Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1) Hayes Farm Clyst Honiton Devon

Archaeological Evaluation

for CgMs Consulting

CA Project: 3570 CA Report: 11245 RAMM Reference No. 11/57

October 2011

Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1) Hayes Farm Clyst Honiton Devon

Archaeological Evaluation

CA Project: 3570 CA Report: 11245

prepared by Mark Brett; Senior Project Officer

date 25 October 2011

checked by Cliff Bateman; Project Manager

date 25 October 2011

approved by Simon Cox, Head of Fieldwork

signed

date 31 October 2011

issue 01

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

© Cotswold Archaeology Building 11, Kemble Enterprise Park, Kemble, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ t. 01285 771022 f. 01285 771033 e. [email protected] © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

CONTENTS

SUMMARY...... 2

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

2. RESULTS (FIGS 3-11) ...... 7

3. DISCUSSION...... 21

4. CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 25

5. REFERENCES ...... 25

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 26 APPENDIX B: THE FINDS ...... 38 APPENDIX C: THE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE ...... 39 APPENDIX D: OASIS REPORT FORM...... 40

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000) Fig. 2 Trench location plan, showing geophysical survey results (1:3000) Fig. 3 Area 1, showing archaeological features and geophysical survey results (1:1000) Fig. 4 Areas 3 and 4, showing archaeological features and geophysical survey results (1:1000) Fig. 5 Areas 5 and 6, showing archaeological features and geophysical survey results (1:1250) Fig. 6 Trenches 1 and 2: plans, sections and photographs (1:200 & 1:20) Fig. 7 Trenches 6, 17 and 18: plans, sections and photographs (1:200 & 1:20) Fig. 8 Trenches 19, 20 and 22: plans, sections and photographs (1:200 & 1:20) Fig. 9 Trenches 24 and 26: plans, sections and photographs (1:200 & 1:20) Fig. 10 Trenches 28 and 29: plans, sections and photographs (1:200 & 1:20) Fig. 11 Trenches 48 and 50: plans, sections and photographs (1:200 & 1:20)

1 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

SUMMARY

Project Name: Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1) Location: Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon NGR: SX 9879 9424 Type: Evaluation Date: 26 September to 11 October 2011 Planning Reference: 00/P1394, 10/2184/MOUT Location of Archive: To be deposited with the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter Accession Number: RAMM 11/57 Site Code: PDX 11

An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology between September and October 2011 at the request of CgMs Consulting on land at Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon. Fifty three trenches were excavated.

The evaluation identified numerous archaeological features throughout the proposed development area which generally correlated well with the results of preceding geophysical surveys. Archaeological features encountered comprised ditches, pits and postholes, generally dated to one of two broad periods; prehistoric and post-medieval/modern. Within these broad periods, activity generally occurred within defined areas of the site.

A large number of the features identified by the evaluation represent former agricultural field boundaries and are evident on historical mapping.

2 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Between September and October 2011 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological evaluation for CgMs Consulting on land at Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon (centred on NGR: SX 9879 9424; Fig. 1). The evaluation was undertaken in compliance with Draft Planning Conditions associated with an Outline Planning Application (Ref: 10/2184/MOUT) for an amended proposal to Outline Planning Permission (Ref: 00/P1394) for the construction of the Phase 1 development of the Intermodal Freight Distribution Centre, known as Exeter Gateway.

1.2 The evaluation was carried out in accordance with a Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) for a Programme of Archaeological Trial Trenching (CgMs 2011) that was been approved by Devon County Council Historic Environment Service (DCCHES). The fieldwork also followed the methodologies detailed in a subsequent Archaeological Method Statement (AMS; CA 2011), the Standard and Guidance for archaeological field evaluation (IfA 2008), the Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991) and the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project Manager’s Guide (EH 2006). It was monitored by Bill Horner, Deputy County Archaeologist for Devon, DCCHES, including site visits on 30 September and 6 October 2011.

The site

1.3 The part of the proposed Phase 1; Plot 1 development area subject to archaeological evaluation is bounded to the north by the main Exeter St David’s to London Waterloo Railway line, to the west by an area of woodland and wet meadow associated with the floodplain of the River Clyst, to the south by the C832 Honiton Road and to the east by further agricultural farmland comprising part of Hayes Farm (Fig. 2).

1.4 The proposed cut and fill footprint for Phase 1, Plot 1 and the likely extent of cut and fill for any future development of Phase 1, Plot 2 (which in the current proposals may be used for temporary spoil storage) encompass approximately 18 hectares of which 3 hectares comprise part of a closed landfill site. The remaining 15 hectares comprise arable fields, hedge lines and farm tracks.

3 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

1.5 The northern part of the evaluated site is relatively flat and lies at approximately 10m AOD, whilst the southern part is undulating and rises in places to approximately 20m AOD.

1.6 The underlying geology of the area comprises sandstone formations locally overlain with Head deposits of clay, silt, sand and gravels and River Terrace deposits of sand with clay and gravels (CgMs 2011).

Archaeological and historical background

1.7 The full archaeological and historic landscape baseline information is contained within an Environmental Statement (ES; Wardell Armstrong 2011) which included both the Phase 1 and 2 areas and reference should be made to that document for fuller detail. In summary, Devon County Historic Environment Record (HER) contained twenty entries within Hayes Farm, these included cropmarks and the results of various archaeological investigations associated with the active quarry located in the southeast corner of Hayes Farm within Phase 2. No Designated Heritage Assets were recorded within the study area (ibid.).

1.8 The preceding archaeological interventions were undertaken between 1986 and 1999 and were primarily associated with proposals for quarrying in the southeast corner of Hayes Farm. These included trial trench evaluation in 1986 by Exeter Museums Service, supplemented by fieldwalking, which also included limited investigation of some cropmarks. In 1995, further evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in association with a revised application for the quarry and included several stages of geophysical survey, plotting of the cropmarks and targeted trial trenching and test pit excavation. As a condition of the eventual consent for the quarry an archaeological strip and map exercise was undertaken in 1999 by Cotswold Archaeology. This identified archaeological features cut into the sands and gravels dating to the Early Neolithic, Middle Bronze Age, Iron Age, Romano British and post-medieval periods (ibid.).

1.9 Subsequent to the preparation of the original ES in 2005, a geophysical survey was undertaken in relation to a proposal for a water/sewage treatment works and pipeline for South West Water, which included the northern part of Hayes Farm (Stratascan, 2006). The survey area extended over the full east to west extent of the northern half of the Phase 1 & 2 areas, including that part of the current Phase 1

4 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

development area to the north of the closed landfill site and wet grassland area. The survey identified a number of anomalies including;

• In the southern area a concentration of positive linear and curvilinear anomalies,

• Two areas of discrete positive anomalies (probably representing pits),

• A number of anomalies representing former field boundaries, some of which are visible on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey

• A substantial area of linear anomalies representing past agricultural activity

• A linear anomaly probably representing a service run (combined Sewer?)

• Areas of magnetic debris probably representing past ground disturbance

1.10 A subsequent geophysical survey was undertaken in June 2011 within three fields to the south of the closed landfill site (Areas 1-4 inclusive). In the southern-most field (Area 1) to the west of Hayes Farmhouse, the presence of a significant number of below ground services were recorded. However, a small number of positive and negative linear anomalies which are likely to be of archaeological origin, one of these appears to form the northwest corner of an enclosure, were also identified. The field to the north (Area 3) showed fewer, and less extensive, areas of magnetic disturbance. It also contained a number of curvilinear and linear positive and negative anomalies, the majority of which are probably of archaeological origin. The most northerly of the three fields (Area 4), comprising an area of wet grassland, was considered the least susceptible to survey due to prevailing ground conditions. The survey results corroborated this and recorded only areas of magnetic disturbance and interference along with numerous ferrous spikes.

1.11 Since undertaking the most recent geophysical survey, a series of trial trenches have been excavated by AC Archaeology in relation to South West Water’s proposal for a new water main. Six trial trenches have been excavated within or immediately adjacent to the Phase 1 site, along the proposed water main route. Two trenches excavated within the floodplain identified a palaeochannel with palaeoenvironmental

5 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

potential. Within the Phase 1 Plot 1 area, three trenches excavated adjacent to the existing main revealed no archaeological deposits.

Archaeological objectives

1.12 The objectives of the evaluation were, within the constraints of the trenching strategy, to establish the presence/absence, location, extent, date, character, condition and depth of any surviving archaeological remains within the site.

1.13 In particular it was anticipated that the programme of trenching would clarify the impact of 19th and 20th-century ploughing and hence assess the degree of archaeological survival of buried deposits.

1.14 The results of the trial trenching will inform the scope of any subsequent archaeological mitigation, which will be achieved through a programme of excavation, recording and reporting. Any such works will be undertaken in accordance with a separate Written Scheme of Investigation submitted to, and approved in writing by, DCCHES on behalf of the Local Planning Authority.

Methodology

1.15 The fieldwork comprised the excavation of 53 trenches (trench nos 1-53), within five specific areas (1, 3-6), in the locations shown on the attached plan (Fig. 2). Each trench measured 30m in length and was 2m wide. Due to the presence of a borehole within Area 1, as well as a number of trees and active bee hives within Area 4, it was necessary to reposition trenches 9, 24 and 25 respectively. Similarly, trench 23 was moved slightly to avoid damaging newt fencing present around the edge of Area 4. Trench 11, within Area 2, was inaccessible at the time of the fieldwork. Trenches were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates using a Leica 1200 series SmartRover GPS and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4 Survey Manual (2009).

1.16 All trenches were excavated by mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless grading bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or the natural substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological

6 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

deposits were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual (2007).

1.17 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites (2003) and, where appropriate, were sampled and processed. All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with Technical Manual 3 Treatment of Finds Immediately after Excavation (2010).

1.18 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their offices in Kemble. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the artefacts will be deposited with the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter under accession number RAMM 11/57, along with the site archive. A summary of information from this project, set out within Appendix D, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

2. RESULTS (FIGS 3-11)

2.1 This section provides an overview of the evaluation results; detailed summaries of the recorded contexts, finds and environmental samples (palaeoenvironmental evidence) are to be found in Appendices A, B and C respectively. For the purpose of clarity and for ease of reference, the results are presented grouped within their respective areas (1, 3, 4, 5 and 6; Fig. 2), with trenches presented in numerical order within each area.

