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CEREN UÇAN HAVAS, REUTERS AND THE OTTOMAN TELEGRAPH AGENCY REUTERSOTTOMANHAVAS, THE TELEGRAPH AGENCY AND THE NEWS AGENCIES IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: THE NEWS AGENCIES IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: THE NEWSTHE AGENCIES IN HAVAS, REUTERS AND THE OTTOMAN TELEGRAPH AGENCY (1862-1914) A Ph.D. Dissertation (1862 - by 1914) CEREN UÇAN Department of History İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara Bilkent University 201 University Bilkent January 2019 9 To My Family THE NEWS AGENCIES IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: HAVAS, REUTERS AND THE OTTOMAN TELEGRAPH AGENCY (1862-1914) The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by CEREN UÇAN In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY THE DEPARTMENT OF HİSTORY İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA January 2019 ABSTRACT THE NEWS AGENCIES IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: HAVAS, REUTERS AND THE OTTOMAN TELEGRAPH AGENCY (1862-1914) Uçan , Ceren Ph.D., Department of History Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Evgeniy R. Radushev January 2019 Established in the nineteenth century, Havas, Reuters and Wolff’s became three major and influential news agencies in the world. Especially Havas and Reuters gave utmost importance to the Ottoman Empire and competed to gain control of news collecting and dissemination in the imperial capital. Being challenged by the Great Power politics of the century, the Ottoman Empire tried to have control of the news Havas and Reuters disseminated in the empire and abroad along with other carriers and makers of information through financial means. Not satisfied with the outcomes of this policy, the empire searched for ways to have its own news agency for more than three decades. The Ottoman Telegraph Agency, the first semi-formal news agency of the Ottoman Empire came into existence in 1911. Keywords: Havas, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Telegraph Agency, Reuters. iii ÖZET OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU’NDAKİ HABER AJANSLARI: HAVAS, REUTERS VE OSMANLI TELGRAF AJANSI (1862-1914) Uçan, Ceren Doktora, Tarih Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Evgeniy R. Radushev Ocak 2019 On dokuzuncu yüzyılda ku rulan Havas, Reuters ve Wolff's dünyanın üç büyük ve etkili haber ajansı olmuştur. Özellikle Havas ve Reuters, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na büyük önem atfederek imparatorluk başkentin de haber toplama ve yayma faaliyetlerini kontrol altına alabilmek için kıyasıya bir rekabet içerisine girmiştir . Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Yüzyılın Büyük Güçleri ile devam eden mücadelesi kapsamında diğer bilgi üreten ve taşıyan yapılar ile beraber Havas ve Reuters'in hem İmparatorluk toprakları üzerinde hem de dışarıda h aber toplama ve yayma faaliyetleri üzerinde finan sal yöntemler ile kontrol elde etmeye çalışmıştır. Yürüttüğü bu politikanın sonuçlarından memnun kalmayan imparatorluk, otuz yılı aşkın bir süre boyunca kendi haber ajansına sahip olmanın yollarını aramıştır . Bu çerçevede, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun ilk yarı resmi haber ajansı olan Osmanlı Telgraf Ajansı 1911’de ortaya çıkmıştır . Anahtar Kelimeler: Havas, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Osmanlı Telgraf Ajansı , Reuters. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation, while an individual work, has come into existence with the support and contributions of numerous people. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Asst. Prof. Dr. Evgeniy R. Radushev, and members of my dissertation supervision committee, Prof. Dr. Özer Ergenç and Asst. Prof. Dr. Berrak Burçak. I am also thankful to my dissertation examining committee members, Prof. Dr. Mehmet V. Seyitdanlio ğlu and Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan for their contributions. I would also like to thank my professors at İ.D. Bilkent University, Asst. Prof. Dr. Oktay Özel, Asst. Prof. Dr. David Thornton, and Asst. Prof. Dr. Paul Latimer, who contributed to my formation as historian. I would like to thank to The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) Science Fellowship and Grant Programmes Department (BIDEB) for funding my research at the United Kingdom with the grant 2214/A and making this dissertation possible. I would also like to thank my friends at İ.D. Bilkent University, Sinan Çetin, Fatih Pamuk, Abdürrahim Özer, and Müzeyyen Karabağ for their support. Finally, I am grateful to my parents and my brother for always supporting me and my work. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. iii ÖZET ........................................