Challenges for the Dutch Polder Model

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Challenges for the Dutch Polder Model Challenges for the Dutch polder model ESPN Flash Report 2017/40 FABIAN DEKKER – EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY NETWORK JUNE 2017 Description The polder model stands for In the Netherlands, shifts in the good reasons, in the first years, the consensus-oriented relationship between the social partners model was described as “A Dutch consultation can be observed. In 2013, employers’ Miracle”. between the social and employee organisations concluded In the past fifteen years, the Dutch partners. Mainly a social agreement, which, among other consultative model has come under due to the things, included an arrangement to reverse a previously agreed reduction of increasing pressure. Due to reduced increasing flexibility membership numbers, the position of of work and the the maximum duration of unemployment benefits (from 38 to 24 trade unions has dramatically trade unions’ months) and return to a maximum of 38 weakened. In 2015, only one in six declining level of months. Although employers’ employees was a trade union member, organisation, this organisations signed this agreement at as opposed to one in approximately dialogue is losing the time, for a long time they tried to three employees in the 1970s (Keune impact. This is get out of implementing it. Another 2016). This has reduced the particularly visible element observed is the occurrence of organisational power of civil society. In in current debates strikes. While the level of conflict in the addition, support for agreement on unemployment Netherlands is relatively low in general, between the social partners has benefit duration the highest level of strikes in nine years decreased due to changes that have and a number of was recorded in 2015 (CBS 2016). In occurred in the labour market. recent strike the last two months (May-June 2017), Meanwhile, 40% of the working announcements. strikes have been announced in all 13 population are self-employed without offices of Holland Casino and the logistic personnel or flexible workers (CPB warehouses of DHL Express, Albert 2016). Flexible workers (often young) do not always fully identify with the Heijn and Jumbo in order to bargain for better collective agreements. interests and attitudes of traditional employee organisations, which are The Dutch polder model is traditionally generally organised around permanent characterised by an active and employment contracts. Moreover, over constructive dialogue between trade the past decades changes have unions and employers’ organisations. occurred in the management of social LEGAL NOTICE This social system dates from the period security. Whereas in the 1990s the This document has been after the oil crisis between 1979 and social partners played an important role prepared for the European 1982. In the “Wassenaar Agreement” of in the implementation of employee Commission. However, it 1982, the social partners agreed to reflects the views only of insurance schemes against the authors, and the moderate wages in exchange for unemployment risk, this role has now Commission cannot be held reduced working hours. The Dutch been completely taken over by the responsible for any use consultative model paid off and resulted Employee Insurance Agency (UWV). which may be made of the information contained in more social peace, improved This has also helped to reduce the therein. international competitiveness and a legitimacy of the polder model. renewed increase in employment. For Although various agreements are Vakbond), as they are perceived as still being concluded between the more flexible in collective Further reading social partners in the Netherlands, bargaining. These examples show Afonso, A. (2017), “Challenges for there are strong differences of that the Dutch polder model is no the Dutch polder model: opinion between employers and longer functioning optimally and Performance, populism and employee representatives, for that it is becoming increasingly political economy”, Beleid en instance with regard to: restoring difficult to reach widely supported Maatschappij, 44(1): 70-75. the maximum duration of social compromises. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek unemployment benefits to 38 [CBS/Statistics Netherlands] months, organising the Outlook & (2016), “In 2015 hoogste aantal flexibilisation of work, concluding commentary stakingen in negen jaar” (2015: collective bargaining agreements, The highest level of strikes in nine and negotiating a new social The continuity of the Dutch years): consultative model is under agreement between employers https://www.cbs.nl/nl- pressure (Afonso 2017). Over the and employees. So, the polder nl/nieuws/2016/17/in-2015- past decades, the role of the social model is far from functioning hoogste-aantal-stakingen-in- smoothly. Whereas Dutch partners in the social security negen-jaar employers’ organisations currently system has declined, and