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The State Historical Society of Missouri

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University, Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University, Stephens College, Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia

COVER DESCRIPTION: Members of the Eighth Mis­ souri Volunteer Cavalry fought under this regi­ mental flag during their service, primarily in Missouri and Arkansas, in the Civil War. See Leslie Anders's article, "Preserving Our Civil War Battle Flags," for information on several regiments whose flags are among the over two hundred housed in the Missouri State Museum in Jefferson City. Cover illustration courtesy of the Missouri State Museum. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

LYNN WOLF GENTZLER ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LEONA S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

ANN L. ROGERS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

Copyright © 1992 by The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201 The Missouri Historical Review (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by The State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 10 South Hitt, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

SOCIETY HOURS: The Society is open to the public from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., Monday through Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., except legal holidays. VOLUME LXXXVII Holiday Schedule: The Society will be closed Saturday during the Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's weekends. NUMBER 1 On the day of the annual meeting, October 17, 1992, the Society libraries will not be available for research. OCTOBER, 1992 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978.

OFFICERS 1989-1992 ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia, President Avis TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G. J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1992 VERA H. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City RICHARD DECOSTER, Canton STUART SYMINGTON, JR., St. Louis JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall ROBERT WOLPERS, Poplar Bluff W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville DALTON C. WRIGHT, Lebanon

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1993 HENRIETTA AMBROSE, Webster Groves FREDERICK W. LEHMANN IV, H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Webster Groves LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1994 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City DALE REESMAN, Boonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis

BOARD OF TRUSTEES The Board of Trustees consists of one Trustee from each Congressional District of the State and fourteen Trustees elected at large. In addition to the elected Trustees, the President of the Society, the Vice Presidents of the Society, all former Presidents of the Society, and the ex officio members of the Society constitute the Board of Trustees.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight Trustees elected by the Board of Trustees together with the President of the Society constitute the Executive Committee. The Executive Director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Avis TUCKER, Warrensburg JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be considered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West. Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The footnotes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manu­ scripts on PC/DOS, 360K floppy disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, preferably the WordPerfect 5.1 or Display- write 3 or 4 programs. Otherwise, it must be in ASCII format. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix submissions will not be accepted. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation and style are criteria for acceptance and publication. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication be­ come the property of The State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be published elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors. Articles published in the Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly and The Journal of Ameri­ can History. Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be ad­ dressed to: Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor Missouri Historical Review The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS

PRESERVING OUR CIVIL WAR BATTLE FLAGS. By Leslie Anders 1

FARMING ON THE MISSOURI FRONTIER: ESSAYS BY PHILANDER DRAPER. Edited by Arthur G. Draper 18

PRESIDENT HARRY S. TRUMAN: INDEPENDENT BAPTIST FROM INDEPENDENCE. By Robert S. Bolt 36

TEACHING FOR THE FUTURE BY REACHING INTO THE PAST. By Don W. Wilson 48

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Bingham Painting Retitled 63

Friends of Arrow Rock Receive Albert B. Corey Award 64

Fred Shane Art Works Given to Society 64 Society Libraries: Newspaper Library 65 News in Brief 67 Local Historical Societies 70 Gifts 78 Missouri History in Newspapers 82

Missouri History in Magazines 89 In Memoriam 96

BOOK REVIEWS 97

BOOK NOTES 102

HISTORIC MISSOURI COLLEGES: CARLETON INSTITUTE Inside Back Cover State Historical Society of Missouri Military units from Missouri, several of whose flags are preserved in the Missouri State Museum, fought on both sides of the battle at Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia.

Preserving Our Civil War Battle Flags BY LESLIE ANDERS* Missouri has long seemed a "gold mine" to historians. Few Americans—and by no means all Missourians—appreciate what hap­ pened to the Show Me State in the Civil War, that greatest of nineteenth-century national disasters that unveiled to mankind the American character and its distinctive way of war. Specialists have long since known that 109,000 Missourians donned Union blue, that "prob­ ably" 30,000 served in Confederate gray. We have understood for a century that 14,000 Missourians lost their lives defending the Stars and Stripes, but thanks to the scattering of records, we are just now learning that another 6,500 Missourians died for the Stars and Bars.1 Stigmatized by the prewar abolitionist press as a treasonable den of sadistic slavemasters and illiterate rednecks, Unionist Missourians

•Leslie Anders is professor emeritus in the Department of History and Anthro­ pology, Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg. He has the B.A. degree from the College of Emporia, Emporia, Kansas, and the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Missouri-Columbia. 1 Leslie Anders, ed. and comp., Confederate Roll of Honor: Missouri (Warrens­ burg, Mo.: West Central Missouri Genealogical Society Library, 1989), especially iii-xii.

1 2 Missouri Historical Review and their Secessionist friends and neighbors alike suffered from the widespread Yankee stereotyping and the Rebel delusion that Mis­ sourians were unanimously fervent Confederates. Imagine, then, the amazement of many just now learning that more than two hundred Federal unit flags, colors and guidons turned over to state authorities by Missouri's demobilizing regiments between 1864 and 1866 are in the custody of the Missouri State Museum. Most remain furled, and it is anyone's guess how far disintegration has proceeded. And it must be a shock to many to find that flags for only three of our many Confederate units—emblems captured on the field of battle—have come into state custody in the last century and a quarter. To be sure, many a proud rebel colonel would have "thought long and hard" before yielding his flags and rosters to a Republican adjutant general. Indeed, a defiant General Joseph O. Shelby simply buried his flags in the Rio Grande near Eagle Pass, Texas. Most commanders, however, probably took their flags home to brave the certain ravages of time, insects, mold, fire, rain and uncaring descendants. If these surviving banners could talk, they could tell stirring tales of heroism and tragedy from our national epic sufficient to keep the most casual "buffs" spellbound for days on end. The flags cannot talk, but they can, in future years, bear eloquent witness for Missourians yet unborn—if preserved for posterity's viewing. Available now for public inspection is the battle flag of the "Second/Sixth" Missouri Confederate Infantry Regiment, a banner liberated from the hands of a mortally wounded color-bearer who had just planted it on Union works at the height of the terrible bloodletting before Franklin, Tennessee, on November 30, 1864. This unit was an amalgam of two distinguished regiments that merged in 1863 after more than a year of decimating combat across the lower South. The Second Infantry, originally headed by Pike County banker Colonel John Q. Burbridge, took shape in the camps of Sterling Price's Missouri State Guard around Springfield in January 1862. The Sixth, assembled more gradually at Springfield in the first winter of the war and completed after both regiments had reached Memphis, Tennessee, in April 1862, was originally commanded by a merchant from Lexing­ ton, Colonel Eugene Erwin, a grandson of Henry Clay. These regiments formed part of a five thousand-man contingent mustered into the Confederate Army and transferred east of the Mississippi. These Mis­ sourians rarely missed a major battle in the Cotton Belt after April 1862, and scarcely one soldier in five lived to revisit the scenes of his youth. Following Burbridge's resignation in June 1862, command of the Preserving Our Civil War Battle Flags

Missouri State Museum A fatally wounded color-bearer defiantly planted the Second/ Sixth Missouri Confederate Infantry's emblem on Union ram­ parts at Franklin, Tennessee, November 30, 1864.

Second passed to a Warrensburg attorney, Colonel Francis M. Cockrell. After leading his regiment in the battle of Corinth, Mississippi, on October 3-4, 1862, Cockrell took it into the campaign to keep Major General Ulysses S. Grant away from Vicksburg in the spring of 1863. As that operation developed, Cockrell rose to brigade command, which he held through the siege and surrender of Vicksburg between May 22 and July 4. Lieutenant Colonel Pembroke S. Senteny, a storekeeper from Pike County, commanded the regiment until his death at a sniper's hands just before the surrender. Death likewise came to Colonel Erwin in the closing days of the siege. Merged under Colonel Peter C. Flournoy, the Second/Sixth stayed with the dwindling Missouri Brigade in the Army of Tennessee's operations across north Georgia (spring 1864), at Kennesaw Mountain (June 1864) and at Nashville (December 15-16, 1864). Save for the regiment's capture while defending Mobile's Fort Blakely in April 1865, the rebel catastrophe before Nashville marked the virtual end of the Second/Sixth's tactical career. Between them, the two component 4 Missouri Historical Review

regiments lost 348 dead of wounds, 171 from disease and 6 who fell victim to accidents or murder.2 A sampling of the richer storehouse of Union army flags in state custody reveals what other valuable mementoes from those stirring times can yet be saved to inspire future generations of Missourians. The First Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, mustered in at Jefferson Barracks in September 1861, with Colonel Calvin Ellis commanding, operated, for the most part, west of the Mississippi. A standard twelve- company regiment of horse organized into three battalions, the First carried out special operations over wide areas of Missouri and Arkan­ sas—reconnoitering, raiding, guarding wagon trains and patrolling for larger tactical formations. Its colors were seen in countless minor skirmishes and at such major engagements in Arkansas as Pea Ridge (March 1862), Prairie Grove (December 1862) and the liberation of Little Rock in September 1863. Following Ellis's resignation in early 1862, a professional soldier, Colonel John F. Ritter (West Point, 1856), took the First Cavalry through the rest of its principal operations. In the final winter of the war, Ritter handed over the regiment to Colonel Milton H. Brawner, well remembered for his valiant deliverance of

2 Phillip Thomas Tucker, "The History of the First Missouri Confederate Brigade 1862-1865" (M.A. thesis, Central Missouri State University, 1983); Phillip Thomas Tucker, "The First Missouri Confederate Brigade's Last Stand at Fort Blakely on Mobile Bay," The Alabama Review 42 (October 1989): 270-291; Phil Gottschalk In Deadly Earnest: The History of the First Missouri Brigade, CSA (Columbia Mo • Missouri River Press, Inc., 1991).

Missouri State Museum ; VfW-> > X-

The main body of the First Mis­ ^ souri Volunteer Cavalry cam­ paigned principally in Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas. Preserving Our Civil War Battle Flags 5 several hundred Missouri State Militiamen from the hands of a vic­ torious Confederate force at Lone Jack in August 1862. By the time the First Cavalry mustered out at Little Rock on September 1, 1865, it had lost 53 men in battle and 181 from disease, accidents and "private violence."3 Organized at Springfield in August and September of 1862, the Eighth Missouri Volunteer Cavalry Regiment grew from the patriotic fervor of a Steelville attorney. Washington F. Geiger, born in Ohio of Pennsylvania-Dutch stock, rushed to the Union cause at the war's outset, assisting Colonel John S. Phelps in raising at Rolla his short- term "Independent Regiment Missouri Infantry." This activity inspired Geiger to raise a cavalry regiment at his own expense, and he com­ manded the unit that he mustered at Springfield to the close of the war. Until June 1863 the Eighth Cavalry operated in Brigadier General James G. Blunt's Army of the Frontier in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas. During that tour the regiment saw action at Prairie Grove on December 7, 1862, and joined the expedition over the Boston Mountains to Van Buren three weeks later. Geiger's unit was among the forces hurriedly pulled back into the eastern Ozarks when Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke struck toward Cape Girardeau in the spring of 1863. The Eighth Cavalry's hottest encounter of this campaign occurred at Bloomfield on May 12. Following this temporary diversion, the Eighth returned to north­ ern Arkansas to participate in Major General Frederick Steele's advance on Little Rock. During the fighting that led to Little Rock's capture in September 1863, Geiger's horsemen saw sharp fighting at Bayou Metoe, Ferry's Landing and Bayou Fourche. With the Arkansas capital in Union hands, the Eighth Missouri remained in the city through the following winter. In May 1864 the Eighth Cavalry became involved in constant skirmishing with Shelby's forces, engaging them at Searcy, Bealer's Ferry, Jones' Hay Station and Long Prairie until late August. After pursuing Shelby back into Missouri's Ozarks during Price's celebrated raid that autumn, Geiger's regiment reported at Lewisburg, Arkansas, for a series of winter reconnaissances as war clouds faded east of Little

3 Frederick H. Dyer, Compendium of the War of the Rebellion, 3 vols. (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959), 3: 1301; U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 4 ser. 128 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880-1901), ser. 1, vols. 3, 8, 13, 16, 17, 20, 22-24, 30-32, 34, 41, 48, 52, 53 and ser. 3, vol., 1, 3, 5; hereafter cited as O. R.\ Norman Stewart, ed., "Eight Months in Missouri: The Civil War Letters of Philander H. Nesbit," Missouri Historical Review 75 (April 1981): 261-284; Leslie Anders, "Fighting the Ghosts at Lone Jack," ibid. 79 (April 1985): 332-356. 6 Missouri Historical Review

Rock. In early summer orders came for the regiment to muster out at Little Rock, which it did on July 20, 1865. One officer and 26 men had died of battle wounds; 3 officers and 352 men had perished from "other causes."4 Hailed as "the Irish Regiment" because of its principal ethnic component, the Seventh Missouri Volunteer Infantry mustered in at St. Louis in June 1861. Its color flag, predominantly green, featured themes from the history and mythology of the Emerald Isle. Virginia- born Colonel John Dunlap Stevenson, a St. Louis attorney, headed the Seventh until 1863, handling its advance to Springfield in Major General John C. Fremont's drive into southwestern Missouri late in 1861. Following a winter on guard duty at Sedalia and Lexington, the Seventh went east to join the advance of Grant's Army of the Tennessee on Vicksburg. When Stevenson rose to brigadier general in early 1863, Colonel William S. Oliver succeeded him. Between April and July of that year, the Seventh Infantry joined in Grant's envelopment and siege of Vicks­ burg, trading volleys with rebels at such memorable engagements as Grand Gulf, Port Gibson, Champion's Hill and the Big Black River. After service in Grant's Meridian Expedition early in 1864, the Seventh began dissolving. Since an insufficient number of its members wanted to reenlist for the duration as "Veteran Volunteers," the regiment

4 Dyer's Compendium, 3: 1308; The United States Biographical Dictionary: Mis­ souri (St. Louis: United States Biographical Publishing Company, 1878), 519-520; O. R. ser. 1, vols. 13, 22, 34, 41, 48, 53 and ser. 3, vol. 3.

Missouri State Museum

The Seventh Missouri Vol­ unteer Infantry, the "Irish Regiment," campaigned on both sides of the Missis­ sippi River and joined Grant's assault on Vicks­ burg. Preserving Our Civil War Battle Flags 1 mustered out at Memphis in December 1864. Some 56 of its men had perished from wounds, 130 from other causes.5 The Tenth Missouri Volunteer Infantry, mustered at St. Louis in August 1861, was first commanded by Colonel Chester Harding, Jr., son of the celebrated portraitist back in Massachusetts. Harding's appointment as adjutant general of Missouri late in the autumn left his regiment with a succession of temporary commanders that endured until the appointment of Colonel Francis C. Deimling in April 1864. During its first winter the Tenth Infantry saw guard duty on the Pacific Railroad and occasional reconnaissances through "Little Dixie." In the spring of 1862 the regiment sailed to Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, and joined Brigadier General John Pope's Army of the Mississippi. With this force, the Tenth Missouri shared in the siege and storming of Corinth and skirmished in northern Mississippi at various points until mid-summer. A busy autumn followed, with heavy fighting at Iuka, Mississippi, in September and at "Second Corinth" in October. After service in Grant's central Mississippi campaign in early winter, the Tenth stood guard along the Memphis & Charleston Railroad around Germantown, Tennessee, until spring. As the war's second winter faded, Grant's drive on Vicksburg began, and the Tenth Missouri found itself uncommonly busy. There ensued the Yazoo Expedition in late March, Grand Gulf in late April, Port Gibson on May 1, the Big Black River on May 3, Raymond on May 12, Jackson on May 14 and Champion's Hill two days later. With Vicksburg hemmed in, the Tenth Missouri took positions in Grant's siege trenches until the Confederates surrendered on July 4. Elements of the Tenth did garrison duties at Vicksburg and Helena, Arkansas, the rest of the summer. From these posts the regiment proceeded to eastern Tennessee to join Grant's army group closing in on Chattanooga. The Missourians played their part in memorable actions at Tunnel Hill and Missionary Ridge during the last week of November. Then, with the Yankees holding "the gateway to Georgia," the Tenth Infantry spent the winter at Brownsboro, Alabama, building a railroad bridge over the Flint River. Since too few members of the Tenth Missouri signed up as "Veteran Volunteers," the regiment disbanded on August 17, 1864, at Resaca, Georgia. Three companies remained on duty with other outfits

5 Dyer's Compendium, 3: 1325f; O. R., ser. 1, vols. 8, 17, 24, 31, 32, 39, 41, 45, ser. 2, vols. 1, 3 and ser. 3, vols. 1, 3; Howard L. Conard, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, 6 vols. (St. Louis: Southern History Company, 1901), 6: 76f; Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Missouri Commandery, In Memoriam (circular 2, 1897). Missouri Historical Review

Missouri State Museum Before the Tenth Missouri Volunteer Infantry dissolved, its regi­ mental flag (above) and battle flag (below) had seen action in the Island No. 10 operation, at "Second Corinth" and in the siege of Vicksburg. Missouri State Museum Preserving Our Civil War Battle Flags 9 until October. Colonel Deimling could report that 331 members of the Tenth Missouri had died in service, among them 3 officers and 98 men lost in combat.6 The Eleventh Missouri Volunteer Infantry, mustered at St. Louis in August 1861, proved itself "a hatchery for generals." Joseph B. Plummer, its original colonel, rose to brigadier general and left the regiment in the war's first winter. His successor, Colonel Joseph A. Mower, an intrepid Vermonter, donned stars in the summer of 1863. Colonel Eli Bowyer, commander of the Eleventh from April 1864, became a brevet brigadier at the close of the war. Posted to Cape Girardeau until February 1862, the Eleventh Missouri mounted expeditions across the eastern Ozarks and traded volleys with State Guard formations under M. Jeff Thompson at Fredericktown on October 21, 1861. Joining in the Federal drive down the Mississippi Valley, the Eleventh saw combat at Corinth and Farm- ington, Mississippi, in May and fought at Iuka in September, as well as at "Second Corinth" in October. On this latter field, Mower was shot in the neck, captured and rescued from a Confederate field hospital in less than a day's time. The Eleventh Missouri then participated in Grant's Vicksburg campaign. After serving in the XIII Corps in the central Mississippi campaigning in December and January, the regiment joined the XV Corps in its drive on Vicksburg itself, fighting at Mississippi Springs

6 M. O. Frost, Regimental History of the Tenth Missouri Volunteer Infantry (Topeka, Kan.: M. O. Frost Printing Company, 1892); Dyer's Compendium, 3: 1327; O. R., ser. 1, vols. 3, 8, 10, 17, 24, 30-32, 38, 39, 44, 47 and ser. 3, vols. 1, 3.

Missouri State Museum

MiBi While spawning a suc­ cession of generals, the sturdy Eleventh Missouri Volunteer Infantry did valuable service at Island No. 10, Corinth, Vicks­ mmt; • *-%**&«•* ••••••-•; burg, Tupelo and Mobile.

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(May 12) and at Jackson (May 14) and sharing in the siege and capture of the strategic river port. On duty with the XVI Corps at Vicksburg and Memphis until the late summer of 1864, the regiment fought in the Tupelo expedition during July and saw action elsewhere in Missis­ sippi—at Pontotoc (July 11), Old Town Creek (July 15) and College Hill (August 21). When the Price raid began in late September 1864, the Eleventh Missouri "went north" with Major General Andrew J. Smith's XVI Corps task force to pursue the Confederates into western Missouri. Following Price's flight into Arkansas in late October, the Eleventh shipped out with Smith's corps to Nashville, where a fateful confronta­ tion with John Bell Hood's Army of Tennessee was impending. In the Federals' rout of Hood on December 16, three men of the Eleventh won the Medal of Honor by capturing rebel colors: Lieutenant William T. Simmons, Corporal James W. Parks and Private George W. Welch. Thus, they joined Lieutenant Menomen O'Donnell, similarly decorated for joining the regimental color guard in the assault on Vicksburg on May 22, 1863. The closing chapter for the Eleventh Missouri Veteran Volunteers came with the XVI Corps in its operations around Mobile Bay. The last combat action was the charge on Fort Blakely, April 9, 1865, where Cockrell's Missouri Confederate brigade passed into historical memory. Federal authorities kept the Eleventh on peacetime duty at various points in Alabama until ordering it mustered out at Memphis on January 16, 1866. In four and a half years of service, 285 members had gone to their deaths—6 officers and 179 men lost to causes not combat-related.7 The Fifteenth Missouri Infantry, often hailed by admiring generals as "the Swiss Regiment," also was organized, under Fremont's direction, in St. Louis in the war's first summer. Francis Joliat, the Fifteenth's first colonel, resigned in 1862, after leading the regiment in the recapture of Springfield early that year, in the battle of Pea Ridge and at the capture of Corinth the following spring. Under Colonel Joseph Conrad, the Fifteenth joined the Army of the Cumberland to fight on such 7 Dyer's Compendium, 3: 1327f; O. R, ser. 1, vols. 3, 7, 8, 10, 31, 32, 34, 39, 48 and ser. 3, vols. 1, 3, 5; D. McCall, Three Years in the Service: A Record of the Doings of the 11th Regiment Missouri Volunteers (Springfield, Mo.: Baker and Phillips, 1864); Harvey L. Carter and Norma L. Peterson, eds., "William S. Stewart Letters, January 13, 1861, to December 4, 1862," Missouri Historical Review 61 (January 1967): 187-228, 303-320, 453-488; U.S. War Department, Public Information Division, The Medal of Honor of the United States Army (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1948), 134, 182f; Leslie Anders, The Eighteenth Missouri (Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs- Merrill, 1968), 267; Robert Collins Suhr, "Attack Written Deep and Crimson," America's Civil War 4 (September 1991): 46-52. Preserving Our Civil War Battle Flags 11 notable fields as Chickamauga and Chattanooga, before sharing in the storming of Missionary Ridge late in 1863. When Major General William T. Sherman opened his north Georgia campaign of 1864, the Fifteenth was involved from start to finish—Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Pumpkin Vine Creek, Kennesaw Mountain, Atlanta. These Missourians missed Sherman's "March to the Sea," however, for they were sent to Major General George H. Thomas's Army of the Cumberland to chase Hood's defeated Confed­ erates from Atlanta into eastern Alabama and Tennessee. These opera­ tions, occurring in Sherman's "communications zone," found the Fifteenth Infantry among Major General John M. Schofield's defenders at Franklin, where they lost five killed and nineteen wounded in the carnage brought on by Hood's suicidal mass charge. In the wake of this encounter, the Fifteenth Infantry joined in Thomas's defense of Nash­ ville and the mid-December clash that not only wrecked Hood's army but essentially closed the Fifteenth's combat history. After lengthy guard duties in southern Texas, it mustered out at Victoria, Texas, on Christmas Day, 1865. Four years of war had cost it 222 fatalities, 115 from battle causes.8

8 Dyer's Compendium, 3: 1329; O. R., ser. 1, vols. 8, 10, 13, 16, 17, 20, 23, 30-32, 38, 39, 45, 49 and ser. 3, vols. 1, 3; Maurice Marcott, Five Years in the Sunny South (n.p., n.d.).

After lengthy operations in the Ozarks, the Fifteenth Missouri Volunteer Infantry saw combat in Tennessee and Kentucky and in the north Georgia campaign with "Uncle Billy " Sherman. Missouri State Museum

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14:: i#iftli;i::;llilllll 12 Missouri Historical Review

In the war's first summer, it fell to a prominent Chariton County farmer, William J. Morgan, a veteran of the Mexican War, to summon the Unionists of north-central Missouri into what became the rugged Eighteenth Missouri Volunteer Infantry. "Morgan's Missouri Rangers"— principally farm boys from Putnam, Sullivan, Schuyler, Linn and Chariton counties—assembled at the regiment's "birthplace," Laclede, in August 1861, becoming the first American soldiers ever seen by a local toddler named John J. Pershing. Indeed, the child's father, John Fletcher Pershing, signed on as Morgan's original sutler.9 After formal­ ly mustering in as the Eighteenth Missouri Volunteer Infantry—since the Feds would have no truck with that "ranger" business—the Eighteenth moved to Platte County to complete recruiting and to "flush out" local bushwhackers. However, the burning of the county court­ house in mid-December, widely blamed on Morgan's men by local witnesses with axes of their own to grind, ended the provisional government's patience with the "radical leadership" of the regiment. In February there followed a purge of key officers and Morgan's replace­ ment with Colonel Madison Miller, a native Pennsylvanian who had fought in the war with Mexico, won the presidency of the Iron Mountain Railroad and currently held a seat in the General Assembly from Carondelet. The new colonel brought with him as his personal attendant James Milton Turner, destined for lasting fame as the leading postwar spokesman for black Missourians and ambassador to Liberia. Under Miller, who would resign in mid-March of 1864 in a 9 Anders, The Eighteenth Missouri, 13, 90; Donald Smythe, Guerrilla Warrior: The Early Life of John J. Pershing (New York: Scribner, 1973), Iff.

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"Morgan's Rangers, "from north-central Missouri, saw their combat east of the Mississippi, marching through Georgia and the Carolinas.