2.2 All identified archaeological features cut the natural substrate, except where re- cutting of earlier features occurred, or where modern features cut through the overlying subsoil. For the purposes of clarity, the numerous ditches are described as narrow (<0.8m in width) or wide (>0.80m in width) and shallow (<0.25m in depth) or deep (>0.25m in depth).

2.3 No features or deposits of archaeological significance were identified within 21 of the trenches (3-5, 7, 10, 12-16, 21, 23, 32, 36, 38, 40, 47 and 51-54).

7 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

Area 1 (Figs 2 & 3)

General Stratigraphy 2.4 The natural geological substrate within trenches 5-10 predominantly comprised mid pinkish-red sand. Within trenches 1-4, this material contained considerable quantities of rounded gravel, up to cobble size. This was generally overlain by silty sand subsoil, ranging from c. 0.3m to c. 0.7m in thickness, which was in turn overlain by modern ploughsoil c. 0.35m in thickness. In trenches 4 and 9 the natural substrate was directly overlain by modern ploughsoil ranging from c. 0.3m to 0.45m in thickness.

2.5 Four trenches contained no archaeological features (trenches 3, 5, 7 and 10). Excavation of trench 4 exposed a large pit containing modern metal and plastic objects that correlated with an area of magnetic disturbance depicted on the geophysical survey. Archaeological features were identified within the remaining five trenches.

Trench 1 (Figs 2, 3 & 6) 2.6 Narrow, shallow ditch 103 correlated with a north/south aligned positive linear anomaly indicated on the geophysical survey. It had a slightly irregular profile and contained silt fill 104 from which no finds were recovered.

Trench 2 (Figs 2, 3 & 6) 2.7 Trench 2 contained two groups of intercutting features, as well as a probable curvilinear ditch or gully terminus.

2.8 Possible ditch 207 had a rounded southern terminus and extended beyond the northern edge of the trench. It was narrow, deep and filled by silt deposit 208. This was in turn cut by small pits 203 and 205. Both pits were oval in shape, concave in profile and contained sand fills. A small number of worked lithics, including a flint flake in addition to chert flakes, a bladelet and a broken blade, was recovered from fill 204 within pit 203. An environmental sample of this material, <7>, identified further pieces of flint and a small amount of charcoal from unidentifiable species.

2.9 Further west, pit 211 was cut by pit 209. Each was circular in shape, with the largest, 209, measuring 0.8m in diameter. Both were filled by deposits of homogeneous sand from which no finds were recovered.

8 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

2.10 Narrow, shallow curvilinear ditch or gully terminus 213 had an almost u-shaped profile. It contained two fills, the latest of which, 214, in contrast to evidently sterile deposit 215, contained very occasional charcoal flecks. No artefacts were recovered from either of the fills of this feature.

Trench 6 (Figs 2, 3 & 7) 2.11 Wide, deep ditch 603 had a V-shaped profile and cut through subsoil 601. It was aligned north-west/south-east and contained two fills, presumed to have derived from two separate periods of silting. A broken flint bladelet recovered from primary fill 604 is most probably residual. The ditch was not identified by the geophysical survey.

Trench 8 (Figs 2 & 3) 2.12 Trench 8 contained wide ditch 803 which corresponds well with a linear anomaly depicted on the geophysical survey. It represented a westward continuation of ditch 902 and was not excavated within trench 8. No finds were recovered from the surface of the ditch.

Trench 9 (Figs 2 & 3) 2.13 The alignment of ditch 902 correlates well with the probable negative anomaly identified by the geophysical survey that extends through trench 8. Wide and deep, it was steep sided and had a slightly irregular, almost flat base. It contained two fills, derived from initial weathering of the sides of the ditch, followed by general silting. Finds dated to the 19th century, including pottery, clay tobacco pipe, glass and ceramic building material, as well as two residual sherds of medieval pottery, were recovered from the latest fill, 904.

2.14 Parallel to the southern edge of ditch 902 was much less substantial gully 905. This was narrow and shallow, with steep sides and an irregular base. It was filled by silty sand deposit 906, from which no finds were recovered.

Area 2 (Figs 2 & 3)

2.15 Trench 11 within Area 2 was not excavated due to access problems.

9 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

Area 3 (Figs 2 & 4)

General Stratigraphy 2.16 The general underlying natural geological substrate within Area 3 comprised mid pinkish-red sand with abundant rounded gravel, up to cobble size. Towards the base of the slope within the western part of this field, within trenches 15, 19 and 21, this material became more patchy and yellow sands and more concentrated patches of gravel were in evidence. The natural geology within Area 3 was generally overlain by silty sand subsoil, ranging from c. 0.15m to c. 0.45m in thickness, which was in turn overlain by modern ploughsoil c. 0.35m in thickness. No subsoil was evident within trench 15, where the natural substrate was directly overlain by modern ploughsoil.

2.17 Five trenches contained no archaeological features (trenches 12-16 inclusive). Archaeological features were identified within the remaining six trenches.

Trench 17 (Figs 2, 4 & 7) 2.18 Wide, deep ditch 1703 correlates to an anomaly identified on the geophysical survey. It was steep sided with a flat base and contained two fills, derived from presumed initial weathering followed by intentional backfilling. Neither deposit contained artefacts.

Trench 18 (Figs 2, 4 & 7) 2.19 Two ditches exposed within trench 18 correspond closely well with linear anomalies depicted on the geophysical survey. Wide ditch 1803 was aligned north-west/south- east and had a shallow concave profile. Narrow, shallow ditch 1805 lay on a north/south alignment and was also concave in profile. Both ditches contained predominately sandy fills from which no artefacts were recovered. Processing of an environmental sample, <9>, recovered from fill 1804 within ditch 1803, identified charcoal derived from oak, alder/hazel and gorse/broom.

Trench 19 (Figs 2, 4 & 8) 2.20 The location of wide, deep ditch terminus 1903 correlated with an irregular, weak, positive linear anomaly identified on the geophysical survey. It was irregularly cut and contained sandy fill 1905 from which a single prehistoric burnt flint flake was found. The ditch was re-cut by narrow, deep ditch 1906 which contained sandy fill 1904, from which 15 sherds of quartzite-tempered ware pottery and two worked

10 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

flints, all of Early Neolithic date, were recovered. An environmental sample, <10>, of this material contained poorly preserved oak charcoal, as well as a further two sherds of prehistoric pottery and another worked flint.

Trench 20 (Figs 2, 4 & 8) 2.21 Trench 20 contained curvilinear ditch terminus 2003, the location of which corresponds with a positive linear anomaly depicted on the geophysical survey. The ditch was wide and deep, with steep sides. It was filled by a single sandy fill which contained no finds. The ditch fill was re-cut by narrow, shallow ditch 2008, which was filled by sandy deposit 2004, containing a single broken flint flake.

Trench 22 (Figs 2, 4 & 8) 2.22 Narrow, shallow ditch 2203 was aligned north-west/south-east. It had moderately sloping sides and a flat base. It contained a single sandy fill from which no artefacts were recovered. The feature was not identified by the geophysical survey.

Area 4 (Figs 2 & 4)

General Stratigraphy 2.23 The underlying natural geological substrate comprised predominately mid pinkish- red sand along the more elevated northern part of Area 4, with light grey and yellow sand, silts and gravel throughout the lower, remaining part. A layer of subsoil was recorded throughout this area, where it was sealed by modern topsoil, up to 0.45m in thickness, with the exception of trench 23 where the topsoil directly overlaid the natural substrate. Within the northern extents of trenches 26 and 27, the pre-existing topsoil had been covered by deposits of dumped material, presumably to raise the level of the adjacent track to facilitate access to the former landfill site to the west. No archaeological deposits were identified within Trench 23.

Trench 24 (Figs 2, 4 & 9) 2.24 Trench 24 contained two ditches. Ditch 2403 was wide and deep and lay on an approximate south-west/north-east alignment. It had a broad, concave profile and contained a single sandy silt fill from which no finds were recovered. Parallel to ditch 2403 was ditch 2405. This feature represents a continuation of ditch 2509 which was excavated within trench 25 and was not investigated further within trench 24. A number of sizeable modern metal finds, including a length of chain, were present

11 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

within the top fill of the ditch but not retained. Neither of the ditches were identified by the geophysical survey.

Trench 25 (Figs 2 & 4) 2.25 Ditch 2503 was wide and deep and aligned approximately north/south. It was mechanically excavated and contained a number of fills, however it was not recorded fully as it became necessary to backfill it rapidly due to the sides of the section collapsing. Adjacent ditch 2509 was aligned parallel to ditch 2503. This feature was also wide and deep and contained four fills, within two of which modern inclusions comprising glass, a wooden stake and fragments of slate (not retained) were observed. Neither feature was identified by the geophysical survey.

Trench 26 (Figs 2, 4 & 9) 2.26 Pit 2605 was located at the north-eastern end of trench 26. It was circular in shape and measured 0.65m in diameter and 0.1m in depth. Its sandy fill contained no finds.

2.27 Narrow, shallow ditch 2603 was aligned east/west and had a rounded profile. It was filled by silty sand deposit 2604, from which no finds were recovered.

2.28 Pit 2607 was partially exposed and extended beyond the north-eastern edge of the trench. It was irregularly cut and measured at least 1.6m in width and 0.4m in depth. It was filled by presumed backfill deposit 2608, comprising dark silty sand, which contained no artefacts. Processing of environmental sample <6>, taken from this material, identified charcoal from several species, as well as carbonised plant remains including hazelnut shells and cereals, indicative of crop processing waste.

2.29 Pit 2607 was cut by large ditch 2609, located at the corner of a boundary depicted on the 1839 Tithe Map. This feature represents a continuation of ditch 2509 to the south and 2706 to the west and was not excavated within trench 26. Two sherds of residual pottery of 12th to 14th-century date were recovered from the surface of the ditch.

2.30 None of the features within trench 26 were indicated on the geophysical survey.

Trench 27 (Figs 2 & 4) 2.31 Wide, deep ditch 2706 was aligned east/west, was irregular in profile and contained three separate fills. The earliest fill, 2707, comprised silty sand with a high organic

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content. This was covered by silting deposit 2708 which, in turn, was sealed by backfill material 2709, from which a large iron implement of presumed agricultural function was recovered but not retained. The ditch was not identified by the geophysical survey.