trade Centraal Planbureau strongly advocate further unions are less representative of an increasingly flexible work force. (CPB/Netherlands Bureau for relaxation of the rules governing Economic Policy Analysis) (2016), Partially as a result of this, dismissal, trade unions strongly “Lusten en lasten ongelijk employers are choosing to oppose oppose this and threaten action. verdeeld.” (Unequal distribution of previous agreements regarding the Furthermore, whereas in the social advantages and disadvantages) agreement of 2013, agreement maximum duration of Den Haag: CPB. was reached to restore the unemployment benefits and trying Keune, M. (ed.) (2016), “Nog maximum duration of to conclude collective bargaining agreements without the steeds een mirakel?” (Still a unemployment benefits to 38 miracle?), Amsterdam: Amsterdam participation of the largest union. months (as opposed to the University Press. proposed maximum duration of 24 The latter are responding by An English summary of the 2015 months as of 2019), it turned out announcing strikes in order to Social and Economic Council of the that employers’ organisations regain influence over business decisions. The question is how this Netherlands advice can be found opposed this extension for a long here: time. Although employers will impact on the future of social eventually agreed to extend the dialogue and the functioning of the https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ duration of receipt of labour market. A report by the observatories/eurwork/articles/lab unemployment benefit, it seems Social and Economic Council of the our-market-law-and- regulation/netherlands-social-and- that the Dutch polder model is Netherlands, published in 2015, economic-council-proposes- losing some of its effectiveness. advocated a larger role for employee organisations in regional changes-to-unemployment- Employers more often conclude financing collective agreements without the advice centres set up to help participation of the largest Dutch workers made redundant find More information on the recent trade unions (FNV and CNV). work. This would enable the social strike activities in the Netherlands can be found here: Instead, they conclude agreements partners to regain a small part of with smaller unions (such as De their influence in the area of work http://www.logistiek.nl/carriere- Unie and Alternatief voor de and income. mensen/nieuws/2017/4/fnv-dreigt- ook-met-acties-bij-dhl-101154867 Authors Fabian Dekker (Regioplan) The Flash Reports are produced by the European Social Policy Network (ESPN) established in 2014 to provide the European Commission with independent information, analysis and expertise on social policies in 35 European countries. The topics covered are identified by ESPN experts in the light of significant developments in their countries, or in some cases suggested by the Commission or the Flash Reports’ editorial team (Eric Marlier, Slavina Spasova and Bart Vanhercke). The ESPN is managed by LISER (Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research), APPLICA and the OSE (European Social Observatory). More information on the ESPN: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1135&langId=en. .
Recommended publications
  • Dutch Landscape Painting: Documenting Globalization and Environmental Imagination Irene J
    The University of Akron IdeaExchange@UAkron Proceedings from the Document Academy University of Akron Press Managed December 2014 Dutch Landscape Painting: Documenting Globalization and Environmental Imagination Irene J. Klaver University of North Texas, [email protected] Please take a moment to share how this work helps you through this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Follow this and additional works at: https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/docam Part of the Dutch Studies Commons, Fine Arts Commons, Other Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Klaver, Irene J. (2014) "Dutch Landscape Painting: Documenting Globalization and Environmental Imagination," Proceedings from the Document Academy: Vol. 1 : Iss. 1 , Article 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35492/docam/1/1/12 Available at: https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/docam/vol1/iss1/12 This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by University of Akron Press Managed at IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The nivU ersity of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings from the Document Academy by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Klaver: Dutch Landscape Painting A passport is often considered the defining document of one’s nationality. After more than twenty years of living in the United States, I still carry my Dutch passport. It still feels premature for me to give it up and become an American. When people ask, “Where are you from?” I answer, “Denton, Texas.” This usually triggers, “OK, but where are you FROM???” It is the accent that apparently documents my otherness.