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nj. ••*wMj^* •• # y??f .'>f§' ',,••*'& :<*V$ * Preserving Our Civil War Battle Flags 13 squabble with his corps commander, the Eighteenth Missouri was frequently in the thick of fighting. Its first major action came on the battlefield of Shiloh, in western Tennessee, on April 6, 1862. Part of the forward line thrown out to contain a strong force of Confederates charging north from Corinth, the Eighteenth Missouri was swept into the "Hornets' Nest" and lost some 130 men as prisoners of war. Miller was taken POW, and Turner was wounded in a hip but removed to safety before the surrender at the Nest. When a Unionist counterattack "liberated" the area the following afternoon, the Eighteenth Missouri's POWs were on their way by train to Cahaba, Alabama, facing "seven terrible long months" in captivity, as Sergeant Louis Benecke, a future Republican state senator from Chariton County, would remember it.10 A crippled remnant of the Eighteenth, assigned to Major General William S. Rosecrans's Army of the Mississippi, shared in the defense of Corinth against the Confederate attack of October 3, 1862. In the following winter the regiment built a stockade near Corinth, at Che- walla, Tennessee, and patrolled the surrounding hills from its secure base. The spring and summer of 1863 found the regiment engaged in railway repair and skirmishing with hostile marauders in middle Ten­ nessee, until orders came to enter into Sherman's offensive across northern Georgia. By this time command had passed to Lieutenant Colonel Charles S. Sheldon, a New Jersey-born former Regular Army enlisted man who had shown the foresight upon his commissioning to rearrange his name from its original form of Charles Sheldon Sargeant. The Eighteenth Missouri was a sustaining element in Sherman's final Civil War campaigns, fighting at Georgia's Snake Creek Gap, Kennesaw Mountain, Atlanta and on the March to the Sea. Then came a memorable wintertime thrust across the Carolinas, culminating in that parade down Washington's Pennsylvania Avenue on May 24, 1865, when the Missourians joined the Army of the Tennessee in flaunting their victorious colors and guidons before President Andrew Johnson. Some 81 men of the regiment had died from battle wounds, 164 others from sickness, accidents and murder.11 The Twenty-first Missouri Volunteer Infantry, like the Eighteenth, was the product of a Mexican War veteran's determined will. Ohio- born David Moore, a grocer at the Clark County hamlet of Wrights- ville, called the Union men of northeastern Missouri to join him at Kahoka on July 4, 1861. That assemblage created the First Missouri

10 Anders, The Eighteenth Missouri, 73. 11 Ibid., passim; Charles S. Sargeant, Personal Recollections of the Eighteenth Missouri Volunteers in the War for the Union (Unionville, Mo.: Unionville Republican, 1890); Dyer's Compendium, 3: 1330. 14 Missouri Historical Review

Home Guard Regiment, under Moore's command, and the outfit electrified public imagination four weeks later with its stunning rout of a superior State Guard force at Athens, on the Des Moines River above Keokuk. While in this process of "killing Secesh" in northeastern Missouri, Moore amalgamated his unit with the Lewis County Home Guards to form the Twenty-first Missouri Infantry. This ceremony occurred on February 2, 1862, atop Canton's College Hill, the campus of what is now Culver-Stockton College. Like the Eighteenth, Moore's regiment fought in the forward line at Shiloh that bloody April Sunday, and it is very likely that the first Union soldier to perish in the day's struggle was a Dutch-born private in the Twenty-first Missouri, Gerrit Stegeman. Although the regiment avoided entrapment in the Hornets' Nest, Moore was so severely wounded that he lost a leg. This crippling injury, however, did not faze the Wrightsville merchant (father of two Confederate soldiers!), and he returned to duty after hospitalization to command the regiment in its valiant defense of Corinth's College Hill the following October. After spending much of the winter in "counter-guerrilla" skirmish­ ing in western Kentucky and Tennessee, the Twenty-first Missouri reached Memphis in May 1863 for guard duty in that crucial river port. After reenlisting the regiment at Memphis as a Veteran Volunteer outfit, Moore took his men back to Missouri in September 1864 to chase Sterling Price's expedition across the southern half of the state. The regiment never caught sight of Price, however, and in late Novem­ ber it reembarked at St. Louis to go to the aid of Thomas in defending Nashville. When Hood attacked Tennessee's capital city on December 15, 1864, the Twenty-first Missouri proved instrumental in seeing to his undoing. The last action seen by the regiment was the Palm Sunday assault on Fort Blakely, where these Missourians were the first to set their colors on the rebel breastworks. With the war ending, the Twenty-first Missouri remained on "pacification duty" at Mobile until its muster-out there on April 19, 1866. Of Dave Moore's stout-hearted band, 70 had died in battle and 239 from other causes.12 The Twenty-fifth Missouri Volunteer Infantry, getting off to an uncertain start, faded away prematurely. Originally designed by Federal officials in St. Louis as the Thirteenth Missouri Infantry in June 1861, 12 Leslie Anders, The Twenty-First Missouri: From Home Guard to Union Regiment (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1975); Dyer's Compendium, 3: 1330f; Nehemiah D. Starr and Timothy W. Holman, comps., The 21st Missouri Regiment Infantry Veteran Volunteers (Fort Madison, Iowa: Roberts and Roberts, Printers, 1897); F. N. Boney, ed., A Union Soldier in the Land of the Vanquished: The Diary of Sergeant Matthew Woodruff, June-December, 1865 (University, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1969). Preserving Our Civil War Battle Flags 15

Emerging from the Home Guard movement of north­ eastern Missouri, the Twenty- first Missouri Volunteer In­ fantry became a potent factor in Grant's drive to clear the Mississippi Valley and the Gulf Coast.

Missouri State Museum Missouri State Museum

Although it campaigned early in the war in western Tennes­ see, the Twenty-fifth Missouri Volunteer Infantry came home in 1863 to build fortifications prior to its transfer to the First Missouri Engineers.

^\A ';;f «\%VN 16 Missouri Historical Review it was redesignated three months later as the Twenty-fifth Infantry and placed under Colonel Everett Peabody. As supervisor of construction of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad since 1858, Peabody clearly possessed uncommon academic credentials—a Harvard graduate and a civil engineer. After duty at various points within Missouri until March 1862, the Twenty-fifth moved to Pittsburg Landing to join Grant's Army of the Tennessee and Brigadier General Benjamin M. Prentiss's Sixth Division. On that fateful early morning of April 6, a violent Confederate on­ slaught surprised the Union encampments, and a confused battle ensued. Peabody fell with a fatal head wound, and his regiment shared its comrades' fates. Some fled to safety on high ground in the rear; others huddled with the remnants of the Eighteenth and Twenty-first Missouri in the legendary Hornets' Nest and joined in repulsing eleven rebel charges. Reassembled after the battle and commanded by ex-Adjutant General Harding, the Twenty-fifth Missouri "lived to fight another day," joining in the first Corinth campaign of May 1862. With the fall of Corinth, the regiment remained there until September to build fortifications. Returning to Missouri that autumn, the Twenty-fifth did guard and patrol work at Pilot Knob and Patterson all winter, then moved to St. Joseph in the spring of 1863 to undertake antiguerrilla operations across northwestern Missouri. In the summer of 1863 the regiment moved to New Madrid to construct fortifications. As its ranks dwindled and there seemed no likelihood of securing Veteran Volunteer status, Union authorities consolidated the Twenty-fifth Infantry with Colonel Josiah W. Bissell's celebrated Engineer Regiment of the West to form the First Missouri Engineers in February 1864. As the Twenty- fifth Missouri Infantry passed into oblivion, 9 officers and 163 men lay dead, 97 of them battlefield casualties.13 These pages display but a few of the historic emblems that bear witness to the Show Me State's crucial role in making possible the Federal Union as we know it. All of these flags now face deterioration to the point of disappearance. Fitful, if not amateurish, measures to arrest this decay a half-century ago proved to be no more than stop-gap efforts. In the past decade the Department of Natural Resources, custodian of the museum and its contents, has sponsored an inventory of the battle flags to determine their conditions and the measures

13 Dyer's Compendium, 3: 1332; Carlton L. Smith, "A Promising Soldier is Lost," Civil War Times Illustrated 24 (March 1985): 26ff; W. A. Neal, ed. and comp., Illustrated History of the Missouri Engineers and the 25th Infantry Regiments (Chicago: Donohue and Henneberry, 1889); Anders, The Eighteenth Missouri, 52. Preserving Our Civil War Battle Flags 17 essential for their conservation. Museum officials recently estimated the final cost of preservation at $1,500,000. In 1986 the General Assembly provided $40,000 in "seed money," expecting a private group of activists, Missouri Civil War Battle Flags, Inc., to raise the bulk of the needed funds. This campaign, however, has so far produced but a pittance of the target fund. It seems very likely, therefore, that Missourians in private and public capacities will need to intensify this effort. Dennis Babbitt of St. Louis, president of Missouri Civil War Battle Flags, Inc., and former state representative Francis M. Barnes of Kirkwood have been the most visible and eloquent promoters of this worthy cause. When Missourians come to share Bud Barnes's and Dennis Babbitt's vision of the State Museum as a potential national landmark, the support that they have sought will surely come forth in abundance.

The State Historical Society libraries will not be available to researchers on October 17, the day of the Society's annual meeting. Instead, special exhibits of the Society's holdings will be on display and open to the public for viewing during the afternoon, 2-4 P.M.

Never Reconciled Cameron Daily Vindicator, January 3, 1882. The best sermon in the world never yet reconciled the proud man, trying to curl his feet up and out of sight under the pew to the painfully obtrusive and evident fact that the wife of his bosom had used his blacking-brush to polish the kitchen stove.

Plain Words Maysville Weekly Western Register, August 13, 1868. A lady editor in the east says that if the men want their children to look like them the fewer jaunts to California they make the [better].

A Simple Map Maysville Weekly Western Register, May 28, 1868. To a lover there are but two places in all the world—one where his sweetheart is, and the other where she isn't. 4

**+

Courtesy Arthur G. Draper

Farming on the Missouri Frontier: Essays by Philander Draper EDITED BY ARTHUR G. DRAPER* I do not propose to tell the world "what I know of farming," true though it be that I may have "climbed the trees and shaken down the turnips" quite as often as the illustrious "Mark Twain" ever did. Perhaps I might even justly claim as extensive an experience as the more celebrated farmer, Horace Greely, and still have little enough claim to "know" much of farming. Philander Draper (1811-1883) was born in Smith County, Ten­ nessee, the seventh child of Daniel and Susanna Gibbs Draper. In the fall of 1815, during territorial days, he came to Missouri with his family. They settled in the western part of what is now Lincoln County, where the village of Auburn later stood. Daniel Draper farmed and kept an inn on the old Salt River Road in Auburn.1

•Arthur G. Draper, a great-great grandson of Philander Draper, is director of curriculum for the Hermann, Missouri, schools. He holds the A.B. degree from Park College, Parkville, and the M. A. degree from Washington University, St. Louis. 1 The information for this sketch was drawn from letters and documents in the Draper-McClurg Family Papers in the Western Historical Manuscript Collection at the University of Missouri-Columbia.

18 Farming on the Missouri Frontier 19

Philander Draper grew up on the farm at Auburn. At age seventeen he began a three-year apprenticeship in cabinetmaking and mechanics in St. Louis, after which he returned to Lincoln County to farm and begin a family. In 1834 Draper married Eliza Clark, who bore one son, then died in childbirth with the next. He then married Sarah Fentem, and they had eight children who lived. In 1842 he moved his young family to a homestead near Middletown in Montgomery County. The family moved to Louisiana in Pike County in 1845, where Draper remained, for the most part, until he died in 1883. The first essay below draws upon boyhood experiences in Lincoln County; the second piece relates experiences gained on the Montgomery County homestead. Draper earned some distinction in the political and economic life of Pike County. He was city treasurer of Louisiana for ten years, an active Methodist and a dedicated Mason, who served a term as junior warden in the Grand Lodge of Missouri. He and his brothers Edwin and Daniel were partners in enterprises involving general merchandis­ ing, pork packing, lumber milling and real estate. Their businesses thrived for a number of years, but fell on hard times early in the Civil War. Draper spent the last twenty years of his life liquidating the businesses in such a manner that creditors did not suffer from the failure; he repaid about a quarter of a million dollars in principal and interest. "No such exhibit of successful financeering," he wrote, "can be found in the history of failures."2 He also served as secretary, treasurer and auditor of the Louisiana and Missouri River Railroad during most of this time. A Whig who later became a Radical Republican, Draper served in the state legislature for one term in 1850 and was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for attorney general in 1852. An avid supporter of the Union, he helped organize the Pike County Home Guard, chaired the Pike County Committee on Safety and, at fifty-one, recruited and led a company of infantry. A breakdown in his health required him to resign after a few months of duty. During the rest of the war he served as assessor of internal revenue, deputy provost marshal and commissioner of the U.S. District Court. Upon his son Daniel's election as state auditor in 1868, Draper became chief clerk in the auditor's office in Jefferson City. These essays are from the Draper-McClurg Family Papers, located in the Western Historical Manuscript Collection at the University of Missouri-Columbia. Neither essay is dated, but evidence indicates that they were written in the late 1860s or the early 1870s. Draper refers to

2 "A Financial Exhibit," Draper-McClurg Family Papers, folder 43. 20 Missouri Historical Review writing them in order to pass the lonely hours of separation from his family. Except for a few months of military service in 1862—during which time he did not have much leisure—the years he worked in Jefferson City (1869-1872) seem to be the most likely time for the essays to have been written. In an 1873 letter to his son Charles, Draper mentions having written the essays some time before. He entitled the first piece "Farming in Missouri in Early Days" and the second, "Farming in Missouri in 1842." Since the articles cover the same general topic, most of the editing involved reducing redundancy by omitting some passages from each essay. Omissions are indicated by ellipses; otherwise, the essays have been literally transcribed. Capitalization, spelling and punctuation are as Draper presented them. Editorial corrections, additions, clarifications and questions appear in brackets.

My first advent into Missouri was in Territorial days in 1815, when the only portion of her territory inhabited by white people was a strip commencing at the South Eastern corner of the state and running parallel with the Mississippi River, not more than an average of 20 miles in width, to the Missouri River, and then a few sparse settlements in what are now St Charles[,] Lincoln, Warren, Montgomery, Boone and Howard counties North of the Missouri and in Franklin County south of that river. The total population could not, at that day, have exceeded [ ], and north of the river the total number could not have been 2000. Courtesy Arthur G. Draper

Sarah Fentem Draper Farming on the Missouri Frontier 21

In order to appreciate the present condition of the country as compared with that early time, a brief outline of the then condition of the country is indispensable[.] It must be borne in mind that the war of 1812 had just closed. The Indians of various tribes inhabited a great portion of Northern and South western Missouri, and had only removed a little beyond the verge of the settlements[.] It was a beautiful land abundantly stocked with game of all sorts from the bear down to the squirrel and quail, and they [the Indians] gave it up with great re­ luctance, and often with savage threatenings, not forgetting to return occasionally to their former hunting grounds, and woe to the luckless fat cow or pig that came within their sight. These visits led to frequent conflicts in which they were not always the aggressers. An immense tide of immigration poured into the territory from Kentucky, Tennessee, the Carolinas, Virginia, and occasionally from the Yankee States, every thing human from north of [the] Mason & Dixon line being called Yankee. The slipshod style of husbandry, practised by the few inhabitants already settled here, did not furnish the barest necessaries of life to the great crowd of immigrants and of necessity many of them were compelled to become hunters, to supply their families with provisions. Fortunately, this was no difficult matter, as wild turkeys were often shot from the doors of the—not houses, for there were none—but tents[,] and he who could not kill a deer by 9 o[']clock any morning would have been laughed at. Nothing was more common than for a family consisting of a man, his wife and three or four children, after travelling four or five weeks in a heavy wagon drawn by three or four horses, to stop on the bank of some brook, or creek, to rest and wash up, having reached the resting place without even the hunters trail. Wood being abundant[,] a log heap fire was made, and a tent made of an extra wagon cover, erected on poles[,] all the work of an hour, the horses turned loose to feed on the grass, and the head of the family was ready to start out for an evening hunt for material for their supper. It "had to come". There were no grocery stores at which the needed supplies could be had. No mills at which flour could be purchased. Indeed, such camps as I have described, were often ten miles from any human being, but its own tenants. They were fortunate if they had a few pounds of corn meal, and a little salt. For every thing else they must rely on the trusty rifle. After collecting a respectable supply of venison, wild turkeys, etc. the family moved on farther into the wilderness, unless, meantime, the first camping ground offered suffecient inducements to make a home of it. If so, a log hut was constructed, the only implements of carpentry being an axe, an auger and sometimes a hand saw. A single room, 15 or 22 Missouri Historical Review

16 feet square and eight feet high with a roof of boards four feet long and of such width as the timber at hand would most readily furnish, generally six inches. These were split not sawed. Large timber, suf- fecient to make such boards, was always sawed off if the owner was fortunate enough to possess a cross cut saw, the wife often taking one end of the saw. It will give some idea of the destitution of conveniences, to say that after there were neighbors every mile, it was not unusual to see one of these saws loaned to be used at ten miles distant. Not one man in twenty owned one and not more than one in five owned so common an instrument as an inch [auger]. It may be asked how did so many people find bread? They did not find it. The raw material had not been grown in the country. There was no means of transportation from other countri[e]s where a surplus existed. Steam boats had not made their appearance anywhere. Railroads were not even thought of. My location, or rather that of my parents, for I was but a child, was in North Missouri. No grain mill had ever been constructed nearer than 15 miles, and that had been washed away. The next nearest was 40 miles, and in that vicinity only could a grain of corn, even for seed, be obtained. Wheat or flour was wholly unknown. I have known my father to drive his team to the mill [house], at 40 miles distant, purchase corn at one dollar per bushel, have it ground and haul it home, for our bread, often being out on such a trip more than a week, and this

Settlers often had to travel long distances to have grain ground on the Missouri frontier. State Historical Society of Missouri Farming on the Missouri Frontier 23 continued the whole of the first year, till a crop of corn was raised. Many times, we had not bread for two weeks, living solely on wild game, and milk[,] of both of which we had an abundance. At length we built a hand mill, a [veritable] pair of lime stone burrs, driven by hand. My first labor, was to sweep the yard, and my second to get in corn enough during the day and shell it, (after it was ripe enough to shell) for the older and more able bodied members of the family to grind at night, (after a days labor at clearing land) enough to make bread for the next day. But in the interval before the corn was dry enough to shell, another device was adopted. A side of an exhausted coffee boiler was punched with a sharp nail or other instrument, like a nutmeg grater, and then bent, and fastened at the edges, to a board, five or six inches wide and of convenient length. On this the corn, too hard to cook and not dry enough to shell and grind, was grated, and of the product, the most delicious hasty pudding, or bread, was made. The mill of which I have spoken was public property, practically. Our own convenience was first consulted, but after that, every body who could furnish the requisite muscle had free access to it; and it was kept runing every day but Sunday and every night, or part of every night, for two years, when we were immensely relieved by the erection [of] a horse mill, within 15 miles where we could furnish our own teams and harness etc., grind our own grain by paying one sixth of it in kind. There were absolutely no such things as farms, at the commence­ ment of this state of affairs. It was a country of timber, and every thing was in a state of nature. Land was to be cleared of the timber and under brush, fenced, plowed, and crops planted and matured before we had any thing to live on but the game. That it was a busy scene may well be imagined. Thousands of people were crowding to the frontier. Roads were worn, not made, by every day use. Society formed itself. Kindred spirits naturally attracted others of their own class. Distinctions of wealth, or other such accidental circumstances, had little influence. The common dependence of man upon his fellow man, rendered all such mere accidents, worthless. Physical helpfulness in times of need, was superior to every thing else. Houses were to be built. The conditions admitted of no other class than those built of logs. To build these, nothing but manual force would suffice. Where there were but 8 or 10 men in as many miles, each had to turn out and help his neighbor, and they did it with a will. If corn was to be husked the universal practice was to invite all within a convenient radius to attend on a day specified, and every thing able to husk and throw an ear of corn into a crib, was there. If when wheat was grown, and was to be harvested, all in like manner were expected to attend, each with his sickle, and the grain was 24 Missouri Historical Review harvested promptly. Woe to the nabob who threw himself back on his dignity and proposed to hire his help because he had the means. His house would never rise, nor his grain be harvested. He was severely "let alone", and he found it good for his general welfare to remove to some more congenial locality. It will readily be imagined, that the implements of husbandry were of the rudest sort, often very little superior to the wooden plow of the Moors of Northern Africa or the stone axes of the ancient inhabitants of this country. Few persons of the present day have ever seen a plow of the kind then in universal use—known as the bar share. My powers of description are not equal to giving a correct idea of the clumsy contrivance, but it was not unusual to see them, of 50 or 60 lb. weight, or with the immense wooden stock, 75 lb., and of a pattern wholly unlike any thing seen in modern times. There were but few blacksmiths, and they of the most modest pretensions—but if a plow needed a stock or woodwork, each farmer had to depend on his own skill for that. The only farm implements used were the axe, plow, hoe, harrow and sickle. The harrow was most frequently made of the fork of [a] tree—cut to a length of five feet and with wooden pins for teeth. And not one in a dozen used even so rude a contrivance as this.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Neighbors pitched in to help each other with major tasks such as raising a log cabin. Farming on the Missouri Frontier 25

The rude cabins of which I have spoken were always built of round logs. A door was cut through one wall of the usual size. The aperture thus made was generally closed by hanging up an old quilt. Stoves were unknown. For a fire place, a few broad flat stones were leaned up against one wall, and a beam was placed across that end or side of the cabin at the height of a mans head and 3 1/2 or 4 feet from the wall. Between the wall and the beam commencing on the top of it, a flue was built over the place for a fire, of split sticks laid up in the form of a square, and run up through the roof, the sticks being laid in mortar made of clay, and plastered inside of the same material, the plastering being done with the open hand. In like manner the cracks between the logs were plastered or "daubed". In lieu of a floor, clay was generally filled up a few inches above the natural surface and pounded down solid. A very few who had more aristocratic notions, made a floor of split logs, hewed on the surface, commonly called puncheons. Not one in ten had even an opening for a window. For several years, glass for windows was unknown. I have spoken of horse mills: The really primitive mill is worth describing. Usually, in a log cabin of 15 feet square was placed the mill stones, made of solid blocks of lime stone, on a rude frame work. In lieu of the geared pinion on the spindle, as now, there was placed on the spindle a round stick of wood ten inches in diameter and 15 inches long. Outside the building, in the open air, was a vertical shaft of wood resting at the foot on a pivot, and the upper end held in place by a cross timber resting on posts. Arms of 12 or 15 feet in length placed horizontally onto this shaft, near the top, and this supported by rude braces, formed what was called the wheel. On the upper side of these arms, near the ends[,] were wooden pins of an inch or more in diameter. A band or belt, cut from a raw beef hide in a continuous piece, and twisted, was placed, twice round the wooden hub on the spindle and then placed on the arms, runing around the circle. This belt was kept at the proper tension, by removing the wooden pins, inward or outward, as the case required, or by twisting the belt. A beam was attached to the vertical shaft two feet from the ground and the team of two or four horses attached at the ends of this beam, and they drove the concern by travelling round in a circle. Rude as was this structure, it was an improvement in point of labor, on the hand mill. With good teams some of them would grind 20 bushels of corn in a day. All other operations connected with farm life were on a similar scale. I never saw a grain cradle till I was twelve or fourteen years old, nor a fanning mill till I was sixteen. In lieu of the fan mill, a riddle made of white oak splits, in form like a meal seive, 26 Missouri Historical Review

Draper did not see grain cradles used for harvesting during his early years in Missouri.

State Historical Society of Missouri was used—generally several of them of meshes of different sizes, through which the grain and chaff were passed by simply shaking or oscillating the riddle in the hand, whilst two of the stoutest hands winnowed it by hand with an ordinary sheet. The threshing was a curious process. The flail was sometimes used, but most generally, a suitable spot of ground was selected, and the surface scraped with hoes, as smooth and level as possible, about 40 or 50 feet in diameter and round. After drying this place and tromping it with the bare feet until it was firm and smooth, the grain in the sheef was set in a leaning position with the heads upward, all over this floor as it was called, and then all the horses the place could command were driven or led on it, and they travelled round and round till the grain was about all separated from the chaff and straw, and then these were shaken out of the grain and chaff with wooden forks and rakes. Then followed the winnowing process as described. A good days work by two stout men and two or three boys and four horses would be twenty bushels of grain, if the wheat was good. I know of no labor so hard, or so discouraging, as this process of threshing. It must be done in warm weather and in the open sun. Otherwise, the grain could not be separated from the straw, as it would be come damp, and for the same reason it must be in the open sun. The reflection of the heat from the straw is overpowering. . . . Improvement in the general character of farm implements was very slow, as indeed was all other improvement. The prevalence of slavery, Farming on the Missouri Frontier 27 gave tone to nearly every thing—but more particularly to the prejudice against all Yankee inventions and innovations. There was however one curious exception to this rule. The people with singular unanimity resisted the introduction of all labor saving machinery, as Yankee notions, and therefore unworthy of patronage, and yet clock pedlers seldom failed to sell their wares, at prices that were absurd beyond measure. Scarcely a cabin, was without its wooden clock even if there were openings in it through which the dogs crept. I have known men to exchange the last yearling colt for a wooden clock, that now would be thought dear at $3.00. It was an almost every day occurrence for these enterprising merchants to sell an eight day brass clock for fifty dollars—take the party's note, and sell it to the first note broker, for forty, thirty, and even twenty dollars. There was a perfect mania for gaudily painted clocks, and yet a sewing machine, if such a thing had then been in existence, would have been regarded as "too great an indulgence for lazy women", though they were much more needed then than now. . . .3 I found my mechanical skill of great value, as I did all the carpenter work of my house and other buildings, gates etc. Here however, I found myself confronted with strong suspicions from many of my neighbors. Farm gates were a new wrinkle there, and they were regarded as indicating pride and aristocratic feeling. I was unmistakeably warned that Mr (not Mrs) Grundy did not approve.4

3 A long passage describing making shoes and fences has been omitted because much of the same information appears in the second essay. 4 Apparently Draper believed that Mr. Grundy's disapproval was a more dire consequence than that of Mrs. Grundy. The phrase "What will Mrs. Grundy say?" is from Tom Morton's Speed the Plough (1798) and was idiomatic in nineteenth-century America. Mrs. Grundy was the community's straitlaced arbiter of morality, taste and judgment. See Ivor H. Evans, ed., Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (New York: Harper & Row, 1981), 512. State Historical Society of Missouri 28 Missouri Historical Review

I aimed also to have good strong fences that would keep out unruly horses and oxen, and also to keep my fences clear of brush and vines. This too was not approved. And I was kindly admonished that there was a better way, that vines, bushes and briers in the corners of a fence, were a cheaper guard against unruly stock, and besides they would, if allowed to grow properlyM support the fence when it became too rotten to support itself. The argument was unanswerable and I gave it up. Seriously, it was heartsickening to see the utter destitution of nine tenths of the people in the most beautiful and attractive country I have ever seen. Scarcely a foot of it but was susceptible of cultivation, and would produce all crops that will bear the climate in profusion. Yet it was rare to find a farmer who had food enough for any of his cattle or horse, later than 1st February. After that, when they need it worst[,] they must browse for a living. No wonder they trespassed on those who had provender. There were few springs, as it was a prairie country, and consequently water was not abundant or good. Cisterns were not dreamed of. Water was hauled, often a mile or more, from some dirty creek and allowed to stand in a barrel in the open sun till it was consumed, and this process went on for years. Yet such was the tenacious character of the clay, it was only necessary to sink a hole in the ground and wall it with loose rocks to have good water in abundance. So late as 1845, this state of things existed. Fruit, that would grow every where if they would only let it, was not seen. Butter and milk, were luxuries that only the select few could afford. The first essay ends at this point. The following material is from a second essay that Draper entitled "Farming in Missouri in 1842" and emphasizes the social and domestic facets of life on the Missouri frontier. After a short introductory passage, used at the beginning of this article, he mentions his mechanic/cabinet-making apprenticeship in St. Louis and his return to Auburn, where he spent ten years farming and starting a family. Following this period, he took a patent on eighty acres of land lying thirty miles west of Auburn, just west of Middletown in Montgomery County. Some themes from the first essay are amplified in the second, including the problems associated with flimsy fencing.

It [his new farm] was in quite as good a condition, indeed rather better, than most of my neighbors' farms; and yet there was but the usual log cabin—a single room of eighteen by twenty feet, and one or two extremely rude out buildings. The fences though new, were of the usual kind of the worm pattern, about seven rails high, and most happily calculated to invite the attack of "breachy" horses or cattle. Farming on the Missouri Frontier 29

State Historical Society of Missouri Unlike his neighbors, Draper built sturdy rail fences and kept them in good repair.