Areas 5 & 6 (Figs 2 & 5)

General Stratigraphy 2.32 The underlying natural geological substrate within Areas 5 and 6 predominately comprised mid pinkish-red sand with abundant rounded gravel, up to cobble size. The only variation to this was observed within the westernmost trench, 40, where the natural substrate comprised yellow and orange sandy gravel. The natural geology within the eastern part of Area 5 (trenches 28-32 and trench 36) was overlain by a silty sand subsoil, ranging from c. 0.15m to c. 0.35m in thickness, which was in turn overlain by modern ploughsoil. The ploughsoil was thicker within the north-western part of Area 5 and throughout Area 6, measuring up to 0.5m in thickness. No archaeological features were found within trenches 32, 36, 38, 40 and 47.

Trench 28 (Figs 2, 5 & 10) 2.33 Ditch 2803 was wide and deep and aligned east/west. It was steep sided and had a rounded base. No finds were recovered from its silty sand fill, 2804, however an environmental sample <4> of this material contained poorly preserved oak charcoal and a small amount of burnt bone.

2.34 Ditch 2803 was intersected by wide, deep, north/south aligned ditch 2805, however no relationship between the two features could be defined due to the similarity in their fills. This may suggest that the two are contemporary. Ditch 2805 had a steep, V-shaped profile, with a noticeably convex eastern side. Neither feature contained any dating evidence however they do match the alignments of two linear anomalies depicted on the geophysical survey, although they do not correspond with the location of these anomalies.

2.35 Pit 2809 was partially exposed within trench 28, extending beyond the southern limit of excavation. Its sides sloped moderately and it had a relatively flat base. It contained a basal fill, 2809, derived from initial weathering of the sides, covered by a substantial backfill deposit, 2808, from which four worked flints, including a broken

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blade, were recovered. Processing of environmental sample <5> from fill 2808 revealed poorly preserved oak charcoal.

Trench 29 (Figs 2, 5 & 10) 2.36 Wide, deep ditch 2903 was aligned north-west/south-east and had a broad, v- shaped profile. It was filled by silty sand deposit 2904, from which no finds were recovered.

2.37 Probable pit 2905 extended beyond the eastern edge of the trench. It was of elongated oval shape, measuring at least 1.4m in length, 0.65m in width and 0.2m in depth. Its silty sand fill, 2906, contained no finds.

2.38 The alignment of ditch 2903 matches that of a linear anomaly depicted on the geophysical survey, although the location of the two do not fully correspond.

Trench 30 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.39 Ditch 3003 was wide and shallow and aligned north/south. It had moderately sloping sides and a flat base. No finds were recovered from its gravelly fill, 3004.

2.40 Discrete features 3005 and 3007 are likely to represent postholes. Feature 3005 was circular in shape, 0.5m in diameter and 0.2m deep and had a u-shaped profile. Feature 3007 was more irregular in shape, possibly as a result of disturbance from plant roots. Each contained a gravelly fill but neither contained any finds.

2.41 None of the features within trench 30 were indicated on the geophysical survey.

Trench 31 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.42 Wide, deep ditch 3103 was aligned north/south and had a broad, v-shaped profile. It was filled by sand deposit 3104, from which no finds were recovered. The location of the ditch corresponds with that of a linear anomaly identified by the geophysical survey however its alignment does not.

Trench 33 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.43 Ditch 3303 was wide and deep and aligned north-west/south-east. It had an irregular profile and contained three separate fills. The earliest fill represents initial silting of the ditch; the second contained patches of charcoal and the latest deposit was

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similar to the topsoil. No finds were recovered from any of the fills of the ditch, which was not identified by the geophysical survey.

Trench 34 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.44 Wide, deep ditch 3402 was aligned north-east/south-west, with moderately sloping sides and a generally concave base. It contained three fills; initial weathering deposit 3403, followed by silting 3404, and then a substantial deposit of backfill material, 3405, from which finds comprising two unidentified iron objects and a fragment of clay tobacco pipe stem, dated to the 17th to 18th centuries, as well as a fragment of roof tile of 19th-century date, were recovered. The ditch was cut along the south- eastern side by land drain 3406. Although the ditch was not identified by the geophysical survey, it does correlate broadly with the alignment of a boundary depicted on the Tithe Map.

Trench 35 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.45 Ditch 3501 was wide and shallow and aligned approximately north/south. It had moderately sloping sides and a generally flat base. No finds were recovered from its silty sand fill, 3503. The ditch was not indicated on the geophysical survey.

Trench 37 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.46 Wide ditch 3702 was aligned north-west/south-east and evidently represents the continuation of ditch 4404 within trench 44, to the north-west. It was not excavated within trench 37 and no finds were recovered from the surface of this feature within this trench. Although the ditch was not identified by the geophysical survey, it does broadly correlate with the alignment of a boundary depicted on the Tithe Map.

Trench 39 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.47 Trench 39 contained two wide, parallel ditches, 3905 and 3907. The alignment of these features was identified by the geophysical survey and they also correspond with a boundary depicted on the Tithe Map which extends north-westwards through trenches 45, 46 and 48. The ditches were not excavated within trench 39 and no artefacts were recovered from the surface of either feature.

Trench 41 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.48 Wide, parallel ditches 4102 and 4104 are associated with the north-west/south-east aligned boundary shown on the Tithe Map, which extends through trench 44 to the south-east and trench 49 to the north-west. The alignment of the ditches was also

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identified by the geophysical survey. Neither ditch was excavated within trench 41 and no finds were recovered from the surface of either feature.

2.49 Adjacent features 4106 and 4108 appear to represent postholes. Each was of similar sub-circular shape and measured between 0.3m and 0.35m in diameter and 0.1 and 0.15m in depth. Both features contained silty sand fills from which no finds were recovered.

2.50 Linear feature 4110 is likely to represent a palaeochannel. It was aligned north- west/south-east and had an irregular profile. It was filled by distinctive grey silty sand, 4111, which contained no finds.

Trench 42 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.51 Trench 42 contained parallel ditches, 4202 and 4204. Ditch 4202 was significantly wider than 4204. The alignment of these features was identified by the geophysical survey and they correspond closely with a boundary depicted on the Tithe Map. The ditches were not excavated within trench 42 and no artefacts were recovered from the surface of either feature.

Trench 43 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.52 Posthole 4303 was oval in plan and measured 0.3m in length, 0.25m in width and survived to a depth of 0.2m. It was steep sided and had a pointed base. It was filled by silty sand deposit 4304 which contained no finds.

Trench 44 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.53 Parallel ditches 4404 and 4406 are associated with the north-west/south-east aligned boundary depicted on the Tithe Map, which extends through trench 37 to the south-east and trenches 41 and 49 to the north-west. The alignment of the ditches was also identified by the geophysical survey. Although neither ditch was excavated within trench 41, in plan ditch 4404 was significantly wider than 4406. No artefacts were recovered from the surface of either feature.

2.54 Wide, shallow ditch 4402 was aligned north-east/south-west and had a broad, concave profile. It was filled by distinctive mottled grey silty sand deposit 4403, which contained no finds. The ditch did not correlate with any geophysical anomalies but may represent a continuation of a boundary depicted on the Tithe Map.

16 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

Trench 45 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.55 Narrow, shallow ditch 4502 was aligned north-west/south-east and evidently represents the continuation of ditch 4602 within trench 46, to the north-west and probably also ditch 3905 to the south-east. It was steep sided with a relatively flat base and contained silty sand deposit 4503, from which no finds were recovered. The alignment of the ditch correlates broadly with a linear anomaly identified by the geophysical survey, as well as the projection of a boundary depicted on the Tithe Map.

Trench 46 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.56 Trench 46 contained two wide, parallel ditches, 4602 and 4608. The alignment of these features corresponds approximately with a linear anomaly identified by the geophysical survey and the same projected boundary depicted on the Tithe Map as ditch 4502 in trench 45 and the parallel ditches within trench 48. Ditch 4602 had a broad, concave profile and contained two fills. The earliest of these, 4603, represents a weathering deposit, whilst later fill 4604 is derived from natural silting and contained two sherds of red sandy ware pottery dated to the 18th century.

2.57 Ditch 4608 was not excavated within trench 46 and no artefacts were recovered from its surface.

Trench 48 (Figs 2, 5 and 11) 2.58 Ditch 4803 (/4809/4815/4818) extended obliquely along the length of trench 48, on an approximate north-east/south-west alignment. It was narrow and deep with moderately to steeply sloping sides and a flat to concave base. Along its south- westernmost exposed length it contained a single silty sand fill (4802/4810) however further north-eastwards it contained two distinct fills (4817/4820 and 4816/4819). The earliest of these deposits, 4817/4820, appears to be derived from initial weathering, whilst later fill 4816/4819 is most probably the result of natural silting. A single Mesolithic flint core tablet recovered from deposit 4802 is most probably residual in this context.

2.59 Ditch 4803 was cut by wide, deep, parallel ditches 4805/4807 and 4811/4813. These features correspond approximately with two parallel linear anomalies identified by the geophysical survey and the same projected boundary depicted on the Tithe Map as the ditches within trenches 39, 45 and 46 to the south-east. Neither of these later ditches contained dating evidence.

17 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

Trench 49 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.60 Wide, parallel ditches 4902 and 4904 are associated with the north-west/south-east aligned boundary shown on the Tithe Map, which extends through trenches 41 and 44 (and probably trench 37) to the south-east. The alignment of the ditches also corresponds approximately with that of a linear anomaly identified by the geophysical survey.

2.61 Ditch 4904 had moderately sloping sides and a relatively flat base. It contained four fills including primary gravelly weathering deposit 4905 which was overlaid along the north-eastern side of the ditch by a further gravelly fill, 4906. This material could represent material from a bank formerly present between ditches 4902 and 4904. These deposits were sealed by two further fills, 4907 and 4908, both comprising silty sand and presumed to derive from natural silting. No finds were recovered from any of the ditch fills.

