DOCSLIB.ORG

“No Longer Objects of History:” American Indian Activism in the Late Twentieth Century

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“No Longer Objects of History:” American Indian Activism in the Late Twentieth Century “NO LONGER OBJECTS OF HISTORY:” AMERICAN INDIAN ACTIVISM IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY By JARED LEON EBERLE Bachelor of Arts in History University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma 2010 Master of Arts in History University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma 2012 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July, 2018 “NO LONGER OBJECTS OF HISTORY:” AMERICAN INDIAN ACTIVISM IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY Dissertation Approved: Dr. Michael Logan Dissertation Adviser Dr. Douglas Miller Dr. Laura Belmonte Dr. Michael Smith Dr. Stephen Perkins ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Rather than being the last thing written, these were the first words I wrote. That is because the people below had as much, if not more, to do with this final product than I did. Had these people not been around this dissertation would not have come to fruition, at least not in the the form you see here. First, I need to thank the faculty and staff in the History Department, especially Exa von Alt and Diana Fry. My committee made up of Drs. Michael Logan, Douglas Miller, Laura Belmonte, Michael Smith, and Stephen Perkins also deserve special thanks, especially Dr. Perkins who stepped in at the last minute to resolve a scheduling conflict. They provided invaluable insight and advice during this project and expanded my academic horizons and I am forever grateful. In particular, I need to thank Dr. Miller, who came into the department and ended up working with a graduate student right off the bat who really had no idea what he was doing and he managed to prod me along over the last few years towards getting the bits of information I threw out in our meetings into something coherent and on paper. Additionally, he's not at Oklahoma State and I did not keep in touch nearly as much as I should have, a very special thanks to Dr. Brian Hosmer, who inspired by love for Native history during my Master's program and amazingly got this less than stellar student through the process of writing a thesis. iii Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University Finally, while she was never on my committee, I would be seriously remiss if I did not extend the biggest of thank yous to Dr. Laura Arata, for the years of putting up with my panic attacks and providing more mentorship and guidance than I could have ever expected. My fellow graduate students deserve thanks for all the support over the years and to everyone I could not fit in here I owe you a beer at some point. Thanks to Sam Jennings who regularly welcomed me into his home and provided ample conversation. Jake Cornwell also contributed wonderful conversations over the years. Last but not least special thanks to the late Gary Younger, who left our office far too early. You are still with us buddy. I need to thank my family because without my mother's undying support over the years of graduate school I would probably have gone crazy years ago. She was always there to talk me down when I let my brain go to the illogical extremes. Her cards, gift boxes, and visits gave me the support I needed to say, "Look Mom, I'm finally done!" Also, to my sister, who decided she wanted to follow in my footsteps and take the same path to grad school that I did, thanks for letting me pick on you all these years dork, love you. It saddens me every day that he is no longer here to receive this dedication, but my grandfather Leon Eberle, not only gave me my middle name, but served as a father for the first four years of my life and as a grandfather for forever. This is dedicated to him. Any errors, omissions, or typos are the sole responsibility of my cat, he’s a jerk. iv Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University Name: JARED LEON EBERLE Date of Degree: JULY 2018 Title of Study: “NO LONGER OBJECTS OF HISTOY:” AMERICAN INDIAN ACTIVISM IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY Major Field: HISTORY Abstract: Native American activism after the occupation of Wounded Knee in 1973 has been an understudied, yet critical period of twentieth century Indigenous history. The events in the two decades that followed the alleged zenith of the Red Power movement saw a significant shift by activists towards international activism that would allow them to work around the United States government and bring attention to issues concerning American Indians in the United States. Through the development of the International Indian Treaty Council, Native activists secured some of their greatest successes in the twentieth century and placed indigenous politics as an important part of international discourse. Yet, the movement never managed to sufficiently define itself, and by the 1980s that failure divided the movement over the conflict between the Sandinista government and Miskitu Indians in Nicaragua. The divide of the 1980s was never rectified, and the movement drastically declined in the 1990s with in-fighting and conflict over who had the legitimate ability to claim they represented the old Native rights organizations. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1 Red Power Before AIM ...........................................................................................6 Red Power ..............................................................................................................13 Expanding Beyond Traditional Red Power ...........................................................19 Chapters Overview .................................................................................................24 II. WOUNDED KNEE ON THE PLAINS: THE FAILED UNDERSTANDING OF THE OCCUPATION OF WOUNDED KNEE .............................................................28 Overview of the Occupation ..................................................................................35 “Not just now, Mr. Wayne…perhaps later…” .......................................................54 Bury My Heart: The New Indian History ..............................................................73 Revisionist Westerns: Indians as the Vietnamese and Counterculture ..................77 The New Popular History and Wounded Knee ......................................................81 “We Have Been Destroyed Emotionally by the Incident:” Wounded Knee for Native Americans ..............................................................................................................84 Conclusion .............................................................................................................92 III. DISUNITY AT HOME, ALLIANCES ABROAD ...............................................94 The International Indian Treaty Council ................................................................99 Native Activism and the Realignment of the 1970s ............................................105 “Warrior Scholars” and the Response to Reagan ................................................115 The Scope of the American Indian International Tribunal ..................................121 Multi-National Corporations and Exploitations ...................................................126 Land and Relocations ...........................................................................................133 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................135 vi Chapter Page IV. “[DIS]-UNITING THE RED PEOPLE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE:” INDIGENOUS ACTIVISTS IN NICARAGUA .................................................138 Roots of Rebellion: Miskitus and the Nicaraguan State ......................................143 Early Indigenous Support for the Sandinistas ......................................................153 Russell Means and the Divide Within AIM .........................................................158 The National Indian Youth Council’s Role in Nicaragua ....................................163 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................176 V. THE PAPER WARS: AIM AND THE QUESTION OF AUTHENTICITY ......180 V. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................199 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................205 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page AIM 10th Anniversary Poster ....................................................................................95 Map of the Zelaya Department, which comprised the Mosquitia ...........................145 Flyers circulated during 1994 AIM Tribunal ..........................................................197 viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION “That Wounded Knee was the last stand for the American Indian Movement is the unspoken fear at the…national convention….”1 - The New York Times, July 29, 1973 In April of 1973 residents of Pawnee, Oklahoma, a small town an hour west of Tulsa, were concerned about the impending American Indian Movement (AIM) annual convention to be held at the start of May. AIM, which caused tensions in town the previous year by occupying a BIA building, was currently in the latter stages of a seventy-one-day siege at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, and residents were concerned similar violence could erupt in Oklahoma.2 Pawnee’s mayor Glenn Wood argued
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Newest Indians •
    The Newest Indians • E-Mail This • Printer-Friendly • Single-Page By JACK HITT Published: August 21, 2005 On a crisp morning in March at the Jaycee Fairgrounds near Jasper, Ala., the powwow was stirring. Amid pickups with bumper stickers reading ''Native Pride'' and ''The earth does not belong to us. We belong to the earth,'' small groups gathered to check out the booths selling Indian rugs, dancing sticks, homemade knives and genealogy books. On one side, under her camper's tarp, sat Wynona Morgan, a middle-aged woman wearing a modestly embroidered Indian smock and some jewelry. Morgan had only recently discovered her Indian heritage, but, she said, in some ways she had known who she was for years. ''My grandmother always told me that she came from Indians,'' Morgan told me. She is now a member of one of the groups meeting here in Jasper, the Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama, which itself is new, having organized under that name in 1997. The tribe is committed to telling its story, in part through an R.V. campground named Cedar Winds that will eventually expand to include an ''authentic, working Cherokee Indian Village.'' Illustration by Jason Holley For more on Native American languages: NativeLanguages.com Illustration by Jason Holley ''The only real proof we had that we were Indian was this stub,'' Morgan went on to say. She had brought along a copy of a century-old receipt entitling an ancestor to receive some money from the United States government for being an Indian. With the help of an amateur genealogist named Bryan Hickman, Morgan was able to connect her line to its Indian roots, and she began to raise her son, Jo-Jo, as a Native American.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Peoples' Rights in International
    INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS EMERGENCE AND APPLICATION This diverse collection of essays and articles emerged from a workshop IN INTERNATIONAL LAW held in Oslo in March 2012, hosted by the Norwegian Center for Human Rights and the University of Oslo. The purpose of the workshop was to gather memories of how the international community had decided to exa- mine the situation of Indigenous peoples, to explore, explain and celebrate their pioneering work within the United Nations and the International La- bour Organization. The participants also examined the impact of that work and were further asked to identify desirable future developments. EMERGENCE AND APPLICATION The workshop and now this volume have brought together unique hi- storical and political perspectives of the same events from a variety of dif- ferent viewpoints. Participants were drawn from Indigenous communities, from the United Nations and the ILO, from national governments and from NGOs, all of whom had been involved in these discussions over the years – some since the very beginning. Among the participants in the workshop was Asbjørn Eide, the fou- nding Chairperson of the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP), and this book is dedicated to him on the occasion of his 80th birthday. Cover design by Holly Nordlum, Iñupiaq Artist RESOURCE CENTRE FOR THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES EMERGENCE AND APPLICATION A book in honor of Asbjørn Eide at eighty INTERNATIONAL LAW: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL WORK
    [Show full text]
  • Albanian Families' History and Heritage Making at the Crossroads of New
    Voicing the stories of the excluded: Albanian families’ history and heritage making at the crossroads of new and old homes Eleni Vomvyla UCL Institute of Archaeology Thesis submitted for the award of Doctor in Philosophy in Cultural Heritage 2013 Declaration of originality I, Eleni Vomvyla confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signature 2 To the five Albanian families for opening their homes and sharing their stories with me. 3 Abstract My research explores the dialectical relationship between identity and the conceptualisation/creation of history and heritage in migration by studying a socially excluded group in Greece, that of Albanian families. Even though the Albanian community has more than twenty years of presence in the country, its stories, often invested with otherness, remain hidden in the Greek ‘mono-cultural’ landscape. In opposition to these stigmatising discourses, my study draws on movements democratising the past and calling for engagements from below by endorsing the socially constructed nature of identity and the denationalisation of memory. A nine-month fieldwork with five Albanian families took place in their domestic and neighbourhood settings in the areas of Athens and Piraeus. Based on critical ethnography, data collection was derived from participant observation, conversational interviews and participatory techniques. From an individual and family group point of view the notion of habitus led to diverse conceptions of ethnic identity, taking transnational dimensions in families’ literal and metaphorical back- and-forth movements between Greece and Albania.
    [Show full text]
  • Heavy Metals in Traditionally Used Fruits Among the Lakota Joanita M
    South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Theses and Dissertations 2013 Heavy Metals in Traditionally Used Fruits Among the Lakota Joanita M. Kant South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Kant, Joanita M., "Heavy Metals in Traditionally Used Fruits Among the Lakota" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 1448. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1448 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HEAVY METALS IN TRADITIONALLY USED FRUITS AMONG THE LAKOTA BY JOANITA KANT A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Major in Biological Sciences Specialization in Plant Science South Dakota State University 2013 ii HEAVY METALS IN TRADITIONALLY USED FRUITS AMONG THE LAKOTA This dissertation is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by a candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Sciences with Plant Science Specialization degree and is acceptable for meeting the dissertation requirements for this degree. Acceptance of this does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. ________________________________________ Bruce W. Berdanier, Ph. D., P. E. Date Co-Dissertation Advisor Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering ________________________________________ Gary E. Larson, Ph.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indian Revolutionaries. the American Indian Movement in the 1960S and 1970S
    5 7 Radosław Misiarz DOI: 10 .15290/bth .2017 .15 .11 Northeastern Illinois University The Indian Revolutionaries. The American Indian Movement in the 1960s and 1970s The Red Power movement1 that arose in the 1960s and continued to the late 1970s may be perceived as the second wave of modern pan-Indianism 2. It differed in character from the previous phase of the modern pan-Indian crusade3 in terms of massive support, since the movement, in addition to mobilizing numerous groups of urban Native Americans hailing from different tribal backgrounds, brought about the resurgence of Indian ethnic identity and Indian cultural renewal as well .4 Under its umbrella, there emerged many native organizations devoted to address- ing the still unsolved “Indian question ”. The most important among them were the 1 The Red Power movement was part of a broader struggle against racial discrimination, the so- called Civil Rights Movement that began to crystalize in the early 1950s . Although mostly linked to the African-American fight for civil liberties, the Civil Rights Movement also encompassed other racial and ethnic minorities including Native Americans . See F . E . Hoxie, This Indian Country: American Indian Activists and the Place They Made, New York 2012, pp . 363–380 . 2 It should be noted that there is no precise definition of pan-Indianism among scholars . Stephen Cornell, for instance, defines pan-Indianism in terms of cultural awakening, as some kind of new Indian consciousness manifested itself in “a set of symbols and activities, often derived from plains cultures ”. S . Cornell, The Return of the Native: American Indian Political Resurgence, New York 1988, p .