Many a time, have I been roused from sleep by the tinkling of a bell or by other indications too well known to western farmers to need description, and had to run horses or cattle, sometimes half a dozen, from my corn field, or from a growing wheat or oats crop. Such fences, unless of the best character, are but a trifling defense against stock, (cattle, horses, sheep, and hogs,) universally allowed as they were to run at large. Many of them had been educated by partial starvation, and by temptation that met them at every hour, to disregard all such partial obstructions. Many of these fences were curiosities; made of the least durable material, after standing a few years, they often became so rotten they were only supported by being interlaced with grape and other wild vines, and briers and underbrush that always grew in profusion. So soon as a crop was gathered, the custom was to throw the fences down in several places, especially on opposite sides of the farms, that stock might have ingress and egress at pleasure so as to glean during winter such straw and husks as were left. Gates were unknown. When I availed myself of my mechanical skill to provide such con­ veniences^] it was sometimes more than hinted that such assumptions of aristocracy were not agreeable to the natives. Indeed they were barely tolerated.. . . In a prairie country, near the crown of the ridge between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, of course living water was difficult to find though water for stock was plenty in the small streams. Water could be had by digging twenty to forty feet, but this was rarely done. Cisterns were almost unknown, though it was only necessary to dig a 30 Missouri Historical Review hole and wall it up to insure plenty of water, as the clay, to use an expression then common "would hold water like a jug". It was not unusual for large families to depend for water for all purposes, on the small streams and rivulets during winter and spring, and on hauling it in open barrels, generally on a small sled or drag, during summer and fall, often a distance of three or four miles, and when hauled, it was suffered to stand in the barrels, as near the door as possible for convenience, and always without shade, till it was con­ sumed, when the hauling was repeated, and this process often continued for fifteen years. In such a state of things, it will be readily conceived that schools were few and far between, and even those few might have been dispensed with, with little loss to the country, for generally they were worse than worthless. Of religious privileges this community had a variety. Occasionally earnest faithful and able preachers visited the benighted land, but these were not popular. In summer, frequent out door meetings were held, especially in some grove near a creek where there was "much water", as baptisings [were] then most frequent. The services usually filled up the greater parts of the day. Such occasions were seized upon by the boys of the "baser sort" for fishing, swimming, and any other amusement their ingenuity might devise. In such a state of society and with such surroundings I found myself. I knew nothing of the community. I judged of the country from its natural [appearance] and advantages. In these I was not mistaken. I very soon learned however, that being poor, and having none of the appliances of wealth, I must rely on myself for all conveniences and comforts. If I had had the means, they could not be purchased. I must make them and I did make them. I became, from the sheer necessity of the surrounding, my own carpenter, shoemaker, sadler, harness maker, ropemaker, bricklayer and mason, plowmaker, and sometimes my own physician and surgeon. When a person believes he cannot accomplish any task before him he is sure not to do it. If he has confidence in himself, and believes fully that he can do what other men have done, he will rarely fail to do whatever he sets before him to do. I so found it. I was already a fair mechanic, and whatever in the carpentry line presented, I was prepared for. But shoes, harness & plows, must be repaired, and when needed. The time lost in taking them three or four miles, and then in a week returning for them, often more than once[,] was worth more than they could have been purchased for, if they could have been had at all. I believed I could do such work myself, and I prepared for it. I made lastsM pegs, waxed ends, and shoe bench, repaired, roughly but sub- Farming on the Missouri Frontier 31 stantially every thing of the kind. And then why not make new ones? I went at it when necessary, and did it. For three years, every shoe and boot worn by myself and family of six persons, were made by myself, with less than two days work in day light, and then only when stormy weather prevented out door work.51 made and repaired my own plows. Dug a cistern and walled it with brick myself. The first pair of boots I ever made I wore steadily on the farm winter and summer, at plowing and harvesting, in snow and mud, fourteen months, without needing repairs. The time spent in a regular apprenticeship, as a carpenter or cabinetmaker, a blacksmith, or even as a tailer is not wasted even if a man intends to be nothing but a farmer. It gives confidence in his own powers. And I repeat he can do whatever he fully believes he can do. The farming implements in use by my neighbors were curiosities— very slightly in advance of those used by the Caffirs.6 I procured the iron work for the best plows I could get, trusting to my own handicraft for the wood work, and fortunately succeeded well, though my very first trial of the kind, and when I commenced using them, and made the strength of my [teams], the limit to the depth of the work, I was gravely warned by my neighbors, (in charity to my ignorance and inexperience)

5 While living in Montgomery County, Philander and Sarah Draper's household included James, Daniel, Ann and Eliza. James had been born during Philander's marriage to Eliza Clark. Philander and Sarah's other children, Charles, Edwin, Laura, Arthur G. and Fannie, were born in Louisiana. 6 Caffirs, or Kaffirs, are members of southern African Bantu tribes.

State Historical Society of Missouri

*0 Vwv 32 Missouri Historical Review that I "would forever ruin my land", and this too when it was plowed less than six inches. I was obstinate enough to follow my own theories, and the result was, a bountiful crop, when many of my sage neighbors made utter failures, owing as they said to the drouth, or to excessively "bad luck". Indeed, this bugbear, "luck", had to bear the burden of all the failures of crops, of houseburnings that occurred from the sheerest carelessness, of sickness incurred by exposure to inclemency of weather that would have given a bear consumption, and of all the loss of sheep, hogs or cattle that were literally starved to death. It was amazing, that where every vegetable production grew so luxuriantly and with so little labor, that many persons actually suffered in winter for the barest necessaries of life. The horse was the only animal that it was ever thought necessary to furnish shelter. Sheep, cattle and hogs were rarely fed, but were expected to make their living from the stalks and husks of corn, and on the green brush and from the acorns that could be found under the snow. It was not unusual to see cattle that were so poor in March as to be unable to stand, become fat enough on the prairie grass, by the 1st of June to be superior beef. And yet, it was unusual to see milk or butter among these people more than three months of the year. Bacon and cabbage with turnips for an occasional variation constituted the universal fare. And though poultry grew almost indigenously, an tgg was rarely seen. There was no accessible market for either poultry or eggs, so my family lived on them. Without any effort whatever, more than two hundred fowls have been produced on my farm in a season. Once or twice during November or December a peddler would take a dozen at sixty two cents, and then rather as a matter of accommodation to us. Game of almost every kind was abundant. Deer, turkies, prairie chickens or grouse, quails, squirrels, rabbits, oppossums, racoons, with occasionally a bear or an elk, could be found at any time in an hour. A countless variety of smaller birds that in other countries are regarded as the greatest delicacies, were regarded simply as pests, and were shot on pretence of a desire to get rid of them, but in reality, as an apology to avoid going to work. I have said, schools were of inferior grade. Though much has been written in regard to the condition of society in Missouri and other western states, at the early date of which I write, few persons of the present day can appreciate its true character. Reminiscences on the subject have been too general, or if particulars have been given, they have been given as exceptional cases, when in truth those apparently extreme, exceptional cases, were but fair representations of the general condition. Farming on the Missouri Frontier 33

It may not be profitless to rehearse the general character of the schools that existed in a large majority of the counties of Missouri at that date. It must be remembered that prior to about 1845, there was no such thing known as a public school, in the true sense of the term. If a school were opened at all, it was a matter of private contract between some adventurer and a few heads of families. A written contract, usually called an article of agreement ("pro­ nounced" ar-ticMe, the acent on the second syllable) between the teacher and his employers, the former agreeing to teach a quarter, (or three months) five days in each week, "Spelling, Reading[,] writing, & Arithmetic". And sometimes if he were more than ordinarily impudent he would add grammar and Geography, for which service, his employers agreed to pay for each scholar subscribed by them, from one dollar and fifty cents, per quarter, all the way up to three dollars per quarter. The school house was located at the most central position, but generally on the bank of some creek where water was plenty. It was always of logs, generally round,—a mere pen of sixteen or eighteen feet square, and if any floor other than the clay, it was of puncheons, or split logs, hewed on the surface, the roof of clapboards,—the chimney of stick and clay, with a rough wall of stone built up five feet high. Windows were made by cutting out a log and fitting small sticks upright between the adjoining logs for a sash and then the space was covered with paper, usually old copy books, pasted to those sticks and the logs. In order to admit light, the paper was greased with lard[.] Down to 1845, not one school house in twenty in Missouri, outside of the towns, had any glass about it. The writer, though he commenced going to school at six years of age in 1817, never saw a light of glass in a school house till he was nineteen years old, and though he had seen hundreds of school houses down to 1845, recollects but two or three outside of a town, that had glass in them. The only books used were Dilworth's and the old American Spelling book, Guthries and Pike's Arithmetic[,] the English Reader, the American Preceptor, the Colum­ bian Orator, Scotts Lessons, and Murrays Grammar.7 7 John A. Nietz discusses these textbooks and authors in Old Textbooks (Pitts­ burgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1961). The American Spelling Book (p. 15) refers to Noah Webster's "Blue-backed Speller." Thomas Dilworth wrote the widely used A New Guide to the English Tongue (p. 10). It is unclear from Draper's punctuation whether he intended to portray Guthrie and Pike as collaborators on an arithmetic text. William Guthrie (p. 220) was a late eighteenth-century author of geography texts, and Nicholas Pike published the New and Complete System of Arithmetic (p. 156). Nietz does not mention their collaborating on a text. Lindley Murray authored The English Reader and English Grammar (p. 109). Caleb Bingham wrote both The American Preceptor and The Columbian Orator (p. 65). William Scott's text was Lessons in Elocution (p. 62). 34 Missouri Historical Review

*W* State Historical Society of Missouri Schoolhouses on the Missouri frontier were crudely built log structures.

The chief qualification desired in a teacher, was to write "a good hand[.]" A few neat flourishes always settled the question of his employment. Mental training or moral character or principle were of little weight[.] Such was the condition of the section of country in which I became a farmer. My children were becoming of age to be in school. I found a few choice spirits, who earnestly desired to elevate the tone of society around us, but the weight of numbers was against us. We were regarded as aristocratic because we desired a teacher of some decent qualifications, which made the herd only more determined to have only one of their own class. It was openly said that no man who professed to be able to teach any thing beyond the calculation of interest in arithmetic would be considered for a moment! And we had to yield. With an almost passionate fondness for farming—to watch the germination and gradual expansion and maturity of all vegetable nature[,] but especially of the usual products of husbandry—I was compelled to abandon it, rather than to sacrifice the intellectual and moral development of my young family. Until the necessity for con­ sidering such an alternative was forced on me, nothwithstanding the labor and toil of planting, cultivating and reaping, were excessive, and my circumstances were sadly straitened, I can look back to no part of Farming on the Missouri Frontier 35 my life in which my enjoyments, (apart from these social impediments,) were so exquisite. If it would subserve any useful purpose, I might relate many an anecdote illustrative of the social and moral condition of the country from its earliest subversion to the wants of civilized man, down to the present time and might very happily contrast that early time with the present. I have written thus far, perhaps more to indulge a gossiping disposition, and to beguile a few of the lonely hours that have hung so heavily on my hands while separated from those I so dearly love, than to impart to others useful information.

What Is a Cave? Missouri Libraries, January/February 1990. . . . There are a recorded 5,012 caves in Missouri. According to Jerry D. Vineyard, deputy state geologist, a cave is "at least 25 feet in length or depth, and big enough for a person to explore."

For the Man of Common Sense Palmyra Missouri Whig, August 10, 1839. The arrogant air of foppish indolence always disgusts a man of common sense. One honest, industrious mechanic is worth the whole herd of perfumed exquisites who infest our streets with their collars turned down, and not a cent in their pockets.—Times.

An Original Toast Palmyra Missouri Whig and General Advertiser, August 24, 1839. Among the thousand and one toasts drank [sic] at the celebration of the fourth the following is the only one we have read having any claims to originality: " Woman—There is a purple half to the grape, a mellow half to the peach, a sunny half to the globe, and a 'better half to man."

In the Interests of Humanity St. Louis Melting Pot, January 1913. After the tramp had got over the wall, just in time to escape the bulldog, the woman of the house called after him: "What are you doing here?" "Madam," replied the dignified vagrant, "I did intend to request something to eat. But all I ask now is that in the interests of humanity you will feed that dog." ^fgff

State Historical Society of Missouri

President Harry S. Truman: Independent Baptist From Independence BY ROBERT BOLT* A story that made the rounds when the Trumans occupied the White House had a distinguished woman hurrying to the Executive Mansion, urging Bess Truman to intercede with her husband concerning his language. The concerned lady had become aware that the president had labeled a comment he had heard as "a bunch of horse manure." In response to the woman, who thought the statement vulgar, Mrs. Truman calmly replied, "You don't know how many years it took to tone it down to that."1 Anecdotes such as this, Truman's penchant to excoriate certain individuals and the fact that he on occasion interjected "damns" and "hells" into his public utterances have led some to

•Robert Bolt is a professor of history at Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan. He holds the B.A. degree from Calvin College, the M.A. degree from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and the Ph.D. degree from Michigan State University, East Lansing.

1 J. B. West, Upstairs at the White House: My Life With the First Ladies (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, Inc., 1973), 78.

36 President Harry S. Truman 37 question the religiousness of America's thirty-third president, even though he was a lifelong Baptist.2 Although there may be controversy concerning President Truman's piety, most would agree that the man from Independence was always his own man in matters of religion, as in other facets of life. Character­ istically, the old Missourian exploded in one memo, "I wonder how far Moses would have gone if he'd taken a poll in Egypt? What would Jesus Christ have preached if he'd taken a poll in Israel? Where would the Reformation have gone if Martin Luther had taken a poll? It isn't polls or public opinion of the moment that counts. It is right and wrong and leadership—men with fortitude, honesty and a belief in the right that makes epochs in the history of the world."3 Truman, always independent, freely chose his own religious associa­ tion with the Baptist church, although there were outside influences. In his book Mr. Citizen, President Truman wrote, "I have been a voluntary member of the Baptist Church since I was eighteen years old." He explained that his mother and father were Baptists—"so was my Grandfather Truman and my Grandmother Young. Grandma Truman died many years before I was born. She was also a Baptist."4 Truman's maternal grandfather belonged to no church, but "he supported many of them—Baptist, Methodist, Campbellite, and Presbyterian." Truman stated that his grandfather had once told him that "all of them wanted to arrive at the same place but they had to fight about it to see who had the inside track with the Almighty." Grandfather Young believed that no denomination had any particular "in" with the Lord "because He would make His own decision about who had been good or bad on this planet." Grandpa Truman concurred, but at the same time thought that "the Baptists had the best chance to arrive at happiness beyond the grave."5 Although Truman's parents were Baptists, along with three of his grandparents, family tradition alone does not totally explain why he was a Baptist. Truman had a mind of his own. If this had not been so, or if his church affiliation had meant little, he might well have joined

2 This was made plain to the author a few years ago when a custodian entered an office that he shared with three colleagues. On one wall hung the portraits of eight presidents, including one of Harry Truman. The custodian paused, viewed the pictures for a moment and then pointed to Truman's picture, saying, "That one's got to go." When asked why he picked on Truman, he tersely retorted, "All that cussing," and then turned on his heel and left. 3 Robert H. Ferrell, ed., Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., 1980), 310. 4 Harry S. Truman, Mr. Citizen (New York: Popular Library, 1961), 94-95. 5 Ibid., 95. 38 Missouri Historical Review the Episcopalian church where his wife and daughter were members. Truman explained: "I'm a Baptist because I think that sect gives the common man the shortest and most direct approach to God. I've never thought the Almighty is greatly interested in pomp and circumstance, because if He is, He wouldn't be interested in 'the sparrow' alluded to in St. Matthew's Gospel. Religious stuffed shirts are just as bad or worse than political ones in my opinion."6 Concerning baptism, Truman wrote: "I am a Baptist by education and by the belief that John the Baptist recognized and baptized the Savior of the world, Jesus. And, my friends, he did not sprinkle him with Jordan water; he reverently lowered him bodily below the surface of the sacred Jordan and raised him as a symbol that sin could be washed away."7 Throughout his adult life, Truman remained a member of the First Baptist Church, Grandview, Missouri. He joined that congregation at the age of eighteen and retained his membership there until his death. While in the White House, he received an invitation to transfer his membership to Washington's First Baptist Church. In a letter to the pastor of the church, Dr. Edward H. Pruden, Truman made it clear that he had been a member of the Grandview Church "for thirty odd years or more and I don't feel like moving it [my membership] now." Truman added, "Another thing I am particularly interested in is the fact that if I became a regular attendant, your regular membership would be pushed aside by curiosity seekers and sightseers. That is what happened to [Woodrow] Wilson's Church and that is what happened to [Calvin] Coolidge's Church so I think it would be better for both of us to follow the present procedure."8 Truman became well acquainted with the Reverend Welbern Bow­ man, one of the pastors of the Grandview church. Pastor Bowman reported that he saw Truman frequently in March 1947, when the president spent two weeks in Independence with his critically ill mother. Bowman said of this fortnight: "When his mother was ill I would go over there and I have never seen anyone that was more sympathetic and understanding. We'd get down on our knees together and pray." Bowman maintained that President Truman seemed sincerely concerned about spiritual matters. On numerous occasions during these two weeks, "we were both down on our knees together in the living room 6 Robert H. Ferrell, ed., The Autobiography of Harry S. Truman (Boulder, Colo.: Associated Press, 1980), 33-34. 7 Truman, Mr. Citizen, 105. 8 Harry S. Truman to Edward Pruden, 31 December 1948, Edward H. Pruden folder, President's Secretary's File, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri. Hereafter cited as PSF. President Harry S. Truman 39

Welbern Bowman served as a pastor of the First Baptist Church, Grandview, from 1941 to 1969.

First Baptist Church, Grandview

While Truman served as president of the U.S., First Baptist Church, Grand- view, constructed a new church building. First Baptist Church, Grandview 40 Missouri Historical Review

praying. He was very sincere about it," averred Bowman. "There was no foolishness about him when it came to that. He was just like the rest of us."9 Although he did not often attend worship services in Grandview while he was president, Truman never forgot his church. For example, in a note dated January 2, 1950, he wrote to Bowman: "I am sorry I didn't have a chance to come to church at Grandview Christmas day, but I was followed by nine or ten reporters and half-a-dozen photog­ raphers and I don't like to go to church under those circumstances. I had to stay home from the midnight service for the same reason—it wasn't because I didn't want to come, but I don't like to make a show of going to church."10 During the time that Truman served in the White House, the Grandview congregation erected a new church building. Pastor Bowman related that President Truman contributed twenty thousand dollars to aid the cause—even though Truman thought the new building looked more like a funeral home than a church.11 On another occasion, Truman sent a check to his pastor, who had lost some fingers in an accident, and enclosed a note explaining that the gift was "to help you out with your hospital expenses."12 Although he never formally affiliated with the First Baptist Church in Washington, Truman did attend worship services there. His diary entries reflect satisfaction with this church. "The preacher [Pruden] always treats me as a church member and not as the head of a circus. That's the reason I go to the 1st Baptist Church." Truman remembered one particular pastor and church that made a "real show" when he appeared. Truman vowed, "I'll never go back. I don't go to church for show. I hate headline hunters and showmen as a class and individu­ ally."13 In another diary entry, the president said that he had walked to the First Baptist Church where he "heard a good sermon," implying another reason for choosing that church.14 Pruden affirmed that the president wanted no fanfare about at­ tending church. According to the minister, Truman liked to come to the 9:30 A.M. service, rather than a later one at 11:00 A.M., because there was "less likely to be tourists and other visitors who might be looking for 9 Transcript, Welbern Bowman Oral History Interview, 4 February 1981, 48-49, Truman Library. 10 Harry S. Truman to Welbern Bowman, 2 January 1950, Name File, Welbern Bowman, Post-Presidential Files, Truman Library. Hereafter cited as PPF. 11 Transcript, Bowman interview, 16-17; Harry S. Truman diary, 24 December 1950, Memoirs file, Box 3, PPF, Truman Library. 12 Transcript, Bowman interview, 41. •3 Ferrell, Off the Record, 123. 14 Truman diary, 28 March 1948. President Harry S. Truman 41

President Truman and Dr. Ed­ ward H. Pruden exit the First Baptist Church, Washington, D.C.

Truman Library him, and he preferred to worship in our smaller family service, where parents and their children came together." Pruden said that the presi­ dent "wanted to be like any other worshipper and he wanted no particular notice taken of his presence."15 Thus, the pastor did not "pull his punches" simply because the president was in the audience. In a January 13, 1950, letter, President Truman encouraged Pruden to be forthright, "I don't want you to ever feel that you are in any way handicapped in your freedom of speech and expression just because I happen to be there." Truman assured Pruden that he wanted "to be treated like every other citizen and every other good Baptist."16 Pruden conceded that Truman sought no "special favors" as he participated in the service with those less distinguished. In keeping with this, the White House did not inform Pruden far in advance when President Truman would be present for a morning worship service. "So," said Pastor Pruden, "there was never any opportunity, even if I had wanted to do so, to make alterations in the sermon."17

15 Transcript, Edward H. Pruden Oral History Interview, 17 February 1971, 3, Truman Library. 16 Truman to Pruden, 13 January 1950, Pruden folder, PSF. 17 Transcript, Pruden interview, 3. 42 Missouri Historical Review

The service that Pruden called "the most memorable of all those which Mr. Truman attended at our church" occurred on September 28, 1947. The White House informed the church that morning that Presi­ dent Truman planned to attend the 9:30 A.M. service. Dr. Pruden was "disturbed" by this news because the early service was to be "largely a service of promotion for Sunday School children who would be moving from one age group to another." The pastor "wanted the service to be especially helpful to the president when he attended." Thus, Pruden met Truman at the front door of the church and "explained somewhat apologetically" what had been planned for the service. President Truman assured Pruden "that this would not disturb him in the least, and furthermore that he was fond of children and would enjoy the proceedings." Impulsively, the pastor asked the presi­ dent to address the children. The chief executive readily agreed to do so, which allowed Pruden to announce "to the children that their commencement speaker would be America's first citizen, the President of the United States." At the appropriate time, "Mr. Truman arose from his pew, walked down the aisle, and took his stand in front of the communion table." On this unforgettable day, the children at First Baptist Church heard the president of their country speak "about how fortunate they were to be able to grow up in a democracy where the principles of the Christian faith were known and taught, and where each person could worship God according to the dictates of his own heart."18 Although his remarks to the children appeared rather solemn, the president believed there was a place for humor in church. On one occasion, he dropped an autographed five-dollar bill into the offering plate with a note attached, "The deacon who counts this one may have it for a keepsake provided he puts two like it in its place."19 Just as President Truman's care and concern for the church demonstrate that he was not irreligious, so do his comments about Jesus Christ and the Bible. When addressing the National Negro Baptist Convention in 1953, Truman, unlike several other presidents, spoke rather extensively on Jesus. He indicated that the Jews "had long been awaiting a prophet," but "when He came, they failed to recognize Him." Jesus, said the president, "came to rescue the poor and the indigent from the special-privilege classes." Christ, he said, "was born in a manger. He grew up as the son of a carpenter and was one Himself." President Truman reminded the audience: 18 Edward H. Pruden, A Window on Washington (New York: Vantage Press, 1976), 48-50. 19 Ibid., 47-48. President Harry S. Truman 43

He [Jesus] carried His mission to the people who needed the mercy of God. ... He constantly called attention to the Law and the prophets. He told the people, who believed that they were better than the poor, where they stood. He called attention to the widow's mite as much more welcome to God the Father than was the gold contribution of the Pharisees. He also said to go into your closet and pray, and God will hear you. He called attention to those who made a great display of their religion and called them hypocrites.20 President Truman appreciated the Bible primarily for its social and ethical teachings. With this in mind, he recommended scriptural passages that instructed individuals how to live uprightly. One of Truman's biographers asserted that Truman believed that "religion dealt less with humankind's relations with God and more with good works."21 Thus, Truman recommended reading "the twentieth chapter of Exodus, the fifth chapter of Deuteronomy, the preachings of Amos, Micah, Isaiah and Jeremiah." He advised studying "the Sermon on the Mount, the fifth, sixth and seventh chapters of the Gospel according to St. Matthew, the tenth chapter of St. Luke, and then turn back to Matthew 22:15 and find obedience to the law of the land."22 Throughout his life, Truman found the Bible helpful in giving him direction. In a February 18, 1913, letter to Bess, he described a book on

20 Truman, Mr. Citizen, 106. 21 Richard L. Miller, Truman: The Rise to Power (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1986), 74. 22 Truman, Mr. Citizen, 106. Gray-O'Reilly, courtesy Truman Library

Bess Truman 44 Missouri Historical Review theosophy that contended that "we are born until we become perfect, then we enter the bosom of some god or other." Truman concluded, "It is a very convenient and satisfying system if a person could subdue his brains and make himself believe it." As for himself, however, "I guess I'll have to plod along with the four Gospels as my foundation for a while longer. They are the best yet."23 In a June 22, 1936, letter expressing pleasure at Margaret's going to the Baptist Sunday school, Truman wrote that "if a child is instilled with good morals and taught the value of the precepts" set forth in the Ten Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount, "there is not much to worry about in after years."24 In two later letters to his wife, he asserted that he was "too much enamoured of the Sermon on the Mount to be a good banker" and that "I just can't cheat in a trade or browbeat a worker. Maybe I'm crazy but so is the Sermon on the Mount if I am. . . ,"25 Truman considered the implications of the Christian gospel for everyday living. Individuals should treat all persons as they would be treated, seven days per week. In an early letter to Bess, he described a neighbor "who could pray louder and talk more fervently" at a prayer meeting "than anyone I ever heard." In every prayer, the man implored, "O Lord help this congregation to stop and think where they's a going at." It later was discovered, said Truman, that "he beat his wife and did everything else that's 'ornery.'" Bess's future husband concluded, "I think religion is something one should have on Wednesday and Thurs­ day as well as Sunday."26 Truman strongly believed that "a man cannot have character unless he lives within a fundamental system of morals that creates character." A person "has to be guided in the proper direction under a moral code," and added Truman, "In my opinion, the moral code of the Christian religion is about as good as there is." To those who implied communism was spreading because Christianity had failed, he re­ sponded: "I cannot agree that Christianity has been a failure. But ruthless men have been able to impose Communism on helpless people because of the absence of Christianity and the lack of a code that upholds the freedom and dignity of the individual."27 The president readily admitted that Christ's kingdom had been troubled through the years by "terrible bloodshed over Christianity,

23 Robert H. Ferrell, ed., Dear Bess: The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910- 1959 (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1983), 115. 24 Ibid., 388. 25 Ibid., 396, 398. 26 Ibid., 22. 27 Truman, Mr. Citizen, 98. President Harry S. Truman 45 brought about by struggles between sects and denominations." Truman attributed this to the perversities of men, not to Christianity itself. "Those who resorted to wars to inflict their kind of Christianity upon other faiths or denominations did not really understand Christianity," he concluded.28 Some critics believe Harry Truman to have been a profane man because of the manner in which he sometimes expressed himself. One dictionary defines profane as "characterized by irreverence or contempt for God or sacred things."29 The evidence does not suggest that about Truman. Despite using offensive language, Truman never meant to blaspheme the name of God.30 Indeed, the Christian religion significantly influenced the life of this Baptist president. Truman expressed reliance on the Almighty, not only publicly where it might have been politically advantageous, but privately as well. For example, as a soldier in World War I, he wrote to Bess about a battle he had survived and would not want to experience again "unless the Lord wills." He continued, "Had shells fall on all sides and I am as sure as I am sitting here that the Lord was and is with me."31 In a personal note, he reflected on his sudden accession to the presidency: "I am sure that God Almighty had me by the hand. He must have had a personal interest in the welfare of this great Re­ public."32 He contributed liberally to his church in Grandview. Welbern Bowman, Truman's Grandview pastor, testified that prayer was a part of the president's life. In dealing with his wife and daughter, Truman practiced the Golden Rule. He said, "I am a Catholic when it comes to divorce. I believe people could generally settle their differences if they weren't so all-fired selfish."33 In his recent Truman: The Rise to Power, Richard Lawrence Miller avers, "Harry's spiritual knowledge guided his conduct."34 He

28 Ibid. 29 American College Dictionary, s.v. "profane." 30 When asked about Truman's rather "blunt and colorful language," Edward Pruden said he had a "little theory on that which I suppose is a layman's psychology." He explained, "You will notice that in the boyhood pictures of Mr. Truman, he wore very thick glasses, and must have had some serious eye deficiency. As a result, he evidently spent a good deal of time reading, where other boys were out in the rough and tumble games and other activities; and I just had a feeling that maybe when he grew up and went into the Army in the First World War, that he felt a bit of psychological necessity to prove that he was as tough as the next one. There wasn't anything sinister or mean about it, but just a defense mechanism by which he tried to overcome his earlier physical handicaps." Transcript, Pruden interview, 15-16. 3i Ferrell, Dear Bess, 273. 32 Ferrell, Off the Record, 174. 33 Ferrell, Dear Bess, 38. 34 Miller, Truman, 72. 46 Missouri Historical Review

Kansas City Star Harry Truman Addressing the Congregation at First Baptist Church, Grandview asserts that "Harry referred to certain biblical passages again and again," which, according to Miller, "were the foundations of his public policies."35 When asked which books had the greatest effect on him, Truman acknowledged that the Holy Bible had had the most influence,' and then the writings of Shakespeare.36 Harold F. Gosnell, in his Truman biography, maintained that "he [Truman] always came back to the Bible as a guide on moral issues."37 For Truman, many national issues assumed that nature. A heritage influenced by religion meant that as a nation "we must constantly strive for social justice." Specifically, "we must fight against special privilege, against injustice to those of low income, and against the denial of opportunity, against discrimination based upon race, creed, or national origin." One had no choice but to "maintain our civil liberties,"for "no nation which hopes to live by the law of God can afford to suppress dissent and criticism." 35 Ibid., 73. 36 William Hillman, Mr. President (New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1952), 204. 37 Harold F. Gosnell, Truman's Crisis: A Political Biography of Harry S. Truman (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980), 35. President Harry S. Truman 47

Truman averred that religion was not "merely a series of prohibi­ tions against certain actions because they are wicked." He acknowledged that "our religion" included such elements, but more importantly, "it is a positive force that impels us to affirmative action."38 "Us" included Harry Truman, and he took action to effect the social justice that the Scriptures enjoined. He lobbied for adequate low-cost housing for the poor; as a result, Congress passed the National Housing Act of 1949, which called for the construction of 810,000 units. This Border State president fought for civil rights and ended segregation in the armed forces. In 1948, rather than retreating from his conviction on the civil rights issue, he allowed his party to be splintered, which appeared to jeopardize his own reelection. He convinced Congress to pass legislation allowing 205,000 displaced persons admittance to the United States, and he expressed dismay when the act seemed to discriminate against Jews and Catholics. His Fair Deal program attempted to better the lot of those in American society who hurt the most. Clark Clifford, one of Truman's aides, stated that Truman's "own reading of ancient history and the Bible made him a supporter of the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine."39 The president reminded his countrymen that Israel failed to live by God's law regarding social justice when the nation persecuted the prophets. "But," concluded the crusty old Baptist from Independence, "the prophets were right, and Israel was punished as the prophets had said it would be."40 In contrast, Truman implied that he remained ever determined to abide by the law of God.

