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Third Way and Beyond HALE MAKE-UP 23/10/03 8:20 Am Page Ii HALE MAKE-UP 23/10/03 8:20 Am Page Iii hale cvr 12/5/03 10:31 AM Page 1 GLOBALISATIONINCLUSIO NCOMMUNITYFLEXIBILITY RESPONSIBILITYOPPORTU The Third Way is said to be the guiding philosophy for New Labour and andbeyond Third Way The NITIESSAFETYORDERSPRIV centre-left parties and governments across the globe. Moving beyond ATEFINANCEINITIATIVETRA The attempts to define and defend the Third Way, this innovative collection DITIONWELFAREREFORMCI embarks on a critical examination of this key concept. The authors draw TIZENSHIPNEO-LIBERALIS on expert contributions from a range of disciplines and perspectives to MEMPOWERMENTPARTICI Third Way dissect the Third Way in theory and practice, assess its legacy and PATIONVALUESMODERNGL suggest alternatives. OBALISATIONINCLUSIONC and beyond OMMUNITYFLEXIBILITYRES The book begins by reviewing attempts to define the Third Way. It then PONSIBILITYOPPORTUNITI examines what the Third Way implies for our understanding of economy ESSAFETYORDERSPRIVATE and the state, before critically addressing the philosophical and practical Criticisms, futures implications of its attempt to use the term 'community'. The final section FINANCEINITIATIVETRADIT deconstructs Third Way rhetoric and discourse. The conclusion reviews IONWELFAREREFORMCITIZ and alternatives how these critical insights might form a basis for alternative political ENSHIPNEO-LIBERALISME projects. MPOWERMENTPARTICIPAT Written in a rigorous but accessible style, this interdisciplinary collection IONVALUESMODERNGLOB is essential reading for anyone with an interest in understanding a key ALISATIONINCLUSIONCOM idea propounded by New Labour and the contemporary centre-left. It MUNITYFLEXIBILITYRESPO will appeal to those studying politics, sociology, contemporary history, NSIBILITYOPPORTUNITIESS social policy, social and political theory and applied philosophy. It AFETYORDERSPRIVATEFIN provides both an introduction to the topic and new and original insights ANCEINITIATIVETRADITION for specialists in the area. WELFAREREFORMCITIZENS HIPNEO-LIBERALISMEMPO MARTELL HALE, LEGGETT WERMENTPARTICIPATIONV Sarah Hale is now a Lecturer in Political Theory at the University of Portsmouth ALUESMODERNGLOBALISA Luke Martell is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Sussex TIONINCLUSIONCOMMUNI Will Leggett is Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Birmingham. TYFLEXIBILITYRESPONSIBI LITYOPPORTUNITIESSAFET EDS YORDERSPRIVATEFINANCE INITIATIVETRADITIONWELF AND AREREFORMCITIZENSHIPN EO-LIBERALISMEMPOWER MENTPARTICIPATIONVALU ESMODERNGLOBALISATIO EDITED BY NINCLUSIONCOMMUNITYF SARAH HALE MANCHESTER LEXIBILITYRESPONSIBILITY WILL LEGGETT OPPORTUNITIESSAFETYOR AND MANCHESTER DERSPRIVATEFINANCEINITI LUKE MARTELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ATIVETRADITIONWELFARE www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk REFORMCITIZENSHIPNEO-L IBERALISMEMPOWERMENT PARTICIPATIONVALUESMO HALE MAKE-UP 23/10/03 8:20 am Page i The Third Way and beyond HALE MAKE-UP 23/10/03 8:20 am Page ii HALE MAKE-UP 23/10/03 8:20 am Page iii The Third Way and beyond Criticisms, futures, alternatives edited by Sarah Hale, Will Leggett and Luke Martell Manchester University Press Manchester and New York distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave HALE MAKE-UP 23/10/03 8:20 am Page iv Copyright © Manchester University Press 2004 While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in Manchester University Press, copyright in individual chapters belongs to their respective authors. This electronic version has been made freely available under a Creative Commons (CC-BY-NC- ND) licence, which permits non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction provided the author(s) and Manchester University Press are fully cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. Details of the licence can be viewed at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Published by Manchester University Press Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9NR, UK and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 0 7190 6598 4 hardback 0 7190 6599 2 paperback First published 2004 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Typeset in Sabon with Gill Sans display by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Manchester Printed in Great Britain by CPI, Bath HALE MAKE-UP 23/10/03 8:20 am Page v Contents Notes on contributors page vii I The Third Way 1 Introduction Luke Martell 3 11 The route map of the Third Way Armando Barrientos and Martin Powell 9 II The Third Way, economics, equality and the State 27 12 North Atlantic drift: welfare reform and the ‘Third Way’ politics of New Labour and the New Democrats Stephen Driver 31 13 Generative equality, work and the Third Way: a managerial perspective Peter McCullen and Colin Harris 48 14 What matters is what works: the Third Way and the case of the Private Finance Initiative Eric Shaw 64 III Community and the Third Way 83 15 The communitarian ‘philosophy’ of New Labour Sarah Hale 87 16 The Third