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ORDINES◆ MILITARES COLLOQUIA TORUNENSIA HISTORICA Yearbook for the Study of the Military Orders vol. XVI (2011) DIE RITTERORDEN IN UMBRUCHS- UND KRISENZEITEN e Military Orders in Times of Change and Crisis Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu Toruń 2011 E"#$%&#'* B%'&" Roman Czaja, Editor in Chief, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Jürgen Sarnowsky, Editor in Chief, University of Hamburg Jochen Burgtorf, California State University Sylvain Gouguenheim, École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Lyon Hubert Houben, Università del Salento Lecce Krzysztof Kwiatkowski, Assistant Editor, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Alan V. Murray, University of Leeds R56#575&8: Wiesław Długokęcki, University of Gdańsk Marian Dygo, University of Warsaw Sławomir Jóźwiak, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń A""&588 %= E"#$%&#'* O==#>5: Instytut Historii i Archiwistyki UMK, ul. Gagarina 9 87-100 Toruń e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Subscriptions orders shoud be addressed to: [email protected] Wydanie publikacji do[nansowany przez Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego Printed in Poland © Copyright by Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika © Copyright by Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu Toruń 2011 ISSN 0867-2008 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS UNIVERSITY PRESS E"#$%&#'* O==#>5: ul. Gagarina 5, 87-100 Toruń tel. (0) 56 611 42 95, fax (0) 56 611 47 05 e-mail: [email protected] D#8$&#{|$#%}: ul. Reja 25, 87-100 Toruń tel./fax (0) 56 611 42 38 e-mail: [email protected] www.wydawnictwoumk.pl First edition Print: Nicolaus Copernicus University Press ul. Gagarina 5, 87-100 Toruń CONTENTS I. STUDIES AND ARTICLES Alan Forey (Kirtlington) A Hospitaller Consilium (1274) and the Explanations Advanced by Military Orders for Problems Confronting them in the Holy Land in the Later irteenth Century ...................................................................................... 7 Shlomo Lotan (Jerusalem) Empowering and Struggling in an Era of Uncertainty and Crisis – e Teutonic Military Order in the Latin East, 1250–1291 .................................. 19 Sylvain Gouguenheim (ENS Lyon) Die Vorschläge zum Zusammenschluss der Ritterorden am Ende des 13. und Anfang des 14. Jahrhunderts Eine Konsequenz der Kritike oder eine Chance? ..................................................................................................................... 29 Klaus Militzer (Köln) Die Übersiedlung Siegfrieds von Feuchtwangen in die Marienburg ............ 47 Jochen Burgtorf (Fullerton) Die Templer auf Ruad (1300–1302) ................................................................... 63 Magdalena Satora (Toruń) e Role of Cardinals in the Templars’ Aair (1307–1308) ......................... 93 Marek Smoliński (Gdańsk) Die Johanniter und die Eroberung Pommerellens durch den Deutschen Orden ......................................................................................................................... 105 Jürgen Sarnowsky (Hamburg) Herausforderung und Schwäche: die Johanniter und die Anfänge der äußeren Bedrohung von Rhodos, 1428–1464 ................................................... 125 Stefan Kwiatkowski (Szczecin) Verlorene Schlachten und Gefallene in der geistigen Tradition des Deut- schen Ordens ............................................................................................................ 141 Roman Czaja (Toruń) Die Krise der Landesherrscha. Der Deutsche Orden und die Gesellscha seines Staates in Preuβen in der ersten Häle des 15. Jahrhunderts .............. 159 Johannes A. Mol (Leeuwarden / Leiden) Crisis in Prussia, crisis in the bailiwicks? e case of Utrecht 1440–1470 ..... 173 Karl Borchardt (München) Zucker und Mohren: Zur Krise der Johanniter auf Zypern im 15. Jahrhundert ................................................................................................... 191 Grischa Vercamer (Warschau) Ein Hochmeister wird zum Herzog: Reaktionen und Schicksal der letzten Ordensbrüdern in Preußen um das Jahr 1525 ................................................... 213 Udo Arnold (Bonn) Hochmeisterverlust, Bauernunruhen und Reformation -Krisenbewältigung unter den Deutschmeistern Dietrich von Cleen und Walter von Cronberg 241 Matthias Asche, Magnus von Hirschheydt und Mathis Mager (Tübingen) Legitimationsde[zite, Bedrohungspotenziale und Bewältigungsstrategien der europäischen Ritterorden in der Krisenzeit der 1520er Jahre – Fallbeispiele und allgemeine Reexionen ........................................................... 259 Juhan Kreem (Tallinn) Der Deutsche Orden in Livland unter Hermann von Brüggenei: Bemer- kungen zu Regierungspraxis und Religionspolitik ........................................... 