Trenches 50-54 (Figs 2 & 5)

General Stratigraphy 2.62 The underlying natural geological substrate within trenches 50-54 comprised mid pinkish-red sand with abundant rounded gravel, up to cobble size. The natural geology within trench 54 and within the south-eastern part of trench 53 was overlain by a silty sand subsoil, 0.3m thick, which was in turn overlain by modern topsoil, up to 0.35m in thickness. Within trenches 50-52 and within the north-western part of trench 53, the natural substrate was directly overlain by ploughsoil, up to 0.45m thick. No archaeological features were identified within Trenches 51 -54 inclusive.

Trench 50 (Figs 2, 5 and 11) 2.63 Wide, deep ditch 5002 was aligned north-east/south-west and had an irregular, almost concave profile. It contained eight fills, the arrangement of which suggests a single backfilling episode using a variety of materials, including ashy/burnt deposits. No dating was recovered from any of the fills of the ditch, which was not identified by the geophysical survey.

18 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

The Finds and Palaeoenvironmental Evidence

The Finds 2.64 The finds assemblage recovered from the evaluation is summarised in Appendix B. The pottery assemblage consisted of 28 sherds weighing 139g. In addition, lithics, building material, vessel glass and clay tobacco pipe fragments were present. The assemblage was recovered from 17 stratified deposits and could be dated from the Mesolithic onwards. The level of preservation of the pottery was good with the majority of sherds displaying minimal levels of abrasion.

Pottery Prehistoric 2.65 Nine sherds of prehistoric pottery weighing 35g were recorded from deposit 1904. While no form sherds were present the pottery fabric was identified as a quartzite- tempered type which was consistent with an Early Neolithic date (Quinnell 1999).

Medieval 2.66 The medieval pottery assemblage consisted of four sherds in an unglazed chert- tempered ware with a total weight of 32g. Two sherds each were recorded from deposits 2201 and 2610 and were broadly dated to the medieval period. Base sherds from deposit 2201 exhibited a sagging profile typical of medieval cooking pot forms of pre 14th-century date.

2.67 Two further sherds of pottery from deposit 904 were also tentatively dated to this period. Both were small and abraded sherds in a buff coloured fabric with a yellowish brown glaze.

Post-medieval 2.68 The post-medieval assemblage consisted of three shreds of pottery weighing 31g. Of these, one sherd from deposit 1700 was of post-medieval orange ware dating from the 17th to 18th century. The remaining sherds, from deposit 4604, were of post-medieval red sandy ware dating from the 18th or possibly the early 19th century.

19 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

Modern 2.69 Four sherds of modern domestic pottery were recovered from deposits 904, 2104, 2105 and 4600. These included transfer printed table wares, a cup of mocha ware type and a stoneware jar. All were identified as general 19th-century wares.

Lithics 2.70 Worked flint and greensand chert was recovered from deposits 204, 604, 1904, 1905, 2004, 2201, 2808 and 4802. The flint assemblage consisted largely of waste flakes though a long flake was recovered from deposit 1904 and a broken blade from deposit 2610. Further tools included a side scraper and an end scraper recovered as unstratified finds from Area 3 and Area 6 respectively. Worked chert artefacts included a broken blade and bladelet from deposit 204 and a broken bladelet from deposit 604.

2.71 The majority of the lithic material could be generally dated as early prehistoric. The chert bladelets, together with a flint core tablet from deposit 4802 (with evidence for platform preparation and possible secondary retouching), most probably date to the Mesolithic period, although are likely to represent residual artefacts.

Other material 2.72 The remaining material from the finds assemblage consisted of late post-medieval or modern dated material. These included general building materials, a clay tobacco pipe stem and vessel glass. All were recovered from 19th-century deposits and are not discussed further.

Palaeoenvironmental Evidence 2.73 Environmental samples (70 litres of soil) were retrieved from six different deposits with the intention of recovering evidence of industrial or domestic activity and material for radiocarbon dating. The samples were processed by standard flotation procedures (CA Technical Manual No. 2).

2.74 Sample 10 was retrieved from fill 1904 within pit/ditch terminus 1903 that is dated from the recovery of pottery to the Early Neolithic period. The material recovered consisted of poorly preserved charcoal identified as oak, pottery and flint.

2.75 Samples 4 and 5 were taken from fill 2804 within undated ditch 2803 and fill 2808 within undated pit 2807 respectively. The material recovered from both samples

20 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

consisted of poorly preserved charcoal identified as oak (Quercus spp) with a small amount of burnt bone from sample 4. Whilst this represents discarded firing debris, since there were no other finds recovered from these deposits no assessment of their function can currently be deduced.

2.76 Sample 6 was recovered from fill 2608 within undated pit 2607. The material recovered consisted of well preserved charcoal identified as alder/hazel, oak, cherry spp, gorse/broom and dogwood, poorly preserved plant macrofossils consisting of carbonised hazelnut shells, carbonised barley, free threshing wheat, oat and barley rachis (cereal chaff). This range of species is typical of the medieval period onwards (Stone 2006, 13) and the material is indicative of crop processing waste.

2.77 Sample 7 was retrieved from fill 204 within undated pit 203. There was a small amount of unidentifiable charcoal and flint within the fill of this pit; however the paucity of material means no further analysis is possible.

2.78 Sample 9 was retrieved from fill 1804 within undated, but possibly prehistoric, ditch 1803. The material recovered consisted of moderately well preserved charcoal identified as ash (Farinas excelsior) oak, alder/hazel (Altus glutinosa/Corylus avellana) and gorse/broom (Ulex spp/Cytisus spp). Whilst this represents discarded firing debris, since there were no other finds recovered from this deposit no assessment of function can be deduced.

2.79 Any of the carbonised plant macrofossil material and any of the charcoal (with the exception of oak) would be suitable for radiocarbon dating.

3. DISCUSSION

3.1 The evaluation has identified numerous archaeological features throughout the proposed Phase 1, Plot 1 development area. Where linear archaeological features were encountered there was a generally good correlation with the results of the preceding geophysical surveys, which was further corroborated by consultation of the 1839 Clyst Honiton Tithe Map. This was not true of the extensive pattern of linear anomalies presumed to be associated with past agricultural activity within the northern part of the site (depicted in green on Figs. 2 and 5). No evidence for these

21 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

features was recorded during the evaluation and it can only be assumed that they survived as shallow features within the topsoil.

3.2 Archaeological features encountered during the evaluation comprised ditches, pits and postholes. Although a number of the features remain undated, the remainder were generally dated to one of three broad periods; prehistoric, medieval and post- medieval/modern. The majority dated to the latest of these periods. Within these broad periods, activity generally occurred within defined areas. Each of these periods is dealt with in chronological order below.

Prehistoric 3.3 The evaluation has identified evidence of prehistoric activity within the site, with features within trenches 2, 6, 19, 20, 28 and 48 containing artefacts of exclusively prehistoric date, although some of these finds are most probably residual in later features. In addition, unstratified flint scrapers were recovered from the topsoil within Areas 3 and 6.

3.4 Although within Area 3 prehistoric dating evidence was recovered only from features within trenches 19 and 20, it is likely that the features within nearby trenches 17, 18 and 22 are associated with this period of activity and relate to an area of occupation situated on the elevated north-western facing slope of a localised topographic undulation. Pit 2807 within trench 28, which contained a number of worked flints including a broken blade, may be associated with a further area of prehistoric activity.

Mesolithic 3.5 Although pit 203 and ditches 603 and 4803 all contained lithics of probable Mesolithic date, these are likely to represent residual finds in later features, as the discovery of cut features of this date is highly improbable. Previous Mesolithic finds within the locality are scant and comprise a single microlith recovered during fieldwalking and a small pit excavated in 1987 which produced a radiocarbon date of 8400±150 BP (HAR-8674) (CgMs 2011).

Neolithic 3.6 The only prehistoric ceramic material recovered during the evaluation comprised 16 sherds of Early Neolithic quartzite-tempered ware from re-cut ditch 1906. Further evidence for Neolithic activity has been identified during various phases of work

22 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

associated with the quarry site. This included the discovery of Early Neolithic pits during the 1996 and 1999 excavations, as well as the recovery of an assemblage of predominately Late Neolithic flints during the fieldwalking in 1987. The latest discovery augments the hypothesis of settlement within the vicinity during the Neolithic, and more specifically the Early Neolithic, period (WA 2011).

Roman 3.7 No evidence of Roman activity was recorded during the evaluation however, with the possible exception of pit 2807 within trench 28, the features within trenches 28 and 29 may be associated with the Roman and post-Roman enclosures previously identified immediately to the west (SMR SX99SE/153, SX99SE/154 and SX99SE/155).

Medieval 3.8 Small quantities of medieval pottery were recovered from subsoil 2201 within trench 22 and as residual material within post-medieval/modern ditch 2609. No features of definite medieval date were recorded during the evaluation.

Post-medieval/modern 3.9 The majority of archaeological features identified during the evaluation comprised ditches of post-medieval or modern date. These were mostly located within Areas 4 and 5/6 and can be related directly to former boundaries depicted either on the Tithe Map of 1839 or the later 1889 First Edition Ordnance Survey map. In numerous instances e.g. trenches 39, 42, 44, 46, 48 and 49 it can be demonstrated that these boundaries are likely to have comprised parallel ditches with a central bank, although no evidence of associated bank material was identified in conjunction with these features, probably as a result of being completely removed by later ploughing.

3.10 It is evident from the Tithe Map that the original Hayes farm complex, established by 1801, was situated in the area of trenches 30 and 32 however, apart from some fragments of brickwork and stonework observed that had been cleared to and incorporated into the present field boundaries, no evidence for any buildings associated with the farm was recovered during the evaluation. It remains probable, if unproven, that much of the original farm complex, particular the associated outbuildings, was of cob construction and has not survived.

23 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

3.11 Although essentially undated, the geophysical survey suggests that ditch 103 within trench 1 may be associated with a bank and, as such, although not depicted on any of the historic mapping, may be of similar construction to the boundaries that do appear on the mapping and therefore may be of broadly contemporary post- medieval/modern date. Similarly, ditches 803 and 905 that were also identified within Area 1, although not depicted on historic mapping, do correlate with the projected alignments of boundaries that survived until the compilation of the 1839 Tithe Map. A similar interpretation is also offered for ditch 4402 within Area 6.

Undated 3.12 A small number of features contained no dating evidence and do not appear to be associated with any otherwise dated features. These include the features within trench 30, although these may be associated with the nearby location of the original Hayes Farm, the ditches within trenches 31 and 35, the postholes within trench 41 and pit 4303 in trench 43.