38 Merlin Gustafson, "The Religion of a President," Journal of Church and State 10 (Autumn 1968): 386. 39 David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1992), 597. 40 Miller, Truman, 74.

Who Indeed? Jackson Independent Patriot, January 19, 1822. WHO WILL WEAR AN OLD HAT when beaver, muskrat, raccoon and rabbit skins, and likewise wool will pay for new ones; also, beef, pork, flour, whiskey, Loan Office money and specie. The subscriber informs the publick [sic] that he intends keeping Lady's [sic] and Gentlemen's Fancy Hats; also, Gentlemen's durable Water Proof Hats. Lady's [sic] and Gentlemen who favour him with their custom, will find him at his shop in the north west corner of first east and first south streets, a little below the sign of the green tree hotel. GEO. MORROW [Advertisement] Courtesy National Archives The National Archives Building

Teaching for the Future By Reaching into the Past BY DON W. WILSON* I am very pleased—and flattered—to have such a distinguished and learned audience today. Just think: there are probably more history- minded persons in this room right now than anywhere else in the United States. That is a great credit to the organizers of this conference. Speaking at such an occasion as today's though, I am reminded of something Winston Churchill once said. A listener asked him, "Doesn't it thrill you, Mr. Churchill, to know that every time you speak the hall is packed to overflowing?" Sir Winston replied, "It is quite flattering, but whenever I feel this way I always remember that, if instead of making a speech, I was being hanged, the crowd would be twice as big."1 Which reminds me: I have been advised that while I am in Missouri I should deny that I am a native of Kansas. I cannot do that; I am just as proud of Kansas as a great citizen of Missouri, Harry S. Truman, was of this state. Returning home after the close of his incredible "whistle stop" campaign in 1948, President Truman said, "I have been from one end of the country to the other—north and south,

•Don W. Wilson, Archivist of the United States, presented this keynote address at the thirty-fourth annual Missouri Conference on History, April 10, 1992. Dr. Wilson holds the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in American history from the University of Cincinnati. 1 William Manchester, The Last Lion, William Spencer Churchill (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1983), 810.

48 Teaching for the Future 49 east and west—and none of them has been any better than this."2 Well, over the past five years I have seen about as much of the country as Harry Truman did, including a lot of Missouri, and I feel almost as good about being back in this state as he did. So, it is an honor and a privilege to address you today. At a banquet in Philadelphia in 1899, Willard Duncan Vandiver also uttered some words about Missouri—words that have become immortal. You will surely recognize them when I repeat them today. I am not referring to his statement, "I come from a state that raises corn and cotton and cockleburs and Democrats." Missouri certainly does not raise as much corn or cotton or cockleburs as it once did. And I'm not sure what it's doing about Democrats in this day and age. I should point out, of course, that Missouri did not raise that particular Democrat, Willard Vandiver, either. He was a native of Virginia, but he did adopt Columbia as his home. And he did represent Missouri for several years in Congress, and he did serve as president of the Boone County Historical Society, so perhaps he is with us in spirit today. On that occasion in 1899, however, Willard Vandiver went on to speak the words that I am calling to your attention today: "Frothy eloquence neither convinces me nor satisfies me. I am from Missouri. You have got to show me." My theme today is the role of the National Archives as an educator. I will show you how we at the National Archives take seriously our need to go beyond "frothy eloquence," how we preserve this country's unique and important records and how we make them accessible to all those who wish to use them. How we, in fact, show people that these records are living links with our shared history. The work of the National Archives supports what teachers and students do in the classroom. By the same token, what you do helps us to fulfill our role. We are natural partners in educating all Americans about their history. Most of you—perhaps most Americans—realize that the National Archives is the keeper of the Charters of Freedom: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. These three basic American documents, each over two hundred years old, are among the major attractions of Washington, D.C. Every year more than a million visitors come to view these documents, which enunciate the principles of liberty, delineate our framework of government and identify the limits that we place on our government in order to preserve individual 2 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1948 (Washington, D.C: United States Government Printing Office, 1964), 933. 50 Missouri Historical Review rights. The National Archives is proud to be the permanent caretaker of these documents. But the National Archives is much more, and it does much more. It is not just a monumental building on Pennsylvania Avenue in downtown Washington. It is also a major cultural institution. And it is truly national, with more than thirty facilities, including twelve regional archives and thirteen records centers, each of which is represented in Kansas City; nine presidential libraries like the Truman Library in Independence; and the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis. All in all, Missouri is quite well served by the National Archives. Besides the Charters of Freedom, there are currently about four billion other records of the United States government in the custody of the National Archives. These include pieces of paper, films, audio recordings, computer files, photographs, maps and more. Only a small portion of the vast array of records created or received by the United States government in its daily activities—perhaps 1 or 2%—is valuable enough to be retained permanently. We help federal agencies to identify that small percentage and house these records, along with their tempo­ rarily valuable ones, in inexpensive storage. We then transfer to the National Archives building those federal records that are to be retained. We preserve these records and assist researchers in using them. Much the same process takes place with the records that the White House produces, which ultimately end up in a presidential library. The valuable records of all our presidential administrations since Herbert Hoover's are preserved and made available in this manner. I probably have not told you much that you do not know. Some of you will even be aware of National Archives activities that are not as well known, like the publishing of the Federal Register and other reference guides to the United States government. Or the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, which awards grants for preserving and making available important non-federal records and for publishing documentary editions. Or our role as the representative of the United States within the international archival community—a growing one in light of recent developments in Russia and Eastern Europe. But I suspect that few of you know much about perhaps the best- kept secret at the National Archives: our educational mission. The National Archives is a large, and growing, force in educating Americans about the United States government and its records, about our nation's history and about the diversity of American society. Why is the nation's keeper of documents increasingly involved in education? Because knowledge, and the ability to employ that knowl- Teaching for the Future 51

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CtURLlS THOMSON, SUUTHT. _ #^ Courtesy National Archives 77ie Declaration of Independence, printed by John Dunlap of Philadelphia, is one of the Charters of Freedom preserved by the National Archives. 52 Missouri Historical Review

edge in forming—or rejecting—opinions, is the backbone of the system we have created. Citizens and consumers need to be able to make sound decisions, based upon the facts. Well-informed Americans are vital to the preservation of our democratic system. We at the National Archives, like you, have a key role to play in this process. It is our conviction, moreover, that records, no matter how well preserved and arranged and described for potential users, do not do anyone much good if they are not actually used. Only by examining and reflecting upon the record of our past can we bring the information in that record to bear on the issues of today. The National Archives thus plays a vital role in linking the heritage of the past with the analysis of today by showing Americans how documents form a vital part of that heritage. To that end, the National Archives has created a variety of public programs that educate the American people about the records we all share. These public programs are in addition to our other educational endeavors, which include instructing our own staff, and others, in archival skills and management; training federal agency employees how to care for records; teaching genealogists how to search census and other federal records and showing citizens how to use the Federal Register. I am talking this afternoon about using records in the National Archives to show Americans what our common past has to say to us. Let me give you some examples. Several times a week, the National Archives hosts a number of series, free to the public, that constitute our own brand of "adult education." Here, authors discuss the books that they researched at the National Archives. On the fiftieth anniversary of Pearl Harbor Day last December, for instance, we featured several authors whose recent books deal with World War II. We also screen films from our extensive holdings, which include some eleven thousand films of the United States Information Agency and hundreds of other films produced or obtained by the National Archives. The "Road to War" series, now being shown at many of our facilities throughout the United States, includes eight memorable feature-length films on the Second World War. We host dramatic and musical performances based on records in the National Archives. One recent production, The Rice of Strangers, is a compelling account of the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II. Through these and similar programs, we acquaint all who can attend—nearly twenty thousand last year alone—with the content and the enduring meaning of records held in the National Archives. Our regional archives and presidential libraries throughout the nation offer Teaching for the Future 53 similar programs. Nor is our "adult education" confined to National Archives buildings. Each year we assist the Kettering Foundation with its innovative National Issues Forum. We select three original docu­ ments that serve as the focus of the forum's community discussion groups on public policy issues. More than seven thousand educators also receive these materials annually. In discussion groups in their own communities and schools, Americans learn more about the vital issues of today through the documents of the past. We take our message to the homes of some five thousand American families who subscribe to our quarterly magazine, Prologue. Each issue of Prologue contains solid—and readable—articles based on the records in the National Archives. Recent issues described such World War II- related topics as the rationing of typewriters and the defense of Wake Island. Exhibitions are another way we use records to educate Americans about important topics and themes. Our current exhibition in Washing­ ton is entitled "DRAW! Political Cartoons from Left to Right." It features 135 original cartoons that criticize or poke fun at virtually every aspect of our political system and its leaders. The exhibition vividly demonstrates the value of the First Amendment and the right of free expression that this amendment protects. We are particularly excited about a major exhibit on World War II that opened in San Antonio last December 7 and will travel all over the United States through 1995. This exhibition, which includes dramatic and often moving first-hand accounts of the war—from GIs as well as from generals—will be at the Eisenhower Library in Abilene this fall and at the Truman Library for several months in mid-1993. I hope you will go to see not only it but also another World War II exhibit entitled "A People At War" that the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis has put on display in various locations in and around that city. You could hardly have missed noticing that a World War II theme runs through many of these educational activities. The National Archives is playing a leading role in our nation's commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of our participation in the Second World War. We are taking advantage of this anniversary to call attention to the im­ portance of the war, which was probably the major event of the twentieth century. But we are also calling attention to the value of records in understanding what happened during that conflict. This, our last chance to honor personally many of those who served and sacrificed in World War II, is an excellent occasion to reflect upon the importance and lasting significance of the war. We at the National Archives view a 54 Missouri Historical Review

The State Historical Society loaned this Jon Kennedy editorial cartoon, "Men, We've Got to Improve Our Image," to the National Archives for display in the "DRAW! Political Cartoons from Left to Right" ex­ hibit.

State Historical Society of Missouri major commemoration like this as a unique opportunity to capitalize upon the public interest: to demonstrate how records are indispensable to our national understanding of the event we seek to remember. All these National Archives activities bring people face to face with the record of the past. Through this encounter, we reach out to those who lived then. Documents are already our principal link to the generation that actually experienced the Second World War; soon they will be our only link. Much remains to be discovered about that war and its powerful impact on American society and world history. It is the responsibility of the National Archives to be actively involved in this discovery, and we are. My major topic today is how the National Archives works to support classroom education directly. This is a matter of applying our agency's strength to a clear need. The strength of the National Archives is the unique power of the original record. The educational need is a face-to-face encounter with the past. I do not have to explain this to you; encountering the past through its remaining records, after all, is what got many of us who were trained in history into the field in the first place. We grasped the chance to be in touch, through primary sources, with the men and women who shaped our nation's destiny, or whose lives and activities reflect the vast changes that were taking place in society while they lived. Teaching for the Future 55

Such documents enable us, as the late educator Hazel W. Hertzberg wrote in the 1985 study entitled History in the Schools, to "enter into other times and places to see how the past looked to the people living in it." She went on to write that "the historical imagination, which the story of history should cultivate, develops not just through reading or hearing about statements about the past but through acquiring for oneself a sense of the concrete circumstances of life—its sights, sounds, smells, tastes, textures." And here is her clincher: "If history is to have deep and lasting meaning to students, they must make it their own."3 We at the National Archives would add: Is there a better way to do this than through original sources? From primary sources, students learn how to evaluate and interpret information in its basic form. Documents created by those who participated in or witnessed the events of the past tell students something that even the best historical writing—even the best teacher—cannot convey. Students see how historians, using their own thinking and judg­ ment, have interpreted the past. They discover how to identify fact and bias, how to weigh evidence and how to detect contradictions and other limitations within a particular source document. They learn how to determine the reliability of sources and how to draw inferences, conclu­ sions and generalizations from factual information. They see how to compare one source with another. They come to recognize differing points of view—and how to form their own, independent conclusions. Development of these skills is vital not only to doing research, but also for intelligent and responsible participation in a democratic society. Nothing conveys like original sources the flavor of another era. Nothing communicates better than the words or pictures of those who actually took part in events. Nothing is like encountering an authentic primary source. By wrestling with original documents, students do make history truly their own. Do we have faith that primary sources still have this power? Do we still believe that primary sources empower students? We at the National Archives believe that they do. And we believe that it is our responsi­ bility, as the holder of so many of these important primary sources, to give teachers the opportunity to use them in their teaching. Twelve years ago we launched a series of teaching packets, based on the vast and incredibly diverse documentary holdings of the National Archives. These packets enable teachers to introduce these resources to upper elementary and secondary school classes. The packets are re­ searched and written by our own staff, advised by classroom teachers. 3 Hazel W. Hertzberg in Matthew T. Downey, ed., History in the Schools (Wash­ ington, D.C: National Council for the Social Studies, 1985), 26, 36. 56 Missouri Historical Review

We have now published for sale more than a dozen of these packets, on topics ranging from the Great Depression to the Bill of Rights. Each packet includes facsimile copies and audio tapes or slides of about fifty key documents—letters, photographs, diary entries, drawings, posters, newspaper articles, charts, government reports and the like. All of these documents are drawn from the holdings of the National Archives and help to illuminate actions of the federal government, or citizens' re­ sponses to those actions. All the items have been chosen for their ability to communicate with young persons. Some of these documents are famous, but many of them have never before been published. Two packets of particular interest to Missouri students are those dealing with the westward expansion of the United States from 1785 to 1842 and from 1842 to 1912. The first includes copies of a land certificate, Zebulon Pike's exploration notebook, the Louisiana Pur­ chase agreement, a committee report on Indian affairs, a map of the National Road, the patent drawing of the cotton gin, a proposed amendment to Louisiana territorial organization to restrict slavery and much more. Documents in these packets address social and economic themes as well as political and diplomatic events. They show how national events affected the lives of people. I have looked at these documents myself, and I find them an exciting way of learning about westward expansion. I wish that I had had them at my fingertips when I was in school. The National Archives staff members who create these packets and the accompanying teacher's guides have many, many years of classroom The Harry S. Truman Library in Independence is one of the nine presidential libraries administered by the National Archives. State Historical Society of Missouri Teaching for the Future 57 experience themselves. In addition, teachers assist us in developing packets and in preparing the exercises that the teacher's guide recom­ mends. When the National Archives began this series, we were virtually alone in promoting the use of original documents in teaching at the pre-college level. Now others have joined in doing so. Nevertheless, the National Archives believes that it has an ongoing role in this area, and so we will continue to produce and distribute these packets. We are now developing a similar series of packets for the collegiate level and for adult learners. Working with Kendall Hunt Publishers, we have already published several of them: on the Watergate affair, on the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II and on women in industry during the Second World War. In addition, we produce sets of posters, available to teachers and others, that feature authentic historical images and reproductions of original documents. These posters are designed to help schools, libraries, historical societies and others who would like to use facsimiles of historical materials to educate their own audiences, in their own exhibi­ tions, and within their own limited budgets. Our current series of thirty- two posters, "The World In Flames," includes documents ranging from America First materials to invasion maps of the Normandy beaches to the surrender document signed aboard the battleship Missouri. A second set of seventeen posters, on the Holocaust, is in production. We also offer guidance for teachers who wish to use primary sources in their teaching. This takes place through district in-service training, at workshops and professional meetings and as part of the Exemplary Schools Program. We offered over two dozen such training sessions or presentations last year for seven hundred educators. These activities help ensure that the teaching materials we produce meet the needs of teachers, who also identify new topics that we should be exploring. And, of course, these teachers often go back to teach other teachers in their district or region, thus multiplying the effectiveness of what we do. Each summer the National Archives hosts an eight-day institute, "Primarily Teaching," that focuses on teaching with documents. Here teachers share strategies for using original historical resources in their teaching. This institute has become an important device for teachers interested in revitalizing their instructional techniques. We publish a bulletin for past participants in our workshops and institutes, available to others upon request. The bulletin reports on these teachers' activities as change agents in education within their own communities. The National Archives-Central Plains Region in Kansas City also 58 Missouri Historical Review conducts teacher workshops. It has just created its own innovative teaching unit—a videocassette entitled Over Here, Over There: American Home Life and the Second World War. This videocassette employs actual footage from combat, propaganda films, personal accounts of war experiences and dialogue based on World War II materials in the National Archives. The teaching unit comes in seven 20-minute seg­ ments that a teacher can incorporate into his or her personal teaching plan. The National Archives also publishes, in Social Education and in other magazines, highly praised feature articles on "Teaching with Documents." Each article includes a document that teachers can employ in their classrooms. Fifty-two of these articles have been compiled in book form, which helps to make the documents more accessible. The National Archives participates in and supports the work of the National Council for the Social Studies and similar professional educational associations. Few other federal agencies so actively assist teachers in such tangible ways. In recognition of the importance of primary sources in the class­ room, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission and the National Archives annually make two highly prized awards. One of these awards goes to a teacher, the other to a student or group of students, who uses original documents in particularly innovative ways. These awards, which we are particularly proud of, are presented at National History Day held at the University of Maryland every June. We are delighted that so many teachers bring their students to the National Archives—for workshops, for research or just to visit. With nearly thirty facilities around the country, we can reach out to many schools and colleges. Many of our holdings are especially valuable for regional and local history, and these National Archives facilities actively support history teaching within their regions. Let me cite two examples that involve Missouri. Our National Archives-Central Plains Region, working with the Johnson County Museum System and the Veterans of Foreign Wars, recently published an activity book entitled Through My Eyes: A Child's View of World War II. This activity book, intended for grades five through eight, helps children to understand the American homefront during the war. With documents related to topics ranging from V-Mail to Victory Gardens, Through My Eyes helps students today grasp how youngsters their age fifty years ago experienced and coped with the war. My second example of what the Central Plains Region is doing reflects a wholly different kind of cooperation, but one just as impor­ tant. For over twenty years, the Region has worked with half a dozen Teaching for the Future 59

Missouri colleges and universities to offer archival internships to graduate students. This program provides these students—perhaps pro­ spective archivists—with formal, on-the-job experience that can be an advantage for them when they are looking for a job. The program covers training in areas ranging from conservation to management. Having worked with interns myself, I know that there is no better way for someone to acquire a first-hand knowledge of archival work. In addition, I know of many teachers and faculty members—my friend Steve Kneeshaw at the College of the Ozarks, for instance—who regularly bring their classes to do research at National Archives facili­ ties. Steve recently wrote to say that his history students have suffered through the same frustrations as professional historians, often finding ways to work around obstacles. They have also known the joys of historical discovery. And they have been inspired to stay with history. Another nice benefit: There have been some prominent researchers at [the Lyndon Johnson Library] during our times at the library, many of whom have taken time from their own research to visit with my students—e.g. Robert Caro, Robert Divine, and William Leuchtenburg. I am happy to be able to quote Steve's next three sentences: "In all of the libraries," he writes, "we have always received the best treatment. In their attention paid to the students, staff members have never treated them just as undergraduates who are novices at this sort of work. They have been gracious in their support and they always seemed to find time to go an extra step, for example to give us behind the scenes tours." The Truman Library has been especially innovative in encouraging research, in particular through its Student Research Program. The archivists there are assembling fifty research files, each containing photocopies of the library's most important documents on a variety of Truman-era subjects—usually five hundred to one thousand pages in all. These files are put in the research room where visiting students can examine them. This frees the archivists to work individually with the students, who have already been able to consult the list and choose manageable topics from it. The next phase is for the Truman Library not only to bring in more students to use these files but to take the files themselves out to classrooms throughout this area. We at the National Archives would love to have more classes use our holdings and facilities as these classes already do. But we also must work together in other ways. I have said that we need an enlightened public. Without citizens well acquainted with their history, we have an inadequate base for common values—and inade­ quate support not only for schools but also for the National Archives. 60 Missouri Historical Review We Can Do It!

This poster of "Rosie the Rivet­ er" is reproduced in Through My Eyes: A Child's View of World War II.

Courtesy National Archives

And without well-trained teachers, history education itself will languish. All of us have a vital stake in this matter. In 1970 the late Walter Rundell wrote a major study of historical research and training in the United States. He concluded that more adequate training in historical methodology is necessary.4 Over the past two decades, things have not improved: historians—and history teach­ ers—still do not receive a systematic training in research methods and tools. Few graduate programs offer methodological courses to teach how to use the new technology and the new finding aids that have been developed recently; few graduate courses require future historians, or teachers, to use primary documents in their own research. A new consensus on the essential aspects of sound training in historical methods in today's revolutionary climate for research is needed. Once such a consensus has been achieved, graduate schools and others can develop specific programs to train their student historians in research methodology. It goes without saying that the National Archives is most interested in this topic. Without history teachers well trained in

4 Walter Rundell, In Pursuit of American History: Research and Training in the United States (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), 36, 328. Teaching for the Future 61 the use of primary sources, and how to find them, we are unlikely to find students who are exposed to these skills and insights. The National Archives is ready to help in building that consensus, and whatever else will strengthen the quality of historical research training. While the National Archives encourages additional uses of archival materials, we must work with teachers—and graduate programs—to build greater awareness of original materials and the unique perspectives they bring. This should be one of the major educational goals of the National Archives. I intend it to be such a goal. You can count upon the National Archives to lend its efforts to the cause of better history education and better schools. Recent national reports indicate that history education is holding its own within the schools, at least insofar as United States history is concerned. But there are fewer year-long courses than there ought to be. There are fewer world history courses than we should have in this international era. And there are far too few courses that examine state and regional history. Where the National Archives can contribute appropriately to re­ assessments of curricula, of syllabi and of teaching methods, we will do so. Where we can speak effectively on behalf of a broader and deeper history education for all Americans, we will do so. For example, we have presented testimony to the National Education Assessment Pro­ gram regarding what parts of the history curriculum should be assessed. It is a matter of critical importance for American society that we have generation after generation of well-trained young people—young people who can make the link between the issues of today and the

Archives II, the new National Archives building under construction in College Park, Maryland, is scheduled for completion in July 1993. Courtesy National Archives 62 Missouri Historical Review heritage of our common past. Where the National Archives can con­ tribute to this broad effort, which I am glad to say seems to be gathering increasing support throughout the country, we will gladly do so. I know these topics are close to the hearts of every educator and parent—and student—in this room. The National Archives is also vitally interested in these issues. Without a broad understanding of our history within the learning public, the National Archives faces an even more difficult task of building awareness of and support for its own work. So, in many ways, we already have a partnership. Let us look for ways to implement, and to strengthen, that partnership. I often describe National Archives facilities as "classrooms of democracy." Your classrooms are truly classrooms of democracy too, and we can work together toward our common goals. We are all familiar with another quotation that has become associated with this part of the country through that magnificent film called Field of Dreams. The quotation goes, "If you build it, they will come." That concept may work in films like Field of Dreams, but it will not work for our nation's documentary heritage. The National Archives must show Americans—teachers, students and citizens—how documents are crucial to our common understanding and to our future. Frothy eloquence is not convincing or satisfying. Only by showing people documents can we fulfill our mission, and we depend on teachers and schools to work with us to this end. Let us all work together so we can do more to contribute to this cause in which we all believe.

Speedy Definition St. Louis Melting Pot, September 1913. Teacher: "What is velocity, Johnny?" Johnny: "Velocity is what a feller lets go of a wasp with."—Pathfinder

Decisions, Decisions Springfield Missouri Daily Patriot, September 12, 1866. Shall mob law, murder and crime be the order of our land? Vote the rebel donothing-copperjohnsonbread-and-butterdemocraticticket [sic] next November, and you decide that it shall. Historical Notes and Comments 63

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Bingham Painting Retitled

In the April 1991 number of the Missouri Historical Review appeared Nelson A. Rieger's article "An Odyssey to an Attribution: A George Caleb Bingham Colorado Landscape." The painting, then titled Colorado Landscape, View of Pikes Peak From Greenland, was featured in the State Historical Society's Bingham exhibit from March to July 1991. New revelations regarding this 1878 Bingham landscape, authenti­ cated by the Society's Gallery Curator, Professor Sidney Larson, oc­ curred when it was shown that Bingham had copied some of the upper- half of his design from a James Smillie engraving of an 1872 painting by John Frederick Kensett titled View of Mount Washington in New Hampshire. Bingham, as well as other notable American painters, frequently borrowed compositional elements from works by others, especially artists with the American Art Union of New York, of which Bingham was an active participant. Kensett, who died in 1872, also was a member of the American Art Union. A January 7, 1992, side-by-side slide analysis and discussion at the Denver Art Museum, where the Rieger painting is presently on loan, compared the 1872 Kensett and the 1878 mountain paintings. Lewis Sharp, former curator of American art at New York's Metropolitan Art Museum, and presently director of the Denver Art Museum, stated: "The question of the subject will continue to be an interesting debate, but in my mind, there is no question as to the author of the painting. It is a very beautiful and important work by George Caleb Bingham." The Rieger painting's title now reverts to E. Maurice Bloch's original designation: Mountain Landscape, 1878, which is discussed in Bloch's The Paintings of George Caleb Bingham, published in 1986. 64 Missouri Historical Review

Friends of Arrow Rock Receive Albert B. Corey Award The Friends of Arrow Rock have been given the prestigious Albert B. Corey Award by the American Association for State and Local History for their work with the Santa Fe Trail Association Symposium and a variety of other projects undertaken in the past eighteen months. In conjunction with the symposium, the Friends did extensive preserva­ tion work on the John P. Sites, Jr. Gun Shop, the original building that housed Arrow Rock's noted gunsmith from 1866 to 1904, and renovated the J. P. and Nannie Sites House, an 1875 remodeled Victorian home adjacent to the gun shop. In addition, the organization reprinted W. B. Napton's On the Santa Fe Trail in 1857, a first-person narrative of travel on the trail, and printed a special issue of the Missouri Intel­ ligencer, the first newspaper published west of St. Louis. The articles, which pertained to the Santa Fe Trail, were taken from early issues of the newspaper and hand-set from type in the Friends' Arrow Rock Printshop. The AASLH awards program is the nation's leading compe­ tition for recognition of achievement in the preservation and interpreta­ tion of local, state and regional history, and the Corey Award is the highest possible award given to a small, largely volunteer historical organization. The Friends received the Corey Award and a $500 cash gift.