303 II. MISCELLANEOUS AND OTHER MATERIALS Jochen Burgtorf (Fullerton)) Die erste urkundliche Erwähnung eines Großpräzeptors der Templer im Heiligen Land: Edition von Paris, Bibl. nat. de France, nouv. acquis. lat. 21, fol. 5 und 25 bis ........................................................................................................ 319 III. BOOK NOTICES .......................................................................................... 323 ORDINES◆ MILITARES XVI Yearbook for the Study of the Military Orders 2 0 1 1 S*%% L%$'} (Jerusalem) EMPOWERING AND STRUGGLING IN AN ERA OF UNCERTAINTY AND CRISIS THE TEUTONIC MILITARY ORDER IN THE LATIN EAST, 125012911 eing an international organisation, the Teutonic Military Order had not Bonly been able to survive the crisis in the Latin East during the second half of the thirteen century. In eect, it had – possibly unexpectedly – been able to reinvigorate itself and “re-invent” itself as a powerful and vital organisation militarily and administratively. Indeed, it had been the administrative and military activities of the Teutonic Order which – together with eorts extended by the other Military Orders –that had aided the attempt to salvage and maintained the Latin Kingdom during the decline and [nal collapse which marked the Crusader Kingdom in the later years of the thirteen century. e Teutonic Military Order was founded in the Holy Land in 1198, where the already well established Military Orders of the Hospitallers and Templars were long active, with an ever-increasing military power and political inuence.2 e rather new Teutonic Order had to secure its military power and to elevate its 1 is study is based on a research work which is included in my Ph.D. dissertation submitted to the Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel (2008). I am indebted to my supervisor, Prof. Yvonne Friedman for her valuable guidance in the course of my work. I would also like to thank the European Forum at the Hebrew Univer- sity, Jerusalem, Israel, for its continued support in my research on the Teutonic Military Order. 2 W. Hubatsch, Montfort und die Bildung des Deutschordensstaates im Heiligen Lande, Göt- tingen 1966, pp. 169–170; U. Arnold, Entstehung und Frühzeit des Deutschen Ordens, in: Die geistlichen Ritterorden Europas (Vorträge und Vorschungen 26), hrsg. v. J. Fleckenstein u. M. Hellmann, Sigmaringen 1980, pp. 98–99. 20 SHLOMO LOTAN political standing in the havoc characterised the Crusader Kingdom of the time.3 Its strength stemmed from economic and military vigour frequently tested in political events in the Latin East. Such trials included the expansion of Crusader settlements in the north of the Latin Kingdom which also resulted in new rural [efs and urban estates that had been acquired by the Order. Also, their leadership had acted as arbitrator in disputes between other Military Orders and the Kingdom’s political authorities. e Teutonic knights oered their political experience and intimate knowledge of the Crusaders‘ enemies and helped in formulating what could be construed as a rational policy for the Latin Kingdom. All of these had occurred during King Louis IX’s Crusade in the Latin East in 1248, lasting until the collapse of the Latin Kingdom and the fall of Acre in 1291.4 During the Seventh Crusade led, in Egypt, by Saint Louis in 1249, the Teu- tonic Knights had fought together with the other Military Orders and combined armies of French and Crusades. e Teutonic Knights participated in the attempts to conquer the Muslim city of Damietta and took part, in 1250, in the battle of Mansura, where they had sustained several fatalities. Ten of their Knights had been captured with some French soldiers and with Saint Louis himself. When released aer the defeat at Mansura, the French king had decided, on the advice of the Military Orders and the Crusader leadership, to concentrate on the rehabilitation of the Frankish Kingdom and the securing of its holdings.5 Securing the interior of the Kingdom had become a major Crusader policy to the realisation of which they had extended considerable military eorts during the second half of the thirteenth century. e history of the Teutonic Order in the Latin East had been aected by several political and military events in 1260. e Mongol invasion had reached the Near East threatening the very existence of the Latin Kingdom. e Crusader assembled in Acre, to discuss the Muslim request to join forces against the Mongols. e ten- dency amongst the Crusaders was to accept this request. However, the Teutonic 3 I. Sterns, #e Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States, in: A History of the Crusades, Vol. 5, eds. N. P. Zacour a. H. W. Hazard, Madison 1985, pp. 371–378. 4 K. Forstreuter, Der Deutsche Orden am Mittelmeer, Quellen und