Conclusions 3.13 The archaeological evaluation has identified limited prehistoric remains within Areas 1 and 6, whilst more extensive deposits assigned to this period were identified within Area 3. Undated, but possibly Roman ditches were identified within the south- eastern corner of Area 5 and post-medieval/modern features, predominantly associated with agricultural land division and identifiable on historical mapping, were found within Areas 1, 4, 5/6 and outlying trench 50.

24 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

4. CA PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Mark Brett, assisted by Jon Pick, Jay Wood, Chris Watts and Izabela Romanowska. The report was written by Mark Brett, assisted by Jon Pick. The illustrations were prepared by Jon Bennett. The archive has been compiled by Mark Brett, and prepared for deposition by James Johnson. The project was managed for CA by Cliff Bateman.

5. REFERENCES

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2011 Project Dixie , (Phase 1, Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Method Statement for a Programme of Trial Trenching

CgMs Consulting 2011 Written Scheme of Investigation for: Programme of Archaeological Trial Trenching: Project Dixie, Phase 1, Plot 1, Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon

Quinnell, H, 1999 ‘The Pottery’ in CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2000 Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Near Exeter, Devon: Archaeological Excavation. Phase 1, CA Report No. 001127

Serjeantson, D., Waldron, T. and Woolgar, C.M. 2006 Food in medieval England, diet and nutrition, New York, Oxford University Press

Stone, D.J. 2006 ‘The consumption of field crops in late medieval England’ in Serjeantson, D., Waldron, T. and Woolgar, C.M. 2006, 11-26

Stratascan 2006. Water/Sewage Treatment Infrastructure Near Exeter Airport East Devon. Ref: J2262

WA (Wardell Armstrong) 2011 Exeter Gateway: Intermodal Facility and Freight Distribution Centre (Updated 2011). Environmental Statement produced for The Church Commissioners for England

25 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Trench 1

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 100 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.28m 101 Layer Subsoil. Light pinkish orange silty sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.28m 102 Layer Natural. Mid pinkish red gravel sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.2 103 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned north- south 2.30m 0.54m 0.14m 104 Deposit Fill of ditch 103 2.30m 0.54m 0.14m

Trench 2

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot-date (m) (m) (m) 200 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.80m 0.40m 201 Layer Subsoil. Light pinkish orange silty sand 30.0m 1.80m 0.30m 202 Layer Natural. Mid pinkish red gravel sand 30.0m 1.80m 203 Cut Elongated pit. Aligned southwest- northeast 1.28m 0.70m 0.34m prehistoric 204 Deposit Fill of pit 203 1.25m 0.70m 0.34m prehistoric 205 Cut Irregular pit 0.65m 0.56m 0.25m 206 Deposit Fill of pit 206 0.65m 0.56m 0.25m 207 Cut Ditch terminus. Aligned north- south 1.00m 0.60m 0.32m prehistoric 208 Deposit Fill of ditch terminus 207 1.00m 0.60m 0.32m prehistoric 209 Cut Circular pit 0.80m 0.27m 210 Deposit Fill of pit 209 0.80m 0.27m 211 Cut Circular pit 0.70m 0.26m 212 Deposit Fill of pit 211 0.70m 0.26m 213 Cut Ditch terminus. Aligned southeast- northwest 1.40m 0.45m 0.15m 214 Deposit Fill of 213. Secondary phase of silting 1.40m 0.30m 0.10m 215 Deposit Fill of 213. Primary silting 1.40m 0.15m 0.18m

Trench 3

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 300 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.29m 301 Layer Subsoil. Light pinkish orange silty sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.29m 302 Layer Natural. Mid pinkish red gravel sand 30.0m 1.85m

Trench 4

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 100 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.44m 101 Layer Natural. Mid pinkish red gravel sand 30.0m 1.85m

Trench 5

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 500 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.30m 501 Layer Subsoil. Light pinkish orange silty sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.70m 502 Layer Natural. Mid pinkish red gravel sand 30.0m 1.85m

26 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

Trench 6

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 600 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown sandy silt 30.0m 2.00m 0.30m 601 Layer Subsoil. Light pinkish orange silty sand 30.0m 2.00m 0.40m 602 Layer Natural. Mid pinkish brown sand 30.0m 1.85m 603 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned northwest- southeast 1.14m 1.65m 0.56m 604 Deposit Fill of 603. Secondary phase of silting 1.14m 0.41m 0.10m 605 Deposit Fill of 603. Primary silting 1.14m 1.65m 0.46m

Trench 7

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 700 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.35m 701 Layer Subsoil. Light pinkish orange silty sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.40m 702 Layer Natural. Mid pinkish orange sand 30.0m 1.85m 703 Deposit Colluvial deposit. Orangey brown silty sand 7.00m 1.85m 0.35m

Trench 8

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 800 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.37m 801 Layer Subsoil. Mid pinkish orange sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.36m 802 Layer Natural. Pinkish orange sand 30.0m 1.85m 803 Cut Linear ditch 1.85m 2.16m 804 Deposit Fill of 803 1.85m 2.16m

Trench 9

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 900 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.29m 901 Layer Natural. Mid pinkish orange sand 30.0m 1.85m 902 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned east- west 1.85m 2.61m 0.50m C.18th 903 Deposit Fill of 902. Primary fill 1.85m 1.61m 0.06m 904 Deposit Fill of 902. Secondary fill 1.85m 2.61 0.50m C.18th 905 Cut Linear gully. Aligned east- west 1.85m 0.47m 0.16m 906 Deposit Fill of 905 1.85m 0.47m 0.16m

Trench 10

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1000 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.38m 1001 Layer Subsoil. Mid pinkish orange sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.20m 1002 Layer Natural. Mid pinkish orange sand 30.0m 1.85m

Trench 11

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date NOT EXCAVATED

27 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

Trench 12

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1200 Layer Topsoil. Dark red brown silty sand 30.0m 1.95m 0.25m 1201 Layer Subsoil. Light red brown sand 30.0m 1.95m 0.35m 1202 Layer Natural. Light pinkish red gravel sand 30.0m 1.95m

Trench 13

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1300 Layer Topsoil. Dark red brown silty sand 30.0m 1.95m 0.25m 1301 Layer Subsoil. Light red brown sand 30.0m 1.95m 0.32m 1302 Layer Natural. Light pinkish red gravel sand 30.0m 1.95m

Trench 14

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1400 Layer Topsoil. Dark red brown silty sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.31m 1401 Layer Subsoil. Light red brown sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.41m 1402 Layer Natural. Light pinkish red gravel sand 30.0m 1.85m

Trench 15

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1500 Layer Topsoil. Dark red brown silty sand 30.0m 2.00m 0.35m 1501 Layer Natural. Mottled red and yellow gravel and sand 30.0m 2.00m

Trench 16

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1600 Layer Topsoil. Dark red brown silty sand 30.0m 1.98m 0.36m 1601 Layer Subsoil. Light red brown sand 30.0m 1.98m 0.19m 1602 Layer Natural. Light pinkish red gravel sand 30.0m 1.98m

Trench 17

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1700 Layer Topsoil. Dark reddish brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.80m 0.35m 1701 Layer Subsoil. Light reddish brown silty sand 30.0m 1.80m 0.30m 1702 Layer Natural. light reddish pink gravel sand 30.0m 1.80m 1703 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned northwest- southeast 1.80m 1.15m 0.53m 1704 Deposit Fill of 1703. Primary fill 1.25m 0.64m 0.14m 1705 Deposit Fill of 1703. Secondary fill 1.80 1.15m 0.39m

Trench 18

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1800 Layer Topsoil. Dark reddish brown sandy silt 30.0m 2.05m 0.35m 1801 Layer Subsoil. Light reddish brown silty sand 30.0m 2.05m 0.30m 1802 Layer Natural. light reddish pink gravel sand 30.0m 2.05m 1803 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned northwest- southeast 2.25m 0.93m 0.28m 1804 Deposit Fill of 1803 2.25m 0.93m 0.28m

28 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

1805 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned north- south 2.30m 0.75m 0.23m 1806 Deposit Fill of 1805 2.30m 0.75m 0.23m

Trench 19

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1900 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown silty sand 30.0m 1.87m 0.30m 1901 Layer Subsoil. Light brownish pink silty sand 30.0m 1.87m 0.30m 1902 Layer Natural. Red and pinkish yellow gravel sand 30.0m 1.87m 1903 Cut Ditch terminus/ pit 1.54m 1.04m 0.30m 1904 Deposit Fill of 1906 1.34m 0.70m 0.26m Early Neo 1905 Deposit Fill of 1903 1.54m 1.04m 0.30m 1906 Cut Re-cut of ditch terminus/ pit 1903 1.34m 0.70m 0.26m

Trench 20

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2000 Layer Topsoil. Dark reddish brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.80m 0.30m 2001 Layer Subsoil. Light reddish brown silty sand 30.0m 1.80m 0.38m 2002 Layer Natural. light reddish pink gravel sand 30.0m 1.80m 2003 Cut Curvilinear ditch 0.80m 1.34m 0.44m 2004 Deposit Fill of 2008 0.80m 0.69m 0.32m 2005 Deposit Fill of 2003 0.80m 1.34m 0.32m 2006 Cut Curvilinear ditch 0.65m 0.40m 0.25m 2007 Deposit Fill of 2006 0.65m 0.40m 0.25m 2008 Cut Curvilinear re-cut of ditch 2003 0.80m 0.69m 0.32m

Trench 21

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2100 Layer Topsoil. Dark red brown silty sand 30.0m 2.00m 0.41m 2101 Layer Subsoil. Light red brown sand 30.0m 2.00m 0.17m 2102 Layer Natural. Light yellow gravel sand with purple clay 30.0m 2.00m 2103 Cut Elongated pit 1.20m 0.50m 0.62m Modern 2104 Deposit Upper fill of 2103 0.75m 0.46m 0.36m Modern 2105 Deposit Lower fill of 2104 0.79m 0.32m 0.62m Modern

