Dalla Storia Del Diritto Alla Sociologia. Il Confronto Di Max Weber Con La Scuola Storica Del Diritto* Gerhard Dilcher

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Dalla Storia Del Diritto Alla Sociologia. Il Confronto Di Max Weber Con La Scuola Storica Del Diritto* Gerhard Dilcher Dalla Storia del diritto alla Sociologia. Il confronto di Max Weber con la Scuola storica del diritto- Gerhard Dilcher Nonostante una carriera accademica costruita e fondata nella Scienza del diritto, “in quanto giurista” Max Weber viene pochissi- mo preso in considerazione, in particolare proprio da parte della ri- cerca tedesca. Si cercherà qui di mostrare, partendo dalla sua !is- sertazione in Storia del diritto, l"impronta ricevuta da Weber dal- l"ultima fase della Scuola storica e il significato che ci# ebbe per il suo successivo lavoro come sociologo del diritto ma anche per il tipo particolare della sua costruzione concettuale sociologica$. Problemi e problematica generale Max Weber viene a buon diritto generalmente considerato come uno degli eroi fondatori delle scienze dell"economia politica, della so- ciologia e della politologia. %ltre a ciò, negli ultimi decenni, il di- battito tedesco su Weber si & allargato, dopo la sua reimpostazione negli anni "'( del )) secolo, al tema “Max Weber come storico”*. +unto di riferimento sono stati i suoi grandi contributi di compa- razione culturale, sorretti da un’ampia visione storica comprensiva, ma anche la fondazione teorica e metodologica delle scienze sociali, con inclusione della storia , di cui Weber si & occupato in numero- - .raduzione di +ierangelo Schiera. $ /l presente testo rimanda a una relazione tenuta al )))0/ Congresso tedesco degli storici del diritto del $* settembre 2006. Come Scuola storica viene qui inte- sa la “Scienza storica del diritto” fondata da Savigny, che mirava a un’unione di ri- cerca storica e sapere normativo e si & conclusa con le grandi codificazioni, soprat- tutto quella del diritto civile nel Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 34546 del $7(0. * W. MOMMSEN, Max Weber, in H.U. W89;8< (ed), Deutsche Historiker, vol. III, Göttingen $972, pp. 65-9( e J. A%1AB (ed), Max Weber der Historiker, Göttingen 1986. Scienza & Politica, 37, 2007 7' si saggi composti dopo l’inizio del secolo , e nelle precisazioni con- cettuali a sfondo tipologico che hanno poi trovato posto in cono- mia e societàD. .utto ci# si & dimostrato di grande aiuto, in 5erma- nia, dapprima per gli storici dell’età moderna, poi anche per gli an- tichisti e infine per i medievisti, offrendo , per il confronto come per l’adattamento di nuovi orientamenti della storia sociale, strutturale e di mentalit , un fondamento metodologico che andava oltre uno storicismo meramente individualizzante, cosE come superava un ma- terialismo marxistaF. +er antichisti e medievisti, una posizione chia- ve fu qui crescentemente occupata dal famoso testo Geberiano sul- la città, che presenta, in prospettiva storico-universale, la polis anti- ca e il comune cittadino medievale come espressioni della forma spe- cificamente europea di città, così importante per il processo di mo- dernizzazione e razionalizzazione?. Bl di l di tutto questo occuparsi di Weber sotto gli aspetti delle diverse scienze, & sempre per# rimasto sullo sfondo il fatto che egli era, proprio per formazione, giuristaH giurista a tutti gli effetti, con primo e secondo esame di Stato, promozione e abilitazione giuridi- ca e un primo posto