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Diversity in the Nut and Kernel Characteristics of Seven Populations Of 72 Fruits (6), 370–381 | ISSN 0248-1294 print, 1625-967X online | https://doi.org/10.17660/th2017/72.6.5 | © ISHS 2017 Original article populations of Prunus scoparia from the central and southern Diversity in the nut and kernel characteristics of seven species Zagros regions of Iran by comparison with three other almond 1 1,2,a, S. Eshghi1 3 1 1 S.2 Rahimi Dvin , A. Gharaghani , D. Avanzato and A. Ansari 3 Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Drought Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran ISHS, Chair Commission Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, Italy Summary Significance of this study Introduction – Several Iranian almond species in What is already known on this subject? the wild are valuable plant genetic resources which • can be used in breeding almond cultivars and root- stocks. Among them, Prunus scoparia (Spach) C.K. Recently, wild almond species have received a great Schneider, holds an outstanding position that needed stocksdeal of orattention, scion cultivars especially in breeding from fruit programs. breeders, With main - to be clarified. Materials and methods – To evaluate the morely because than 20of their wild capabilityalmond species, in being Iran used is within as root the- variability of the nut and kernel characteristics, six populations of P. scoparia were sampled from Shiraz, netic resources is regarded as one of the most diverse Marvdasht, Firouz Abad, Eqlid, Nour Abad and Mian andcenter valuable of diversity germplasm for almond for almond and Iran’s improvement. almond ge- Jangal Fasa in the Fars province, and one population was sampled from the Lordegan region in Chaharma- What are the new findings? hal and Bakhtiari province. Three populations of oth- • er species including P. dulcis Mill., P. eburnea Spach. were observed within and between populations of the and P. elaeagnifolia Spach. were also studied. Twelve PrunusA wide rangescoparia of variations in the nut and kernel traits quantitative and four qualitative traits of the nuts distributed wild almond species in Iran. In this regard and kernels were evaluated according to the almond and in comparison (Spach) to tree C.K. other Schneider, wild and the domesticat mostly descriptor. Results and discussion – Considerable vari- ations were observed with statistical significance in - the nut and kernel traits within and between the pop- kernelsed almond are species important investigated characteristics in this that study, P. scoparia thin but ulations. Among P. scoparia populations, the Shiraz couldsealed share shells, for high almond kernel breeding percentage programs. and light-colored Inter was superior to other ones with respect to most of the esting and useful correlations which were observed nut attributes. However, among the species studied between the measured characteristics of the nut and- here, the common almond (P. dulcis) had the largest kernel could be utilized in breeding programs for nuts. Interesting and useful correlations were noticed indirect selection. Nut and kernel characteristics are between the measured nut characteristics, among which the highest correlation (r = 0.94) was observed also can be considered for the assessment of genetic between nut length and nut weight. By using cluster not only useful for the selection of desirable clones but analysis, the accessions could be placed in two main clusters of wild and domesticated populations. The Whatdiversity. is the expected impact on horticulture? main cluster of wild populations was divided into • Climate change is an increasing challenge affecting four sub-clusters based on species and geographic proximity. Conclusion – In general, this study demon- strated that there is a considerable variation in the agriculture at a global scale, especially in arid and nut and kernel characteristics of the wild almond mentsemi-arid of new climatic cultivars conditions. and rootstocks This challenge, adapted will to theseun- species in Iran, especially with respect to P. scoparia, changingdoubtedly conditions lead to a growing such as demandlower amounts for the ofdevelop rainfall- offering some potential in future breeding programs. P. scoparia as one of the wild relatives of common almond could be Keywords usedand higher as a valuable temperatures. source ofTherefore, new traits the and genes for Iran, almond, Prunus scoparia breeding new adapted almond scion and rootstocks cultivars. , genetic diversity, morphological traits, cluster analysis a Corresponding author: [email protected]. 