    [Show full text]
  • Modernization and Reform.Pdf
    The intergovernmental dimension of multi-commons management MODERNISATION AND REFORM OF DUTCH WATERBOARDS: RESILIENCE OR CHANGE? Theo A.J. Toonen Gerrit S.A. Dijkstra Frits van der Meer © Department of Public Administration Leiden University Paper prepared for WOW3: The Third Pent annual WORKSHOP ON THE WORKSHOP "Building Social Capital and Self-Governing Capabilities in Diverse Societies", Conference, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis (Dir: Elinor Ostrom, Vincent Ostrom), Indiana University, Bloomington, June 2-6, 2004 Leiden, May 2004 The intergovernmental dimension of multi-commons management MODERNISATION AND REFORM OF DUTCH WATERBOARDS: RESILIENCE OR CHANGE? Theo A.J. Toonen Gerrit S.A. Dijkstra Frits van der Meer Department of Public Administration Leiden University 1. Introduction Given its geographical conditions water management has always been a vital precondition of life in the Netherlands. This in particular pertains to the issues of water quantity (waterkwantiteit), water quality (waterkwaliteit) and water containment (waterkering). Water and water management in all its manifestations certainly in the Netherlands may be considered as ‘Commons’ in more than one way. Commons consists of natural (water, fisheries, and nature areas) or cultural (man- made) resources (dykes; polders, markets; institutional designs, institutions; safety, protection, trust). Specific institutional arrangements – sometimes ‘commons’ in themselves - are needed to guarantee the durability and sustainability of the use of these resources. As collectively used goods they belong to everybody and at the same time to nobody. Exhaustion, negligence and overuse are permanent dangers given the nature of the character of the commons. The creeping erosion of the resilience of common pool resources and of common pool resource (CPR) governance and management is nevertheless not a mechanical and inevitable process.
    [Show full text]
  • TU1206 COST Sub-Urban WG1 Report I
    Sub-Urban COST is supported by the EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Rotterdam TU1206-WG1-013 TU1206 COST Sub-Urban WG1 Report I. van Campenhout, K de Vette, J. Schokker & M van der Meulen Sub-Urban COST is supported by the EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 COST TU1206 Sub-Urban Report TU1206-WG1-013 Published March 2016 Authors: I. van Campenhout, K de Vette, J. Schokker & M van der Meulen Editors: Ola M. Sæther and Achim A. Beylich (NGU) Layout: Guri V. Ganerød (NGU) COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a pan-European intergovernmental framework. Its mission is to enable break-through scientific and technological developments leading to new concepts and products and thereby contribute to strengthening Europe’s research and innovation capacities. It allows researchers, engineers and scholars to jointly develop their own ideas and take new initiatives across all fields of science and technology, while promoting multi- and interdisciplinary approaches. COST aims at fostering a better integration of less research intensive countries to the knowledge hubs of the European Research Area. The COST Association, an International not-for-profit Association under Belgian Law, integrates all management, governing and administrative functions necessary for the operation of the framework. The COST Association has currently 36 Member Countries. www.cost.eu www.sub-urban.eu www.cost.eu Rotterdam between Cables and Carboniferous City development and its subsurface 04-07-2016 Contents 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • The End of the Dutch “Polder Model”?
    The end of the Dutch “polder model”? For the current six-month period the Netherlands is President of the European Union. The Dutch Government acts as if it is making a tremendous effort to further a social Europe, but back home plans to dismantle the social security system. There is not much left of Holland’s famous consultation model. In the Autumn of 2003 a long term compromise between social partners and government was sought after. Since the Dutch economy registered its first full-year recession since 1982, social partners agreed to a wage freeze to help the Dutch economy out of recession, provisional on further specific pre-pension arrangements and course of life facilities. However, the inflexibility of the Dutch government in the negotiations concerning ‘pre-pension’ and early retirement schemes and the non- abidance of the earlier agreements concerning the reform of the Disability Act (WAO) caused the Spring negotiations 2004 to fall apart. Following the break down of the negotiations, the government announced its intention to put an end to the solidarity between generations and abolish the fiscal facilitation of pre-pension schemes, which effectively signifies that employees will have to work till 65 years of age, or suffer a decline in purchasing power of 10%. At the same time the government used the conjectural downturn of the economy and global competitiveness to incite employers to worsen the labour conditions in the field of health and safety, but foremost by inciting employers to install longer working hours without a corresponding increase in wages. By doing so, the government destroyed the cornerstone of the freeze in wage demands in the collective bargaining process.