di professore alla sua :niversit berlinese, pri- ma che egli poi, nel $C7D, venisse chiamato alla cattedra di 8cono- mia politica a Iriburgo. Naturalmente ci# si sapeva, ma, per esem- pio, gi il suo lavoro di abilitazione in diritto romano sulla costitu- zione agraria romana & stato continuamente attribuito a “Max We- ber quale storico dell"antichit ”'. /n effetti, quest"opera , in parte sulle tracce dei suoi maestri .heodor Mommsen e Bugust Meitzen , muove dai punti di partenza giuridici per entrare sempre piJ nel- la storia sociale, economica e costituzionale, distinguendosi in tal modo, per oggetto e metodo, dai lavori della pandettistica contem- poranea>. D M. W848<, Gesammelte #u$s%tze zur Wissenscha$tslehre, a cura di @. W/N1A8;- MBNN, .Kbingen $7C?'L come pure M. W848<, Wirtscha$t und Gesellscha$t, Studien- ausgabe, a cura di @. W/N1A8;MBNN, .Kbingen $7>*?, +rima parteH &oziologische 'ategorienlehre. F Su questo cfr. da una parte O. G. %8);8, (on )ietzsche zu Max Weber, in O. G. %8);8, Geschichts*issenscha$t im +eichen des Historismus, 5=ttingen $77', ma si consideri d"altra parte anche l"importanza di Weber per l"opzione storico-sociale del- la “Scuola di 4ielefeld” (come ad esempio Aocka e Wehler). ? Cfr i saggi in C. M8/8< (ed), Die ,kzidentale &tadt nach Max Weber, 39istori- sche Neitschrift, 4eiheft $>), München 1994, e H. 4<UHNS, W. N/++8; (edd), Max Weber und die &tadt im 'ulturvergleich, Göttingen 2000. ' Cfr. l’introduzione di @ürgen !eininger a Max Weber, Römische #grargeschichte, in Max!Weber!Gesamtausgabe, a cura di @. !8/N/N58<, vol. /O*, .Kbingen $7C'L !eininger classifica lo studio del diritto romano da parte di Weber come «Weber e il suo interesse per l’antichità», pp. * ss. > Sullo sviluppo della scienza pandettistica di diritto romano dalla Scuola storica 7> Ma ancor piJ lontana dall"interesse scientifico per Weber rest# la sua dissertazione di storia del diritto medievale sulle “1ompagnie commerciali medievali sulla base di fonti dell"8uropa meridionale”, di cui era stato promotore e relatore il giuscommercialista ;evin 5oldschmidt , spesso definito come fondatore del diritto commer- ciale moderno , che fu invece cosE importante per la sua stessa evo- luzione. ;"edizione critica di questa dissertazione nella Max!Weber! Gesamtausgabe & l"occasione per addentrarsi nell"esame del ruolo di questo lavoro di storia del diritto nella crescita e nell"opera scientifi- ca di colui che sarebbe poi divenuto economista e sociologoC. Si ag- giunga a ci# l"osservazione che, in ambito linguistico tedesco, non solo questa dissertazione storico-giuridica ha ricevuto un interesse particolarmente ridotto ma in generale il tema “il giurista Max We- ber” & molto piJ presente in pubblicazioni anglo-americane o anche italiane che non nella letteratura tedesca, dove pure la sociologia del diritto Geberiana ha giocato un ruolo, benchR per lo piJ un po" iso- lato7. .emi quali “Max Weber as legal historian”, “Max Weber: The la*1er as a social thinker” , trattati negli ultimi decenni nel mondo linguistico anglo-americano$( , o “!alla comunit al diritto moder- no. ;a formazione giuridica di Max Weber” , un titolo con il quale il sociologo italiano <ealino Marra considera il periodo formativo di Weber, durante i suoi studi giuridici e la promozione$$ , mancano nella letteratura tedesca. Bnche la nostra edizione critica & stata pre- ceduta negli :SB da una traduzione commentata per studenti ame- del diritto al positivismo della scienza giuridica cfr. I. W/8B1A8<, Privatrechtsge! schichte der )euzeit, Göttingen $7'>*, SS 20-23. C ;’edizione di M. W848<, +ur Geschichte der Handelsgesellschaften im Mittelalter. )ach südeuropäischen 2uellen, 1889, sta per apparire in Max-Weber-Gesamtausgabe, I/1, a cura di G. !