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Metric Units and Postage Stamps Donald W Note Metric Units and Postage Stamps Donald W. Hillger, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1375 he metric system has evolved SI Unit Symbol Compound Quantity Person Units from the French (“metre”) T ampere A base unit electric current André-Marie Ampère units of 1790 to be officially recog- (1775-1836) nized by the Eleventh General kelvin K base unit thermodynamic Lord Kelvin/William Conference on Weights and temperature Thomson (1824-1907) Measures as the International degree °C K * Celsius Anders Celsius System of Units (SI) in 1960. This Celsius temperature (1701-1744) note brings together brief biograph- ical notes of the scientists for whom hertz Hz 1/s frequency Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894) many SI units are named, along 2 with reproductions of postage newton Nkg m/s force Isaac Newton stamps from around the world that (1642-1727) have been issued to honor these pascal Pa N/m2 pressure, stress Blaise Pascal men. This combination of science, (1623-1662) metrics, and history may also pro- joule JN menergy, work, James Prescott Joule duce the bonus of introducing quantity of heat (1818-1889); no stamp someone to the hobby of topical watt W J/s power, radiant flux James Watt stamp collecting. (1736-1819) Currently, 19 SI units are named coulomb CA s electric charge, Charles Coulomb after scientists (see Table I). Each SI quantity of electricity (1736-1806) symbol is unique in its spelling volt VW/A electric potential Alessandro Volta (usually a capital first letter of the difference, (1745-1827) person’s name), and each unit is electromotive force unique scientifically, describing a farad F C/V electric capacitance Michael Faraday quantity to be measured using that (1791-1867) SI unit. (Celsius alone is ohm ⍀ V/A electric resistance Georg Simon Ohm capitalized.) (1787-1854) By far the largest number of SI siemens S A/V electric conductance Werner von Siemens postage stamps feature Sir Isaac (1816-1892) Newton. Several honor André- weber Wb V s magnetic flux Wilhelm Eduard Weber Marie Ampère, Allesandro Volta, (1804-1891); no stamp and Nikola Tesla. Of the approxi- tesla T Wb/m2 magnetic flux density Nikola Tesla mately 170 stamps recognizing “SI (1856-1943) personalities,” only one has been henry H Wb/A electric inductance Joseph Henry issued by the United States. France (1797-1878); no stamp and Germany are the most frequent issuers of such stamps. becquerel Bq 1/s activity (of a Antoine-Henri radionuclide) Becquerel (1852-1908) SI Base Units gray Gy J/kg absorbed dose Louis Harold Gray The international system of units (1905-1965); no stamp now recommended for all scientific sievert Sv J/kg dose equivalent Rolf Sievert purposes begins with seven base (1898-1966); no stamp units. Two are named after scien- * The temperature units are the same size. The temperature in Celsius, t, = T – 273.15 K. tists—the ampere and the kelvin. Table I. SI units and the persons for whom they were named. Metric Units and Postage Stamps Vol. 37, Nov. 1999 THE PHYSICS TEACHER 507 Fig. 3. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. ➤The ampere is the SI base unit for knighted by Queen Victoria in 1892) symbol °, unlike the word kelvin and electric current. This unit ties the who introduced the absolute scale. symbol K for the absolute scale.) electromagnetic and mechanical The one stamp that shows Kelvin The degree Celsius is named after units together into a coherent unit (from Guinea-Bissau, Fig. 2) also Anders Celsius, inventor of the centi- system. The ampere was defined in shows a cable-laying ship, because grade thermometer in 1742. How- 1948 as the constant current which, Kelvin was involved in the laying of ever, his original thermometer had if maintained in two straight parallel the first Atlantic cable and became a 100 as the freezing temperature and 0 conductors of infinite length, of neg- leading authority in that field. as the boiling temperature of water. ligible cross section, and placed one The centigrade scale was inverted in meter apart in vacuum, would pro- SI Derived Units 1750, a few years after Celsius' death, vide between the conductors a force The remainder of the SI units and his name did not become official- equal to 2 x 10-7 newton per meter of named after personalities are derived ly attached to the SI unit until almost length. This was an outgrowth of units, units “formed by combining 200 years later, in 1948, making the Andre-Marie Ampère’s law that base or other derived units according term "centigrade" obsolete. The only describes mathematically the mag- to algebraic relations linking the cor- stamp showing Celsius, issued