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Civil Societies and Grassroots Engagement with ASEAN in Policy-Level, Strategic Approach to ASEAN Structure and Policy Bodies

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Civil Societies and Grassroots Engagement with ASEAN in Policy-Level, Strategic Approach to ASEAN Structure and Policy Bodies Civil Societies and Grassroots Engagement with ASEAN in Policy-Level, Strategic Approach to ASEAN Structure and Policy Bodies Introduction Being 2019, ASEAN have gone so far to 52th anniversary years with the well-known successful regional cooperation amidst the world. According to ASEANstats1 by ASEAN Secretariats exposed the progress of ASEAN statistics from last 50 years, 1967-2016, demonstrates an increasing number of population growth from 185 million to 634 million, an economic inflation have raised to 2,219 billion USD from 10 billion, people’s life expectancy also developed from average 56 years old to 71 years old and the poverty rate has declined from 47% in 1990 to 14% in 2015. As these statistics number can ostensibly justify the visible positive evolution of ASEAN regional cooperation. ASEAN frequently declared the one of main specific point is ‘people-oriented’, ‘people-centered’ and ASEAN will be left no one behind as the scene of ASEAN’s promise. ASEAN also attained to engage with several external partners for cooperative development. One of the contentious issues of ASEAN Community is the participation of civil society organization (hereafter is “CSOs”) which could be seen alongside in ASEAN disputes. ASEAN CSOs which comprised 11 countries (including Timor-Leste) have demanded ASEAN Member States (AMS) to open a space of social engagement within ASEAN policies and decision-making bodies in any levels. ASEAN CSOs have established the ASEAN Civil Society Conference and ASEAN People Forum (ACSC/APF) which became to be the main forum of civil society to exhibit forum every year in parallel with ASEAN Summit as the host of ACSC/APF will be based on following the ASEAN Chairmanship each year. Since 2015, every ASCS/APF conference outcome will promulgate the statement of CSOs to head of states by giving suggestion and social concerns from grassroots and vulnerable groups in ASEAN. Moreover, CSOs have also requested to have “interface meeting” with ASEAN Leaders that have occasionally been achieved only 4 times since 2015. Through ACSC/APF, ASEAN CSOs are concerned on the human rights issues in ASEAN and urge ASEAN governments to pay more attention on solution to resolve various human rights issues such as refugees, indigenous, land rights and peoples’ displacement from national development, women, children, environment, education, armed conflict, poverty, economy, youth, gender and LGBTIQ, labour and migration, disabilities, decent work, social justice and so on in ASEAN. Nevertheless, the social participation with ASEAN has become more complexed. Caused by the complexity of ASEAN politics is that ASEAN governments assembled by ten diversities of political systems such as democracy, one-party socialist, absolute monarchy and so on. This has been politically affecting ASEAN to become instability democratization which directly impacts to social participation. A social participation has inevitably relied on various political, economic and societal aspects in ASEAN. Importantly, since 2008 ASEAN Charter 1 https://www.aseanstats.org/ was established that have made ASEAN Community to be more systematic on its regulation through multilateralism. ASEAN Charter also accords the dominant power for decision- making fully belonging to AMS among ten countries consensus which led by the ASEAN Chairmanship in each year. As more complexed, during the discussing regarding on policies or development projects in all levels are close-door meeting where do not allow CSOs and ASEAN citizenship to investigate a meeting, an outcome of governmental meetings would be appeared as a statement which ASEAN citizen are limited to access through only text-based information. The relationship between ASEAN Member states and CSOs is precarious and sentitive, it depends on various factors. However, CSOs are working closely with grassroots and local bases but it still lacks to reach or vibrate the momentum to ASEAN decision-level. This research aims to study to function of ASEAN structure related to ‘decision-making bodies’ and to strengthening CSOs strategic effective approach to decision-making body. The definition of CSOs in this research is defined to CSOs who only engaging with ACSC/APF. The group of ACSC/APF is CSOs who are bridge between governments and grassroots. This research is based on Thai context between interaction among CSOs and ASEAN governments. The Rationality of ASEAN’s Establishment Before the establishment of ASEAN, in Southeast Asia and East Asia actually had already attempted to establish regional cooperation, but there were not successful such as “Association of South East