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State of South Dakota Mineralogy of the Black Hills

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State of South Dakota Mineralogy of the Black Hills STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA Nils Boe, Governor MINERALOGY OF THE BLACK HILLS by WILLARD LINCOLN ROBERTS Research Associate in Mineralogy Museum of Geology, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology and GEORGE RAPP, JR. Curator of Mineralogy, Museum of Geology, and Associate Professor of Mineralogy, Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology With the Editorial Assistance of RICHARD L. BARTELS, Instructor of Mineralogy South Dakota School of Mines and Technology BULLETIN NUMBER 18 of the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Rapid City, South Dakota 1965] DESCRIPTIONS 29 ATACAMITE Cu2(OH)3C1 Class Halide Cryst. Orthorhombic; orthorhombic bipyramidal - 2/m 2/m 2/m Habit Commonly in slender prismatic crystals; also tabular. In crystal- line aggregates; massive, fibrous, or granular to compact; as sand. Phys. Cleavage -{ 010 perfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 3-31/2. G. 3.8. Luster adamantine to vitreous. Color bright green, dark emerald-green to blackish green. Streak apple-green. Transparent to translucent. Fusible. Easily soluble in acids. Yields water and forms a gray sublimate in closed tube. Occur. Lawrence County: 1. Atacamite occurs as a green staining and as fibers of a bright to dark green color associated with galena, cerussite, matlockite, cerargyrite, wulfenite, plattnerite, and pyromorphite in a large mass of vanadinite, weighing between four and five tons, encountered at the Iron Hill mine, Carbonate. Irving (3) p 178. 2. Small amounts of atacamite have been reported from the Trojan mine at Trojan. Ziegler (5) p 84. Bibliog. Irving, John Duer (3); Ziegler, Victor (5). AUGELITE Al2(PO4)(OH)2 Class Basic phosphate Cryst. Monoclinic; monoclinic prismatic - 2/m Habit Tabular crystals and massive. Phys. Good -{ 110 cleavage. Fracture un- even. Brittle. H. 41/2-5. G. 2.696; 2.704 (calc.). Colorless to white. Luster vitreous, pearly on cleavage surfaces. Streak white. Transparent. Infusible. Little affected by acids. Yields much water in a closed tube. Occur. Lawrence County: 1. Augelite has been reported as a minor constituent of the Rough and Ready pegmatite mine at Tinton x by Hess (10) p 5. Pennington County: 1. Augelite oc- Hugo Mine, Keystone curs at the Hugo mine, Keystone, as light-gray tabular crystals up to 3 by 1 millimeter in size in small vugs and as large cleav- able masses associated with morinite, apatite, montebrasite, and wardite. (SDSM&T-2774) Fisher and Runner (8) p 585. Bibliog. Hess, Frank L. (and Bryan, Barnabus Jr.) (10); Fisher, Daniel Jerome (and Runner, J. J.) (8). AUGITE - See PYROXENE AUTUNITE Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 . nH2O Class Hydrous phosphate Cryst. Tetragonal; ditetragonal bipyramidal - 4/m 2/m 2/m Habit Thin tabular crystals. Also as foliated or scaly aggregates; as thick crusts composed of crystals standing on edge. Phys. Cleavage basal perfect. Not brittle. H. 2-21/2. G. 3.05-3.2, varying with water content. Luster vitreous; pearly on basal plane. Color [Bulletin 18 30 MINERALOGY OF THE BLACK HILLS lemon-yellow to sulfur-yellow, sometimes greenish yellow to pale green. Streak yellowish. Transparent to translucent. Strongly fluor- escent in ultraviolet light; the dehydration product, meta-autunite, is less strongly fluorescent. Fuses easily to a black mass giving a pale-greenish flame. Gives green bead with phosphorous salt. Soluble in acids. It can be distinguished from meta-autunite by its X-ray powder photograph and by its relatively low indices of refraction. Occur. Autunite is a secondary mineral formed by the alteration of uranin- ite or other uranium-containing minerals. It has been found in numerous pegmatites, in granite, and in various sedimentary deposits in western South Dakota. Custer County: 1. Autunite occurs sparingly coating fractures in uraninite-bearing montebrasite (SDSM&T-3379) at the Tin Mountain mine seven miles west of Custer. 2. Abundant sulfur-yellow autunite occurs as incrusta- tions in joints and cracks of granite (SDSM&T-2244) about 100 feet east of the main pit at the November mine 1.2 miles southeast of the Needles Eye Tunnel on the west side of Highway 87. A similar occurrence along High- way 87 about 300 yards east of the tunnel has been described by A. E. Smith, Jr. (2) p 453. 3. Scaly flakes of autunite have been found coating frac- tures in black tourmaline and as coatings on feldspar, associated with uraninite and gummite (SDSM&T-3380), at the Ross mine (Highland Lode) about four miles west of Custer. 4. Small amounts of autunite occur as an alteration product of uraninite in nodules of heterosite (SDSM&T-3381) at the Rainbow No. 4 mine about five and one-half miles southwest of Custer. 5. Found sparingly in black tourmaline, associated with small grains of uraninite and gummite, at the High Climb mine just south of the Penning- ton County line about six miles north of Custer. 