    [Show full text]
  • The American Indian Movement, the Trail of Broken Treaties, and the Politics of Media
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History History, Department of 7-2009 Framing Red Power: The American Indian Movement, the Trail of Broken Treaties, and the Politics of Media Jason A. Heppler Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss Part of the History Commons Heppler, Jason A., "Framing Red Power: The American Indian Movement, the Trail of Broken Treaties, and the Politics of Media" (2009). Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History. 21. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss/21 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FRAMING RED POWER: THE AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT, THE TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES, AND THE POLITICS OF MEDIA By Jason A. Heppler A Thesis Presented to the Faculty The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: History Under the Supervision of Professor John R. Wunder Lincoln, Nebraska July 2009 2 FRAMING RED POWER: THE AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT, THE TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES, AND THE POLITICS OF MEDIA Jason A. Heppler, M.A. University of Nebraska, 2009 Adviser: John R. Wunder This study explores the relationship between the American Indian Movement (AIM), national newspaper and television media, and the Trail of Broken Treaties caravan in November 1972 and the way media framed, or interpreted, AIM's motivations and objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • Guilty Until Proven Innocent: Leonard Peltier and the Sublegal System Joseph C
    Boston College Law Review Volume 34 Article 6 Issue 4 Number 4 7-1-1993 Guilty Until Proven Innocent: Leonard Peltier and the Sublegal System Joseph C. Hogan III Follow this and additional works at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr Part of the Criminal Law Commons, and the Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons Recommended Citation Joseph C. Hogan III, Guilty Until Proven Innocent: Leonard Peltier and the Sublegal System, 34 B.C.L. Rev. 901 (1993), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol34/iss4/6 This Notes is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GUILTY UNTIL PROVEN INNOCENT: LEONARD PELTIER AND THE SUBLEGAL SYSTEM You are about to perform an act which will close one mare chapter in the history of the failure of the United States to do justice in the case of a Native American. After centuries of murder . could I have been wise in thinking that you would break that tradition and commit an act of justice?' At 11:00 a.m. on June 26, 1975, FBI Special Agents Jack Coler and Ronald Williams entered the Jumping Bull compound in Oglala, a traditional Native American community on the Pine Ridge reservation in South Dakota. 2 Coler and Williams were in search of an Indian wanted on charges of assault and thefts Within the next hour, a shoot-out occurred in which both Coler and Williams
    [Show full text]
  • Trailblazing Native Journalist Paul Demain to Speak in Skokie November 10 for Mitchell Museum Event
    Mitchell Museum of the American Indian Press contact: Nat Silverman 3001 Central Street. Nathan J. Silverman Co. Evanston, IL 60201 1830 Sherman Ave., Suite 401 (847) 475-1030 Evanston, IL 60201-3774 www.mitchellmuseum.org Phone (847) 328-4292 Fax (847) 328-4317 Email: [email protected] News For Approval Attn: Arts & Entertainment/Lectures Trailblazing Native Journalist Paul DeMain to Speak in Skokie November 10 for Mitchell Museum Event Award-Winning Investigative Reporter Will Analyze Power of Native Voters in National and State Elections Editor of ‘News from Indian Country’ to Deliver Museum’s Annual Montezuma Lecture EVANSTON, Ill., October 25, 2012 — American Indian journalist, entrepreneur, and political activist Paul DeMain of Hayward, Wis., will discuss what he sees as Native America’s growing impact on national and local politics and public policy at a lecture organized by the Mitchell Museum of the American Indian, to be held at 3:30 p.m. on Saturday, November 