El Canto Del Cisne Del Artista Bergman

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El Canto Del Cisne Del Artista Bergman PERSONALIDADES ( I) Ltí ütscusión de la personalidad oe Ingmar Bergman; uno de los nombres más notorios del cine del último cuarto de siglo puede parecer más bien supérfluo o accidental. Puede ser resultado de una moda critica. Sin embargo importa más indagar la evolución que la obra de Bergman aporta para la comprensión del artista. Esa carrera ha transitado por experiencias dramáticas, ha intentado descubrir la presencia de Dios para tropezar con su silencio ahora parece volcarse hacia una autodestrucción del propio Bergman. Sus fantasmas personales se han convertido progresivamente en un reemplazo de la realidad, dando pie a quienes lo acusan de Individualista y traumatizado, dos reproches que pueden ser ciertos. Más en profundidad el arte de Bergman testimonia el ocaso de una forma de cultura que el director presiente muere con el. Este artícub Intenta ser un apunte de esas vetas que descubren los films de uno de los maestros del cine El canto del cisne del artista Bergman La última moda de la crítica consiste e'n demostrar que el cine del sueco Ingmar Bergman es más bien despreciable, una Opinión como cualquier otra que puede ser cierta en la medida que el arte de Bergman es resultado de una concepción individualista y traumatizada y de una ex­ tracción social que en Europa agoniza desde hace un tiempo. En un cuarto de siglo Bergman fue descubierto como un talento Joven, después se lo convirtió en el nombre mayor de la cultura sueca de este siglo, después alguien notó que esta­ ba envejeciendo y en los últimos años se ha intentado explicar que al fin y al cabo todos sus films son más o menos evasi­ vos, falsos, artificiales, individualistas, enajenados y viejos. Con Bergman estaría muriendo una visión del mundo de la que él seria uno de los últimos sobrevivientes, sin la lucidez de un Visconti o sin la garra demoledora de Joseph Losey. Bergman mismo no ha sabido qué hacer con esos cuestionamientos y desde Vergüenza hasta El huevo de la serpiente ha procu­ rado descubrir el mundo real, la sociedad con sus conflictos, la violencia y la gue­ rra. El resultado previsible es que esos film s se alejan aún más de la realidad porque Bergman, sospechosamente, no sabe muy bien qué pasa fuera de su pro­ pio mundo privado y personal En 41 Un gran sentido de culpa años de teatro y 35 de cine su vida se ha Identificado con la fabricación de ficcio­ En una presentación por televisión Mein Kampf de Hitler. Al regresar a nes, con su arte personal, con una fertili­ (RAI), reporteado por Jóm Donner, Suecia, fui un entusiasta progermano, Ingmar Bergman precisó ideas sobre el dad creativa infrecuente. En ese plazo y por consiguiente nazi'. nazismo y confesó que de joven había empezó y terminó la Segunda Guerra La entrevista para televisión de Don­ mundial, Suecia alcanzó grados de segu­ sido nazi: ner sirve para que Bergman justifique “yo tenía 16 años y acababa de re­ su evasión de la política: “Cuando vi ridad social y de confort imprevisibles, el cibir un . adoctrinamiento horroroso, y mundo descubrió la energía atómica, se las fotos de los campos de concentra­ iniciaron los vuelos interplanetarios, se por consiguiente regresé de Alemania ción, sentí una gran culpa y decidí que a Suecia convertido en un nazi. Nues­ agigantaron las contradicciones entre jarnás en la vida volvería a tener algo tros maestros suecos nos hacían creer que ver con la política Al final del centros de poder mundial y entre un que el país que debíamos admirar era mundo pobre y un mundo rico, emergie­ reportaje y preguntado sobre el punto, Alemania, porque allí estaban ocu­ Bergman, sin embargo, admitió que al­ ron naciones antes colonizadas y culturas rriendo cosas portentosas. Fui enviado go ha transado: “En los últimos tiem­ jóvenes en terceros países. Pero el arte por mis padres a Alemania, vacunado pos he vuelto a interesarme por la po­ de Bergman permanece ligado a los sen­ contra nada, pasando a vivir en el se­ lítica”, quizás como comentario perso­ timientos de culpa y pecado que podían no de una familia religiosa, cuyo jefe, nal y opinable sobre El huevo de la plantearse razonablemente muchos ciu­ un pastor no leía la Biblia sino el serpiente. ■ dadanos suecos entre las dos guerras. 