Trench 22

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2200 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown silty sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.32m 2201 Layer Subsoil. Light brownish pink silty sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.43m 2202 Layer Natural. Deep reddish pink sand 30.0m 1.85m 2203 Cut Linear ditch/ gully. Aligned northwest- southeast 3.00m 0.53m 0.19m 2204 Deposit Fill of 2203 3.00m 0.53m 0.19m

Trench 23

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2300 Layer Topsoil. Dark orangey brown silt 30.0m 2.00m 0.45m 2301 Layer Natural. Light grey sand with orange mottling 30.0m 2.00m

29 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

Trench 24

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2400 Layer Topsoil. Mid grey silty sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.21m 2401 Layer Subsoil. Mid yellow brown gravel sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.06m 2402 Layer Natural. Mid orange brown sand 30.0m 1.85m 2403 Cut Linear ditch/ gully. Aligned south southwest- north 1.85m 1.37m 0.29m northeast 2404 Deposit Fill of 2403 1.85m 1.37m 0.29m 2405 Cut Linear ditch. Unexcavated 2406 Deposit Fill of 2406

Trench 25

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2500 Layer Topsoil. Mid greyish brown silt 30.0m 2.00m 0.30m 2501 Layer Subsoil. Light greyish brown silt with orange 30.0m 2.00m 0.15m mottling 2502 Layer Natural. White/light yellow sand and gravel 30.0m 2.00m 2503 Cut Linear ditch 2.80m 1.00m 2504 Deposit Fill of 2503 0.35m 2505 Cut Ditch 1.10m 0.35m 2506 Deposit Fill of 2505 0.35m 2507 Cut Ditch 1.30m 0.30m 2508 Deposit Fill of 2507 0.30m 2509 Cut Ditch 2.40m 0.70m 2510 Deposit Fill of 2509. Primary fill 0.25m 2511 Deposit Fill of 2509. 0.20m 2512 Deposit Fill of 2509. re-deposited natural 0.30m 2513 Deposit Fill of 2509

Trench 26

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2600 Layer Topsoil. Mid grey silty sand 30.0m 2.0m 0.23m 2601 Layer Dumped deposit. Light grey brown silty sand 30.0m 2.0m 0.75m 2602 Layer Natural. Red yellow sand with pebbles 30.0m 2.0m 2603 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned east- west 2.00m 0.50m 0.15m 2604 Deposit Fill of 2603 2.00m 0.50m 0.15m 2605 Cut Circular pit 0.65m 0.10m 2606 Deposit Fill of 2605 0.65m 0.10m 2607 Cut Irregular oval pit 1.51m 1.58m 0.41m 2608 Deposit Fill of 2607 1.51m 1.58m 0.41m 2609 Cut Ditch. Unexcavated 2.00m 3.53m 2610 Deposit Fill of 2609 2.00m 3.53m 2611 Layer Red pink coarse sand dump 10.30m 2.00m 0.73m 2612 Layer Possible buried topsoil. Light brown grey silty sand 5.30m 2.00m 0.13m 2613 Cut Possible linear ditch. Unexcavated 0.90m 0.70m 2614 Deposit Fill of 2613 0.90m 0.70m 2615 Cut Linear ditch 1.03m 0.43m 0.32m Modern 2616 Deposit Fill of 2615 Modern

30 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

Trench 27

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2700 Layer Topsoil. Mid greyish brown silty sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.20m 2701 Layer Re-deposited natural. Mid pinkish red sand with 22.0m 1.85m 0.50m gravel 2702 Layer Buried topsoil. Mid grey brown silty sand 5.00m 1.85m 0.40m 2703 Layer Buried subsoil. Mid grey brown silty sand with gravel 5.00m 1.85m 0.32m and pebbles 2704 Layer Buried topsoil. Dark grey brown silty sand 20.0m 1.85m 0.40m 2705 Layer Natural. Mid pinkish red sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 2706 Cut Linear ditch. aligned southeast- northwest 1.85m 7.70m 0.90m 2707 Deposit Primary fill of 2706 1.30m 0.20m 2708 Deposit Secondary fill of 2706 2.50m 0.20m 2709 Deposit Backfill of 2706 7.70m 0.90m 2710 Layer Topsoil. Black sandy clay 8.00m 1.85m 0.31m

Trench 28

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2800 Layer Topsoil. Mid greyish brown silty sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.28m 2801 Layer Subsoil. Light greyish brown silty sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.17m 2802 Layer Natural. Mid pinkish red sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 2803 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned west- east 1.50m 1.17m 0.45m 2804 Deposit Fill of 2803 1.50m 1.17m 0.45m 2805 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned north- south 1.40m 1.03m 0.45m 2806 Deposit Fill of 2805 1.40m 1.03m 0.45m 2807 Cut Circular pit 1.62m 0.45m IA/RB 2808 Deposit Fill of 2807 1.62m 0.42m IA/RB 2809 Deposit Primary fill of 2807 0.81m 0.08m IA/RB

Trench 29

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2900 Layer Topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.33m 2901 Layer Subsoil. Light pinkish orange silty sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.26m 2902 Layer Natural. Mid pinkish red sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 2903 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned southeast- northwest 1.85m 1.98m 0.53m 2904 Deposit Fill of 2903 1.85m 1.98m 0.53m 2905 Cut Ovoid pit 1.40m 0.67m 0.21m 2906 Deposit Fill of 2905 1.40m 0.67m 0.21m

Trench 30

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 3000 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown silty sand 30.0m 1.80m 0.30m 3001 Layer Subsoil. Mid pinkish red sand with occasional 30.0m 1.80m 0.25m pebbles 3002 Layer Natural. Bands of gravel and reddish grey sad 30.0m 1.80m 3003 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned north- south 1.80m 1.14m 0.22m 3004 Deposit Fill of 3003 1.80m 1.14m 0.22m 3005 Cut Posthole 0.50m 0.20m 3006 Deposit Fill of 3005 0.50m 0.20m

31 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

3007 Cut Irregular oval pit 0.60m 0.30m 0.19m 3008 Deposit Fill of 3007 0.60m 0.30m 0.19m

Trench 31

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 3100 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown silty clay 30.0m 1.80m 0.28m 3101 Layer Subsoil. Mid pinkish red sand 30.0m 1.80m 0.20m 3102 Layer Natural. Bands of gravel and reddish grey sand 30.0m 1.80m 3103 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned north- south 2.10m 1.09m 0.36m 3104 Deposit Fill of 3103 2.10m 1.09m 0.36m

Trench 32

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 3200 Layer Topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.28m 3201 Layer Subsoil. Mid orangey pink silt sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.33m 3202 Layer Natural. Pinkish red sand with gravel 90.0m 1.85m

Trench 33

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 3300 Layer Topsoil. Dark grey brown silty sand 30.0m 2.00m 0.32m 3301 Layer Subsoil. Mid reddish beige silty sand 30.0m 2.00m 0.09m 3302 Layer Natural. Dark red orange sand with gravel/ pebbles 30.0m 2.00m 3303 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned northeast- southwest 2.00m 1.29m 0.54m 3304 Deposit Primary silting fill of 3303 2.00m 0.54m 0.10m 3305 Deposit Fill of 3303 2.00m 1.25m 0.27m 3306 Deposit Fill of 3303 2.00m 1.29m 0.26m

Trench 34

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 3400 Layer Topsoil. Dark grey brown silty sand 30.0m 1.85m 0.30m 3401 Layer Natural. Red orange sand with gravel and pebbles 30.0m 1.85m 0.10m 3402 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned southwest- northeast 1.85m 2.80m 1.08m Modern 3403 Deposit Primary fill of 3402 1.00m 2.80m 1.08m Modern 3404 Deposit Fill of 3402 1.00m 0.96m 0.25m Modern 3405 Deposit Fill of 3402 1.85m 2.12m 0.78m Modern 3406 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned southwest- northwest 1.85m 0.70m 0.50m Modern 3407 Deposit Fill of 3406 1.85m 0.70m 0.50m Modern

Trench 35

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 3500 Layer Topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.51m 3501 Layer Natural. Mid reddish pink sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 3502 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned north- south 3.70m 1.80m 0.20m 3503 Fill Fill of 3502 3.70m 1.80m 0.20m

32 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

Trench 36

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 3600 Layer Topsoil. Mid reddish brown silty sand 30.0m 1.80m 0.30m 3601 Layer Subsoil. Mid pinkish red sand with occasional 30.0m 1.80m 0.25m pebbles 3602 Layer Bands of gravel and reddish grey sand 30.0m 1.18m

Trench 37

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 3700 Layer Topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.46m 3701 Layer Natural. Pinkish red sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 3702 Cut Linear ditch. Unexcavated 1.90m 1.20m 3703 Deposit Fill of 3702 1.90m 1.20m

Trench 38

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 3800 Layer Topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.46m 3801 Layer Natural. Mid orangey red sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m

Trench 39

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 3900 Layer Topsoil. Dark grey brown silty sands 30.0m 2.00m 0.39m 3901 Layer Natural. Red orange fine sand with gravel 30.0m 2.00m 3902 Deposit Fill of 3903 1.08m 0.88m 0.15m 3903 Cut Tree throw. 1.08m 0.88m 0.15m 3904 Deposit Fill of 3905 2.00m 1.61m 3905 Cut Linear ditch. Unexcavated field boundary 2.00m 1.61m 3906 Deposit Fill of 3907 2.00m 1.64m 3907 Cut Linear ditch. Unexcavated field boundary 2.00m 1.64m

Trench 40

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 4000 Layer Topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.42m 4001 Layer Natural. Light yellowish orange sand 30.0m 1.85m 4002 Cut Field drain 7.20m 0.25m Modern 4003 Deposit Fill of 4002 7.20m 0.25m Modern

Trench 41

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 4100 Layer Topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.47m 4101 Layer Natural. Pinkish red sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 4102 Cut Linear field boundary. Aligned northwest-southeast 1.85m 1.65m 4103 Deposit Fill of 4102 1.85m 1.65m 4104 Cut Linear field boundary. Aligned northwest- southeast 1.85m 1.35m 4105 Deposit Fill of 4104 1.85m 1.35m 4106 Cut Sub-circular posthole 0.30m 0.11m

