
  • Meeting IAQ Needs with Enhanced Filtration (A Review of ASHRAE Standards Related to Building Air Quality)
    Carrier Engineering Newsletter Volume 5, Issue 1 Meeting IAQ Needs with Enhanced Filtration (A Review of ASHRAE Standards Related to Building Air Quality) Achieving balance among desired goals for indoor air quality (IAQ), energy consumption, and occupant comfort within the built environment is challenging. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) endeavors to achieve this through guidelines and standards focused on advancing building science as it relates to environmental quality. This article will review the commonly used design guides found in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1, “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.”1 The current form of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1 employs two mechanical ventilation procedures to provide acceptable IAQ in buildings: the Ventilation Rate Procedure and the Indoor Air Quality Procedure. While the Ventilation Rate Procedure provides only a dilution solution for the control of typical offending contaminants for a specified occupancy, the Indoor Air Quality Procedure provides a directed approach by reducing and controlling the concentrations of selected air contaminants of concern through both dilution and enhanced air cleaning. Rather than relying only on diluting the concentration of contaminants with outdoor air, designing with enhanced filtration of both recirculated and ventilation outdoor air can improve IAQ and result in the protection of the occupied space. This newsletter will focus on the application of enhanced particle, gas-phase and biological filtration for compliance with Standard 62.1. An outline of the design aspects to consider will be reviewed, with the focus on achieving acceptable levels of contaminants of concern within the occupied space while considering the desire to meet high-performance building standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
    ANSI/ASHRAE Addendum n to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-2001 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on June 28, 2003; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on July 3, 2003; and by the American National Standards Institute on January 8, 2004. This standard is under continuous maintenance by a Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) for which the Standards Committee has established a documented program for regular publication of addenda or revisions, including procedures for timely, documented, consensus action on requests for change to any part of the standard. The change submittal form, instruc- tions, and deadlines may be obtained in electronic form from the ASHRAE web site, http://www.ashrae.org, or in paper form from the Manager of Standards. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Stan- dard and printed copies of a public review draft may be pur- chased from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: [email protected]. Fax: 404-321- 5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide), or toll free 1-800-527- 4723 (for orders in U.S. and Canada). ©Copyright 2003 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ISSN 1041-2336 ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 62.1 Cognizant TC: TC 4.3, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration SPLS Liaison: Fredrick H. Kohloss Andrew K. Persily, Chair* Roger L. Hedrick Walter L. Raynaud* David S. Bulter, Sr., Vice-Chair* Thomas P. Houston* Lisa J. Rogers Leon E. Alevantis* Eli P. Howard, III* Robert S. Rushing* Michael Beaton Ralph T. Joeckel Lawrence J.
    [Show full text]