Fred Shane Art Works Given to Society Claire Shane Lohnes, of Los Altos, California, recently gave the Society over ninety works of art executed by her father, the noted Missouri-born artist and teacher, Fred Shane (1906-1990). Shane taught at the University of Missouri-Columbia for thirty-seven years and served as chairman of the art department from 1958 to 1967. Most major museums in the nation have exhibited Shane's work, and he held one-man exhibitions in many cities, including New York, Los Angeles, St. Louis, Tulsa and Kansas City. Following his retirement from the university in 1971, Shane moved to Beverly Hills, California. The newly donated paintings, lithographs, drawings and studies add measurably to the Art Collection's holdings of Shane's work. Selected items from the gift will be on display in the Art Gallery from October 17, the date of the Society's annual meeting, until mid-December. Historical Notes and Comments 65

NEWSPAPER LIBRARY The 1920 Federal Census "On January 1, 1920 at 9:00 a.m., the Bureau of the Census began taking the fourteenth decennial census of the United States."1 In July and August 1992, the State Historical Society of Missouri received 65 rolls of microfilm of the 1920 census of Missouri and 269 rolls of microfilm of the Soundex index to the records. Federal census records remain confidential for seventy-two years, and releasing a census to the general public requires an act of Congress. Access to the 1920 census has been eagerly anticipated by genealogical and historical researchers throughout the country. On March 1, 1992, the 1920 census was officially released and became available to re­ searchers. Prior to 1920 the census had been taken in the spring or the early summer. At the request of the Department of Agriculture, the date for the 1920 census was changed to January 1. "The department argued that . . . information about the harvests [would be] fresh in farmers' minds, and more people would be at home in January than in April."2 The information found and the format used in the 1920 census schedules are similar to those of the 1910 census. The 1920 census included four new questions—one concerning year of naturalization and three about mother tongue. Unlike earlier censuses, the 1920 one did not ask about unemployment on the day of the census or about service in the Union or Confederate armies and navies. The 1920 census also omitted questions about the length of marriages and the number of children born. Census records taken prior to 1920 usually indicated only the country of birth for individuals born outside the United States. Due to boundary changes following World War I, officials instructed enumer­ ators for the 1920 census to list the province (state or region) or city of birth for persons declaring that they, or their parents, had been born in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia or Turkey. Only the name of the country was recorded for persons born in any other foreign nation. Categories appearing in the 1920 census schedule were "address; name; relationship to family head; sex; race; age; marital status; if foreign born, year of immigration to the U.S., whether naturalized, and year of naturalization; school attendance; literacy; birthplace of person 1 The 1920 Federal Population Census: Catalog of National Archives Microfilm (Washington, D.C: National Archives Trust Fund Board, 1991), 1. 2 Ibid. 66 Missouri Historical Review and parents; mother tongue of foreign born; ability to speak English; occupation, industry, and class of worker; home owned or rented; if owned, whether free or mortgaged."3 "Individuals were enumerated as residents of the place in which they regularly slept. . . . People with no regular residence . . . were enumerated as residents of the place where they were when the enumera­ tion was taken." Family members who were temporarily absent were "listed either with the household or on the last schedule for the census subdivision. Thus, the user should always check that page."4 "The Bureau of the Census created and filmed Soundex index cards for the entire 1920 census. The Soundex is a coded surname (last name) index based on the way a surname sounds rather than how it is spelled. Surnames that sound the same but are spelled differently, like SMITH and SMYTH, have the same code and are filed together." This coding system allows researchers to find a surname even though it may be recorded under various spellings.5 The key used to code surnames is available at the Society and also is found in The 1920 Federal Popula­ tion Census: Catalog of National Archives Microfilm. This catalog lists publication and roll numbers for the entire 1920 census and indicates the contents of each roll. Readers who have utilized information found in census records know their value for genealogical and historical research. Others who have not used this resource may want to check information on parents, grandparents or great-grandparents. Surprising facts, which can lead to other research possibilities, can be found in census records.

3 "Population Census Items, 1790-1980" (Bureau of the Census, n.p., 21 April 1981). 4 1920 Federal Population Census, 1. 5 Ibid., 2.

Take Our Word Kingston Caldwell County Sentinel, April 23, 1886. One advertisement in a newspaper is worth three on the side of an old shed.

A Peculiar Word Chillicothe Spectator, March 8, 1866. "Heroine" is perhaps as peculiar a word as any in our language; the first two letters of it are male, first three female, the first four a brave man, and the whole word a brave woman. Historical Notes and Comments 67

NEWS IN BRIEF Of the fifty-four young Missourians who courages the study of history in the schools. attended National History Day in June, History Day in Missouri, its state affiliate, four advanced to National finals, and an is sponsored annually by the Western His­ additional eleven missed the last rounds torical Manuscript Collection and the State by only one or two places. Kristi Woody, Historical Society of Missouri. a seventh-grade student at Carl Junction Junior High School, placed fifth in the finals with her junior division media pre­ Dr. John Charmley is the first British sentation titled "Susan E. Blow: Educa­ scholar to sit in the newly created Robert­ tional Seeds Planted in St. Louis." At son Founder's Chair of British History at History Day in Missouri the presentation Westminster College, Fulton. A native of won the German History Prize for the best Coventry, England, Charmley will teach entry touching on Missouri's German heri­ courses relating to British history, Anglo- tage. Hannah Simpson, Maria Helms and American relations in the twentieth cen­ Katie O'Leary, ninth-grade students at tury, Winston Churchill and aspects of Joplin Junior High School, entered a World War II. He also will be available to senior division project entitled "Heroines speak to groups on topics relating to his of the Homefront: The Rise of Rosie the expertise. Interested groups may schedule Riveter" that placed eighth in the National Charmley to speak by contacting Judith finals. Pugh, director of the Winston Churchill Eric DeGruson, a Carl Junction tenth Memorial and Library, at (314) 642-3361, grader, received the International Ladies' ext. 233. Garment Workers' Union Award for his senior division historical paper entitled "Immigrants and the Forming of Labor Society director Dr. James W. Good­ Unions in the Little Balkans." Those plac­ rich and reference specialist Elizabeth ing third in preliminary rounds, thus miss­ Bailey attended the sixth annual Missouri ing finals by only one place, were Lissa Law Enforcement Memorial Service, held Skelley of Joplin, Jamie Turner of Sar- May 18, 1992, on the grounds of the coxie, Eve Seltzer of University City and Capitol in Jefferson City. Nine Missouri Allen Henderson of Carl Junction. Stu­ law enforcement officers killed in the line dents ranked "fourth-in-group," only two of duty this year were honored. Survivors steps out of National finals included Trey of thirty-two fallen officers attended the Ackman, Essex; Ashlee Thompson and ceremony. Dr. Goodrich took part in the Terry Kelly, Carl Junction; Julie Gragg, official ground-breaking ceremony for the Rolla; and Margaret Cole, Justin Wauthier memorial, which is scheduled for comple­ and Susie Askew, Waynesville. Chasity tion in late 1992. Stephens, a senior at Marquand-Zion High School, and her teacher, Shirley Blecha, represented Missouri at an Organization On May 19 Marie Concannon, of the of American States (OAS) reception hon­ Society's Reference Library, presented a oring participants in a new History Day- lecture for the Continuing Education Com­ style program held throughout Central and mittee of the Kansas City Metropolitan South America. The students participated Library Network at the West Wyandotte in the U.S. National History Day program Branch of the Kansas City, Kansas, Public under the sponsorship of the OAS. Library. She spoke about genealogical re­ National History Day, a nationwide pro­ sources available in the State Historical gram for grades six through twelve, en­ Society's Reference Library. On July 31- Missouri Historical Review

August 1 Concannon attended the annual contact the Supervisor's Office, Mark conference of the Missouri State Gene­ Twain National Forest, 401 Fairgrounds alogical Association, held at William Road, Rolla, MO 65401. Woods College, Fulton. The Daughters of Union Veterans of the The original state flag of Missouri, de­ Civil War, Julia Dent Grant, Tent #16-St. signed in the early 1900s by Marie Eliza­ Louis recently published a new book titled beth Watkins Oliver of Cape Girardeau, St. Louis - Our Civil War Heritage. Topics recently went on display in the Missouri covered include Civil War sites, statues State Information Center, Jefferson City. and monuments in St. Louis, information After spending years in a locked drawer in about Grand Army of the Republic posts Oliver's bedroom and then in a storage in St. Louis and short biographical sketches vault, the flag now has a permanent home of Union veterans. The book is $17.00 at the center. postpaid (checks should be made payable to Julia Dent Grant, Tent #16), and can be ordered from Pat Volkmann, 2842 Cherry The North American Society for Sport Point Lane, Maryland Heights, MO 63043. History will hold its twenty-first annual convention May 28-June 1, 1993, in Albu­ querque, New Mexico. Anyone interested Dr. James W. Goodrich, executive di­ in presenting a paper or organizing a ses­ rector of the State Historical Society of sion should submit a 250-500 word abstract Missouri, spoke at the Lake Ozark Rotary to Professor Joan Paul, Department of Club meeting August 11 at Arrowhead Human Performance and Sport Studies, Lodge, Lake Ozark. More than fifty Ro- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN tarians attended and heard Goodrich dis­ 37996-2700, before November 15, 1992. cuss "Resources of the State Historical Society." On August 12 he presented a program about the Society for the Four The thirty-sixth annual Missouri Valley Seasons Optimist Club at Campus Inn in History Conference will be held March 11- Columbia. 13, 1993, in Omaha, Nebraska. Proposals for papers and sessions in all areas of history, accompanied by one-page abstracts The Arkansas Historical Association will and vitae, should be sent by October 15, hold its annual meeting on April 15-17, 1992, to Dale Gaeddert, MVHC Coordi­ 1993, in Fort Smith, Arkansas. The theme nator, Department of History, University of the meeting will be "Arkansas: the West­ of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182. ern Experience, the Southern Experience, the American Experience." Additional in­ formation may be obtained from the pro­ The Department of Sociology and An­ gram chair, Kenneth Startup, P.O. Box thropology at Southeast Missouri State 3327, Williams Baptist College, Walnut University, Cape Girardeau, in cooperation Ridge, AR 72476. with the U.S. Forest Service's Mark Twain National Forest, has developed an infor­ mational brochure titled "The Historic In­ The Missouri National Guard and the dians of the Missouri Ozarks." The bro­ U.S. Army Military History Institute seek chure contains information on the Osage to survey World War II veterans from Indians and others who lived in the area, across the country. Veterans are being in addition to a recommended reading list asked to document their war memories on for further study. To receive a brochure, a questionnaire form. The organizations Historical Notes and Comments 69 are particularly interested in collecting in­ and St. Louis County Parks and Recrea­ formation from soldiers who served in the tion, the exhibit will run until December National Guard during World War II. To 30, 1992. receive a survey form, contact Headquar­ ters, Missouri National Guard, Attention: Public Affairs, 1717 Industrial Drive, Jef­ The Brush and Palette Club, Inc., a ferson City, MO 65109-1468 or call (314) Hermann group dedicated to the preserva­ 751-9846. tion of Hermann's historic buildings, is sponsoring "A Golden Age of German- American Culture: Hermann, Missouri On July 17 Kay Pettit, senior reference 1895-1920." The exhibit features the docu­ specialist of the State Historical Society's mentary photographs of Hermann resident Newspaper Library, presented "Resources Edward J. Kemper and will be shown in the Newspaper Library: How to Utilize through October at the Pommer-Gentner for Genealogical Research" at the twelfth House, Deutschheim State Historic Site, annual conference of the American Family Hermann. On November 7 the exhibit will Records Association, held at Ramada Inn open in the Union Hotel, Jefferson City. South, Kansas City, Missouri.

The Clay County Archives and Histori­ The Missouri Alliance for Historic Pres­ cal Library, Inc., formerly the Clay County ervation held its seventh annual conference Archives, has changed its name, but still in Springfield on April 3-5. Officers for resides at 210 East Franklin, Liberty. Of­ the next year are Tom Marshall, president; ficers include Bill Hawkins, president; Ken­ Pamela Miner, vice president; Florence neth Neth and Bob Askren, vice presidents; Friedrichs, secretary; and Tim Frevert, Shirley Fansher and Jean Watkins, secre­ treasurer. taries; and Stuart Elliott, treasurer.

"Seeds of Change: Heartland Harvest," The South Central Missouri Genealogi­ an exhibit commemorating the 500th anni­ cal Society meets on the fourth Tuesday of versary of Christopher Columbus's landing each month at 7 P.M. in the West Plains in the Americas, is on display at Faust Bank. At the March 24 meeting, Albert Park, Chesterfield, Missouri. Sponsored Bohrer reminisced about "Things that I by the Missouri Cultural Heritage Center remember about West Plains."

Unhealthy Itinerary Kingston Caldwell County Sentinel, April 2, 1886. Frank James has refused an offer from Adam Forepaugh of fifty-two thousand dollars to travel with the circus this year.—Lawson New Era We understand the circus intended to travel through Minensota [sic]. 70 Missouri Historical Review LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Adair County Historical Society Washington Museum. Jo Ann Radetic, Robert Gilmore, sponsored by the Mis­ director of the Washington Historical Pres­ souri Humanities Council, presented "Oz­ ervation Commission, discussed the city's ark Baptizings, Hangings, and Other Di­ historic preservation program, and Ralph versions" at the June 18 meeting, held in Gregory, Frank Uhlenbrock and Howard the Union Electric Public Meeting Room Mueller shared their World War II experi­ in Kirksville. ences. Atchison County Historical Society Brown County Historical Association of The Society met April 23 in the Farmers Sweet Springs Valley Bank in Tarkio. Mr. and Mrs. Jef­ The Society recently published History ferson Broady, of Rock Port, discussed of Sweet Springs, 1818 to 1992. It is avail­ the history of Brownville, Nebraska. able for $25.00, plus $5.00 postage, by contacting Betty Miller, Secretary, P.O. Barton County Historical Society Box 43, Sweet Springs, MO 65351. At the quarterly meeting, July 12, in the Lamar Methodist Church, Maxine Stila- Brush and Palette Club, Inc. bower presented "History of Barton Coun­ The Club awarded its thirteenth annual ty Lumberyards." scholarship to Joseph Wilding of Hermann, a 1992 graduate of Gasconade County R-l Belton Historical Society High School. The club raises scholarship The Society met July 26 in the Old City funds through its annual Arts and Crafts Hall in Belton. Wayne Reid discussed the Festival. history of railroads in Cass County. Butler County Historical Society Blue Springs Historical Society The new Poplar Bluff Museum, 1010 At the June 2 meeting in the museum, North Main Street, is open Sundays from Priscilla Jackson presented "Early Crime 1 to 4 P.M. The Society has recently pro­ and Punishment." One-half of the proceeds duced the Cane Creek Historical Driving from the Blue Springs Examiner's Pictorial Tour. Early History of Butler County, Mis­ History of Blue Springs, Mo. will be do­ souri, by George R. Loughead, is available nated to the Blue Springs Historical So­ for $15.95, postage paid. For more infor­ ciety. To order the book, which costs mation or to order the book, contact the $39.50, contact Vicki Beck at (816) 229- Society at P.O. Box 1526, Poplar Bluff, 9161. MO 63901. Bollinger County Historical Society Caldwell County Historical Society At the April 12 meeting, held in the Meetings are held the third Sunday of courthouse in Marble Hill, Marilyn Keil each month, except November, at 2:00 told about Shaker boxes. P.M. in the museum, Kingston. The Society sponsors a radio broadcast, "A Peek in Boone County Historical Society the Past," at 8:15 A.M. each Sunday on Linda Pickle, professor of German at KMRN 1360 AM. Officers are Mary Westminster College in Fulton, presented McNarie, president; David Reed and Mayo "Where Were They All? At Home, Under Anderson, vice presidents; Juanita Darrah, Our Noses," about using photographs, let­ secretary; and Lorene Carroll, treasurer. ters and diaries in historical research, at the June 28 meeting, held in the museum Campbell House Foundation in Columbia. On May 17, in honor of National Preser­ vation Week, the Campbell House held an Boone-Duden Historical Society open house, featuring refreshments and a The Society met June 29 in the City of Civil War-period fashion show. Historical Notes and Comments 71

Carondelet Historical Society Civil War Round Table of St. Louis Members gathered in the Carondelet Herman Hattaway, professor of history Historic Center on March 29. Janet Peter­ at the University of Missouri-Kansas City, son, of the Missouri Historical Society, presented "Teaching the Civil War at West discussed "On the Homefront: St. Louis in Point" at the May 27 meeting, held in World War II." On May 9 the Society Garavelli's Restaurant. held a twenty-fifth anniversary party at the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet Clay County Museum and Convent. Jack Maier gave a slide presenta­ Historical Society tion about "Great [stained glass church] The Society met July 18 at Thornton Windows" at the June 28 meeting. Manor in Shoal Creek. Gary Kremer, pro­ fessor of history at William Woods College, Cass County Historical Society presented "Missouri Mirror—Changing Delia Bailey, of Cleveland, Missouri, Images of the Show-Me State." presented an 1855-1862 wedding fashion Clinton County Historical Society show at the June 28 meeting in Pearson The Society held an ice cream social Hall, Harrisonville. June 27 on the lawn of the Clinton County Cedar County Historical Society Museum, Plattsburg. At the May 18 meeting in the Bush Cole Camp Area Historical Society Hotel Antique Shop in Jerico Springs, At the April 13 meeting in the Benton Billie Wilson explained the history of County R-l School, Cole Camp, Ellen jewelry. Ed Woodington, who lives near Gray Massey, of Drury College, presented Virgil City, hosted the June 29 meeting "Wear It Out, Use It Up, Make It Do, or and discussed American Indians. Do Without." On June 14 members toured Byler's Mill, near Cole Camp. Centralia Historical Society The Society hosted its annual quilt show Cooper County Historical Society September 6-October 18 at the museum. Gary Kremer, professor of history at The show, with the theme "Americana," is William Woods College, discussed the his­ open Wednesdays and Sundays from 2 to tory of various nicknames of Missouri and 4 P.M. Missourians at the July 13 meeting, held in the Pisgah Baptist Church. At the Chariton County Historical Society August 10 meeting in the A.M.E. Church On July 19 members gathered in the in Speed, Fred Pfister examined many First Baptist Church in Salisbury. Gary unusual Missouri town names. Kremer, professor of history at William Woods College in Fulton, presented a Dallas County Historical Society video program, George Washington Carver: Members gathered on May 21 in the 20th Century Visionary. Recently, Mae Crescent School, Buffalo, and viewed a Couch donated fifty volumes of genealogi­ video presentation about the restoration cal research culled from the Mendon news­ of the school building. At the June 18 papers, 1920-1941. meeting Cody Hanna, a local judge, pre­ sented "History and Legal Facts about Civil War Round Table of Kansas City Probate." Evelyn Holt discussed doll col­ Members met in the Homestead Country lecting at the July 16 meeting. The Society Club, Prairie Village, Kansas, on May 28. recently completed a volume of informa­ Robert K. Krick, chief historian at Fred­ tion about cemeteries located in the north­ ericksburg and Spotsylvania National Mili­ ern part of the county. For more informa­ tary Park, discussed "Stonewall Jackson's tion, contact the Society at P.O. Box 594, Failed Proteges." Buffalo, MO 65622. 72 Missouri Historical Review

DeKalb County Historical Society Gasconade County Historical Society The Society met April 1 in the museum The Society met July 12 at the Deutsch- in Maysville. Laura McElwain discussed heim State Historic Site in Hermann. the life of Lillian Wald, a pioneer in public Members picnicked, toured the Open Air health nursing. The Society recently re­ Museum of German Heritage Culture and ceived a $3,192 Local Records Preservation Traditions and viewed Edward Kemper's Grant from the Missouri Secretary of State photographs, "A Golden Age of German to microfilm its rural school records. American Culture," on display in the Pommer-Gentner House. Douglas County Historical and Genealogical Society Golden Eagle River Museum The Society meets the third Monday of During the summer the museum featured each month at 6:30 P.M. in the Douglas objects from the steamer Admiral and a County Museum in Ava. radio-controlled model of the boat. Mem­ bers enjoyed boat rides to Kimmswick on Franklin County Historical Society July 22 and around the St. Louis harbor New officers are LaVada Schulte, presi­ on August 29. dent; LeRoy Danz, vice president; Grace Crawford, secretary; and Helen Vogt, trea­ Granby Historical Society surer. The Society has published Granby, Mis­ souri. For more information, contact R. J. Friends of Arrow Rock Savage, P.O. Box 45, Granby, MO 64844. The Friends' fifth annual homes tour, "An Arrow Rock Potpourri of Homes," Grand River Historical Society was held September 19-20. and Museum At the April 14 quarterly meeting held Friends of Historic Boonville in the United Methodist Church in Chilli- On Sunday afternoons during June, the cothe, John Shannon discussed the preser­ Friends sponsored "Brown Bag Lunch vation of documents. Concerts" in the Hain House Memorial Gardens. In addition, the Friends spon­ Grandview Historical Society sored a Professional Art Exhibit and a At the July 6 meeting at the Depot Community Art Show during Boonville's Museum, Arthelia Pritchard presented the 1992 Heritage Days, June 22-27. The film, Goodbye, Miss Fourth of July. The Friends' Annual Missouri River Festival Sunshine Generation Choir gave the pro­ of the Arts, August 21-29, featured the gram at the August 3 meeting. Kansas City Symphony, the Ink Spots, the Klausner-Cass Duo, Bob Krammer's Ma­ Greene County Historical Society rionettes, Alaadeen and the Deans of The Society met May 28 in the Glen- Swing and the Lyric Opera of Kansas City stone Heritage Cafeteria, Springfield. Jan performing The Mikado. Lee, a member of the Route 66 Associa­ tion, gave a slide presentation about the Friends of Jefferson Barracks highway between St. Louis and Joplin. On "For God, Country and the Thrill of June 25 the Society held its annual picnic It," an exhibit about women air service in Nathaniel Greene Park; members also pilots in World War II, was displayed in toured the Gray/ Campbell House. The So­ Jefferson Barracks, June 1-July 12. ciety has a new phone number: (417) 882- 8000 ext. 250. Friends of Missouri Town-1855 The June 14 meeting of the Friends Grundy County Historical Society featured a tour of the steamboat Arabia and Museum Museum in Kansas City. The Society meets at 3:00 P.M. on the Historical Notes and Comments 73 second Monday of each month at the Mu­ of the Titanic at the May 21 meeting in seum, 1001 Tinsman Avenue, Trenton. the North Ward Museum, Bolivar. New officers include Bud Marvin, president; Harrison County Historical Society Mynat Scott, vice president; Denelle Spear, Society members held a style show at secretary; and Wilma Johnson, treasurer. the Cuddy House in Bethany on June 8. Officers include Jack Klindt, president; Iron County Historical Society Howard Smith, vice president; Maxine The Society met July 20 in the First Taraba, treasurer; and Martha Lou Prath- Baptist Church in Irontoa Elizabeth Hol- er, secretary. loman presented some history of Arcadia Valley. Henry County Historical Society William Sisney, of Clinton, discussed Jackson County Historical Society the role of firearms in the history of the On June 19 the Society held a dinner at county at the May 21 meeting in the mu­ the Kansas City Club in honor of David seum, Clinton. The Adair Annex of the McCullough and his new biography of Henry County Museum hosted the annual Harry S. Truman, Truman. McCullough, Art and Quilt Shows during the Fescue the keynote speaker, discussed his book. Funfest, June 6-7, in Clinton. On July 16 the Society held its annual ice cream social Jasper County Historical Society in the Adair Annex. At the June 28 meeting held in the Powers Museum in Carthage, members Heritage League of Greater Kansas City viewed a slide show about the resources Members of the League met July 25 in available at the State Historical Society in Belton City Park and heard Mark Corris- Columbia. ton, of the Smoky Hill Railway Museum, discuss the work of that museum. Jefferson Heritage and Landmark Society Officers of the Society are B. Ray Henry, Hickory County Historical Society president; Frank Mogre, vice president; The Society sponsored a trailer with Catharine Crawford, secretary; and Betty items from the museum, as well as demon­ Olson, treasurer. strations of washing, soap making and churning, at the Black Powder Rendezvous, Jennings Historical Society May 4 and 5, at Pomme de Terre Lake. The Society has for sale original Fair- Dolores Fetters, a cousin of Sally Rand, view High School yearbooks (1953, 1954, discussed their family's history at the June 1964 and 1966) and Jennings High School 9 meeting, held in the museum in Hermit­ yearbooks (1945-1975) for $5.00 each. The age. The Society meets at 1 P.M. the second books can be ordered from the Society at Tuesday of each month in the museum. 8720 Jennings Road, Jennings, MO 63136. Kansas City Fire Brigade Historic Bethel German Colony Meetings are held at 9 A.M. on the third On June 13-14 Fiddle Fest '92 was held Saturday of each month in the museum at at the Colony. The contest and convention 1019 Cherry. The Brigade is recording fire drew fiddlers from across the country. service stories from fire fighters in the Historical Association of Kansas City area. To suggest a candidate, Greater St. Louis or for more information, contact the Bri­ Carl Baldwin presented "A Look at gade at 1019 Cherry, Kansas City, MO 64106 or phone (816) 474-0200. Metro East History" at the May 1 meeting, held in the Salad Bowl Restaurant. Kansas City Westerners Historical Society of Polk County The Westerners met at the Hereford Katherine Faulkner discussed the sinking House in Kansas City on May 12. Niel 74 Missouri Historical Review

