How to detect IR?

Examples of IR equipment at the MIVIM laboratory, Laval University

Visible photographs The passive approach is used when the object of interest has enough thermal contrast with respect to the background in order to be detected with an infrared Infrared sensor, e.g. a thermal IR thermograms camera. Muography Basics

❖ Discovered in 1930 are Elementary particles coming naturally from the atmosphere ❖ Approximately 10,000 muons per minute strike each square meter ❖ About 2∼3 MILLIONS muons pass through our body each day. About 2∼3 MILLION muons pass through your body each day. ’s basis is just like X-ray Silver Photographic Films

Nagoya University Plastic Scintillator

High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Gaz Detector

Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) 3D Reconstruction SETUP

29/09/2016| 11 Thermal anomaly on Khufu’s Pyramid November 2015

292.4

50 292.2

292 100 Season : mid autumn (2015) 291.8

150 291.6 An unusual asymmetry was observed on right side of the 291.4 200 upper rafters , which should 291.2 normally be at the same IR, 04/11/2015, 05:52 am (before sunrise), cooled camera, photo lens, 175 m from50 the North100 Pyramid face150 (rain colormap200) 250 300 temperature as the rest of this part of the pyramid, given that this area is never directly exposed to the sun.

Nevertheless, a higher temperature was systematically measured at the top right corner at every time of the day that was verified (early morning, day and night).

Facing the rafters on the North face : 2 hotter areas detected. Distance 5 meters. 10:00 am 38

36

34

C) o 32 Pyramid 44 30 20 42

Temperature ( 28 40 Chevron top 40

26 Chevron top 60 Chevron bottom 38 V-bloc Chevron bottom Pyramide 80 36 6PM 9PM 12AM 3AM 6AM 9AM 12PM 3PM Time (hours) V-bloc 34 100

32 120

20 40 60 80 100 120 Where are we looking at?

It’s impossible to setup emulsions films in the subterranean chamber because at such depth, as the number of observed / collected Muons is very low thanks to the massive volume of stones above. The area has been 3D reconstructed to be integrated in the simulations

3D Reconstruction with photogrammetry of the eroded area for Muons Simulation We observe a significant extra red area. There is an unknown void!

Simulation Results

ScanPyramids North Face Corridor 2017 detection

SP-NFC What we should observe on the muographies from the Queen Chamber (simulations)

Grand North North North

Gallery

West

West

West

East

East East East King’s

Chamber South South South

Nagoya NA Position Nagoya QA Position KEK Position 2 What we have obtained from the Queen Chamber (results)

North North North

West

West

West

East

East East East

South South South

Nagoya NA Position Nagoya QA Position KEK Position 2 What we have obtained from the Queen Chamber (results)

North North North

West

West

West

East

East East East

South South South

Nagoya NA Position Nagoya QA Position KEK Position 2 3 muography teams, 3 techniques, 99.9999% confidence level

SP-BV The different muons excesses observed by 3 teams working independantly of each other Grand Gallery detect unambiguously the existence of Big Void (SP-BV)

SP-NFC