/;198< e S. ;EPSIUS. Rimando fin d’ora alla mia introduzione, in cui alcuni passaggi saranno svolti in modo più ampio. 7 ;a sociologia del diritto di Max Weber si trova in M. W848<, Wirtscha$t und Ge! sellscha$t, cit., // parte, cap. 0//, pp. D7C-?$D. 1fr. M. <894/N!8< - A. +. ./81A (edd), Max Weber als -echtssoziologe, 4erlin 1987, dove va segnalato, nella direzio- ne anche qui indicata, +.S19/8<B, Max Weber und die deutsche -echtswissenschaft des 19. 5ahrhunderts, pp. 151-16C 3Max Weber e la scienza giuridica tedesca dell’ottocen! to, «Sociologia del diritto», $981, pp. 85-105). Cfr. anche S. 4<8:8< - H. .<8/48< 3edd6, +ur -echtssoziologie Max Webers. 7nterpretation, 'ritik, Weiterent*icklung, Wie- sbaden $7CF e W. 58+9B<., Gesellscha$tstheorie und -echt, Irankfurt a. M. $77D, in particolare pp. 419-588. ;o stesso 5ephart curerà prossimamente l’edizione della -echtssoziologie in Max-Weber-Gesamtausgabe, cit.. $( S. +..:<N8< - <. B. IB1.%<, Max Weber/ 0he 8aw1er as &ocial 0hinker, ;ondon 1994, e H. J. 4ERMAN - C. J. <8/!, Max Weber as a Legal Historian, in S. +..URNER (ed), The 9ambridge Companion to Weber, Cambridge 2000. $$ <. MB<<B, Dalla comunit" al diritto moderno. 8a $ormazione giuridica di Max Weber 3::;!3::4, .orino 1992. 7C ricani a cura del sociologo ;utz Aaelber$*, il che mostra un notevole interesse accademico per questo scritto giovanile di storia del diritto. %ccuparsi degli studi universitari in diritto di Max Weber, della fa- se della sua promozione e abilitazione accademica e della prima atti- vit di docenza giuridica non serve solo a riempire un buco scientifi- co, ma getta pure luce su due problematiche da chiarire. /n primo luogo, Max Weber ha scelto molto consapevolmente il suo maestro ;evin 5oldschmidt e lo stesso tema storico-giuridico in campo com- mercialistico della sua dissertazione, nell"ambito della fase tarda del- la Scuola storica del diritto, e in particolare tra romanisti e germani- sti, facendo osservazioni molto esatte, ed egli stesso & stato inquadra- to in quest"ambito da commentatori e recensori. 1i possiamo dunque aspettare da lui stesso, in quanto attento osservatore contemporaneo, inquadramenti e valutazioni su questa fase importante della scienza giuridica tedesca che, dopo la magistrale ricostruzione di WieacMer, sta di nuovo conoscendo oggi una discussione assai vivace$D. !"altra par- te & in gioco la questione posta da Marra della “formazione giuridica di Max Weber”, cio& della sua impronta spirituale , cio& del senso sia del suo procedere generale di metodo come pure del suo successivo concetto sociologico di diritto , a opera della sua formazione e cul- tura giuridica prima e dopo la promozione nel $CC7. Sono queste le domande che si vogliono affrontare nel presente saggio. Weber, come allievo di diritto commerciale di Levin Goldschmidt, nel diritto commerciale Weber ha studiato giurisprudenza da $CC* a 9eidelberg, Stra- sburgo, 4erlino, 5ottinga (con esame di Stato a Celle nel maggio $CC'6 e poi di nuovo a 4erlino dove si dedic#, parallelamente al ser- vizio da referendario, alla sua dissertazione, scaturita da una relazio- ne al seminario di 5oldschmidt.
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