    [Show full text]
  • Centenary of the Zuiderzee Act: a Masterpiece of Engineering
    NEWS Centenary of the Zuiderzee Act: a Masterpiece of Engineering The Dutch Zuiderzee Act came into force exactly 100 years ago today, on 14 June 1918. The Zuiderzee Act signalled the beginning of the works that continue to protect the heart of The Netherlands from the dangers and vagaries of the Zuiderzee, an inlet of the North Sea, to this day. This amazing feat of engineering and spatial planning was a key milestone in The Netherlands’ world-leading reputation for reclaiming land from the sea. Wim van Wegen, content manager at ‘GIM International’, was born, raised and still lives in the Noordoostpolder, one of the various polders that were constructed. He has written an article about the uniqueness of this area of reclaimed land. I was born at the bottom of the sea. Want to fact-check this? Just compare a pre-1940s map of the Netherlands to a more contemporary one. The old map shows an inlet of the North Sea, the Zuiderzee. The new one reveals large parts of the Zuiderzee having been turned into land, actually no longer part of the North Sea. In 1932, a 32km-long dam (the Afsluitdijk) was completed, separating the former Zuiderzee and the North Sea. This part of the sea was turned into a lake, the IJsselmeer (also known as Lake IJssel or Lake Yssel in English). Why 'polder' is a Dutch word The idea behind the construction of the Afsluitdijk was to defend areas against flooding, caused by the force of the open sea. The dam is part of the Zuiderzee Works, a man-made system of dams and dikes, land reclamation and water drainage works.
    [Show full text]
  • Geohydrological Compensatory Measures to Prevent Land Subsidence As a Result of the Reclamation of the Markerwaard Polder in the Netherlands
    GEOHYDROLOGICAL COMPENSATORY MEASURES TO PREVENT LAND SUBSIDENCE AS A RESULT OF THE RECLAMATION OF THE MARKERWAARD POLDER IN THE NETHERLANDS. G. Vos , F.A.M. Claessen , J.H.G. van Ommen** Public Works Department, Rijkswaterstaat, Directorate of Water Manage­ ment and Hydraulic Research, Northern District. International Water Supply Consultants IWACO B.V. ABSTRACT If the Markerwaard polder is reclaimed the water level in the polder will fall 5 to 6 metres over an area of 410 km2. This will cause a drawdown of the piezometric levels in the Pleistocene aquifers underneath the eastern part- of the province of North Holland. The spatial pattern of these drawdowns is calculated by a finite elements groundwater model. Without countermeasures to;compensate for the depletion of the piezometric level, settlement of the compressible Holocene clay and peat deposits will occur and resultant land subsidence may cause damage to buildings and infrastructure. Drawdown of the piezometric levels can be entirely or partially countered by means of artificial recharge of water into the Pleisto­ cene aquifers. There are two methods for this, viz. vertical recharge wells and infiltration grooves in the remaining western peripheral lake between North Holland and the Markerwaard polder. The amount of water necessary for the countermeasures is calculated with the same groundwater model. 1. INTRODUCTION The study area is situated in the north-western part of the Netherlands (fig. 1). The projected polder will have an area of 410 km2 and will be reclaimed in the south-western part of Lake IJssel. The phreatic groundwater level in the new polder will be some 5 to 6 metres lower than the present water level in Lake IJssel.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Policy in the Polder
    Cultural Policy in the Polder Cultural Policy in the Polder 25 years of the Dutch Cultural Policy Act Edwin van Meerkerk and Quirijn Lennert van den Hoogen (eds.) Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Koopman & Bolink: Boothuis, Noordoostpolder. Fotografie: Dirk de Zee. Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6298 625 1 e-isbn 978 90 4853 747 1 doi 10.5117/9789462986251 nur 754 | 757 © The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2018 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Every effort has been made to obtain permission to use all copyrighted illustrations reproduced in this book. Nonetheless, whosoever believes to have rights to this material is advised to contact the publisher. Table of Contents Acknowledgements 9 An Introduction to Cultural Policy in the Polder 11 Edwin van Meerkerk and Quirijn Lennert van den Hoogen A Well-Balanced Cultural Policy 37 An Interview with Minister of Culture Ingrid van Engelshoven Marielle Hendriks 1. Legal Aspects of Cultural Policy 41 Inge van der Vlies 2. An International Perspective on Dutch Cultural Policy 67 Toine Minnaert ‘A Subsidy to Make a Significant Step Upwards’ 85 An Interview with Arjo Klingens André Nuchelmans 3. The Framing Game 89 Towards Deprovincialising Dutch Cultural Policy Johan Kolsteeg1 4. Values in Cultural Policymaking 107 Political Values and Policy Advice Quirijn Lennert van den Hoogen and Florine Jonker An Exercise in Undogmatic Thinking 131 An Interview with Gable Roelofsen Bjorn Schrijen 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Service