Johnson, of Independence, discussed Lewis Tuscumbia on July 12 and heard Ellen and Clark's use of keelboats to ascend the Gray Massey, of Drury College, present Missouri River. At the June 9 meeting, "The Good Old Golden Rule Days in the Orma Skates, owner of Skates Belting and One-Room Schoolhouse." Supply Company, presented the slide show, "Kansas City, Then and Now." Shirl Kas- Missouri Historical Society per, of the Kansas City Star, described her The History Museum offered several book about Annie Oakley at the July 14 programs for children over the course of meeting. the summer, including "A Visit with Mark Twain," clothing history, storytelling, river Kimmswick Historical Society experiences, African-American history and Members traveled to the Herrington folk music. The Society cosponsored the Family Cemetery near Pevely on June 1. Three Rivers Powwow held on the Mu­ Norma Fuchs escorted the group around seum grounds on June 13. The exhibit the cemetery and discussed problems that "From Carriage Trade to Ready-Made: the Cemetery Association had been experi­ St. Louis Clothing Designers, 1880-1920" encing with a developer. continues on display at the Museum through the end of 1992. Kirkwood Historical Society On June 9 the Society sponsored its Moniteau County Historical Society annual Strawberry Festival, the last event Members gathered in the California City to be held at the History House, which Hall on May 11 and judged entries in a will be sold when the Society moves into competition among county high school art its new headquarters at Mudd's Grove. students with the theme "History in Art." The program featured Francis M. "Bud" At the July 13 meeting in the Maclay and Mary Barnes reminiscing about the House in Tipton, the Friends of the Maclay History House; other entertainment in­ Home told about their activities. cluded music by the Missouri Fiddlers' Association. Harvey Fletcher, local his­ Morgan County Historical Society torian, presented "Historical and Aesthetic The Society met July 20 at the Pioneer Reproductions of Early American Maps" Restaurant in Versailles. Gene Bartram at the June 18 meeting in the Grace Epis­ presented a history of the Versailles Ceme­ copal Church. tery. Neelyville Area Historical Society Lafayette County Historical Society New officers include Bob Cosby and The Society met July 26 in the Confed­ Pete Greeson, co-presidents; Jerry Cox, erate Chapel near Higginsville. Georgia vice president; and Iva Cosby, secretary- Mae Gladish discussed efforts to preserve treasurer. the building. John G. Neihardt Corral Lawrence County Historical Society of the Westerners Wanda Sue Parrott, Norma Pyle and Larry Grantham, an archaeologist with Steve Kimberling presented "Abraham the Department of Natural Resources, dis­ Lincoln's Mysterious Hush Puppies" at cussed "Early Indians of Missouri" at the the May 17 meeting, held in the Jones May 14 meeting in the Days Inn, Colum­ Memorial Chapel in Mount Vernon. At bia. The Westerners gathered for their an­ the July 19 meeting, Val Christensen dis­ nual Buffalo Barbecue, June 11, at Sue cussed identifying and dating old photo­ and Chub Gerard's residence near Colum­ graphs. bia. Miller County Historical Society Nodaway County Historical Society Members gathered in the museum in The Society met May 25 in the Mercan- Historical Notes and Comments 75 tile Bank, Maryville. Lloyd and Opal Shackelford, president; Ester Cox, Sandy Logan reminisced about life on an area Asher and Lois Schott, vice presidents; farm owned by Homer Croy, noted Mis­ Betty Soper, Beverly Griffith and Norma souri author. Sturtridge, secretaries; and Gordon Miller and Maxine Davis, treasurers. Old Trails Historical Society The Society's annual Quilt, Bake and Pleasant Hill Historical Society Herb Sale was held May 2-3 at the Bacon Members traveled to Lone Jack April Cabin in Manchester. Jane Merkle de­ 26 to view the Saudi Arabia Museum, scribed how to get involved in civic and operated by Paul and Colleen Nance. At conservation causes at the May 20 meeting the July 26 meeting held in the museum, at the Bacon Cabin. Bill Stevick, as Mark Twain, presented "The Life and Times of Mark Twain." Osage County Historical Society After touring St. Boniface Church and Pony Express Museum Cemetery, Koeltztown, and St. Aloysius On May 11 and 12 the Museum pre­ Church and Cemetery, Argyle, members miered its new national marketing video, gathered in the VFW Hall in Argyle for The Pony Express National Memorial. the May 18 quarterly meeting. Ellen Gray Produced by Video Post, it features jour­ Massey, of Drury College, presented "Wear nalist Walter Cronkite, actress Susan it Out, Use it Up, Make it Do, or Do Blakely, astronaut William Fisher and Without," about traditional Ozark self- others. sufficiency before the 1940s. Raytown Historical Society Park College Historical Society Ralph Monaco, as nineteenth-century Officers of the Society are Carolyn Mc- Independence mayor Abram Comingo, Henry, president; Barbara Lance, vice spoke about "Political Issues in 1855" at president; Ruth Holden Llewellyn, secre­ the July 22 meeting held at Kupfer's tary; and Marlowe Sherwood, treasurer. Chalet. For more information about the Society's activities contact them at 8700 River Park Ripley County Historical Society Drive, Parkville, MO 64152-3795. The Society meets at 7 P.M. on the sec­ ond Monday of each month in the Current Pemiscot County Historical Society River Heritage Museum, 101 Washington At the May 22 meeting, held in the Street, Doniphan. Officers are Randy American Legion Hall in Caruthersville, Maness, president; Elvin Klepzig, Betty the following officers were elected: Teresa Lawhon, Jerry Ponder and Eugene Brasch- Gallaher, president; W. F. James, vice ler, vice presidents; Mary Ann Polk, secre­ president; Carolyn Newton, secretary; and tary; and Nick Hatch, treasurer. Wilma Edwards, treasurer. St. Francois County Historical Society Pike County Historical Society Members gathered in the Ozarks Federal The Society met July 14 in the Hercules Savings and Loan in Farmington May 27 Club in Louisiana. George Bailey, of Cur- for a "Show-and-Tell" program. At the ryville, presented "The Civil War in Mis­ June 24 meeting Steve Grider, county re­ souri." corder, discussed the procedures of his office. Richard Salmons, from the Missouri Platte County Historical and State Archives, also gave a presentation Genealogical Society about the holdings of the Archives in Jef­ Displays at the Ben Ferrel Platte County ferson City. Museum, Platte City, during the summer included Civil War artifacts, antique toys St. Joseph Historical Society and school-related items. Officers are John Clyde Weeks discussed Lake Contrary 76 Missouri Historical Review at the June 14 meeting in Robidoux Row, Oran and the Fornfelt section of Scott St. Joseph. With the Modern Woodmen City at the May 19 meeting in the Oran of America, the Society sponsored an essay City Hall. contest for sixth graders in April. Bryan Witt and Nicole Timmons, both from Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray Neely School, won first and second place. Members gathered May 17 in the Mer­ cantile Bank, Maryville, and viewed the St. Joseph Museum silent movie The General. At the June 28 The "Wyeth Exhibit" opened at the Mu­ meeting, George Hinshaw discussed "The seum on May 7. It features a lion killed by Red River Campaign." Sally Tennihill dis­ Huston Wyeth in 1923 on an African safari, cussed Jean Yellin's book, Women and photos of the hunt, Wyeth's engraved Sisters, about female black and white anti- Remington 30.06 and an African shield. slavery workers at the July 19 meeting. The June 24 dinner at the St. Joseph Holiday Inn honoring trustees Jacqueline South East Missouri Civil War Round Lewin and Marilyn Taylor also featured a Table book signing by the authors of the recently Meetings are held on the first Thursday released The St. Joe Road and the revised of each month at 7 P.M. in the Ozark The White Indian Boy. Regional Library, Ironton. St. Louis Browns Fan Club Stone County Historical Society The eighth and final Browns Hall of Meetings are held the first Sunday of Fame Dinner was held May 21 at Joe February, April, June, August, October Hanon's. A Jockstrap Full of Nails: The and December. At the June 7 meeting held Almost Complete St. Louis Browns . . . in the Hurley Community Center, Bob Book is available for $8.50 postpaid. Con­ McGill discussed railroads and tourism in tact the Club at P.O. Box 16271, St. Louis, the history of Stone and Taney counties. MO 63105. Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Schuyler County Historical Society Historical Society The Society has two publications for The Society met June 22 in the Stained sale, one containing funeral records from Glass Theater in Houston. Ellen Gray 1913 to 1992, which sells for $15.00, and a Massey, of Drury College, presented "Dear reprinted edition of the 1878 county atlas, Old Golden Rule Days—In the Rural which sells for $7.50. Contact Nelle V. Schoolroom." Alice Crawford discussed George, President, Route 3, Box 34A, Lan­ "The Tilley Treasure" at the July 20 caster, MO 63548. meeting. Scotland County Historical Society Harry S Truman Independence 76 Meetings are held at 7:30 P.M. on the Fire Company second Thursday of each month in the The Company seeks information about Boyer House in Memphis. Recent projects past fire department members and their include repainting the Downing House and families. Persons with pertinent informa­ installation of the all-pink rose garden tion can contact the organization at P.O. planted in memory of Betty Burrus. Of­ Box 394, Independence, MO 64050. ficers are Sterling Forrester, president; Chipper Harris, vice president; Wila Union Cemetery Historical Society Prather, treasurer; and Janet Mathews, Members held a Memorial Day observ­ secretary. ance at the cemetery May 25. A flag raising, a wreath laying, a prayer and a speech by Scott County Historical Society Ollie Gates, president of the Kansas City Edison Shrum compared the histories of Parks Board, filled the program. Historical Notes and Comments 11

Vernon County Historical Society tory of Old Greenville, Wayne County and Fur trappers Johnny and Derren Pres­ the state of Missouri. ton, of Nevada, discussed the many species of animals found in the county at the Webster Groves Historical Society March 22 meeting in the City-County The Society held its annual meeting May Community Center in Nevada. At the June 12 at the History Center/Barn. Marie 7 meeting, Martha Norris, a retired Nevada Capelli, who prepared a slide presentation teacher, explored how to preserve family about the Emmanuel Episcopal Church, history. On June 24 members toured his­ and Kyle Herrman and Ryan Miller, who toric sites around the Deerfield area. prepared a slide presentation about the St. Louis Browns baseball team, all students Warren County Historical Society at Webster Groves High School, received At the May 28 meeting held in the History Awards during the meeting. Warren County Museum, Warrenton, Leah Jansky, professor of humanities at Mary- Westport Historical Society ville College in St. Louis, presented "Cele­ On May 16 the Society sponsored a brating Language with Saws." The reprint tour to Jamesport. of the 1901 Warren County atlas is avail­ White River Valley Historical Society able for $12. Contact the Society at P.O. Members gathered June 14 in the Friend­ Box 12, Warrenton, MO 63383. ship House at the College of the Ozarks in Washington Historical Society Point Lookout and heard Owen Smith, of Scottsdale, Arizona, discuss the new pro­ The museum in Washington is open 1 to motional video about the Branson area. 4 P.M. on Saturdays and Sundays through December 27. Officers are Frank Uhlen- Winston Historical Society brock, president; Toni Dembeck, vice The Society sponsored its annual Jesse president; Tom Martin, secretary; and James Days festival July 17-19 in Winston. Howard Mueller, treasurer. Leah Jansky, of Maryville College in St. Louis, provided the keynote address, "Cele­ Wayne County Historical Society brating Language with Saws." Other activi­ Roy and Opal Lee Payton, officers of ties included a reenactment of the 1881 the Society, were honored June 6 at the train robbery at Winston, humorous skits Patterson Community Center for their about Jesse James and a special stamp many contributions to preserving the his­ cancellation.

The Minus Votes Kingston Caldwell County Sentinel, April 23, 1886. The indications are that the Democrats will give Cleveland vigorous support for the ex-Presidency next time.—Philadelphia North American.

To Make Life Complete Canton Press, August 18, 1870. Miss Caroline Wood, of Iowa, has reclaimed one hundred and sixty acres of wild prairie land, and planted two hundred fruit and two thousand maple trees, all with her own hand. She rather wants an accomplished husband, to play the piano and do housework. 78 Missouri Historical Review

GIFTS Howard Audsley, Columbia, donor: Soil surveys and maps of Missouri counties. (R)* Robert A. Baumann, St. Louis, donor: St. Louis Black Pages, It's Your Decision, 1992. (R) Ralph Bedell, Columbia, donor: The Amazing Story of the Bedells in America, by Sharon Taylor, and eight other books. (R) Benton High School, St. Joseph, donor, through L. E. Hager: Yearbook for 1992. (R) Laurel Boeckman, Columbia, donor: Videotape, Gorbachev at Westminster, over 100 Missouri and history-related post­ cards and seven color folders, (E); items on U.S. stamps, Meramec Caverns and Silver Dollar City. (R) Bowling Green R-l School District, Bowling Green, donor, through Annette Fisher: Eight books for the Fitzgerald Collection. (RFC) Vernon and Lenora Brakke, West Valley City, Utah, donors: Our Ewalt Heritage, Vols. I and II, compiled by Lenora J. Smith Brakke. (R) Cameron Insurance Companies, Cameron, donor: "The First 100 Years: Cameron Insurance Companies." (R) Dolores Carpenter, Gallatin, donor: Boundless Horizons: Portrait of a Pioneer Woman Scientist, by Icie Gertrude Macy Hoobler. (R) Chouteau Grotto, donor, through Kevin Feltz, Columbia: Two issues of donor's publication, The Foresight. (R) Donald Christisen, Columbia, donor: Missouri Prairie Foundation, Records. (M) Columbia Chapter, Missouri Writers' Guild, donor, through Bernice McGee Cudd, Columbia: Among the Trees, A Gathering of Poems & Illustrations, edited by Bernice McGee Cudd and Bee Neeley Kuckelman. (R) Robert and May Bartee Couch, Marceline, donors: "Rose Hill Cemetery Brookfield, Linn County, Missouri," copied by donors, (R); "1991 Obituaries for Chariton County, Missouri" and "Obituary Excerpts for the Chariton Courier Sumner Star Edition . . . ," June 1937-December 1946, all compiled by May Bartee Couch. (N) Robert S. Dale, Carthage, donor: Materials relating to incidents in Kansas City in April 1968. (R) Daniel Boone Regional Library, donor, through LaDonna Justice, Fulton: Eight telephone directories for Missouri communities and regions. (R) Daughters of the American Colonists, Missouri Society, donor, through Mrs. William Stephens and Annabelle Swisher, Green Castle: National Society Daughters of the American Colonists, Lineage Book, 1992. (R) Carole Sue Warmbrodt DeLaite, Columbia, donor: Miscellaneous brochures, calendars, newsletters, leaflets and periodicals from educa­ tional, medical, religious, cultural and civic organizations and institutions. (R) •These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (R) refers to Reference Library; (E), Editorial Office; (M), Manuscripts; (N), Newspaper Library; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; (B), Bay Room; and (A), Art Room. Historical Notes and Comments 79

Damian L. Dietlein, St. Meinrad, Indiana, donor: Frank Heembrock & Anna Waechter Descendants, by donor. (R) Lois S. Eikleberry, Lakewood, Colorado, donor: A Folk History of Charlie & Nettie Shoop Schillie and Their Lives with Their Children, by donor. (R) Farmland Industries, Inc., Kansas City, donor, through Rosetta Boyd: Farmland News, Vols. 53-56, 1986-1989. (R) A. Irene Fitzgerald, Columbia, donor: Material regarding Missouri authors, women and education. (R) Fletcher-Boeselt Cartographers, San Antonio, Texas, donor, through Harvey S. Fletcher: Three historical maps of Lewis and Clark's route, 1804-1805. (R) Skip Gatermann, St. Louis, donor: Color slides and photographs relating to St. Louis, (E); publications, brochures, reports and programs relating to education, businesses, churches and St. Louis. (R) Ben A. Gentzler, Maysville, donor: Diamond Jubilee, A Partial History of Deepwater, Missouri,. . . 1977. (R) Georgetown Galleries, Bethesda, Maryland, donor, through Elizabeth Palermo: Audubon's Birds of North America. (R) Grand River Historical Society, Chillicothe, donor, through Carl Bauer and Mildred S. Jones: Donor's publication, The Herald, 1985-1992. (R) Mary Grigsby, Columbia, donor: Serigraph, Rogers Crossing, by L. Rugolo, 1979. (A) Herless Wayne Hein, Merced, California, donor: "The Spickardsville Crusaders," compiled by donor. (R) Orval Henderson, Centertown, donor: Publications relating to historic preservation. (R) Lillian Hill, Butler, donor: "History of Cove Creek Christian Church, 1890-1990," Bates County. (R) Jack R. Hutchins, Rockville, Maryland, donor: Robert Hutchins of Colonial America, by donor. (R) Larry A. James, Neosho, donor: Material on the Hafner family. (R) Ara Kaye, Columbia, donor: Dorothy Lee and Me, A Memoir of Two Families and a Town, by Helen Mead Heath. (R) Jack Kennedy and Friends of Daniel Boone Regional Library, Columbia, donors: Yearbooks from 5th District Normal School, Maryville, (R); photographs and real photo postcards of 1926 football team. (E) Harold Lieberman, St. Cloud, Minnesota, donor: Photocopy of Madison County Advertiser, August 4, 1877. (N) Gary and Elsie McCollum, Brookfield, donors: "W. H. (Will) McCollum Funeral Home Records, 1916-1939, Gifford, Mo.," and index, by donors. (R) Marilyn McLeod, Daniel Boone Regional Library, Columbia, donor: "Clues to Your Past, Beginning Your Search for Family History. A general guide to resources available in Boone County, and Callaway County, Missouri," compiled by donor. (R) Metropolitan Publishing Corporation, Springfield, donor: Bolivar-Buffalo area telephone directory. (R) 80 Missouri Historical Review

Mid-Continent Public Library, Independence, donor: Genealogy From the Heartland, A Catalog of Titles in the Mid-Continent Public Library Genealogy Circulating Collection, by Martha Meyers. (R) Max Miller, Columbia, donor: "Addendum to They Paved the Way," by Carmeta Pierce Robertson, loaned for copying. (R) Missouri East Annual Conference, United Methodist Church, donor, through Gary McDowell, Jackson: Over thirty-five hymnals, ten books on religion and the Methodist Episcopal Church, numerous issues of Methodist History, 1962-1992, two issues of A.M.E. Zion Quarterly Review, (R); material on Bishop Ivan Lee Holt, New McKendree Methodist Church, Jackson, and notebooks of George W. Heslar, 1930-1950. (M) Missouri State Library, Jefferson City, donor, through Patt Behler: Fifteen volumes for the Fitzgerald Collection. (RFC) Leona S. Morris, Columbia, donor: "History of Schuyler County," by Amara Watkins, and other miscellaneous pub­ lications from professional, medical, religious, veteran and cultural organizations and tourism material. (R) Estella Morrison, Excelsior Springs, donor, through Annabelle Swisher: "Guffey Gleanings," Vol. 1, compiled by donor. (R) Joseph R. Nardone, Laguna Hills, California, donor: Commemorative items relating to the Pony Express. (N) & (R) Nebraska State Historical Society, Lincoln, Nebraska, donor, through John E. Carter: Black and white 8 x 10 photograph of "Multonomah," country home of John Dougherty, Clay County. (E) Jan Olson, Portland, Oregon, donor: Stephen S. Drake, letter, 1861. (M) W. H. Pfander, Columbia, donor: Yearbook, Salutar, Moberly High School, 1910, (R); two photographs of Missouri Chapter Anti-horse Thief Association. (E) Beverly H. and Walter L. Pfeffer II, Columbia, donors: Miscellaneous newsletters, programs, invitations and brochures from a variety of business, educational, civic, conservation, cultural, charitable and political organizations and associations. (R) Walter L. Pfeffer II, Columbia, donor: University of Missouri-Columbia, College of Arts and Science Alumni Association, Records, (M); over 50 black and white photographs for use in Columbia Daily Tribune column, 1990-1992, and over 175 color prints relating to 1990 Muscular Dystrophy Association Telethon and Awards Banquet. (E) Presbytery of Giddings-Lovejoy, St. Louis, donor, through Elizabeth Holloman: Celebration of Beginnings: The Presbytery of Giddings-Lovejoy. (R) Jay B. Price, Bell, California, donor: The Price, Blakemore, Hamblen, Skipwith and Allied Lines . . . , by donor. (R) Judith Redfield, Columbia, donor: Warren County, Missouri, property ownership map, 1908. (R) Linda Ridgeway, Columbia, donor: Program, "The 46th John Findley Green Lecture at Westminster College." (R) Blake Sasse, Rocheport, donor: Kansas City Missouri State Post, October 3, 1991-May 7, 1992, (N); two issues of The Missouri Rambler. (R) Historical Notes and Comments 81

Clark L. Sauer, Gladstone, donor: Margaret Marston, Memoir, 1899. (M) K. G. Saur, Inc., Stamford, Connecticut, donor: Crime and Justice in American History: The Frontier, by Eric H. Monkkonen. (R) Elizabeth Rice Seim, Alexandria, Virginia, donor: "A History of Joseph Almeida and His Family," by donor. (R) Robert C. Smith, Columbia, donor: Material on the steamboat Saluda disaster, 1852, at Lexington, Missouri, prepared by Elder and Sister Robert O. Day. (R) Harry A. Soltysiak, Excelsior Springs, donor: "The Bomb,' a James Farm artifact suddenly resurfaces," by donor. (R) Heidi Crist Templeton, Kirksville, donor: "The Turbulent Career of John Forbes Benjamin (1817-1877)," by donor. (R) Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, donor: Guide to Historical Materials in the Harry S. Truman Library, compiled by Raymond H. Geselbracht. (R) Ellen Weathers, Houstonia, donor: Oversize color photocopy of University of Missouri scene, Jesse Hall, columns and early automobiles, from postcard, (E); "Sedalia in Postcards," by donor. (R) Judge and Mrs. Warren D. Welliver, Columbia, donors: Ten volumes for the Reference Library. (R) Jesse Williams, Santa Fe, New Mexico, donor: Items relating to Tennyson and allied families. (R) Bob Wyatt, Leeton, donor: History of the Wyatt Family: Aaron & Susie (Sheets) Wyatt Branch, from England to Missouri 1340 to 1990, compiled by donor. (R) Wyatt Park Baptist Church, St. Joseph, donor, through Neva Butner: "Hats Off To The Past, Coats Off To The Future": A History of Wyatt Park Baptist Church, St. Joseph, Missouri, by Beulah Van Horn. (R) Gary E. Young, Centreville, Maryland, donor: "A Brief Genealogy of John P. Young and David Young. . . ," by donor. (R)

The Lure of the Oregon Trail Kansas City Star, August 30, 1991. Ninety-four and sporting a long white beard and aviation goggles, Ezra Meeker made one of his last excursions along the Oregon Trail—in an open cockpit de Havilland plane. For 1923, he seemed an anachronism. History buffs retracing the Oregon Trail today would have nothing on Ezra Meeker who, before he died in 1928, had followed the trail by prairie schooner, plane, train and automobile. His descendant, Scott Meeker of Madison, Wis. . . . says he doesn't plan on mimicking Ezra's fanatacism. But he would like to see the Oregon Trail by air and will begin that venture . . . when he and 74 others rendezvous in Independence. Members of the group, from several states and Canada . . . will retrace the Oregon Trail using 34 planes and a helicopter. . . . —Kelly Garbus, Staff Writer 82 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Adrian Journal May 21, 1992—"Adrian's historical [Ed] Arganbright Barn," by Art Evans. Belton Star-Herald June 25, 1992—A special section, The Star-Herald "Celebrating 100 years of service," featured many historical articles. Bland Courier June 17, 1992—"A Little of Bland's History," the old general store and the Hadley Store, by Mary Jane Hawkins. Bolivar Herald-Free Press June 10, 1992—An article about Phenix, Missouri, by Clarice Beaman. June 17—"Local History" of Bolivar. Bourbon Beacon May 14, 1992—"The Village of Coffeyton." This and the articles below by Harry H. Missey and James King. June 11—"Scotia Blast Furnace." June 18—"Hartwell Parsons—The Pioneer." July 2, 9—"The Old Schools," a two-part series. Branson Tri-Lakes Daily News May 2, July 20, 27, 1992—"Vintage Views," a series, featured respectively: a 1911 Civil War veterans' reunion; Isaac and Elizabeth Moore; and the Hollister Post Office, 1915. Braymer Bee June 25, 1992—"History of Hopewell Baptist Church, 1867-1992," by Joan Hosman. Butler news-Xpress May 29, 1992—An article about the history of the Papinville schoolhouse, by C. A. Moore. California Democrat June 10, 1992—An article about the Hooper Institute, California, by Grant Chapman. Canton Press-News Journal May 7, 14, 28, June 11, July 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 1992—"Yesteryear's Pictures," a series, featured respectively: an early flood in Canton; boating on the Mississippi River in 1897; the 1947 Canton flood; Fourth Street; an excursion boat on the Mississippi River; an 1897 grocery store in LaGrange; the German Lutheran Church, LaGrange; LaGrange, 1907; and the Canton High School, 1910. •Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian April 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, May 6, 13, 20, 27, June 3, 10, 17, 24, July 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 1992—"The River City of Cape Girardeau and its environs," a series by K. J. H. Cochran. •Indicates newspapers not received by the State Historical Society. Historical Notes and Comments 83

Carrollton Daily Democrat July 10, 1992—Information about the Hale Rifles, a military unit. Carthage Press May 11, 1992—"Carthage learns lessons about alcohol early." This and the articles below by Marvin VanGilder. May 23—Walter Webster, "Diamond man cherishes the memory of those who died" in World War II. May 27—"Dr. [Robert] Brooks made lasting impression on Carthage." July 6—"First full-scale battle of Civil War fought in Carthage 131 years ago." July 15—"Celebration of 1873 among Jasper County's earliest fairs." Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune July 20, 1992—Information about the Queen City Motel. Clinton Daily Democrat May 20, 1992—Information about Andrew D. McQueen, Henry County pioneer. June 1—Information about John A. Rush, Henry County pioneer. June 2—An article about the history of the Henry County Courthouse, by Mildred Church. June 26, July 10, 15, 21—"Remember When," a series, featured respectively: information about Elisah Smith, a Henry County Confederate soldier; an aerial view of Clinton, about 1945; William and Mary Frances Carleton; and Charles Detweiler's Prairie Lawn Farm. Cole Camp Courier June 18, 1992—"Holy Cross [Lutheran Church] Marks 150 Years," by Rev. Dale Sveom. Columbia Daily Tribune July 12, 1992—"Boone Country," a series by Francis Pike, featured the Boone County Fair. Columbia Missourian May 3, 1992—"Daniel Boone County-City Building." May 10—"Rivercene Mansion, New Franklin." June 7—Ezekiel C. "Hickam House." June 14—Acena "Booth House." June 21—"Varsity Theater." July 19—"Rollins Field," University of Missouri. Concordia Concordian June 3, 1992—An article about Concordia's history, by Nora Hartwig. June 24, July 1, 8—"Quest for Freedom," a three-part series about the history of Freedom Township, Lafayette County, by Alfred Rodewald. Crane Chronicle/Stone County Republican June 11, 1992—Information about the Y-Bridge in Galena. Cuba Free Press July 2, 1992—An article about Mount Olive Baptist Church, by Gladys Orr Kerr. East Prairie Eagle July 23, 1992—Information about East Prairie in 1916. 84 Missouri Historical Review

Ellington Reynolds County Courier June 4, 1992—"A Brief History of Sweetwater Cemetery (Part 1)." July 16, 23—"Historical Reynolds County," a series, featured the Murrill house in Ruble and the railroad bridge in Ellington, 1924. Farmington Press-Advertiser June 2, 9, 1992—A series about "Historic Bonne Terre," by Mark Evans. Fayette Advertiser May 27, 1992—Howard County "Courthouse Seen as Imposing, Whimsical," by Mary Ellen McVicker and Sharon Korte. Fayette Democrat-Leader May 2, 1992—Fayette "Storefronts Reflect 1880s Iron, Glass Technology," by Mary Ellen McVicker and Sharon Korte. Festus News-Democrat May 22, 1992—"Plattin United Methodist Church to celebrate sesquicentennial," by Debra Martin. Granby Newton County News May 21, 1992—Herman "Taylor family information related," by Joan Atkins. June 25—"Taking a walk in early Granby," by Bill Pierson. Greenfield Vedette June 11, 1992—Dade County "Historical Society Restores Historic Structures," Washington Hotel, Hulston Mill and Sinner's Union Church. Hamilton Advocate July 22, 1992—"Annual Parrish Stove Day Drawings drew crowds for 24 years," by Dennis Cox. Hannibal Courier-Post June 5, 1992—"Perry," Missouri, by Chuck Herron. June 20—"Back in Time," an article about Charles E. Doty's photographs of Hannibal, by Jack Schroder. Hermitage Index July 2, 1992—Information about Cross Timbers. Higginsville Advance May 1, 1992—Information about early Higginsville. July 17—"Many changes during the life of the [International Shoe Company] factory," by Loberta T. Runge. Houston Herald July 16, 1992—"The Death of H.C. Thomas" in 1899, by Marsha Prock. Independence Examiner July 2, 1992—"Mormon Choir's visit here not its first; sang in 1934." Ironton Mountain Echo May 20, 1992—"Then . . . Lesterville General Store opens." Jasper Jubilee May 1992—"Jasper Farmers Exchange Celebrates 70 Years Of Service." Historical Notes and Comments 85