Way and the politics of community Eunice Goes 108 17 From organisational theory to the Third Way: continuities and contradic- tions underpinning Amitai Etzioni’s communitarian influence on New Labour Simon Prideaux 128 HALE MAKE-UP 23/10/03 8:20 am Page vi vi Contents IV The discourse and strategy of the Third Way 147 18 Giddens’s way with words Paul Cammack 151 19 New Labour, citizenship and the discourse of the Third Way David Morrison 167 10 Criticism and the future of the Third Way Will Leggett 186 Index 201 HALE MAKE-UP 23/10/03 8:20 am Page vii Notes on contributors Armando Barrientos is Lecturer in Public Economics and Development at the Institute for Development Policy and Management at the University of Manchester, UK. Paul Cammack is Professor of Government at the University of Manchester. Stephen Driver is Principal Lecturer in the School of Business and Social Sciences at the University of Surrey, Roehampton. Eunice Goes is the London correspondent of the Portuguese weekly Expresso and a researcher. Sarah Hale is Lecturer in Political Theory at the University of Portsmouth. Colin Harris is Senior Lecturer in Human Resource Management and Organisational Behaviour at the University of Brighton. Will Leggett is Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Birmingham. Luke Martell is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Sussex. Peter McCullen is Senior Lecturer in Supply Chain Management at the University of Brighton Business School. David Morrison is Lecturer in Sociology at Filton College, Bristol, and a doc- toral student at the University of the West of England. Martin Powell is Reader in Social Policy at the University of Bath. Simon Prideaux is Tutor and Lecturer in Sociology and Social Policy at the University of Leeds. Eric Shaw is Senior Lecturer in Politics at the University of Stirling. HALE MAKE-UP 23/10/03 8:20 am Page viii HALE MAKE-UP 23/10/03 8:21 am Page 1 Part I The Third Way HALE MAKE-UP 23/10/03 8:21 am Page 2 HALE MAKE-UP 23/10/03 8:21 am Page 3 Luke Martell Introduction In the late 1990s Third Way governments were in power across Europe – and beyond, in the USA and Brazil, for instance. The Third Way experiment was one that attracted attention worldwide, and gurus of the Third Way could count on invitations to conferences and gatherings of the politically interested across the world. Yet only a few years later the day of the Third Way seemed to have disap- peared even more quickly than it had found itself in the ascendant. The New Democrats were defeated for the US presidency by Republican George W. Bush. Across Europe parties of the Right knocked out of power Third Way exponents from the Centre-Left. Blair in Britain, perhaps the Third Way’s foremost advo- cate, remained in power but some of his Centre-Left colleagues in France, Spain, Italy and elsewhere found themselves ousted. The ‘Neue Mitte’ administration in Germany clung on to power by the narrowest of margins and in any case Chancellor Schröder was showing decidedly ‘old’ social democratic tendencies. The Right felt increasingly rejuvenated, often (but not always) speaking the lan- guage of nationalism and xenophobic populism, even to the extent of achieving a shocking level of support for far Right parties, in Austria and France, for example, but elsewhere also. So why another book on the Third Way? This volume is based on a confer- ence held in November 2000 at the University of Sussex.1 It was not our inten- tion to publish the proceedings. But the contributions to the conference generated such distinctive angles on the Third Way, and brought out so many new insights, that this book is the result. As its chapters were worked on over the next eighteen months or so, it became clearer that the Third Way had a greater longevity than a cursory glance might show. The first marker of the continuing relevance of the Third Way is, of course, the presence of Third Way governments in power. Tony Blair in the UK was swept back into office with an emphatic victory in 2001, by a margin unusual for a prime minister years into government. Despite many opportunities to damage the Third Way New Labour Government, the opposition Conservative Party failed to make anything but the most marginal inroads into Labour’s huge HALE MAKE-UP 23/10/03 8:21 am Page 4 4 The Third Way parliamentary majority. In social democratic Sweden the Centre-Left held on to power in 2002 – in a country sometimes credited with originating welfare-to- work and the attempt, in typical Third Way style, to combine social justice and economic efficiency. As mentioned, the German SPD scraped back into power, and while the US Democrats lost a presidential election it was one in which they had the most votes. Even with war – that guaranteed vote winner for some coun- tries – George W. Bush remains, at the time of writing, open to defeat by a new Democrat challenger when his term of office ends.2 Beyond the facts about who holds office, the Third Way has left a legacy which plays its part in defining the theory and politics of the early twenty-first century.
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