    THE DUTCH PUBLIC SERVICE Organisation and functioning of the government in the Netherlands, the position of civil servants and the main developments PAGE 2 The Dutch Public Service Foreword The Dutch government is traditionally an for themselves on the right form of action I highly recommend this book to you. It attractive employer, with an unusually in the dynamics of the network society. provides excellent insight into how the high degree of social involvement and Dutch government is organised. relevance. Virtually no other sector allows There is also the issue of good profes- us to look behind the scenes so often. sional skills. The key to this is profes- sional knowledge. Such knowledge is According to international comparative essential to maintain a high performance research, the Netherlands does this very level and to be able to anticipate the well. I believe that we can be justifiably many changes occurring inside and proud of the quality of our government outside government. The core of good system and the people who work in it. performance remains unchanged: a good The same vigour that we applied to build civil servant realises that he or she is up this position is now being used to working in exceptional circumstances. maintain and expand it. In the A civil servant serves democracy, impos- Netherlands, we do this along two tracks: ing high demands on integrity. firstly, by aiming to provide a government that is better equipped for the future and Integrity is a topic that became current in secondly, by ensuring that we have a good the Netherlands 20 years ago and has lost civil service.
    [Show full text]
  • Pham Thi Minh Thu
    Institut für Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturtechnik Universität Karlsruhe (TH) A Hydrodynamic-Numerical Model of the River Rhine Pham Thi Minh Thu Heft 213 Mitteilungen des Instituts für Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturtechnik der Universität Karlsruhe (TH) mit ″Theodor-Rehbock-Wasserbaulaboratorium″ Herausgeber: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h. c. Franz Nestmann, Ordinarius 2002 A Hydrodynamic-Numerical Model of the River Rhine Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTOR-INGENIEURS der Fakultät für Bauingenieur- und Vermessungswesen der Universität Fridericiana zu Karlsruhe (TH) genehmigte DISSERTATION von Dipl. -Ing. Pham Thi Minh Thu aus Hanoi, Vietnam Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13. Februar 2002 Hauptreferent: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c. mult. Franz Nestmann 1. Korreferent: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Helmut Scheuerlein 2. Korreferent: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Hans Helmut Bernhart Karlsruhe, 2002 Vorwort Der Rhein unterliegt seit Jahrhunderten anthropogenen Eingriffen, die sich auf das Ablaufverhalten von Hochwasserwellen auswirken. Der Schutz und die Wiederherstellung ökologisch funktionsfähiger, naturnaher Gewässer ebenso wie eine bessere Hochwasserregulierung sind wesentliche Aufgaben der Wasserwirtschaft, wobei eine gesamtheitliche Betrachtungsweise erforderlich ist. Um die hydraulischen Auswirkungen einer Rückgewinnung von Retentionsräumen auf Hochwasserereignisse zu quantifizieren, wurde von Frau Dr. Minh Thu in dieser Forschungsarbeit ein hydrodynamisch-numerisches Modell für die gesamte deutsche Teilstrecke des freifließenden Rheins erstellt. Es besteht aus
    [Show full text]
  • Groundwater Impacts on Surface Water Quality and Nutrient Loads in 2 Lowland Polder Catchments: Monitoring the Greater Amsterdam Area
