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Ants As Indicators of Biodiversity

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Ants As Indicators of Biodiversity BIODIVERSITY OF ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN RESTORED GRASSLANDS OF DIFFERENT AGES A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by SARAH J. PHIPPS Dr. Richard M. Houseman, Thesis Supervisor DECEMBER 2006 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled BIODIVERSITY OF ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN RESTORED GRASSLANDS OF DIFFERENT AGES Presented by Sarah J. Phipps, A candidate for the degree of Master of Science, And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. Richard M. Houseman, Thesis Supervisor, Div. of Plant Sciences Dr. Robert W. Sites, Div. of Plant Sciences Dr. Jan C. Weaver, Dept. of Biological Sciences Dr. Kent S. Shelby, USDA-Agricultural Research Service-Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Richard M. Houseman for his guidance, support, and encouragement. I also thank my committee members, Dr. Robert W. Sites (Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia), Jan C. Weaver (Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia) and Dr. Kent S. Shelby (USDA - Agricultural Research Service - Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory) for their insightful input. A debt of gratitude is owed to ant taxonomist Dr. James Trager, Missouri Botanical Garden, Shaw Nature Reserve for teaching me the ropes of ant identification and confirming many species identifications. A debt of gratitude is owed to Arthur Holt for his input on data analysis and instrumental help in creating the species accumulation curves. Thanks also to Terry Hill, Mark Krueger, Andrea King, and Bob Hagedorn (Natural Resources Conservation Service) for locating CRP land with particular criteria and coordinating with land owners for use of their land; CRP land owners: Edward and Jean Stewart, Tim Chrisman and family, Kevin Dye and family, Charles and Georgia DeVault, Randy Northcutt, Lillian and Robert Ray, Ben Haskell, Stanley Chaney, Glenn and Ann Phillips, Tom Wilson and family, John Miller, Gary Miller and family, Marjory Jones, and Ricky Mongler for use of their land in this study; and fellow graduate students, faculty, and staff for making this a wonderful experience. I want to thank my family and friends who helped me in the field: Brett Phipps, Carroll Phipps, Derek Woller, Kelly Gamble, and Michael Reinke. Special thanks to my parents Larry and Marie Moody, my brother Michael Moody and his wife Mikki, my sister Cynthia Moody, Carroll and Pat Phipps, and Deana Baucom for their ii encouragement, interest, and support given throughout this endeavor. My final and most heartfelt appreciation is reserved for my husband, Brett Phipps, who endured this long process with me. For his patience, understanding, encouragement, immense help in the field and aiding in monotonous tasks in the lab, and for being an excellent sounding board for research ideas and challenges. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1............................................................................................................................. 1 Literature Review............................................................................................................ 1 Adult Morphology ...................................................................................................... 2 Life Cycle of Colony .................................................................................................. 4 Life Cycle of Ants....................................................................................................... 7 Division of Labor........................................................................................................ 9 Communication......................................................................................................... 10 Taxonomy ................................................................................................................. 12 Functional Groups..................................................................................................... 13 Conservation Reserve Program Land ....................................................................... 14 Succession of Land ................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2........................................................................................................................... 19 Introduction................................................................................................................... 19 Materials and Methods.................................................................................................. 23 Study Sites ................................................................................................................ 23 Study Design............................................................................................................. 26 Pitfall trap sampling.................................................................................................. 26 Processing ................................................................................................................. 29 Data Analysis............................................................................................................ 29 Results........................................................................................................................... 34 Number of samples ................................................................................................... 34 Abundance ................................................................................................................ 34 Richness .................................................................................................................... 42 Species Composition................................................................................................. 46 Functional groups...................................................................................................... 50 Collection Frequency................................................................................................ 51 Habitat Effects .......................................................................................................... 54 Discussion..................................................................................................................... 59 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 65 Chapter 3........................................................................................................................... 66 Introduction................................................................................................................... 66 Materials and Methods.................................................................................................. 70 Study Sites ................................................................................................................ 70 Study Design............................................................................................................. 71 Pitfall trap sampling.................................................................................................. 74 Soil Samples.............................................................................................................. 77 Hand Collection and Litter Sampling ....................................................................... 77 Processing ................................................................................................................. 78 iv Data Analysis............................................................................................................ 78 Results........................................................................................................................... 81 Ant Species ............................................................................................................... 81 Method Efficiency .................................................................................................... 81 Comparing method effectiveness on different ages and seasons.............................. 82 Species Accumulation Curves .................................................................................. 83 Discussion..................................................................................................................... 91 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 95 LITERATURE CITED ..................................................................................................... 96 APPENDIX A................................................................................................................
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