370 International Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Horticulture et al Prunus scoparia Rahimi Dvin . | Diversity in the nut and kernel characteristics of seven populations of Résumé upon as a source of new plant genetic material for breeding atives of domesticated crops would be increasinglyet al looked graines de sept populations de Prunus scopa- Diversité des caractéristiques des fruits et des new adapted cultivars (Martinez-Gomez ., 2005; Ghara- ria ghani and Eshghi, 2015). of theirRecently, agricultural wild almond value speciesand the haveassessment received of a their great capa deal des régions centrales et méridionales du of attention, especially from fruit breeders, mainly because ZagrosIntroduction par comparaison – Plusieurs avec espèces trois autres iraniennes ing programs, through the contribution of useful traits such- espècesd’amandier d’amandier. présentes dans la nature représentent bility in being used as rootstocks or scion cultivars in breed- de précieuses ressources génétiques végétales pou- vant être utilisées en sélection de cultivars et de Sorkhehas early etcrop al maturity, sealed nut, late blooming, drought, porte-greffes d’amandier. Parmi elles, Prunus scopa- and tolerance to lime and salinity (Socias I Company, 1992; ria (Spach) C.K. Schneider est dans une position ex- ., 2009). ceptionnelle qui a besoin d’être clarifiée. Matériel et Nearly 20 wild almond species have been reported in méthodes – Pour évaluer la variabilité des caractéris- almondIran (Khatamsaz, germplasm 1992), is regarded indicating as one that of Iran the ismost within diverse the tiques des fruits secs (noix) et des graines (amandes), andcenter valuable of diversity genetic for resources almond (Ladizinsky,for almond improvement1999). Iran’s six populations de P. scoparia ont été échantillon- et al et al nées à Shiraz, Marvdasht, Firouz Abad, Eqlid, Nour found at various altitudes between 600 and 2,700 m above Abad et Mian Jangal Fasa dans la province de Fars, (Gharaghanisea level, in different., 2017; environments, Sepahvand e.g., alpine., 2015). areas, They foot are et une population dans la région de Lordegan, pro- vince de Chaharmahal et Bakhtiari. Trois populations - d’autres espèces, dont P. dulcis Mill., P. eburnea Spach. hills and semi-arid areas. They are the dominating plant et P. elaeagnifolia Spach. ont également été étudiées. species of the mountainous sub-region and may also occur Douze caractères quantitatifs et quatre caractères in the plain sub-regions of ecological zones in the Zagros of qualitatifs des noix et des amandes ont été évalués provinceIran and isthe among Irano-Touranian the largest provinces ecological of zone Iran whichwhere covers areas selon le descripteur de l’amandier. Résultats et discus- usually receive over 100 mm rainfall (Sabeti, 1994). The Fars sion – Des variations considérables statistiquement Prunus scoparia, P. elaeagnifolia, and significatives ont été observées dans et entre les po- P.parts eburnea of central Zagros and almost the entire southern Za- pulations étudiées. Parmi les populations de P. scopa- gros region. The species et al et ria, celle de Shiraz était supérieure aux autres pour ce al are not only among the widely distributed wild qui concerne la plupart des attributs des noix. Cepen- almond species in Iran (Gharaghani ., 2017; Sorkheh dant, parmi les espèces étudiées, l’amande commune ., 2009) but also are the dominating wild almondet al species in (P. dulcis) a présenté les plus grosses noix. Des corré- P.the elaeagnifolia Fars province. also These has been wild used almond as a species rootstock have for been the plum used lations intéressantes et utiles ont été obtenues entre directly aset rootstocks al for almonds (Sorkheh ., 2009), and les caractéristiques mesurées sur les noix, parmi les- conditions. quelles la corrélation la plus élevée (r = 0,94) entre la (Gholami ., 2010) in Iran, usuallyP. scoparia under non-irrigated longueur et le poids des noix. En utilisant l’analyse en clusters, les génotypes ont pu être placés dans deux Among these three species, is a potentially groupes principaux de populations sauvages et do- multi-purpose wildP. almond scoparia species can adapt in Iran to which adverse has climatic the ca- mestiques. Le groupe principal de populations sau- conditions,pability of becomingand the kernel a crop and of choicegum of inthis arid species and semi-arid could be vages a été divisé en quatre sous-groupes en fonction areas. The species de l’espèce et de la proximité géographique. Conclu- sion – D’une manière générale, cette étude a démon- forused reforestation in many industries, but also sucha good as candidate pharmaceuticals, for selection chemical as a tré qu’il existe une variation considérable parmi les and the food industry, which makes it not only a good choice caractéristiques des noix et des amandes des espèces Prunus scoparia is a potential source of vegetable oil with d’amandier sauvage en Iran, et particulièrement
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