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ vi CHAPTER I: THE FORMATION OF THE NEWS AGENCIES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, THEIR RISING IMPORTANCE AS BUSINESS VENTURES, AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE ................................................... 1 1.1. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................. 17 1.2. Primary Sources ............................................................................................ 20 1.3. Literature Review .......................................................................................... 21 1.4. Structure of the Dissertation.......................................................................... 29 CHAPTER II: HAVAS, WOLFF’S, REUTERS AND THE GOVERNMENTS .................................................................................................................................. 31 CHAPTER III: THE REUTER FAMILY’S ENTERPRISES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE ................................................................................................ 55 CHAPTER IV: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE ..................................................... 114 4.1. Decentralization and an Overview of Centralization Policy in the Ottoman Empire ................................................................................................................ 115 4.2. History of Telegraphy in the Ottoman Empire ........................................... 121 4.3. The Empire’s Endeavor to Establish a Telegraph Agency ......................... 126 CHAPTER V: THE OTTOMAN TELEGRAPH AGENCY (AGENCE TELEGRAPHIQUE OTTOMANE) AND ITS SUCCESSORS ...................... 153 CHAPTER VI: L’ AGENCE MILLI (THE NATIONAL OTTOMAN TELEGRAPH AGENCY), LA TURQUIE AND L’ AGENCE ORIENTALE D’INFORMATIONS ........................................................................................... 153 6.1. l’Agence Milli (The National Ottoman Telegraph Agency) ....................... 176 6.2. La Turquie ................................................................................................... 183 6.3. l’Agence Orientale d’Informations ............................................................. 184 CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 186 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 189 vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION THE FORMATION OF THE NEWS AGENCIES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, THEIR RISING IMPORTANCE AS BUSINESS VENTURES, AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Developments during the eighteenth century caused the establishment and rise of news agencies in the next century. While the expansion of the printing press and long-term changes in literacy, the industrial revolution, the growth of a capitalist economy, and improvements in transportation and communication created a modern society, the news agencies took their respected place in this contemporary world. In the nineteenth century, the concept of ‘information’ was reformulated. ‘Information’ became ‘news’, a commodity to collect and distribute. 1 This act of collecting and distributing news created the first international or global media 1 Oliver Boyd-Barrett and Terhi Rantanen, “The Globalization of News,” in The Globalization of News (London: Sage Publications, 1998), 1. 1 organizations, the news agencies. These agencies were also among the very first transnational or multinational corporations. 2 Their significance was such that: The news agencies were among the world’s first organizations to operate, not only globally, but to operate globally in the production and distribution of ‘consciousness’, through the commodification of news, in ways which had very significant implications for our understanding or appreciation of time and space. 3 The industrial revolution and the transformation of the capitalist market made news agencies necessary. The stock exchange rates were the most important commodity of the three major European news agencies during their first years. With the introduction of new machine technologies and steam power from the late eighteenth century onwards, the nature of capitalist enterprise was transformed, and factories with hundreds of employees became the typical form of a business unit. This transformation occurred most rapidly within the cotton industry. In Britain, between 1792 and 1850, the number of factories increased from about 900 to over 1,400, whereas, between 1750 and 1850, the quantity of raw materials processed by the cotton industry increased more than 200 times. 4 As the victor of the Industrial Re volution, Britain’s industrial economy was such that: … it harnessed the power of a million horses in its steam -engines, turned out two million yards of cotton cloth per year on over seventeen million mechanical spindles,

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