33 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

4107 Deposit Fill of 4106 0.30m 0.11m 4108 Cut Ovoid posthole 0.40m 0.35m 0.13m 4109 Deposit Fill of 4108 0.40m 0.35m 0.13m 4110 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned northwest- southeast 1.85m 1.34m 0.61m 4111 Deposit Secondary fill of 4110 1.85m 1.21m 0.31m 4112 Deposit Primary fill of 4110 1.85m 1.34m 0.61m

Trench 42

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 4200 Layer Topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.49m 4201 Layer Natural. Mid orangey red sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 4202 Cut Linear field boundary. Aligned northeast- southwest. 1.85m 2.10m Unexcavated 4203 Deposit Fill of 4202 1.85m 2.10m 4204 Cut Linear field boundary. Aligned northeast- southwest. 1.85m 0.55m Unexcavated 4205 Deposit Fill of 4204 1.85m 0.55m

Trench 43

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 4300 Layer Topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.35m 4301 Layer Subsoil. Mid orangey pink silty sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 0.25m 4302 Layer Natural. Reddish pink sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 4303 Cut Ovoid posthole 0.29m 0.23m 0.22m 4304 Deposit Fill of 4303 0.29m 0.23m 0.22m

Trench 44

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 4400 Layer Topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.49m 4401 Layer Natural. Pinkish red sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 4402 Cut Linear ditch/ paleochannel. Aligned northeast- 2.80m 0.88m 0.23m southwest 4403 Deposit Fill of 4402 2.80m 0.88m 0.23m 4404 Cut Linear field boundary. Aligned northwest- southeast. 2.05m 1.05m Unexcavated 4405 Deposit Fill of 4404 2.05m 1.05m 4406 Cut Linear field boundary. Aligned northwest- southeast. 2.05m 0.35m Unexcavated 4407 Deposit Fill of 4406 2.05 0.35m

34 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

Trench 45

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 4500 Layer Topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.85m 0.38m 4501 Layer Natural. Mid reddish pink sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 4502 Cut Linear ditch/ gully 1.70m 0.46m 0.12m 4503 Deposit Fill of 4502 1.70m 0.46m 0.12m

Trench 46

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 4600 Layer Topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt 30.0m 2.00m 0.32m 4601 Layer Natural. Mid reddish pink sand with gravel 30.0m 2.00m 4602 Cut Hedgerow 2.00m 1.51m 0.25m Post- med 4603 Deposit Fill of 4602 2.00m 1.51m 0.25m Post- med 4604 Deposit Fill of 4602 2.00m 1.18m 0.10m Post- med 4605 Cut Paleochannel 3.50m 0.60m 0.38m 4606 Deposit Fill of 4605 0.60m 0.18m 4607 Deposit Fill of 4605 0.32m 0.19m 4608 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned northwest- southeast. 2.00m 1.80m Unecavated 4609 Deposit Fill of 4608 2.00m 1.80m

Trench 47

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 4700 Layer Topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.80m 0.35m 4701 Layer Natural. Mid reddish pink sand with gravel 30.0m 1.80m

Trench 48

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 4800 Layer Topsoil. Mid grey brown silty sand 30.0m 2.00m 0.43m 4801 Layer Natural. Mid brown red sand with gravel 30.0m 2.00m 4802 Deposit Fill of 4803 0.30m 0.50m 0.22m 4803 Cut Ditch/ gully. Aligned northeast- southwest 0.30m 0.20m 0.22m 4804 Deposit Fill of 4805 0.86m 0.88m 0.40m 4805 Cut Ditch. Aligned northwest- southeast 0.86m 0.88m 0.40m 4806 Deposit Secondary fill of 4807 0.54m 0.82m 0.46m 4807 Cut Ditch. Aligned northwest- southeast 0.54m 0.82m 0.49m 4808 Deposit Primary fill of 4807 0.54m 0.18m 0.39m 4809 Cut Ditch. Aligned northeast- southwest 0.28m 0.27m 0.35m 4810 Deposit Fill of 4809 0.28m 0.27m 0.35m 4811 Cut Ditch. Aligned northwest- southeast 0.23m 1.11m 0.35m 4812 Deposit Fill of 4811 0.23m 1.11m 0.35m 4813 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned northwest- southeast 0.65m 1.18m 0.31m 4814 Deposit Fill of 4813 0.65m 1.18m 0.31m 4815 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned north- south 0.59m 0.73m 0.28m 4816 Deposit Fill of 4815 0.59m 0.73m 0.24m 4817 Deposit Primary fill of 4815 0.59m 0.73m 0.07m 4818 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned northeast- southwest 0.63m 0.71m 0.27m

35 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

4819 Deposit Fill of 4818 0.63m 0.71m 0.26m 4820 Deposit Primary fill of 4818 0.63m 0.40m 0.24m

Trench 49

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 4900 Layer Topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt 30.0m 1.80m 0.47m 4901 Layer Natural 30.0m 1.80m 4902 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned northwest- southeast. 2.50m 2.25m Unexcavated 4903 Deposit Fill of 4902 2.50m 2.25m 4904 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned northwest- southeast 2.70m 1.80m 0.50m 4905 Deposit Primary fill of 4904 1.20m 1.02m 0.27m 4906 Deposit Secondary fill of 4904 1.20m 1.03m 0.27m 4907 Deposit Fill of 4904 2.00m 0.76m 0.22m 4908 Deposit Dump fill of 4904 2.70m 1.80m 0.22m

Trench 50

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 5000 Layer Topsoil. Mid greyish brown sandy silt 30.0m 2.00m 0.31m 5001 Layer Natural. Orange red sand with gravel 30.0m 2.00m 5002 Cut Linear ditch. Aligned northeast- southwest 0.98m 2.01m 0.48m Modern 5003 Deposit Fill of 5002. Backfill 0.98m 0.70m 0.05m Modern 5004 Deposit Fill of 5002. Backfill 0.98m 1.38m 0.22m Modern 5005 Deposit Fill of 5002. Root disturbance 0.32m 0.26m 0.21m Modern 5006 Deposit Fill of 5002. Backfill 0.98m 0.24m 0.17m Modern 5007 Deposit Fill of 5002. Weathered slumping 0.98m 0.33m 0.22m Modern 5008 Deposit Fill of 5002. 0.35m 0.26m Modern 5009 Deposit Fill of 5002. Backfill 0.98m 1.22m 0.23m Modern 5010 Deposit Fill of 5002. Slumping 0.98m 0.28m 0.06m Modern

Trench 51

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 5100 Layer Topsoil. Mid greyish brown sandy silt with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 0.47m 5101 Layer Natural. Pinkish red sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m

Trench 52

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 5201 Layer Topsoil. Mid greyish brown sandy silt with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 0.39m 52 Layer Natural. Light pinkish orange sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m

Trench 53

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 5300 Layer Topsoil. Mid greyish brown sandy silt with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 0.46m 5301 Layer Natural. Pinkish red sandy gravel 30.0m 1.85m

36 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

Trench 54

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 5400 Layer Topsoil. Mid greyish brown sandy silt with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 0.33m 5401 Layer Subsoil. Light pinkish orange silty sand with gravel 30.0m 1.85m 0.29m 5402 Layer Natural. Mid pinkish red sand gravel 30.0m 1.85m

37 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX B: THE FINDS

Context Description Ct. Wt. Date 204 Worked flint: flake 4 40 Prehistoric. Worked chert: broken flakes, bladelet, broken blade 604 Worked chert: broken bladelet 1 1 Prehistoric 904 Modern pottery: stoneware 1 25 C19 Medieval? pottery: fine oxidised glazed ware 2 2 Clay tobacco pipe: stem 1 3 Glass: vessel 1 1 Iron: nail 1 8 Slate: roof tile? 1 1 Ceramic building material: unidentified 1 2 Coal 1 3 1700 Post-medieval pottery: post-medieval orange ware 1 9 C17-C18 1904 Prehistoric pottery: quartzite-tempered ware 15 35 Early Neolithic Worked flint: long flake, flake 2 7 <10> Flint: debitage 4 <1 <10> Prehistoric pottery 1 2 1905 Worked flint: burnt flake 1 11 Prehistoric 2004 Worked flint: broken flake 1 1 Prehistoric 2104 Modern pottery: refined whiteware 1 1 C19 2105 Modern pottery: refined whiteware 1 2 C19 Iron: drain or water pipe 1 60 2201 Medieval pottery: unglazed chert-tempered ware 2 27 C12-C14 Worked flint: abraded flake 1 13 2610 Medieval pottery: unglazed chert-tempered ware 2 5 C12-C14 2804 <4> Bone: burnt 1 <1 2808 Worked flint: Flakes, broken blade 4 10 Prehistoric 3405 Clay tobacco pipe: stem 1 2 C19 Iron: unidentified 2 299 Roof tile: ridge tile 1 85 4600 Modern pottery: mocha ware 1 9 C19 4604 Post-medieval pottery: post-medieval red sandy ware 2 24 C18 4802 Worked flint: core tablet 1 13 Mesolithic Area 3 u/s. Worked flint: retouched side scraper 1 3 Area 6 u/s. Worked flint: end scraper 1 16

38 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX C: THE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE Sample No Context No Volume (L) Percentage of sample processed Flots Flot Weight (g) Material Weight (g) Identification (where applicable) 4 2804 19L 100% 1mm 15 Charcoal 3 plus Quercus spp (Oak spp) and flot 0.25mm Burnt bone <1

5 2808 18L 100% 1mm 12 Charcoal <1 Quercus spp (Oak spp) and plus 0.25mm flot

6 2608 18L 100% 1mm Charcoal 2 plus Alnus glutinosa/Corylus avellana and flot (Alder/hazel) 0.25mm Cornus spp (Dogwood) Prunus spp (Cherry spp) Quercus spp (Oak spp) Ulex spp/Cytisus spp (Gorse/broom) Plant < 1 Avena spp (Oat) macrofossils plus Hordeum vulgare (Barley) flot Hordeum vulgare (Barley rachis) Poaceae (Indeterminate cereal grains) Triticum aestivum/durum/turgidum spp (Free threshing wheat spp) 7 204 17L 100% 1mm 4 Charcoal <1 N/A and Flint 2 0.25mm

9 1804 20L 100% 1mm 14 Charcoal <1 Alnus glutinosa/Corylus avellana and plus (Alder/hazel) 0.25mm flot Fraxinus excelsior (Ash) Quercus spp (Oak spp) Ulex spp/Cytisus spp (Gorse/broom) 10 1904 18L 100% 1mm 14 Charcoal X plus Quercus spp (Oak spp) and flot 0.25mm Flint <1 Pottery 2

39 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX D: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1) Hayes Farm Clyst Honiton Devon Short description (250 words maximum) An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology between September and October 2011 at the request of CgMs Consulting on land at Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon. Fifty three trenches were excavated.