by netic force between two electric cur- responding quantities.” These units Sweden (Fig. 3), also shows a ther- rents. Ampère also developed mea- will be considered in order of mometer with the zero point at the suring techniques for electricity. A increasing complexity, with units lower end. stamp from Monaco (Fig. 1) shows defined in terms of other units fol- Ampère and what later became lowing those units used in their ➤The hertz is the derived SI unit for known as a galvanometer. definitions. frequency measurement. This unit is the reciprocal of the second, the SI ➤The kelvin is the SI base unit of ➤The degree Celsius is the derived base unit for time. (The symbol for thermodynamic temperature. The SI unit for the ordinary metric tem- hertz is a capital letter H followed by kelvin was defined in 1954 as “the perature scale with values from 0 to a lowercase letter z, to distinguish fraction 1/273.16 of the thermody- 100 degrees between the freezing and this unit from the henry, to be dis- namic temperature of the triple point boiling temperatures of pure water cussed later.) The hertz replaces pre- of water,” which is fixed at 273.16 K under standard conditions. The rela- vious usage of cycles per second and (0.01 °C). This definition makes the tion of the degree Celsius scale to the is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. kelvin unit equal in size to a degree kelvin scale is an offset by a constant Hertz helped establish the fact that Celsius, but extending the scale factor of 273.15 K. This is the only SI light is electromagnetic radiation. down to absolute zero. In 1967 the unit with an additive offset, com- The term "Hertzian waves" was once unit name was changed from degree pared with the other derived SI units, popular for what we now call radio Kelvin to kelvin, dropping the word which are either products or ratios of waves. Representative of the seven and symbol for degree and not capi- two or more SI units. (The word stamps known to honor Hertz is the talizing kelvin. The kelvin is named Celsius and the symbol C are used one from San Marino (Fig. 4), issued after Baron Kelvin (William along with the word degree and the for the centenary of radio in 1995. Thompson, Lord Kelvin when 508 THE PHYSICS TEACHER Vol. 37, Nov. 1999 Metric Units and Postage Stamps Fig. 8. Fig. 11. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. ➤The newton is the derived SI unit or power times time. His work helped France (Fig. 8) and also pictures a for force, with force being the establish the mechanical equivalent Leyden jar for storing electric charge. product of mass times acceleration. of heat, that heat is a form of energy Named after Isaac Newton, the unit transfer, and the first law of thermo- ➤The volt is the derived SI unit for reflects Newton's research with the dynamics, or the conservation of electric potential difference or elec- forces of gravity, leading to his three energy. No stamps are known to show tromotive force. One volt is the dif- laws of motion and his Law of Joule. ference in potential across a conduc- Universal Gravitation. Of the more tor carrying one ampere of current than 80 stamps known to show or ➤The watt is the derived SI unit for when the power dissipated is one honor Newton, the one from power or energy per unit time. watt. Alessandro Volta invented the Germany (Fig. 5) shows another of Although the unit is named after voltaic cell and voltaic pile (or bat- Newton's achievements, his discov- James Watt, he actually coined the tery). One of the stamps from Italy ery in the area of optics that white nonmetric term "horsepower" as a (Fig. 9) issued for the centenary of light is composed of every color in standard for performance of steam radio in 1995 shows Volta and his the spectrum. engines. A stamp from Wallis and voltaic pile, a feature found on sever- Futuna Islands (Fig. 7) shows Watt al Volta stamps. ➤The pascal is the derived SI unit and a steam engine and claims Watt for pressure or stress: force per unit as the inventor of the steam engine. ➤The farad is the derived SI unit for area. (The symbol for pascal is a cap- Actually, Watt did not invent the electric capacitance, or the ability to ital P followed by a lowercase a.) The steam engine, but made fundamental hold an electric charge. A capacitance unit is named after Blaise Pascal for improvements in its design, resulting of one farad is present when one his work as the founder of hydrody- in a new type of steam engine that coulomb of electric charge causes a namics and the discovery of the basic was patented in 1769 and widely potential of one volt across the plates physical law of pressure, or Pascal's used.
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