    1 Groundwater impacts on surface water quality and nutrient loads in 2 lowland polder catchments: monitoring the greater Amsterdam area 3 Liang Yu1, 2, Joachim Rozemeijer3, Boris M. van Breukelen4, Maarten Ouboter2, Corné van der Vlugt2, 4 Hans Peter Broers5 5 1Faculty of Science, Vrije University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1181HV, The Netherlands 6 2 Waternet Water Authority, Amsterdam, 1096 AC, The Netherlands 7 3Deltares, Utrecht, 3508 TC, The Netherlands 8 4Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 9 Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands 10 5TNO Geological Survey of The Netherlands, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands 11 Correspondence to: Hans Peter Broers ([email protected]) 12 Abstract. The Amsterdam area, a highly manipulated delta area formed by polders and reclaimed lakes, struggles with high 13 nutrient levels in its surface water system. The polders receive spatially and temporally variable amounts of water and 14 nutrients via surface runoff, groundwater seepage, sewer leakage, and via water inlet from upstream polders. Diffuse 15 anthropogenic sources, such as manure and fertilizer use and atmospheric deposition, add to the water quality problems in 16 the polders. The major nutrient sources and pathways have not yet been clarified due to the complex hydrological system in 17 such lowland catchments with both urban and agricultural areas. In this study, the spatial variability of the groundwater 18 seepage impact was identified by exploiting the dense groundwater and surface water monitoring networks in Amsterdam 19 and its surrounding polders. Twenty-five variables (concentrations of Total-N, Total-P, NH4, NO3, HCO3, SO4, Ca, and Cl in 20 surface water and groundwater, N and P agricultural inputs, seepage rate, elevation, land-use, and soil type) for 144 polders 21 were analysed statistically and interpreted in relation to sources, transport mechanisms, and pathways.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tradition of Making Polder Citiesfransje HOOIMEIJER
    The Tradition of Making Polder CitiesFRANSJE HOOIMEIJER Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. ir. K.C.A.M. Luyben, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 18 oktober 2011 om 12.30 uur door Fernande Lucretia HOOIMEIJER doctorandus in kunst- en cultuurwetenschappen geboren te Capelle aan den IJssel Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: Prof. dr. ir. V.J. Meyer Copromotor: dr. ir. F.H.M. van de Ven Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus, voorzitter Prof. dr. ir. V.J. Meyer, Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor dr. ir. F.H.M. van de Ven, Technische Universiteit Delft, copromotor Prof. ir. D.F. Sijmons, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. ir. H.C. Bekkering, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. P.J.E.M. van Dam, Vrije Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. dr. ir.-arch. P. Uyttenhove, Universiteit Gent, België Prof. dr. P. Viganò, Università IUAV di Venezia, Italië dr. ir. G.D. Geldof, Danish University of Technology, Denemarken For Juri, August*, Otis & Grietje-Nel 1 Inner City - Chapter 2 2 Waterstad - Chapter 3 3 Waterproject - Chapter 4 4 Blijdorp - Chapter 5a 5 Lage Land - Chapter 5b 6 Ommoord - Chapter 5b 7 Zevenkamp - Chapter 5c 8 Prinsenland - Chapter 5c 9 Nesselande - Chapter 6 10 Zestienhoven - Chapter 6 Content Chapter 1: Polder Cities 5 Introduction 5 Problem Statement, Hypothesis and Method 9 Technological Development as Natural Order 10 Building-Site Preparation 16 Rotterdam
    [Show full text]
  • CT4460 Polders 2015.Pdf
    Course CT4460 Polders April 2015 Dr. O.A.C. Hoes Professor N.C. van de Giesen Delft University of Technology Artikelnummer 06917300084 These lecture notes are part of the course entitled ‘Polders’ given in the academic year 2014-2015 by the Water Resources Section of the faculty of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology. These lecture notes may contain some mistakes. If you have any comments or suggestions that would improve a reprinted version, please send an email to [email protected]. When writing these notes, reference was made to the lecture notes ‘Polders’ by Prof. ir. J.L. Klein (1966) and ‘Polders and flood control’ by Prof. ir. R. Brouwer (1998), and to the books ‘Polders en Dijken’ by J. van de Kley and H.J. Zuidweg (1969), ‘Water management in Dutch polder areas’ by Prof. dr. ir. B. Schulz (1992), and ‘Man-made Lowlands’ by G.P. van der Ven (2003). Moreover, many figures, photos and tables collected over the years from different reports by various water boards have been included. For several of these it was impossible to track down the original sources. Therefore, the references for these figures are missing and we apologise for this. We hope that with these lecture notes we have succeeded in producing an orderly and accessible overview about the genesis and management of polders. These notes will not be discussed page by page during the lectures, but will form part of the examination. March 2015 Olivier Hoes i Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Geology and soils of the Netherlands 3 2.1 Geological sequence of soils
    [Show full text]