10 Como en las comedias dramáticas de Gustav Molander sus personajes están asociados con la aspiración a la placidez de convivir entre cuatro paredes lejos del mundo, una operación que para Bergman genera conflictos individuales, desenten­ dimientos entre parejas, incomunicacio­ nes entre generaciones. No alcanza a ex­ plicar la violencia que golpea desde fuera y que desde El silencio amenaza quebrar esas cuatro paredes, el verano, el sonido del arpa, el lago al atardecer que para el director son imágenes asociadas con esa distante placidez en parte añorada. Como el viejo profesor de Cuando huye el dfa la recuperación del pasado puede ser una operación mágica que restablezca la cal­ ma, pero desde Gritos y susurros el pasa­ do parece aproximar a la muerte. En El huevo de la serpiente, que transcurre ín­ tegramente en el pasado (Alemania y el surgimiento del nazismo), se identifica con la presencia del mal en el mundo. Es curioso pero los mecanismos con que el maestro sueco se desvía y vuelve a sus obsesiones revelan al mismo tiempo su actitud como artista y pueden ayudar a explicar con la perspectiva del tiempo una parte considerable de sus 41 films. VIDA PERSONAL.- Bergman es un hom­ bre extraño que se dedica a escribir tea­ tro, libretos de cine, algunos ensayos, ha­ EL HUEVO DE LA SERPIENTE ce ópera, ballet, produce obras teatrales, Minuciosa reconstrucción de un tiempo perdido dirige películas y entre tanto ajetreo ha divino tesoro en 1950. Seis personajes cambiado cinco veces de matrimonio, un en busca de autor, que dirige en teatro dato que contraría la idea generalmente en 1953, anuncia la form ulación dialéctica aceptada de que conoce muy bien a las de El mago y El ojo del diablo en 1958 y mujeres. Su mundo personal no es dema­ 1960. Pero Pirandello está en la estructu­ siado parecido al de sus contemporáneos ra de El demonio nos gobierna (1948). suecos y consiste en vivir dentro del arte, Sed de pasiones (1949) será refilmada en aislado del mundo y hasta hace poco ins­ broma cinco años después como Una talado todos los años un par de meses en lección de amor. Dos piezas de Strind- una clínica, para superar sus neurosis. berg que dirige en 1940 y 1941, El peli­ Una de sus obsesiones es el arte y punto. cano y La sonata de los espectros inspi­ En los primeros veinte años de esa vida rarán la trilogía Detrás de un vidrio oscu­ las influencias que aquejan a sus obras ro, Luz de invierno y El silencio (1961- no provienen del mundo real sino de o- 63), de donde derivará una parte impor­ tras ficciones. La vida alegre (1954) que tante de sus films posteriores. En los últi­ dirige en Malmo inspira una comedia de mos diez años, sin embargo, sólo dos o época que se llamó Sonrisas de una no­ tres films prolongan experiencias artísti­ che de verano (1955). Su pieza Pintura cas previas: Escenas de la vida conyu­ sobre madera (1954) deriva luego en El gal, La flauta mágica y Sonata de otoAo, séptimo sello (1956) y Una lección de y no son los más significativos de ese amor (1954) continúa el tercer episodio período. El cine de Bergman parece ai* de Mujeres que esperan, dos años an­ lado del mundo exterior, agresivo y hostil. terior, sobre una obra teatral que se llamó Se apoya en experiencias estéticas, en re­ Ráquel y el portero de cine, escrita por cuerdos de niñez, en imágenes grabadas Bergman en 1945. Uno de Los cuentos en viejas iglesias donde su padre predica­ de Gaspar (1944) sería después Juventud ba, en la presencia del demonio. Incluso FILMOGRAFIA INGM BERGMAN COMO LIBRETISTA tor, Alf Sjóberg. Libreto con Alf Sjóberg. Foto­ 1944 - El sádico (Hets). Director, Alf Sjóberg. Asistente grafía. Martin Bodin. Música, EriK Nordgren, de dirección, Ingmar Bergman. Fotografía, Martin Charles Redland, Bengt Hallberg. Con Olof Wid- Bodin. Música, Hilding Rosenberg. Con Stig Jár- gren, Eva DahlbecK, Bjórn Bjelvenstam. Johnny rel, Alf Kjellin, Mai Zetterling, Olof Winnerstrand, Johansson. Gósta Cederlund. 1961 - Lustgarden (t.l. El jardín de ios placeres). Direc­ 1947 - Kvinna utan anslkte (t.l. La mujer sin rostro). Di­ tor, Alf Kjellin. Libreto con Erland Josephsc" bajo rector, Gustaf Molander. Fotografía, Ake Dahl- el seudónimo colectivo de Buntel Ericsson. Foto- quist. Música, EriK Nordgren. Con Alf Kjellin, graha, Gunnar Fischer. Música. Erik Nordgren. Gunn Wállgren. Anita BjórK, Stig Olin, Olof Win­ Con Gunnar Bjórnstrand, SicKan Carlsson, Bibi nerstrand. Anderson, Per Myrberg. 1948 - Eva (t.l. Eva). Director, Gustaf Molander. Colibre­ COMO DIRECTOR tista, Gustaf Molander. Fotografía, Ake Dahlquist. 1945 - Kris (t.l. Crisis). Libreto de Ingmar Bergman so­ Música, EriK Nordgren. Con Birger Malmsten, Eva bre la pieza Moderdyret de Leck Fischer. Fotogra­ Stiberg, Eva DahlbecK, Stig Olin, Inga Landgré. fía, Gósta Rosling. Música. Erland von Koch. Con 1950 - Mientras la ciudad duerme (Medan staden so- Dagny Lind. Marianne Lófgren, Inga Landgré, ver). Director. Lars-Eric Kjellgren. Libreto de Lars Stig Olin. -Eric Kjellgren, P.A. Fogelstróm sobre idea de 1946 - Det regnar pa var kárlek (t.l. Llueve sobre nues­ Ingmar Bergman. Fotografía, Martin Bodin. Con tro amor) Libreto de Ingmar Bergman. Herbert Gre­ Sven Erik, Inga Landgré, Adolf Jahr, Elof Ahr'e, venius sobre la pieza Bra mennesker -de Oscar Ulf Palme.
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