The evaluation identified numerous archaeological features throughout the proposed development area which generally correlated well with the results of preceding geophysical surveys. Archaeological features encountered during the evaluation comprised ditches, pits and postholes, generally dated to one of three broad periods; prehistoric, medieval and post- medieval/modern. Within these broad periods, activity generally occurred within defined areas of the site.

A large number of the features identified by the evaluation represent former agricultural field boundaries and are evident on historical mapping. Project dates 26 September to 11 October 2011 Project type Cultural Heritage Assessment; geophysics (e.g. desk-based, field evaluation etc)

Previous work None (reference to organisation or SMR numbers etc)

Future work Unknown PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon Study area (M2/ha) 15ha Site co-ordinates (8 Fig Grid Reference) SX 9879 9424

PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator None Project Design (WSI) originator CgMs Consulting

Project Manager Cliff Bateman Project Supervisor Mark Brett MONUMENT TYPE None SIGNIFICANT FINDS Early Neolithic pottery PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content (e.g. pottery, (museum/Accession no.) animal bone etc)

Physical Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter Pottery, lithics, ceramic buildi8ng material Paper Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter Trench recording sheets, context sheets, permatrace drawings, environmental sample registers, environmental sample sheets, photographic registers Digital Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter Digital photos

40 © Cotswold Archaeology Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2011 Project Dixie (Phase 1; Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon: Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report 11245

41 N t 01285 771022 Cotswold f 01285 771033 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Devon Project Dixie (Phase 1, Plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon

FIGURE TITLE Site location plan

0 1km

FIGURE NO. Reproduced from the 1997 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with PROJECT NO. 3570 DATE 19-10-2011 the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeological Trust 100002109 APPROVED BY PJM SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1

N Trench 1, plan

ditch 103 A 9.87m 9.25m 10m 10.73m A

0 10m Trench 1, section AA

EW 9.9m AOD 104

ditch 103

01m Trench 1, ditch 103, looking south (scale 0.5m)

N

Trench 2, plan ditch pit ?ditch pit 213 209 207 205 B D 9.36m 8.68m B 9.6m 10.16m

E C C D E pit pit 211 203 0 10m

Trench 2, section BB Trench 2, section CC Trench 2, section DD

SW NE SE NW NE SW NE SW 9m 9m 9m 210 212 AOD AOD AOD 214 214 215 215 pit pit 211 213 pit pit 209 213

Trench 2, ditch terminus 213, loooking south-west (scale 0.5m)

Trench 2, section EE

206 t 01285 771022 208 SW NE NW SE f 01285 771033 204 Cotswold 9m pit Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected] AOD ?ditch 205 207 pit PROJECT TITLE 203 Project Dixie (Phase 1, plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon 01m FIGURE TITLE Trenches 1 and 2: plans, sections and photographs Trench 2, pits 203 and 205 and ?ditch 207, looking south-west PROJECT NO. 3570 DATE 19-10-2011 FIGURE NO. (scale 1m) DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY PJM SCALE@A3 1:200 and 1:20 6 Trench 6, plan N

F Trench 6, section FF 10.22m 9.52m 9.78m 10.38m F

ditch 603

0 10m topsoil 600

subsoil subsoil 601 601 605 S N 9.5m ditch AOD 603 604

01m

Trench 6, ditch 603, looking west (scales 1m and 0.4m)

Trench 17, plan Trench 17, section GG N

ditch 1703 SW NE 17m 17.25m 16.88m 17.34m 17.98m AOD G 1705 G ditch 0 10m 1703

1704

01m

N

Trench 18, plan ditch 1803

H I 16.94m 16.33m 16.46m 17.25m H I modern

ditch 1805 0 10m t 01285 771022 Cotswold f 01285 771033 Trench 18, section HH Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk Trench 18, section II e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE WE Project Dixie (Phase 1, plot 1), Hayes NE SW 16.3m 16.5m Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon AOD 1806 AOD 1804 FIGURE TITLE ditch Trenches 6, 17 and 18: plans, sections 1805 ditch and photographs 1803 01m PROJECT NO. 3570 DATE 20-10-2011 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 Trench 6, ditch 603, looking west (scales 1m and 0.4m) APPROVED BY PJM SCALE@A3 1:200 and 1:20 7 Trench 19, plan N

K K

13.06m 12.38m 14.27m 14.67m J

ditch J 1905 0 10m

Trench 19, section JJ Trench 19, section KK

N S NWN SEE 13.2m 13.2m AOD re-cut 1904 1906 AOD

1905 1904 ?ditch 1903 1905 ?ditch 1903 re-cut 1906

01m Trench 19, ditch 1903 and re-cut 1906, looking east (scale 1m)

N

Trench 20, plan

L L

15.54m 14.86m M ditch 15.38m 16.06m 2003

ditch M terminus 2006 0 10m

Trench 20, section LL Trench 20, section MM

SW NE NE NW 15m SW SE AOD ditch 2007 2004 15m 2008 AOD ?ditch ?ditch 2006 Trench 20, ditch 2003, looking south-west (scale 1m) 2005 2003 01m

t 01285 771022 Cotswold f 01285 771033 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk Trench 22, plan e [email protected] N PROJECT TITLE ditch 2203 Project Dixie (Phase 1, plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon

FIGURE TITLE 13.98m 13.50m 15.49m 15.91m Trenches 19, 20 and 22: plans, sections and photographs

0 10m PROJECT NO. 3570 DATE 20-10-2011 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY PJM SCALE@A3 1:200 and 1:20 8 9 FIGURE NO. cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk @ modern www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk

enquiries 01285 771022 01285 771033 01285 t f w e 20-10-2011 00 1:200 and 1:20 DATE REVISION SCALE@A3 chaeology 3570 JB PJM Cotswold Ar Project Dixie (Phase 1, plot 1), Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon 24 and 26: plans, sections Trenches and photographs PROJECT TITLE FIGURE TITLE PROJECT NO. BY DRAWN APPROVED BY Trench 26, pit 2607, looking noth-west (scale 2m) 26, pit 2607, looking noth-west Trench Trench 24, ditch 2403, looking southwest (scale 1m) 24, ditch 2403, looking southwest Trench 3m pit 2607 2608 2612 topsoil 2600 2601 SE ditch 2610 subsoil 2401 2611 ditch 2403 0 2610 Trench 26, looking north-west (scales 1m) Trench 2404 topsoil 2400 SW NE 01m AOD 12.5m Trench 26, section OO Trench 13.89m NW Q Q AOD pit 11.5m 2605 Trench 24, section NN Trench 12.67m

N

N P ditch 2603 P O ditch 2403 N N ditch 2405 pit 12.01m 2607 0 10m 11.30m 11.74m 11.44m O ditch 2609 Trench 26, ditch 2603, looking north-west (scale 0.5m) Trench 0 10m N 2606 2604 11.16m pit ditch 2605 2603 Trench 24, plan Trench S 01m NW SE m 9 5 AOD . 12.3m 1 AOD Trench 26, plan Trench 1 11.59m 12.7m 12.06m Trench 26, section PP Trench Trench 26, section QQ Trench 12.12m N Trench 28, plan Trench 28, section SS pit ditch T 2807 2805 S R 13.86m 13.4m 13.80m 14.09m WE S T 13.5m AOD 2806 R ditch 2803 ditch 0 10m 2805

Trench 28, section RR

SE NWSW NE 14m Trench 28, section TT AOD 2800

N S 2801 13.5m

AOD 2804 Trench 28, ditches 2803 and 2805, looking east (scales 0.4m pit 2808 ditch 2807 and 1m) 2803

2809 01m 01m

Trench 29, plan N

ditch U U 2905

13.71m 13.91m 13.36m ditch 14.01m 2903 V

V

0 10m

Trench 29, section UU

topsoil 2900 Trench 29, ditch 2903, looking north-west (scale 1m) Trench 29, pit 2905, looking south-east (scale 0.4m)

subsoil SW 2901 NE Trench 29, section VV 13.5m t 01285 771022 AOD Cotswold f 01285 771033 2904 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk NE SW e [email protected] 13.5m ditch 2903 AOD 2906 PROJECT TITLE Project Dixie (Phase 1, plot 1), Hayes pit Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon 2905 FIGURE TITLE 01mTrenches 28 and 29: plans, sections and photographs

PROJECT NO. 3570 DATE 20-10-2011 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY PJM SCALE@A3 1:200 and 1:20 10 N Trench 48, plan

ditch ditch ditch Y Y 4818 a 4805 X X 4813 ditch Z ditch 11.53m 11.14m 4807 4803 W 111.27m1.27m 11.67m a W Z ditch 4809 ditch 4815 0 10m

Trench 48, section WW Trench 48, section XX

NESW SE NW

99m topsoil AOD 4802 4800 4804 SW NE ditch 99m 4803 AOD ditch 4805 4806

4808 Trench 48, ditch 4815, looking north-east (scale 0.4m)

ditch 4807 Trench 48, looking north-east (scales 1m))

Trench 48, section YY Trench 48, section ZZ Trench 48, section aa

topsoil NW SE 4800 99m NW SE 99m SW NE AOD 4816 AOD 4819

ditch 99m 4814 4817 4815 ditch AOD 4820 4818

ditch 4813 01m

N Trench 50, plan

b b

12.8m 12.35m ditch 12.49m 12.8m 5002

0 10m

Trench 50, section bb

t 01285 771022

topsoil Cotswold f 01285 771033 5000 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

5007 PROJECT TITLE NW SE 5008 Project Dixie (Phase 1, plot 1), Hayes 12.5m 5006 5009 Farm, Clyst Honiton, Devon AOD ditch FIGURE TITLE 5002 5005 5004 Trenches 48 and 50: plans, sections and photographs 5003 Trench 50, ditch 5002, looking north-east (scale 1m) 01m PROJECT NO. 3570 DATE 20-10-2011 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY PJM SCALE@A3 1:200 and 1:20 11