Jefferson City Sunday News Tribune May 17, 1992—An article about the history of the School Sisters of Notre Dame, by Dwight Warren. Kansas City Catholic Key May 3, 1992—"Queen of Apostles Church to close," in St. Joseph, by Albert de Zutter. Kansas City Star May 10, 1992—An article about Harry Truman's farm house in Jackson County. July 23—L. P. Cookingham, "K.C. reformer dies at 95." July 26—History of Lake Placid, near Stover, by Regina Akers. Kennett Daily Dunklin Democrat July 15, 1992—Information about Presnell Hospital. Kimberling City Table Rock Gazette May 7, 14, 1992—"Your neighbor and mine—Revisited," a series by Danette Robinette, featured Claud Phillips. May 28—"Bruton, Walker families integral part of [Stone County] history." Kirksville Daily Express & News May 17, 31, 1992—Articles about the George Lewis house near Nind, by Judy Tritz. Lamar Democrat July 22, 1992—203rd Coast Artillery "Hound Dog Regiment leaves for Camp Hulen," by Dale Wootton. La Plata Home Press July 29, 1992—"Home Press Begins 117th Year of Serving La Plata Area Resi­ dents," by Debbie Clay. Linn Unterrified Democrat June 10, 1992—"St. George [Catholic Church] observes its 125th anniversary." Marshall Democrat-News July 9, 1992—Information about the employees of municipal utilities in 1933. Marsh field Mail June 25, 1992—A special section, "The Marshfield Mail, Centennial Edition," featured many historical articles. Maryvi/le Daily Forum July 22, 1992—"Douglas School photo brings back fond learning memories," by Leona Wharton. Mexico Ledger May 1, 1992—"McMillan's Finest, [1915-16] Basketball team to be inducted into Hall of Fame," by Troy Taylor. June 6—Information about the Santa Fe, Missouri, Bank. July 18—Information about "church corner" and the First Baptist Church. Milan Standard May 14, 1992—"Green Castle United Methodist Church will celebrate 101 years." June 25—"Poole's Dry Goods starts its 125th anniversary observance." 86 Missouri Historical Review

Moberly Monitor-Index & Evening Democrat June 21, 1992—"Ex-Hound [Don] Gosen goes into state basketball Hall" of Fame, by Paul Sturm. Monett Times June 25, 1992—"Death of a Landmark," the Jeffries house, by Murray Stringer- Bishoff. Mound City News-Independent May 21, 1992—A "Guest Editorial" by Gerry Dale Patterson included historical information about Maitland's downtown. Neosho Daily News June 12, 1992—Information about William Aberham and Synthia Ann Huffman Crabtree and their family. June 21—An article about a 1920s panoramic postcard of Neosho, by Kay Hively. Nevada Herald May 24, 1992—An article about the centennial of the Harwood United Methodist Church, by Margaret Jorgensen. New Haven Leader May 13, 20, 27, June 3, 10, 17, July 15, 29, 1992—"Franklin County ... the early days," a series by LeRoy Danz, featured respectively: Mother's Day reminiscing; the history of Goose Town in Washington; information about Paul Herzog, a former teacher at Union High School; Senate Grove; the Gerald telephone company; the 50th anniversary of the confirmation class of 1941; summer memories; and Route 66. Oregon Times Observer July 23, 1992—"Big Lake History . . . Story of Fame, Fortune and Floods." Perryville Monitor May 14, 1992—"Perry County Album" featured the Bond family. Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner May 21, 28, June 4, July 2, 9, 16, 30, 1992—"Historical Wayne County," a series, featured respectively: the Charles Jackson Russell store, Brunot; the first Wayne County school bus; the C. L. Stevenson house, Brunot; the old Wappapello Post Office; the Carter Pool Room; a store in Chaonia around 1900; and the tie yard and railroad at Chaonia. June 25—"10,000 Year-Old Indian Artifacts Found At. . . Mill" at Alley Spring. July 30—"Ancient Indian Artifacts Discovered at Alley Roller Mill," by Ryan Van Winkle. Pleasant Hill Times May 27, 1992—Arabia, "Steamboat's treasures unearthed," by F. Kirk Powell. Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic May 8, 1992—Poplar Bluffs ". . . Worst Tragedy [1927 tornado] Is Recalled by Survivor," Harry Baker, Jr., by Dick Clifford. Potosi Independent-Journal July 23, 1992—"Presbyterians To Celebrate 160th Anniversary Locally." Puxico Press May 20, 1992—"Terrible flood about 1915 left many stranded," by C. Dwain Hartz. Historical Notes and Comments 87

St Joseph News-Press May 19, June 26, 1992—A special section, "Young at Heart," featured many historical articles. June 28—A special section, "Let's Get Acquainted," featured several historical articles. *St. Louis Business Journal May 18, June 7, 1992—"Looking Back," a series, featured respectively: the steam­ boat Grand Republic and the site of the first European settlement in Missouri. St Louis Post-Dispatch May 3, 1992—This issue featured several articles about the baseball Cardinals of 1926-1928. May 7—"The 11 Most Endangered Sites In St. Louis," by Charlene Prost. May 17—An article about the history of St. Liborius Catholic Church. June 18—Reinhold Niebuhr, "The Paradoxical Pastor," by Susan K. Brown. June 21—Joseph Desloge house, "Vouziers," by Renee Stovsky. June 29—Articles about Missouri Meerschaum Company, Washington, Missouri, by William Flannery. St Louis Review April 24, 1992—"St. Aloysius Gonzaga Parish To Mark 100th Year April 26." May 15—"Religious of the Cenacle Celebrate 100th Anniversary"; St. Theodore "Parish School [in Flint Hill] Notes Centennial." July 10—St. Agnes, "Southside Parish to Close Next Year," included some history of several parishes, by Joseph Kenny. July 17—"St. Ann Parish To Note 100th Year." Ste. Genevieve Herald May 6, 1992—"Holy Cross [Lutheran Church] Marks 125 Years of Faith," by Betty Valle Gegg. Salem News June 25, 1992—"Fourth generation of Putman Family farms same acreage," by Rene J. Raper. Salisbury Press-Spectator June 4, 1992—A special section, "Salisbury, Mo., The Biggest Little Town in Missouri,'" featured many historical articles. June 4, 11—Articles about the history of Bynumville, by Ruby Dodge Case. Sedalia Central Missouri News May 6, 13, 20, 27, June 3, 10, 17, July 8, 15, 1992—"Missouri Heritage," a series by Lyn Allison Yeager, featured Pleasant Green plantation in May; Jesse James in June; and Donald Pharis in July. Senath Dunklin County Press May 20, 1992—"Looking back at the history of Senath-Hornersville Schools." Slater News-Rustler June 18, 1992—Information about Judge Burks and Joseph B. Sterrett. *Springfield Daily Events May 8, 11, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, June 1,3,4,8, 17, July 1, 17,22,23,24, 27, 28, 29, 1992—"Tales of History," a series by Tom Ladwig. 88 Missouri Historical Review

Steelville Star-Crawford Mirror July 29, 1992—"Historical events of Crawford Co.," a series by Lorene Davis, featured the Thomas Gibson house. Stover Morgan County Press May 27, 1992—A special section, "Stover's Spring Farm Fest," featured historical articles. Thayer Oregon County Times June 17, 1992—Information about the history of the newspaper. Tipton Times July 23, 1992—A special section, "Florence: Celebrating 160 years," featured historical articles. Tuscumbia Miller County A utogram May 14, 21, June 4, 11, July 9, 23, 1992—"Window to the Past," a series by Peggy Smith Hake, featured respectively: the Gageville Cemetery, Miller County; information about George Thomas and Elizabeth Houston Stark; the Denoya and Roi families; the first town of St. Elizabeth; information about Joshua D. Cochran; and information about Edman Jeffries. Unionville Republican May 27, 1992—"Ross Building has an active history." Vienna Maries County Gazette May 27, 1992—An article about the 125th anniversary of the Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, by Laura Schiermeier. Warrenton Banner June 12, 1992—"Donation of land helped determine seat of county," by Dorris Keeven. Warsaw Benton County Enterprise May 14, 1992—Information about the Warsaw Christian Church. Washington Missourian March 25, 1992—An article about the American School Sisters of Notre Dame. This and the article below by Suzanne Hill. June 3—An article about Dorothy Heckmann Shrader and steamboating on the Missouri River. July 19—"Early Events in Washington's History; Going Back to 1833," by Ralph Gregory. Webster Groves Webster-Kirk wood Times May 21, 1992—"Webster Park Celebrates 100 Years," by Janet Edwards. Willard Cross Country Times July 15, 22, 1992—"The Way it Was," a series by the Frisco Railroad Museum, featured W. T. Chandler's house and Main Street, Ash Grove. Willow Springs News June 17, 1992—"Old Historical Horton Hotel burns over 25 years ago," by Dan Wehmer. Windsor Review June 4, 1992—An article about William Taylor Thornton, by Virginia Hess. June 25—C. W. Head, "Doctor's Book Recorded Windsor History," by Linda Marchbanks. Historical Notes and Comments

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

All Aboard, Frisco Railroad Museum June-July, 1992: "Phenix, MO: The History of a Ghost Town." American Heritage July-August, 1992: "T Hardly Know Truman,'" by David McCullough; "Eight Days With Harry Truman," by Thomas Fleming; "Brisk Walk and Brusque Talk: A Reporter's Encounter with Harry Truman," by Gene Smith. Artlogue, The Missouri Arts Council July/August, 1992: "Mid-Missouri Boasts Professional Theatre," article on Arrow Rock Lyceum Theatre, by Charlotte Overby. Boone-Duden Historical Review June, 1992: "A Fact or Two on Early Missouri History." Boone Electric Member Contact July, 1992: "Reminiscing Life Before and After Boone Electric," by Joan Gilbert. Bushwhacker Musings, Vernon County Historical Society Newsletter May 15, 1992: "Memories of Old Nevada," by Wesley R. Bunker; "'Frank James Cottage,'" reprinted; "Unmitigated Scoundrels," by Fitz Henry Warren; "Soldiering at Balltown, 1860," by T. H. B. Dunnegan; "Nevada After the Civil War," by Sallie Blevins Ellis; "The Vernon County Youth Fair," by Warren Moseley. Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly Spring, 1992: "Wynekens Appeal—A 150 Year Perspective," by E. Theodore Bachmann; "An Old Altar in an Old Church in a Very Old Town," Ste. Genevieve, by Richard Thur; "Matanuskan Reminiscences and Other Recollections," by Woodrow W. Kurth; "Archives and History: Work in the Synod," by Harold M. Olsen. Decoy Magazine May-June, 1992: "John Francis: Missouri Decoy Carver," by James W. Goodrich. DeKalb County Heritage July, 1992: "County Celebrates With Three Centenarians," by Martha Spiers; "Orchid Christian Church Celebrates 110 Years"; "100th Reunion" of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, by Grace Loveall Jeschke. The Egregious Steamboat Journal May/June, 1992: "Through the Lens: Missouri River Steamboats"; "Dorchester's Interference Helped the Invention of Radar," by John L. Fryant. July/August, 1992: "The Frisco Bridge [at Memphis] Was New in 1892." The Epitaph, Union Cemetery Historical Society May, 1992: "Julius Augustus Petzold,"by Juanita Petzold Rader. Essayons, Fort Leonard Wood May 15, 1992: United States Army Engineer "Museum major attraction for visitors," by Rhonda Mancini. June 12, 1992: "Newburg Day: Old railroad town celebrates another milestone." This and the article below by Dee Dixon. July 24, 1992: Waynesville, "Oldest town in Pulaski County celebrates its heritage." 90 Missouri Historical Review

Fence Painter, Bulletin of The Mark Twain Boyhood Home Associates Spring, 1992: "George A. Mahan, 'Public-Spirited Citizen'"; "The Horr Family, Mark Twain's First Teachers." Florissant Valley Quarterly July, 1992: "Loretto Sisters," reprinted. Gasconade County Historical Society Newsletter Summer, 1992: "Bay Mercantile: A Nostalgic Peep into the Past," by K. Rose. Gateway Heritage, The Missouri Historical Society Spring, 1992: "From Limited to Total War: Missouri and the Nation, 1861-1865," by James M. McPherson; "Women's Healing Art: Medicine in the Turn-of-the-Century Ozarks," by Janet L. Allured; "Honor and Family: The Career of Lt. Gov. Carlos de Hault de Lassus," by Robert R. Archibald; "The Power of Home: St. Louis Victorian Interiors," by Marsha S. Bray; "'Earthly Paradise': The Icarian Experiment in St. Louis," by Robert P. Sutton; "Margaret Truman: President's 'Son,'" by Diane Reid Elliott. Gateway Postcard Club News April/May/June, 1992: "Show Me Views: 'Home of the Hot Dog,'" St. Louis, by Skip Gatermann. Glendale Historical Society Bulletin June, 1992: "Morton Lange Remembers Old Glendale," by Morton K. Lange. Historic Preservation July/August, 1992: University of Missouri-Columbia "Pillars of Education." Historical and Genealogical Society Journal of Douglas County, Missouri May, 1992: "Ava/Douglas County Railroad," by Marian Conradi; "Stories Of The Old Salt Trail," by Buck Kester; "My Boyhood In And Around Ava," by Laurence E. Paugh; "Ava Post Office: 120 Years Old," by Barbara DeVore; "As I Remember Granada," by Obra Cole, as told to Eula Dunnegan. Images, Missouri Park and Recreation Association Summer, 1992: "Missouri State Parks Celebrate Its Diamond Anniversary"; "Kansas City Parks and Recreation Celebrates 100th Anniversary." The Jackson County Historical Society Journal Summer, 1992: "Tn the Good Ole Summertime,'" by Jane F. Flynn. Journal of Animal Science July, 1992: "Frederick Blackmar Mumford, 1868-1946: A Brief Biography," by Richard L. Lee. Journal of Southern History May, 1992: "Sam Walton and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.: A Study in Modern Southern Entrepreneurship,"by Sandra S. Vance and Roy V. Scott. Kansas City Genealogist Spring, 1992: "Hannah Boone Stewart, Sister of Daniel Boone," by Merideth Johnston. Kansas History Spring, 1992: "Nineteenth-Century Gentleman, Twentieth-Century Physician: Don Carlos Guffey," by Charles R. King. Historical Notes and Comments 91

Kirkwood Historical Review March, 1992: "Jack Geders Talks About Kirkwood," by John A. Geders. Landmarks Letter May/June, 1992: "The Anton Schmitt (Monsanto-Schmitt) House" in Carondelet. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin July, 1992: "Organized as Muncy Chapel: Miller Methodist Episcopal Church." Mid-Missouri Magazine May/June, 1992: "An Ozark Bushwhacker Tale," by Bob McCaslin. July/August, 1992: "Coyote Bounty Still In Effect," by David Rogers; "The Carnegie Library" in Mexico, by Vicki Day-Brown. Mid-Rivers Connection, Sierra Club Eastern Missouri Group June-July, 1992: "Where We've Been . . . ," history of Sierra Club, Eastern Missouri Group. Military Images July/August, 1992: "John 'Bud'Shirley, Missouri Irregulars & 8th Missouri Cavalry, C.S.A.," by George Hart. Mill Creek Autumn, 1991: "School Days: Letters from Students"; "Legend of the Heelstring: The Miller County School for the Blind"; "Pioneer Memories: the Diary of James Harvey Vernon, Part I." Spring, 1992: "Upon This Rock: A History of Brumley Christian Church"; "Pioneer Memories: the Diary of James Harvey Vernon, Part II"; "Rural Memoirs," by Greg Huddleston. Missouri Alumnus Summer, 1992: "Don't discount [Sam M.] Walton's legacy," by Karen Worley; "Never broke, rarely rich: Missouri inherits German values," by Dale Smith. Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly January-March, 1992: "23PE42B: A Dalton Site in Pettis County," by Bill Eschbacher. The Missouri Archaeologist December, 1989: "A History of Amateur Archaeology in the St. Louis Area," by Kelly J. Pool. Missouri Magazine Summer, 1992: "Civil War 'Flag Burning Incident' Flagged City's [St. Joseph] Growth," by M. B. Grenier; "Roaring River State Park"; "The Rebirth Of The Goldenrod Showboat"; "Discovering the Mother Road: U.S. Highway 66," by James R. Powell; "U.S. Highway 66 and the Route 66 Association of Missouri," by James R. Powell; "Mansfield's Famous Citizen, Laura Ingalls Wilder"; "Changing Times of The Missouri State Highway Patrol," by C. E. Fisher. Missouri Medicine June, 1992: "The University of Missouri School of Medicine At The Turn of The Century: A Blueprint For Reform in Medical Education," by Hugh E. Stephenson, Jr., and Maria L. Evans. 92 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri Press News May, 1992: "MPA [Missouri Press Association] Is 125 Years Old on May 16," reprinted. Missouri Resource Review Summer, 1992: "Seventy-five years of investment [in Missouri state parks] yields priceless returns," by Bonnie Stepenoff; "Scott Joplin House State Historic Site," by Annette Bridges. Missouri State Genealogical Association Journal Spring, 1992: "St. Charles MO, Historical Series, Beginning in 1801," by Edna McElhiney Olson, reprinted; "Coming to America, Then to St. Louis, Missouri, 149 Years Ago," by Martha Keirsey Cooper. Missouri Wine Country Journal Spring, 1992: "The Long & Winding Road," Highway 94, by Sandy Barks; "Generally Speaking, Country Stores are Alive and Well." Summer, 1992: "Route 66: The highway may be history, but the magic lives on," by Sandy Barks; "Uncle Willie," by Dorothy H. Shrader. Muleskinner, Central Missouri State University April 9, 1992: "Mad Mule, Kool Mule, Yellow Student—all have their place in campus lore," by Gregory D. Bontz; "[Rolla F.] Wood, [Charles F.] Martin etched in Central History," by Julie Stockwood. April 23, 1992: "Ghosts of Newspapers Past: Underground newspapers campaign for freedom," by Gregory D. Bontz; Student Health "Center built in 1964 for a cost of $400,000," by Julie Stockwood. June 25, 1992: "College High grads reunite Saturday night," by Janet Weixeldorfer. Newsletter, Boone County Historical Society May/June, 1992: "Daniel Boone Never Discovered Boone's Lick," by Donald G. Sanders. Newton County Saga Summer, 1992: "Wela Park Revisited"; "The New Madrid Earthquakes"; "Three Bad Men of Newton County," by Roy Paul Thomas. Northeast Review, Northeast Missouri State University June, 1992: Joseph "Baldwin Day," by Walter H. Ryle III, reprinted. Old Mill Run April, 1992: "Northview School," in Ozark County, by Dean Wallace; "Green- Catherwood Family," by Dean Wallace; "Absher Family," by Dean Wallace; "Family Tales of Dr. Sol & Aunt Liz," Solomon K. Petty and Elizabeth T. (Sisney) Mc- Glaughlin," by Jean Fisher. Ozar'kin, Ozarks Genealogical Society Summer, 1992: "Nathan Boone - Early Greene County Pioneer," by George T. Harper. Ozarks Mountaineer June, 1992: "The Ozarks Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "In the Days Before the Dams: The Famous Age of the Owen Boat Line," by Helene Stallcup; "Heaven and Hell in the Ozarks, Part II," by Phyllis Rossiter, "How Do You Band a Hummingbird? Historical Notes and Comments 93

Verrry Gently," by Clay M. Anderson; "The Hot Air Years," by Fern Nance Shumate; "Couple Cultivate Toy Tractor Business," by Marti Attoun; "The Battle of Wilson's Creek: A Death in Battle Reverberates Through Time and Family History," by Jim Long. August, 1992: "The Ozarks Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "Branson, Where the Stars Are Ozarks Proud," by Arline Chandler; "Fountains of Time," by Phyllis Rossiter; "Gascondy Resort: The Flowering and Fading of One Man's Vision," by Steven C. Parsons; "Come to the Church in the Wildwood," by Fern Nance Shumate; "Heaven and Hell in the Ozarks, Part IN," by Phyllis Rossiter. Patrol News June, 1992: "Patrol History Trivia," by E. M. Raub. Pemiscot County Missouri Quarterly Spring, 1992: "Braggadocio Township," edited by Ophelia Wade. Perry County Heritage Vol. 10, Number 1, 1992: "Jeffie Hahn Interview: Stories of the Civil War"; "Marie Hawn-Hahn"; "Interview with Lillie Shrum Blaylock - March 11, 1992"; "Memories from an Interview with Everett Yamnitz - January 29, 1992." Pioneer Times January, 1992: "Quantrill Scout in New Book Defends Guerrilla Chieftain Who Has Been Called 'Bloodiest Man in All the Civil War,'" by Robertus Love. Ray County Reflections, Ray County Genealogical Association June, 1992: "Land Survey Systems," by Al McKemy; "Trouble Along the Wagon Train"; "Family of Levi Walters and Mariah Martin," by Lura L. Glass. Reporter Quarterly, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri Spring, 1992: "Early Settlers of Central Missouri: James Garret, John K. Barry, Stephen B. Mannen," compiled by John L. Funk and submitted by Betty Barry Deal; "[John M.] Cason, [James Thomas, Howard Hunter, Alexander Knox and James Ernest] Cropp, [Silas and Robert] Hombs, [Peter Thomas] Watson," submitted by Ruth T. King; "John Berry," submitted by Caroline Berry; "Franklin Jenkins," submitted by John R. Walker; "Adam Rodemyre," submitted by Virginia J. Brence; "[Samuel D.] Ellington, [Horatio] Philpott, [William Bailey] Bruce, [John] Perkinson, [Lemuel David] Brummall, [Joel Johns] Penick, [James] King, [John Jay] Johns, [Jesse B.] Borum, [Albion A.] Knight," submitted by June A. Stubbs; "John Gilmore Pigman," submitted by John L. Funk; "Brief Data on Some of My Boone County MO Families," by Joy Crane Alexander. Rural Missouri June, 1992: "Breaking the bonds of ignorance," Lincoln University, by Jeff Joiner; "Charleston: Crown Jewel of Missouri's Old South," by Jim McCarty. St Charles Heritage July, 1992: "The Academy of the Sacred Heart - Fifty Years Ago," by Gloria Meyer Dalton; "St. Charles College vs. The War Department," by Brad Edwards and Gary McKiddy; "Woodlawn Institute: The Education of Proper Ladies in a Proper Setting," by Jason Grosch and Santino Rice; "The Railroad Bridge at St. Charles, MO, Part I," by Wilbert P. Williams; "Fond Memories of Days at St. Charles Military Academy," by Steve Thomas, Darin Reiling and Jody Williamson. 94 Missouri Historical Review

ST.L April, 1992: "One Season of Glory," article on Herman Schultehenrich, by Joseph M. Schuster. St Louis July, 1992: "The Man Behind the Candidate," Dick Gephardt, by Richard Ben Cramer. August, 1992: "The North Twin Drive-In," by Jeffery Davis. St Louis Bar Journal Summer, 1992: "The Passion of Frank P. Blair," by Marshall D. Hier. St Louis Commerce June, 1992: Sverdrup Corporation, "Serving the Client." July, 1992: St. Louis's Central West End, "When Old Becomes New." St Louis Genealogical Society Quarterly Summer, 1992: "Twenty-five Down and More to Go," history of St. Louis Genea­ logical Society, by Edwin J. Sondhaus; "The House of Refuge," juvenile reform school, by Peggy Thomson Greenwood. School & Community, Missouri State Teachers Association Summer, 1992: "Memories of a Master Teacher," Georgia Gourley, by Joyce C. Banks. The Semaphore, Winston Historical Society July, 1992: "Iowa came before Minnesota," by James Lundquist, reprinted; "Scared even Frank James: the ex-outlaw's story of a night in the time of the rebellion," reprinted. Springfield! Magazine May, 1992: "Ruth Reed's Puppeteers Made 1954 Debut Plus Later Encores on School TV Series"; "Drury College's Resa Willis Pens Newest Twain Book," by Sherlu Walpole; "Springfield's Vanishing Farm Scene, Part II," by Jean Gaffga Rayl and Mabel Carver Taylor; "She [Sarah Schnelle Moore] Wanted to be a Music Teacher!" by Mary I. West; "They Married Young: Dave & Patti Barrett," by Charlene Purvis; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga, Part XIV," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XXXVII—Watt-Freeman House," by Mabel Carver Taylor. June, 1992: "Looking Back and Forward After 56 Years on the Scouting Trail," by Robert C. Glazier; "Military Rulers of Springfield (Part I): Franz Sigel," by Robert C. Glazier; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XXXVIII—Robertson-Cox House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga, Part XV," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Spring­ field's Vanishing Farm Scene, Part III," by Jean Gaffga Rayl and Mabel Carver Taylor. July, 1992: "Bunker Hill Resort ... A Special Place!" by Robert C. Glazier; "Gerald Brooks: Consumate Bandmaster," by Sarah E. Smith; "Camp Arrowhead's Mom & Pop," Hew and Nancy Wiley, by Mabel Carver Taylor; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga, Part XVI," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Military Rulers of Springfield (Part II): Nathaniel Lyon," by Robert C. Glazier; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XXXIX—The Williams-Lewis House," by Mabel Carver Taylor. August, 1992: "Parade of Itinerants Ruled Schools Here," by Robert C. Glazier; "Pioneering Putnam Family Plans 150th Reunion Here on August 1," by John Beutler; "Conley Weiss: The Making of Springfield's First Home Grown School Chief," by Robert C. Glazier; "The Highlands Overlooks Wilson's Creek Battlefield," by Marjorie Historical Notes and Comments 95

Moore Armstrong; "Military Rulers of Springfield (Part III): Sterling Price," by Robert C. Glazier; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga, Part XVII," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Trumpeter Paul Tillman Finds Fountain of Youth," by Valerie DeCocq; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XXXX—The Johnston House," by Mabel Carver Taylor. Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis Historical and Technical Society Newsletter January/February/March, 1992: "The NW-2 Locomotive on the Terminal Rail­ road"; "When TRRA Presidents Really Rode the Rails," information provided by Patrick O. McLaughlin. Trails Head Tidings, Oregon-California Trails Association, Trails Head Chapter "John Bartleson Wagon Train to California in 1841," by Joanne Chiles Eakin. Travel Host, Central Missouri edition July 5, 1992: "State Capitol and Missouri Museum"; "Fulton's Churchill Memorial and Library." Wagon Tracks, Santa Fe Trail Association Quarterly May, 1992: "James Brice's Trail Reminiscences, Part I," reprinted; "Modern Dover Road Section of the Santa Fe Trail in Missouri, 1934," by Mrs. Emmet Slusher. Washington Historical Society Newsletter May, 1992: "Harvesting Ice"; "Vignettes of Early Washingtonians." Waterways Journal July 20, 1992: "Albermatla Was a St. Louis River Yacht." This and the article below by James V. Swift. July 27, 1992: "The Hicks became Missouri River Towboat." The Waybill, Bulletin of the Mid-Missouri Railfans July, 1992: "The Egypt of Missouri: A Trip on the M. K. & E., through God's Country to the Capital City," reprinted. The Westerners Brand Book, Westerners of Chicago Volume XXXXII, Number 3: "The Oregon Trail," by Gregory M. Franzwa. Whistle Stop, Harry S. Truman Library Institute Newsletter Volume 20, Number 2, 1992: "Truman and the 'One More Club,'" by George Tames. White River Valley Historical Quarterly Spring, 1992: "Nancy Elizabeth Holt (m. Magness, Terry, Clark), (1836-1907)," by Hillary Brightwell and Lynn Morrow; "A Study of the Causes of Dependency in Ozark County," by O. E. Wright.

