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Transparent Glass Ceramics crystals Editorial Transparent Glass Ceramics Shiv Prakash Singh 1,* and Atul D. Sontakke 2,* 1 Center for Ceramic Processing, International Advanced Research Center for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Balapur P.O., Hyderabad 500005, India 2 Condensed Matter & Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.P.S.); [email protected] (A.D.S.) In the past few decades, glass ceramic (GC) has revolutionized the application of glass [1,2]. Glass ceramic is a composite material of crystalline phases dispersed in the glass matrix [3]. In other words, GC materials provide a unique combination of the ordered crystalline structure within the disordered glass matrix. Glass ceramics provide improved properties, such as mechanical, electrical, thermal, etc., compared to their parent glass materials [3,4]. The chemical nature of the crystalline phases in the GC varies between metallic, semiconductor, oxide and non-oxide crystalline phases. However, retaining the transparency of the GC in comparison to the glass is a big challenge [3,5]. As the crystals’ size increases, the transparency decreases due to scattering losses, and finally, it becomes opaque at a bigger crystallite size (in the micron to millimeter range). The loss of transparency limits the application of glass ceramics; as such, the development of transparent glass-ceramics is essential for many applications. The transparent glass ceramics are cost-effective in their production, in comparison to the single crystals and transparent ceramics materials. In general, transparent glass ceramics are produced through two methods: the melt- quenching of glass and subsequent heat treatment for crystallization, and the sol-gel tech- nique [5]. The size of the crystal can be controlled through nucleation and crystal growth Citation: Singh, S.P.; Sontakke, A.D. kinetics [6]. A few glasses are self-nucleating, whereas in most cases, crystallization is gov- Transparent Glass Ceramics. Crystals erned by different nucleating agents [5]. Nucleating agents are melted uniformly in the glass 2021, 11, 156. https://doi.org/ melting step, and precipitate through reheating the glass. These nucleating agents provide 10.3390/cryst11020156 the surface for the nucleation and growth of the crystals, hence nucleating agents facilitate the favorable kinetic path for crystallization. Moreover, this process helps to develop homo- Academic Editor:Leonid Kustov geneous and well-defined crystals in the glass matrix. The crystallization process is carried Received: 29 January 2021 out using the conventional method of thermal treatment in the electrical furnace, selective Accepted: 1 February 2021 crystallization using laser sources of different energies, and electron beam irradiation. Published: 4 February 2021 The production of transparent glass ceramics is a very tricky process [7]. Transparent glass ceramic has to fulfill two criteria to retain its transparency [3,5]. The first condition Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in is to match the refractive indices of the dispersed crystal phase and the host glass matrix. published maps and institutional affil- The matching of the refractive index decreases the optical scattering when light passes iations. through the glass and crystal phases. The second condition is to have a very fine crystal size, much smaller than the wavelength of visible light (typically < 50 nm). The smaller size of crystals down to the nanometer regime will cause less scattering of the light. Generally, these transparent glass ceramics are produced from mullite, spinel and oxyfluoride-based compositions [5,8]. They are widely used in low-expansion materials, cooktops, cookware, Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. gyroscopes, etc. In addition to these applications, there are many emerging applications of Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article transparent glass ceramics, such as luminescent materials for optical and photonics use, distributed under the terms and spectral converters for solar application, solid-state light-emitting diodes, optical amplifiers conditions of the Creative Commons for optical communication, electrochromic window, microwave absorber, etc. [8–14]. This Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// demand for transparent glass ceramics is increasing with the advancement of technologies. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Additive manufacturing (AM) technology is another futuristic technology for producing the 4.0/). complicated shapes of transparent glass ceramics [15–17]. However, the presence of pores Crystals 2021, 11, 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020156 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/crystals Crystals 2021, 11, 156 2 of 3 is a major challenge in the additive manufacturing of transparent glass ceramic materials, which decreases their transparency. As such, it is crucial to address the elimination of pores from the transparent glass ceramic produced by AM. Furthermore, new properties of the transparent glass ceramic can be found if the crystallization kinetics can be controlled under extreme conditions of processing. Transparent glass ceramics with improved mechanical properties and comparatively low weight, used for displays, is another growing field of interest. Gorilla® glass ceramic is a well-known transparent glass ceramic being used in smartphones [1,8]. The glass research community is very small compared to other emerging research areas, such as 2D materials, high-entropy materials, semiconductors, nanocrystalline materials, etc. [1]. As we have discussed above, transparent glass ceramics have plenty of uses in real applications, ranging from day to day life to strategic sectors. As such, it is essential to integrate glass research in academia with the industries, so as to explore many new avenues of its applications. The present issue on “Transparent Glass Ceramics” has included articles on the absorption library of rare-earth orthophosphates, the crystallization of GeO2-Al2O3-Bi2O3 glasses, and the luminescence behavior of GdVO4: Tb nanocrystals in silicate glass ceramics. We believe these articles will be useful for the materials community in several fields of application. Author Contributions: S.P.S. and A.D.S. have developed the concept for this work. S.P.S. and A.D.S. have written, edited and reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Montazerian, M.; Singh, S.P.; Zanotto, E.D. An analysis of glass-ceramic research and commercialization. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 2015, 94, 30–35. 2. Mauro, J.C.; Zanotto, E.D. Two Centuries of Glass Research: Historical Trends, Current Status, and Grand Challenges for the Future. Int. J. Appl. Glas. Sci. 2014, 5, 313–327. [CrossRef] 3. Beall, G.H.; Duke, D.A. Transparent glass-ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. 1969, 4, 340–352. [CrossRef] 4. Beall, G.H.; Pinckney, L.R. Nanophase Glass-Ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1999, 82, 5–16. [CrossRef] 5. Liu, X.; Zhou, J.; Zhou, S.; Yue, Y.; Qiu, J. Transparent glass-ceramics functionalized by dispersed crystals. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2018, 97, 38–96. [CrossRef] 6. Zanotto, E.D.; Cassar, D.R. The race within supercooled liquids-Relaxation versus crystallization. J. Chem. Phys. 2018, 149. [CrossRef][PubMed] 7. Gallo, L.S.A.; Villas Boas, M.O.C.; Rodrigues, A.C.M.; Melo, F.C.L.; Zanotto, E.D. Transparent glass-ceramics for ballistic protection: Materials and challenges. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2019, 8, 3357–3372. [CrossRef] 8. Dymshits, O.; Shepilov, M.; Zhilin, A. Transparent glass-ceramics for optical applications. MRS Bull. 2017, 42, 200–205. [CrossRef] 9. Tick, P.A.; Borrelli, N.F.; Cornelius, L.K.; Newhouse, M.A. Transparent glass ceramics for 1300 nm amplifier applications. J. Appl. Phys. 1995, 78, 6367–6374. [CrossRef] 10. Wang, X.; Wang, P.; Zhao, H.; Tian, K.; Jia, S.; Wang, S.; Brambilla, G. Ultra-broadband near-infrared photoluminescence in 3+ 2+ Er -Ni co-doped transparent glass ceramics containing nano-perovskite KZnF3. Ceram. Int. 2020, 46, 25987–25991. [CrossRef] 11. Benitez, T.Y.; Gómez, S.; de Oliveira, A.P.N.; Travitzky, N.; Hotza, D. Transparent ceramic and glass-ceramic materials for armor applications. Ceram. Int. 2017, 43, 13031–13046. [CrossRef] 12. Li, M.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, F.; Sha, S.; Xu, S.; Li, S. Preparation and upconversion luminescent properties of Yb3+/Er3+ doped transparent glass-ceramics containing CaF2 nanocrystals. Ceram. Int. 2020, 46, 25399–25404. [CrossRef] 13. Bocker, C.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Höche, T.; Rüssel, C. Size distribution of BaF2 nanocrystallites in transparent glass ceramics. Acta Mater. 2009, 57, 5956–5963. [CrossRef] 14. Shioya, K.; Komatsu, T.; Kim, H.G.; Sato, R.; Matusita, K. Optical properties of transparent glass-ceramics in K2ONb2O5TeO2 glasses. J. Non. Cryst. Solids 1995, 189, 16–24. [CrossRef] 15. Klein, J.; Stern, M.; Franchin, G.; Kayser, M.; Inamura, C.; Dave, S.; Weaver, J.C.; Houk, P.; Colombo, P.; Yang, M.; et al. Additive Manufacturing of Optically Transparent Glass. 3D Print. Addit. Manuf. 2015, 2, 92–105. [CrossRef] Crystals 2021, 11, 156 3 of 3 16. Kotz, F.; Arnold, K.; Bauer, W.; Schild, D.; Keller, N.; Sachsenheimer, K.; Nargang, T.M.; Richter, C.; Helmer, D.; Rapp, B.E. Three-dimensional printing of transparent fused silica glass. Nature 2017, 544, 337–339. [CrossRef][PubMed] 17. Moore, D.G.; Barbera, L.; Masania, K.; Studart, A.R. Three-dimensional printing of multicomponent glasses using phase- separating resins. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 212–217. [CrossRef][PubMed].
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