10, in the Petty Auditorium of the Skokie Public Library, 5215 Oakton Street, Skokie, Ill. An award-winning investigative reporter of Oneida and Ojibwe descent, DeMain will deliver the Mitchell Museum’s third annual Dr. Carlos Montezuma Honorary Lecture. The title of his talk is “American Indians and the Tipping Point: No Longer a Miner’s Canary.” “Native America has a bigger seat at all the tables now,” DeMain said in a telephone interview with the Mitchell Museum. “Tribes are something to be reckoned with.” In some states, counties, and districts, Native votes can determine the outcome of close elections, he said. DeMain said he can recall when political campaigns used to ignore Indian reservations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Native American Fine Art Movement: a Resource Guide by Margaret Archuleta Michelle Meyers Susan Shaffer Nahmias Jo Ann Woodsum Jonathan Yorba
    2301 North Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85004-1323 www.heard.org The Native American Fine Art Movement: A Resource Guide By Margaret Archuleta Michelle Meyers Susan Shaffer Nahmias Jo Ann Woodsum Jonathan Yorba HEARD MUSEUM PHOENIX, ARIZONA ©1994 Development of this resource guide was funded by the Nathan Cummings Foundation. This resource guide focuses on painting and sculpture produced by Native Americans in the continental United States since 1900. The emphasis on artists from the Southwest and Oklahoma is an indication of the importance of those regions to the on-going development of Native American art in this century and the reality of academic study. TABLE OF CONTENTS ● Acknowledgements and Credits ● A Note to Educators ● Introduction ● Chapter One: Early Narrative Genre Painting ● Chapter Two: San Ildefonso Watercolor Movement ● Chapter Three: Painting in the Southwest: "The Studio" ● Chapter Four: Native American Art in Oklahoma: The Kiowa and Bacone Artists ● Chapter Five: Five Civilized Tribes ● Chapter Six: Recent Narrative Genre Painting ● Chapter Seven: New Indian Painting ● Chapter Eight: Recent Native American Art ● Conclusion ● Native American History Timeline ● Key Points ● Review and Study Questions ● Discussion Questions and Activities ● Glossary of Art History Terms ● Annotated Suggested Reading ● Illustrations ● Looking at the Artworks: Points to Highlight or Recall Acknowledgements and Credits Authors: Margaret Archuleta Michelle Meyers Susan Shaffer Nahmias Jo Ann Woodsum Jonathan Yorba Special thanks to: Ann Marshall, Director of Research Lisa MacCollum, Exhibits and Graphics Coordinator Angelina Holmes, Curatorial Administrative Assistant Tatiana Slock, Intern Carrie Heinonen, Research Associate Funding for development provided by the Nathan Cummings Foundation. Copyright Notice All artworks reproduced with permission.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life & Holiness of Nicholas Black Elk, Our Brother in Jesus Christ
    The Life & Holiness of Nicholas Black Elk, Our Brother in Jesus Christ By Mark G. Thiel, Marquette University Archives, with narration by Ben Black Bear, Jr., And technological assistance by Eric Kowalik, 2015 Video: The Life and Holiness of Nicholas Black Elk, Our Brother in Jesus Christ 1. Nicholas Black Elk lived a life of holiness during the 19th and 20th centuries. He was a Lakota Sioux holy man and lay convert in South Dakota and he became widely known through the books Black Elk Speaks and Nicholas Black Elk: Medicine Man, Mystic, Missionary. Baptized “Nicholas,” after the saint whose generous giving resonated with Lakota traditions, he committed his life to better knowing the Great Spirit and teaching Jesus’ way of peace, love, and harmony towards all creation. In so doing he seamlessly lived Christian and Native ways without contradiction and led over 400 Dakota-Lakota people to baptism in Jesus Christ. 1 2. So why canonize Nicholas Black Elk and why now? By baptism, all Christians are called to become saints, and since its first days, the church has canonized outstanding Christians it identifies as intercessors of prayer and models of virtue. But north of Mexico, such efforts were delayed until 1884 when the United States bishops felt sufficiently organized. Then they nominated three 17th century candidates from New York State – Mohawk-Algonquin convert Kateri Tekakwitha and Jesuit Father Isaac Jogues, both on the left, and other Jesuit companions added later. As martyrs, the causes of the Jesuits concluded first and they were canonized in 1930. Kateri’s cause then followed and ended with her canonization in 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • What Sort of Indian Will Show the Way? Colonization, Mediation, and Interpretation in the Sun Dance Contact Zone