6. Autunite occurs sparingly with sicklerite, lithiophilite, and uraninite (SDSM&T-3601) at the Custer Moun- tain Lode one and one-half miles east-southeast of Custer. Page (7) p 98. Fall River County: 1. Autunite is found associated with carnotite in sandstone (SDSM&T-2240) in the mines at Craven Canyon and has been reported as a not uncommon constituent of the uranium-vanadium ores in the Edgemont mining district. Page (8) p 346. Harding County: 1. A yellow-green fluorescent mineral, tenta- tively identified as meta-autunite, occurs with metazeunerite and metator- bernite in unaniferous lignite at the Billy Dale group located on parts of three buttes rising 300 feet above the surrounding plain immediately east of North Cave Hills. Page (8) p 426. 2. Faint green coatings and incrusta- tions of autunite occur in a six inch clinker in the Ludlow formation at the Bobcat mine in the South Cave Hills. Curtiss (2) p 76. 3. Autunite occurs sporadically concentrated in small clusters of aggregates and as disseminated crystals throughout permeable portions of soft carbonaceous material at the Pickpocket No 1 mine in the North Cave Hills. Curtiss (2) p 77. 4. Reported to occur sparsely disseminated in uraniferous lignite, associated with aber- nathyite, zeunerite, torbernite, and uranophane in the Slim Buttes uranium mining area. King (4) p 1. Lawrence County: 1. Autunite occurs in great abundance as apple-green and highly fluorescent well-crystallized plates and crystalline masses as much as 5 millimeters in length coating minute fissures in silt- stone (SDSM&T-937) at the Davier mine on Annie Creek about five miles west of Lead in the Bald Mountain mining district. The autunite is found associated with minutely crystalline purple fluorite, much fluorescent hyalite opal, and limonite stains. Vickers (1) (2). 2. An occurrence of autunite at Bald Mountain has been reported by Stillwell (1) p 82. 1965] DESCRIPTIONS 31 Pennington County: 1. Thick, greenish-yellow incrustations of high- ly fluorescent autunite occur on interlocked aggregates of muscovite, asso- ciated with orange to reddish-brown pseudomorphs and partial pseudomorphs after uraninite crystals, spodumene, and columbite, at the Ingersoll mine two miles northwest of Keystone. (SDSM&T-3382). 2. Thin coatings of autunite occur sparingly together with uraninite and gummite in feldspar (SDSM&T- 3383) at the Peerless mine, Keystone. 3. Excellent specimens of highly fluores- cent autunite coating fractures in white beryl, black tourmaline, and pinkish feldspar and associated with uraninite, phosphuranylite, uranophane, and some unidentified alteration products of uraninite (SDSM&T-3384) have been collected from the Ferguson Lode claim about one-half mile northwest of the Wood Tin Lode three miles southeast of Keystone. 4. Reported as a thin bright-yellow coating on flakes and crystals of muscovite and as seamlets in their cleavage planes at the Etta mine, Keystone. Ziegler (5) p 207. 5. Autunite has been reported from the Everly mine (Riverton Lode) located at the junction of Horsely Gulch drainage with Battle Creek at Harney City two miles east of Keystone by Ziegler (5) p 207. Bibliog. Curtiss, Robert Eugene (2); Kepferle, R. C. (1); King, John Wyman (4); Page, Lincoln R. (and others) (7) (8); Smith, Arthur E. Jr. (2); Stillwell, L. W. (1); Vickers, R. C. (1) (2); Ziegler, Victor (5). AZURITE Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 Class Basic carbonate Cryst. Monoclinic; monoclinic prismatic - 2/m Habit Crystals usually tabular. Also in crusts, massive and earthy. Phys. Perfect -{ 011 and fair -10(2q cleavage. Fracture conchoidal• Brittle. H. 31/2-4. G. 3.77; 3.83 (calc.). Vitreous to adamantine luster. Color light blue to very dark blue. Streak light blue. Transparent to subtranslucent. Fuses on charcoal, and with careful treatment will give copper bead in reducing flame. Dissolves in hydrochloric acid with effervescence. Drop of solution on platinum wire gives fine blue copper flame; ammonia added to green acid solution turns it blue. Occur. Azurite is found very sparingly in pegmatites and vein deposits in the Black Hills area. Custer County: 1. Well-developed micro crystals of azurite (SDSM&T-3360) occur in small vugs associated with sphalerite, montebrasite, malachite, and feldspar at the Tin Mountain mine seven miles west of Cus- ter. 2• Azurite has been observed as thin coatings on rock, associated with malachite, at the Queen mine located near the bottom of the gulch about one-half mile up a short southwesterly bearing branch of French Creek in the NE1/4 of the NE1/4 sec. 14, T4S, R6E. Lawrence County: 1. A small amount of azurite occurs with malachite and tetrahedrite in laminated quartzite on the crest of the divide, between Whitewood and Yellow Creek, just south of Lead. Irving (3) p 95. 2. Minute crystals of azurite associated with malachite (SDSM&T-1952) have been collected from the Jungle mine, Roubaix.
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