Headed West Jefferson City Jeffersonian Republican, September 2, 1843. A Dutchman—has invented a machine, which rocks a cradle and churns his butter at the same time. He expects in the course of time to set it ploughing, and will shortly send it out west to locate land for him.—He's hard to beat. 96 Missouri Historical Review IN MEMORIAM ALGERMISSEN, S. C, Montgomery City: GRIFFEY, A. E., Stuart, Florida: September 16, 1903-January 13, 1992. December 20, 1907-May 1, 1992. BEHRENS, CHARLES R., Sedalia: LANSER, ROLAND LOUIS, Littleton, Colo- February 22, 1904-December 15, 1991. rado: February 21, 1917-October 4, 1991. BRANSON-KELLEY, MAMIE ANN, Liberty: MCCUNE, EMMETT L., Hallsville: August 5, 1905-February 10, 1992. January 2, 1927-May 25, 1990. COWGILL, WILLIAM W., Columbia: NELSON, RICHARD OLDFIELD, Lawrence, October 23, 1913-June 14, 1992. Kansas: December 5, 1911-May 11, 1992. DOOLITTLE, C. W., Leawood, Kansas: PARE, JAMES, Hayward, California: January 25, 1922-March 3, 1992. February 13, 1924-December 1, 1991. ECKERT, CONRAD L., Tulsa, Oklahoma: PATTERSON, THAD, Seagraves, Texas: July 26, 1900-December 31, 1991. February 11, 1911-December 15, 1991.

GREEN, MRS. HARRY C, Danville, Ken- PHILLIPS, GRACE C, Kirkwood: tucky: April 16, 1907-July 13, 1992. August 18, 1910-June 14, 1991.

Christmas Gifts The giving of gift memberships in the State Historical Society of Missouri, which includes a subscription to the Missouri Historical Review, has come to be an established part of Christmas with many members of the Society. The Society invites you to give this distin­ guished Christmas gift. The gift membership serves a multiple purpose. It extends interest in Missouri's proud history, adds members to the Society, expands the influence of the Review, and provides the recipient with an esteemed magazine rich in facts about Missouri and Missourians that brings pleasure throughout the entire year. With each membership that you designate as a Christmas gift, the Society will send a card to the recipient giving your name as the donor of the Christmas gift membership. Please send a check made payable to the State Historical Society of Missouri and the names and addresses for membership to the Society at 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201, on or before December 1. Annual dues are Individual, $10.00; Contributing, $25.00; Supporting, $50.00; Sustaining, $100.00-$499.00; and Patron, $500.00 and over. Life memberships are $250.00. Historical Notes and Comments 97

BOOK REVIEWS The Painting and Politics of George Caleb Bingham. By Nancy Rash (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1991). 286 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $35.00. In this volume, Nancy Rash, a professor of art history at Con­ necticut College, seeks to link George Caleb Bingham's art to his politics. She systematically takes the reader from one expression of Bingham's politics in his art to the next, illustrating her thesis with political banners painted for the 1840 and 1844 elections, analyzing Bingham's river paintings, moving on to his election series and climax­ ing with the famous Order No. 11. Professor Rash has diligently sought out Bingham's political views through research in manuscript collec­ tions, newspapers and, especially, letters written to his good friend and sometime sponsor, James S. Rollins. In seven chapters with such suggestive titles as "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Whig," "Of Snags and Whigs: Bingham's Lighter Relieving a Steamboat Aground and other Riverboat Paintings," "From Snags to Slavery: Bingham and Benton, 1847-1850" and "Bingham and Liberty: Order No. 77," plus an epilogue, Rash relentlessly pursues her thesis. Her argument that Bingham actively engaged in politics while making a living with his art is hardly new, but she attempts to show that in each of Bingham's artistic creations, except for portraits of his contemporaries, he inserted a political message or made a philosophical point about his Whiggish politics. Perhaps this reviewer knows too little about both Bingham's art and his politics, because Rash's argument fails to convince. It is as though the author extrapolated Bingham's concerted political message and his obsession with Thomas Ewing, as revealed in Order No. 11 and an angry campaign against Ewing in the decade after completion of this famous painting, to explain Bingham's entire career. While the author clearly demonstrates Bingham's obsession with Ewing, and thus sig­ nificantly adds to knowledge, her argument that Bingham always used his painting for political purpose does not hold up. The publisher's reproduction of Bingham's pictures is a problem. The illustrations are insufficiently clear to show what the author seeks to demonstrate. On numerous occasions this reviewer carefully pored over a picture trying to see the point made in the text, but to no avail. The endnotes do not reveal the journals in which articles appeared, nor the publisher and date of publication for books. One must refer to the bibliography for that information. 98 Missouri Historical Review

In addition, the book fails to consider in any detail something often mentioned in the text: Bingham painted to make a living and actively sought to create art that would be marketable. Professor Rash notes Bingham's interest in governmental commissions to paint both historical pieces and portraits, his concern about getting subscriptions for various paintings and his efforts to get pieces engraved. She even mentions some of the prices paid for various works, but these observa­ tions are matters left without comment by the author. This aspect of Bingham's life needed illumination in order to present a complete story. Nevertheless, anyone seeking the latest treatment of one of the two most important artists who have lived and worked in Missouri will have to read Rash's book. University of Missouri-Rolla iMwrence O. Christensen

Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. By Thomas Goodrich (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1991). 207 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $26.00. The August 21, 1863, massacre of over 150 civilians at Lawrence, Kansas, "shocked, stunned," and "sickened" the people of the North, (p. 51) They received the news in disbelief. The relatively quiet and prosperous eastern Kansas town seemed beyond the political con­ troversy and slaughter that, by mid-1863, had invaded the lives of most Americans. Thomas Goodrich focuses the reader on the lengthy Missouri- Kansas conflict and why Lawrence was targeted. His crafted analysis of the complex emotions that spur men to war and such dastardly deeds is the result of thorough research. As if to the cadence of an infantry drum, Goodrich marches the mysterious and dark force under the able leadership of William Quan- trill west from the Blackwater River bottoms of Missouri, across the guarded Kansas border, into downtown Lawrence. There follows the roundup of certain civilians, the firing of buildings, the looting of banks and businesses and war at its darkest moment. The ensuing chase from Lawrence back to Missouri unfolds across the Kansas prairie and involves the entire Union command of the West. The prelude is years of sectional hatred between the free-soilers of Kansas and the slavers of Missouri, carried on not by design, but by the frenzied minds of people at war. Enduring is the story of the common people of Lawrence. The real strength of the American West surfaces in men like Peter Ridenour and women like Sallie Young. Ridenour, a prosperous then devastated businessman, reopens his store in a corncrib; Young, a courageous seamstress, is rewarded with a stint in prison. Historical Notes and Comments 99

The guilty include the zealous abolitionist Kansas senator and Lawrence resident, Jim Lane. The author unveils a pathetic figure— politically responsible for the massacre in the opinion of some—who cowers in a cornfield when the shooting starts and then attempts to capitalize on the raid by riding dressed in his nightshirt on a plowhorse after Quantrill. His bloated exploits proved best for spawning mob violence. In many respects Lane's record equals Quantrill's. Bloody Dawn is about the horrors of war—Kansas or anywhere. The reader will quickly and convincingly see more than the historical criminal, William Quantrill, in laying blame. This history tells the complex story of the bloody border conflict between Missouri and Kansas in understandable and unforgettable terms. It is hard to believe that the inhumanity detailed by Goodrich ever occurred, much less in our own backyard. Northerners who were "shocked" at what they heard in August 1863 about the unsuspecting residents of Lawrence, as well as the Missourians who were blamed, would all have appreciated this balanced and well-written history. New Madrid H. Riley Bock

Frontier Doctor-Medical Pioneer: The Life and Times of A. T. Still and His Family. By Charles E. Still, Jr. (Kirksville, Mo.: Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1991). 288 pp. Illustrations. Index. $30.00. The publication of this work, written by a grandson of Andrew Taylor Still, the founder of osteopathy, coincides with the centennial of that profession's birth. The book is based largely on a multitude of letters, notes and other materials placed in storage many years ago by the author's father and the author's own research and recollections. It is not an analytical study, but rather a flowing account of Andrew's life in the bosom of his family. The narrative begins with the family of Abraham, Andrew's father, in Virginia. Abraham, a Methodist circuit rider, moved his family, after a short stay in Tennessee, to Missouri. There Andrew reached man­ hood, receiving some formal education along the way, and married Mary Margaret Vaughn. Shortly after the marriage nearly all the Stills moved to an Indian mission in Kansas. There, Andrew, with his father as his preceptor, became a frontier doctor, only to have his fledgling career interrupted by Kansas-Missouri border warfare and the Civil War. The account of those tragic years appears rather simplistic and somewhat biased, but adequate to describe the enormities of the strife 100 Missouri Historical Review

and Andrew's participation in the fight for freedom and the Union. Unfortunately, the author leaves the impression that governmental power in Missouri was not in the hands of Union men. After the war, Andrew's alarm at doctors' penchants to prescribe addictive drugs propelled his discovery of what he much later called osteopathy, thus setting the stage for his becoming a medical pioneer. His dogged determination to promote his manipulative therapy and the steadfast support of his second wife, Mary Elvira, provided keys to his ultimate success. Ridiculed and ostracized in Kansas and then in Macon, Missouri, he opened an office in Kirksville, working as an itinerant doctor. He improved his manipular skills and gradually built a reputation as an extraordinarily successful healer. Much of the last half of the book concerns Andrew's establishment of and the growth of the American School of Osteopathy. The founder's family rallied round; hardly a Still failed to have some association with the school at one time or another. Most attention, however, is given the work of the "Old Doctor" himself, Mary Elvira and sons Harry and Charles. Understandably, the last two chapters highlight "Dr. Charley"— osteopath, mayor, legislator—and his family. The principle shortcomings of the book include the lack of docu­ mentation and the absence of anything other than what might be expected of an admiring scion. Yet, the book encompasses far more than tales about Andrew Still that have been related time and again. The narration moves smoothly and rapidly; the insertions of recollec­ tions and reveries do not intrude seriously on the flow of the story. Several episodes—Charles's success as a baseball pitcher, his courtship of Anna Rider and the purloining of cadavers from a Chicago morgue—are delightful. Moreover, the author is to be commended for not only dedicating the book to the memory of five Still mothers and wives but also for providing insights into the life of each. Northeast Missouri State University David D. March

James Milton Turner and the Promise of America. By Gary R. Kremer (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991). 245 pp. Illustrations. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $32.50. The years immediately following the Civil War ushered in a period of optimism among blacks and their supporters concerning the future role of ex-slaves. Significantly, by the turn of the twentieth century, African-American optimism had turned into widespread disillusionment. Gary Kremer's fine biography of James MiJton Turner provides a focal point to examine the dynamics of this unfortunate turn of events. More importantly, Kremer also provides valuable insight into the historic shortcomings of black political leadership. Historical Notes and Comments 101

James Milton Turner, similar to many African-American political leaders past and present, appeared to be a marginal man who operated between two worlds (mainstream American politics and the black community). Turner first attracted the attention of whites in Missouri through a remarkable act of honesty and loyalty during the Civil War. Colonel Madison Miller, a Union officer from St. Louis, employed Turner as his body servant. At the battle of Shiloh, Miller suffered both a serious wound and capture by the Confederates. Turner, unsure of Miller's status, took four thousand dollars that Miller had given him for safekeeping to Miller's wife. This act subsequently generated con­ siderable political dividends for Turner. Madison Miller's wife was the sister of Thomas C. Fletcher, the man who became Missouri's radical governor during early Reconstruction. Thus, Turner, who had attended Oberlin College in Ohio (1854-1858) but had returned to Missouri only to perform menial labor, soon had the opportunity to utilize his educational training and pronounced oratorical skills. Between 1865 and 1870 James Milton Turner emerged as the most visible African-American political figure in Missouri. Besides being prominent in the Missouri Equal Rights League, Turner's role as a special emissary of the Freedman's Bureau and the Missouri State Superintendent of Public Schools resulted in the establishment of schools for African-Americans throughout Missouri. Despite his impressive accomplishments, Turner's political influence waned after 1870. First, Turner, who vehemently believed that Missouri blacks should be guaranteed full political equality before former Con­ federates had their political rights restored, watched with dismay as Missouri voters in 1870 endorsed state constitutional amendments that lessened political restrictions on former Rebels while the issue of black political participation remained in question. Also, while Turner was an outspoken advocate of African-American equality, his elitist notions estranged him from the very people he sought to assist. His political activities, ambassador to Liberia (1871-1878) and chief promoter of the Cherokee Freedman Act (1888), did little to accentuate his real, rather than imagined political stature. Ironically, his immersion in black Masonry late in life (after he had become totally disillusioned with American party politics) may have been the most satisfying period of his life. Turner's career demonstrates the extremely difficult role of historic black political figures. Consequently, it is not surprising that the African-American leaders perceived to be the most effective are those, such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who operated outside the realm of American party politics. University of Missouri-Columbia Robert E. Weems, Jr. 102 Missouri Historical Review BOOK NOTES A Pictorial History of the Kingdom of Callaway, (n.p., 1991). 128 pp. Illustrations. $39.95, plus tax and postage. The Kingdom of Callaway Supper Committee and The Fulton Sun have joined to publish a delightful pictorial history of their county's heritage. The book is not intended to be a comprehensive history, but rather a collection of artifacts that illustrate the progress, the landmarks and everyday life. It is arranged by community, and both defunct and still-thriving towns are represented. A couple of pictures stand out: an image of the last legal hanging in Missouri in 1936 and a photograph of Callaway County farm girl Helen Stephens being congratulated by Adolf Hitler after winning two gold medals at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. Callawegians, or anyone interested in the area's history, will appreciate this handsome volume. The book can be ordered from La Rue's Office Supply, 523 Court Street, Fulton, MO 65251.

A Dream Remembered: The Story of Old Siloam, Gentry County, Missouri. By Margaret J. Wooderson (Jefferson City, Mo., 1991). 120 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. $11.00 paper. Wooderson recreates the early days of a now-extinct Gentry County town in this interesting history. She uses a variety of sources: family and county histories, personal memories of childhood summers spent in Siloam and the area newspaper, the Weekly Albany Ledger. Chrono­ logically arranged, the book covers the period from the town's creation in 1880 to 1916. Important events that shaped the town are highlighted: early politics, the building of a sanitarium and the tornado of 1889. Wooderson not only tells of events, she depicts the grit of the people that allowed them to flourish in this northern Missouri town. The book may be ordered from Margaret J. Wooderson, 2821 Sue Drive, Jef­ ferson City, MO 65109.

Missouri: The Heart of the Nation. By William E. Parrish, Charles T. Jones, Jr., and Lawrence O. Christensen (Arlington Heights, 111.: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1992). 423 pp. Illustrations. Appendix. Index. $29.95 cloth; $19.95 paper. The second edition of this significant work on Missouri history seeks to update materials from the first, as recent scholarship has warranted. In addition, the new edition has a chapter that covers Missouri history during the 1980s. Issues that came into the limelight Historical Notes and Comments 103 during this decade, such as women and blacks in politics, the St. Louis and Kansas City desegregation cases, environmental issues and the right-to-life controversy, are highlighted. The book provides an excellent overview of Missouri history and is enhanced by a suggested reading list at the end of each chapter. The book is available in bookstores.

Pictorial History of Webster Groves. (Webster Groves, Mo.: Webster- Kirkwood Times, 1991). 120 pp. Illustrations. $39.95, plus $9.28 for tax and postage. This volume opens with a written two-page "mini-history" and proceeds on with pictures, and more pictures, to illustrate the rich heritage of Webster Groves. The pictorial history is divided into nine sections that encompass the heart of this largely residential community: people, homes, street scenes, schools, churches, clubs, businesses, gov­ ernment and events. Many family stories are found within the images, and the accompanying captions add a final touch of useful information. The volume can be ordered from the Webster-Kirkwood Times, 122 West Lockwood, St. Louis, MO 63119.

Mid-Lands: A Family Album. By Robert Murray Davis (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992). 202 pp. Illustrations. $19.95. By the time Robert Murray Davis was sixteen, he would cringe whenever his mother defended his hometown, Boonville, Missouri, as "a good place to raise kids." He saw it as a good place to leave and never second-guessed his decision to do so. Now, forty years later, prompted by his father's death and questions from his daughter, Davis has written a first-person narrative that is both memoir and social history. The author focuses on the contrasts of the area and post-war America that shaped his world: blacks and whites, Protestants and Catholics, boys and girls, and town and country, to name a few. Descriptions of Davis's two family branches, the Murrays and the Davises, are woven throughout the book to create an entertaining and interesting statement on regional American life. The book is available in bookstores.

The Lyon Campaign in Missouri: Being a History of the First Iowa Infantry. By Eugene F. Ware (Iowa City: Press of the Camp Pope Bookshop, 1991, reprint). 383 pp. Illustrations. Appendix. Index. $24.95, plus $1.75 postage. Civil War buffs will be excited to learn that this scarce classic is 104 Missouri Historical Review now available in a reprint commemorating the 130th anniversary of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. The author, a Union soldier in the First Iowa Infantry Regiment, was a highly educated man who kept a detailed journal. Through both humor and horror, he describes daily activities and provides a wealth of information about army life. The latter part of the book focuses exclusively on the pivotal Battle of Wilson's Creek. Interested persons may order this book from the Press of the Camp Pope Bookshop, P.O. Box 2232, Iowa City, IA 52244.

The Founding Prophet: An Administrative Biography of Joseph Smith, Jr. By Maurice L. Draper (Independence, Mo.: Herald Publishing House, 1991). 255 pp. Endnotes. Appendix. Bibliography. $15.00 paper, plus $1.50 postage. In this biography of the founder of the Latter Day Saint move­ ment, the author examines a side of Joseph Smith, Jr., often over­ looked: his role as administrator and organizer. Although many people associate Smith with spiritual revelations and experiences, his work as an administrator was crucial in the development and success of the church. The book, fourth in a series of administrative biographies of church leaders, is not a comprehensive look at Smith's life; rather, it is an attempt to understand his significant contributions to the organiza­ tional structure of the church. Extensive endnotes and a bibliography direct interested readers to other sources for further research. The book may be ordered from Herald Publishing House, P.O. Box 1770, Inde­ pendence, MO 64055.

The Tri-State Tornado: The Story of America's Greatest Tornado Di­ saster. By Peter S. Felknor (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1992). 131 pp. Illustrations. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. $13.95 paper. Using vivid eyewitness accounts by fourteen survivors of the worst tornado disaster in American history, the author reconstructs the twister that swept through Missouri, Illinois and Indiana on March 18, 1925. Often forgotten, this tornado claimed 689 lives and had one of the longest and widest uninterrupted paths of any recorded storm in this country. The survivors' story is chilling and amazingly specific, en­ hanced greatly by the particular language of the middle Mississippi Valley. This account is available in bookstores.

Kansas City, Missouri. An Architectural History, 1826-1990. By George Ehrlich (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992, revised edition). 244 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. $22.50 paper. Historical Notes and Comments 105

This richly illustrated revised edition about Kansas City's archi­ tectural heritage begins in 1826 when a small fur trading post was relocated in the area. Chronologically arranged, the book takes the reader from the trading post to the skyscrapers and elaborate, techno­ logically advanced structures that mark the 1980s and 1990s. The book also focuses on the shift in priorities from the deteriorating infrastruc­ ture to the city's insistent needs and social problems. Ehrlich takes a look at where Kansas City has been to better understand the Kansas City of tomorrow. The book is available in area bookstores.

Fatal To Say The Least Ozark Happenings Newsletter, Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Historical Society, Jan/Feb/Mar 1992. Some causes of death listed in various sources: (1) Don't know - died without aid of a physician (2) Went to bed feeling well - woke up dead (3) Blow on the head with an axe - contributory cause, another man's wife (4) Don't know - never been fatally ill before (5) Worn out (6) Died suddenly - nothing seriously wrong.

Emerson on Pumpkin Wisdom The Maneater, the Student Voice of Missouri University, Columbia, February 28, 1992. We fancy men are individuals; so are pumpkins; but every pumpkin goes through every point of pumpkin history. Ralph Waldo Emerson

Sportsmen's and Others' Delights A Bunch of Facts About the County of Ripley and the City of Doniphan, in the State of Missouri, by Geo. A. Neal [ca. 1903-1907]. Current River is the home of the gamest of gamefish and is, therefore, the delight of the sportsman. . . . Strawberries reach their heighest [sic] degree of excellence in Ripley County. . . . Like Grand Old Missouri, Ripley County is big with [a] variety of resources. . . .

Hogs Are Deadbeats Kingston Caldwell County Sentinel, April 2, 1886. A correspondent writes to know "whether hogs pay." Some hogs pay and some do not. Quite a number take the paper several years and then send it back marked "Refused."—Vindicator. 106 Missouri Historical Review

ANNUAL MEETING SCHEDULED FOR OCTOBER 17 Members of the State Historical Society planning to attend the 1992 Annual Meeting in Columbia should mark October 17 on their calendars as the date for the day-long meetings and festivities. Dr. James I. Robertson, Jr., will be the featured speaker at the Annual Meeting luncheon. The Alumni Distinguished Pro­ fessor in History at Virginia Tech, Robertson is one of the preeminent scholars of the Civil War. He has received numerous awards in Civil War history. Robertson is the author of General A. P. Hill, Soldiers Blue and Gray, Civil War Virginia and other scholarly publications. He is presently completing a biog­ raphy of Confederate General Stonewall Jackson. Noted for his stimulating lectures and lively addresses, Robertson will speak on "Why the Civil War Still Lives." During the Society's open house, members and guests will have an opportunity to view an exhibit of the art of Fred Shane (1906-1990) in the Gallery. The exhibit will include a number of recent acquisitions of Shane's work, donated by his daughter, Claire Shane Lohnes, of Palo Alto, California, and Dr. and Mrs. Harry Cohen of Columbia, Missouri. Also on display will be a piece titled Genesis, donated by the internationally ac­ claimed sculptor, Larry Young, of Columbia. Members interested in attending the 1992 Annual Meeting luncheon should request reservations ($11.00 each) by sending a check made payable to The State Historical Society of Missouri to the Society at 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. All reservations must be made and checks received by October 9. No luncheon tickets can be sold at the door. Free parking is available in all University visitor, faculty and staff parking lots on Saturdays. Information about the workshops to be presented the morning of the meeting appears on page 107. Historical Notes and Comments 107

ANNUAL MEETING WORKSHOPS The State Historical Society will offer three workshops on Saturday, October 17, 1992, to coincide with the annual meeting.

• PREPARING NOMINATIONS FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES. Steven E. Mitchell, National Register co­ ordinator for the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, will discuss the criteria for National Register listing, the guide­ lines for evaluating eligibility, the development of historic and architectural contexts for listing a property and the National Register form. (Memorial Union S204)

• LOCAL HISTORY: SOME POINTERS ON HOW TO DO IT. Richard McKinzie, professor of history at the University of Missouri-Kansas City and coauthor of At the River's Bend: A History of Kansas City and Jackson County, will talk about organizing, researching and writing local history. He will em­ phasize topics and source materials that have been frequently overlooked in the past. (Memorial Union S206)

• MISSOURI GENEALOGICAL RESOURCES AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES-CENTRAL PLAINS REGION, KANSAS CITY. This session will be presented by staff members and a volunteer from the Central Plains Region facility—Mark Corriston, assistant di­ rector; Joyce B. Hensen, staff member and former volunteer coordinator; and Pat Shackleford, current volunteer coordi­ nator. The speakers will provide an overview of records held by their facility that possess significant value for family historians and genealogists. Participants will be encouraged to research in untraditional sources where genealogical information can be found, confirmed or proven. (Memorial Union S207) The workshops will be held from 9:00 to 10:30 A.M. in the Memorial Union on the campus of the University of Missouri- Columbia. The registration fee for each of the workshops is $10.00. Membership in the Society is not required for participa­ tion. To reserve a place in a workshop, send a check made payable to The State Historical Society of Missouri and choice of workshop to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. 108 Missouri Historical Review

A Message from the Executive Director The State Historical Society of Missouri is charged by statute to collect, preserve, disseminate and make accessible the history of the state and Western America. To accomplish these missions, the Society, over the years, has become the second largest specialized research library in Missouri. It operates reference and newspaper departments, engages in a publications program, houses a fine arts collection and participates in a joint manuscript collection with the University of Missouri. Although the State Historical Society receives a state appropriation each year, it must augment that appropriation to carry out its work. In view of the state's present economic condition, nonappropriated funds available through memberships, gifts and bequests become even more important. If you believe in the missions of the Society, one way that you can insure its continued success is to make a tax deductible contribution. Such gifts in the past, for example, have allowed the Society to obtain more historical and genealogical materials for its reference and newspaper libraries. Recent additions to these libraries include The American Indian: The First Americans, Black Americans in Congress . . . 1870-1989, St. Francois County Looking Back and the 1920 federal census of Missouri. An alternative to a current cash contribution is a gift through a will or a trust made to "The State Historical Society of Missouri." The Society has greatly benefited from such gifts in the past, including the addition of a George Caleb Bingham portrait to the fine arts collection. While the State Historical Society does appreciate and need its governmental support, it depends on the largess of its friends to supply additional funds. With this type of aid the State Historical Society can further enhance the quality of its collections. If you need further information on how to make such a gift, please contact James W. Goodrich, Executive Director of the Society, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201; telephone number (314) 882-7083. State Historical Society of Missouri HISTORIC MISSOURI COLLEGES CARLETON INSTITUTE In June 1916 the last graduating class of Farmington's Carleton College passed through its doors, and a sixty-two-year-old St. Francois County educational institution ended its service. The institute had its beginnings in a log cabin school founded in 1854 by Eliza Ann Carleton eight miles north of Farmington, near Big River Mills. Carleton's venture proved successful. In 1856 she erected a frame building to house her classes, and in 1859 the institution received a charter from the state legislature that allowed it to grant college degrees. The founder named the school Carleton Institute in honor of her father and purposed "to provide an institution of learning where the young people of Southern Missouri, under Christian influences, could pursue the same courses of study as offered by the best colleges." Born in Montgomery County, Virginia, on June 13, 1826, Eliza Carleton migrated with her father, Jacob, from Indiana to St. Francois County in 1839. Although her early education was apparently limited, perhaps mostly self-taught, she opened a subscription school in 1845. A few years later she sought admission to Arcadia College, founded in 1846 by J. C. Berryman. The first woman admitted to the fledgling college, Carleton graduated as valedictorian of her class in 1854. Unlike many Missouri educational institutions, Carleton Institute remained open during the Civil War. College catalogs from later years proudly noted this fact and commented on Carleton's "going out . . . beyond the campus ... to relieve the languishing wreckage left by the whirlwind of the charge." In 1876 Carleton purchased sixteen acres in Farmington and constructed a handsome four-story brick building. The new school opened on December 2, 1878. The college thrived after its move. A four-story addition to the original building was erected in 1884, and a two-story brick residence for Carleton was added in 1904. In 1912 a new science building, Gilliland Hall, opened. Eliza Carleton served as president of the institution until at least 1908 and, additionally, taught courses as varied as botany, rhetoric, English, German, history and moral science. As late as 1910 she occasionally spoke at college chapel services. In 1885 she gave the college to the St. Louis Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but the school maintained its non-sectarian status. Carleton Institute (also known as Carleton College after 1895) offered a full range of courses of study. An academy prepared students for college-level work; a normal course instructed future teachers; and a college granted bachelor degrees in philosophy, science, literature and music. At times the school offered extended courses of study in elocution, commerce and agriculture. By 1911 the institute had ceased to grant bachelor's degrees and advertised itself as a junior college. Concurrently, it had a sub- academy for students needing eighth-grade work, a four-year academy and a literary department that offered courses in art, piano-forte, elocution, violin and voice. The faculty numbered between six and eleven for most of these years, and the number of students ranged from a low of 76 in 1888-1889 to 278 in 1909-1910, with the majority enrolled in the preparatory school and the music department. Student activities included literary clubs, tennis and, after the turn of the twentieth century, football, baseball and basketball. A women's basketball team organized in 1910. Eliza Ann Carleton maintained her interest in the school until her death on September 17, 1915. Carleton College survived only months after her passing, and the original building was later razed.