Asian States (ASA)” originally constituted by Thailand, Malaysia and Philippines, it was ineffective. Also, the establishment of “Asian and Pacific Council (ASPAC)” in 1966 with China-Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Laos, South Vietnam, Thailand, Australia and New Zealand which was facing with many obstacles and it failed in 1973. As well as, many regional cooperation practices were established which those were dissolve in abbreviated periods as Maphilindo and Greater Malayan Confederation. The main purposes of those associations were to strengthen regional cooperation. ASEAN was established in 1967 by Dr.Thanat Korman and four foreign ministers from Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore with aspiration that these countries in Southeast Asia should live sustainably by its own capacities and internal affairs without fully support for great power countries to ensure regional security and peace, primarily during the cold war after World War II. The certain objectives to establish ASEAN was, first to resolve the conflict among Indonesia and Malaysia that other countries in Southeast Asia were concerned that it would had caused and speared a conflict into region. Second, many countries were emancipated from colonization, as a new weaken countries, most of them were concerned that they could be intervened from external partners as great powers. Southeast Asia countries needed to be protected from great powers after decolonization period. Third, hereafter decolonization, several countries were holding a high nationalism which that could had caused a conflict among other countries in region, thus it should have the regional cooperation to maintain permanent peace in Southeast Asia to prevent war and conflict among Southeast Asia countries. Eventually, in 8 August 1967, the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) was signed among five ministers with its purpose to strengthen peace and peaceful community, economic growth, social progress, active collaboration and mutual assistance as well as created a first roughly structure of cooperation to establish its primarily mechanism. It was obvious that ASEAN members gathered to seek for regional solution by itself to encounter with the negative outcome after cold war. 1st ASEAN Summit were convened to purpose to discuss and search for solution of an expansion of communism in Southeast Asia, especially after USA withdraw and retreated its troops from Vietnam. ASEAN proclaimed two fundamental declaration that have influenced ASEAN practices these days. First, document was “Declaration of ASEAN Concord or Bail Concord” it was first document that conducted to practice in political and security affairs in ASEAN as ASEAN should be resolve any regional dispute as soon as possible through peaceful and meaningful dialogue and providing guidance on socio-culture, economic, security and ASEAN machinery. Importantly, by signing “the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC)” became as the fundamental principle of ASEAN which have been embracing within all practice and activity in ASEAN. TAC was established in order to prevent and forbid any intervention practice and attempts to resolve a conflict in region through peaceful resolution without any threat or coercion. All of ASEAN partners must inevitably accede with this principle to be partners of ASEAN. Until, current situation, ASEAN has still adhered with these fundamental practices of ASEAN expanded to all external partners, it was comprised with total 40 parties in 2019. TAC was influenced from the Bandung Declaration in 1955 at Bandung, Indonesia, a meeting of Asian and African states gathered purposing to discuss on peace building after decolonization. The core principles of Bandung Conference were to support idea of self-determination, mutual respect for sovereignty, non-aggression and non- interference and equality. ASEAN, originally, was rationally established to cope with the instability political status quo affected by cold war which aimed to build effective efforts on regional cooperation to bring peace, security in the region and fundamentally created prevented platforms from external political intervention. At the beginning, it was rarely discussed on human rights or social participation which was not the fundamental value of ASEAN since of its establishment. Under the non-interference value that allows ASEAN governments can interpret a definition of human rights and people engagement by national interests. It was concerned more on external intervention from great powers which it was crucial at cold war era rather than other social issues in region. It was rule-based by governments for regional stability, peace and security in governmental aspects. See annex 1: ASEAN core documents and related documents on human rights and people participation ASEAN Charter and Decision-Making Procedures and Its Structure ASEAN Charter and
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