    WHAT SORT OF INDIAN WILL SHOW THE WAY? COLONIZATION, MEDIATION, AND INTERPRETATION IN THE SUN DANCE CONTACT ZONE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sandra Garner, B.A., M.A. Graduate Program in Comparative Studies The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Lindsay Jones, Advisor Maurice Stevens Richard Shiels Copyright by Sandra Garner 2010 ABSTRACT This research project focuses on the Sun Dance, an Indigenous ritual particularly associated with Siouan people, as a site of cultural expression where multiple, often conflicting concerns, compete for hegemonic dominance. Since European contact the Sun Dance has been variously practiced, suppressed, reclaimed, revitalized, and transformed. It has also evoked strong sentiments both from those that sought to eradicate its practices as well as those who have sought its continuance. In spite of a period of intense colonial repression, during the last three decades the Siouan form of the Sun Dance has become one of the most widely practiced religious rituals from Indigenous North America and the number of Sun Dances held and the numbers of people participating has grown significantly. How has the Sun Dance ritual endured in spite of a lengthy history of repression? What is it about the Sun Dance that evokes such powerful sentiments? And, how do we account for the growth of the Sun Dance. I argue that the current growth and practice of the Sun Dance must be considered within the context of colonialism; a central focus of this dissertation. I identify the complex and messy ways that individuals mediate the inequitable power relations that shape colonialist interactions, as well as the way they interpret these social spaces.
    [Show full text]
  • A NATIONAL MUSEUM of the Summer 2000 Celebrating Native
    AmencanA NATIONAL MUSEUM of the Indiant ~ti • Summer 2000 Celebrating Native Traditions & Communities INDIAN JOURNALISM • THE JOHN WAYNE CLY STORY • COYOTE ON THE POWWOW TRAIL t 1 Smithsonian ^ National Museum of the American Indian DAVID S AIT Y JEWELRY 3s P I! t£ ' A A :% .p^i t* A LJ The largest and bestfôfltikfyi of Native American jewelry in the country, somçjmhem museum quality, featuring never-before-seen immrpieces of Hopi, Zuni and Navajo amsans. This collection has been featured in every major media including Vogue, Elle, Glamour, rr_ Harper’s Bazaar, Mirabella, •f Arnica, Mademoiselle, W V> Smithsonian Magazine, SHBSF - Th'NwYork N ± 1R6%V DIScbuNTDISCOUNT ^ WC ^ 450 Park Ave >XW\0 MEMBERS------------- AND television stations (bet. 56th/57th Sts) ' SUPPORTERS OF THE nationwide. 212.223.8125 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE © CONTENTS Volume 1, Number 3, Summer 2000 10 Read\ tor Pa^JG One -MarkTrahantdescribeshowIndianjoumalistsHkeMattKelley, Kara Briggs, and Jodi Rave make a difference in today's newsrooms. Trahant says today's Native journalists build on the tradition of storytelling that began with Elias Boudinot, founder of the 19th century newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix. 1 ^ WOVCn I hrOU^h Slone - Ben Winton describes how a man from Bolivia uses stone to connect with Seneca people in upstate New York. Stone has spiritual and utilitarian significance to indigeneous cultures across the Western Hemisphere. Roberto Ysais photographs Jose Montano and people from the Tonawanda Seneca Nation as they meet in upstate New York to build an apacheta, a Qulla cultural icon. 18 1 tie John Wayne Gly Story - John Wayne Cly's dream came true when he found his family after more than 40 years of separation.
    [Show full text]