a. Pennsylvania, designed as a refuge for CHAPTER 3 Quakers persecuted in England, developed a pacifistic policy toward the Native Americans and became ANNOTATED CHAPTER prosperous. OUTLINE b. Quakers believed that people were imbued by God with an “inner light” of The following annotated chapter outline will help grace or understanding that opened you review the major topics covered in this chapter. salvation to everyone. c. Penn’s Frame of Government (1681) I. Colonies to Empire, 1660–1713 guaranteed religious freedom for all A. The Restoration Colonies and Imperial Christians and allowed all property- Expansion owning men to vote and hold office. 1. The Carolinas d. Ethnic diversity, pacifism, and freedom a. Charles II gave the Carolinas to his of conscience made Pennsylvania the aristocratic friends and gave the Dutch most open and democratic of the colony New Netherland to his brother Restoration Colonies. James, the Duke of York. B. From Mercantilism to Imperial Dominion b. James took possession of New 1. The Navigation Acts Netherland, renamed it New York, and a. In the 1650s, the English government ruled by decree. imposed mercantilism via the c. The Fundamental Constitutions of Navigation Acts, which regulated Carolina (1669) legally established the colonial commerce by requiring that Church of England and prescribed a colonials could ship goods only on manorial system, with a mass of serfs English-owned ships, export sugar and that were governed by a small number tobacco only to England, and import of powerful nobles. European goods only through England. d. Poor families in North Carolina b. The Revenue Act of 1673 imposed a refused to work on large manors, chose “plantation duty” on sugar and tobacco instead to live on modest farms, and exports and created a staff of customs expressed their resistance to the officials to enforce the mercantilist nobility by rejecting several taxation laws. attempts. c. In commercial wars between 1652 and e. South Carolinians, many of them 1674, the English drove the Dutch migrants from Barbados, established a from New Netherlands and ended their hierarchical slave society and supremacy in the West African slave prospered by raising cattle and food trade. The English also dominated crops for export to the West Indies. North Atlantic commerce. f. By 1700, rice became South Carolina’s d. Many Americans resisted the primary cash crop, grown in the mercantilist laws as burdensome and swampy estuaries of the coastal low intrusive. To enforce the laws, the country. Lords of Trade pursued a punitive legal g. Slaves soon outnumbered whites and strategy. In 1679, they denied the claim made up two-thirds of the population of Massachusetts Bay to New by 1740. Hampshire’s territory, eventually 2. William Penn and Pennsylvania creating New Hampshire as a separate 2 CHAPTER 3 • THE BRITISH ATLANTIC WORLD

colony. In 1684, they annulled 6. Locke’s celebration of individual rights Massachusetts Bay’s charter. and representative government had a 2. The Dominion of New England lasting influence in America. a. When James II succeeded to the 7. Rebellions in America throne, he wanted to establish stricter a. The Glorious Revolution also sparked control over the colonies and create a colonial rebellions against royal more centralized imperial system in governments in Massachusetts, America. He targeted New England in Maryland, and New York. particular for reform. b. In 1689, Puritan leaders shipped b. In 1686, the Lords of Trade merged Governor Andros back to England. The Connecticut and Rhode Island colonies new monarchs broke up the Dominion with those of Massachusetts Bay and of New England but did not restore Plymouth to form the Dominion of Puritan-dominated government; New England, a new royal province. instead, they created a new royal c. Two years later, New York and New colony of Massachusetts, whose new Jersey were added to the Dominion. charter granted religious freedom and d. Sir Edmund Andros, governor of the gave the vote to all male property Dominion, had the authority to rule by owners (not Puritan church members decree. He abolished the existing only). legislative assemblies, advocated c. The uprising in Maryland had both public worship in the Church of political and religious causes; England, and invalidated all land titles. Protestants resented rising taxes and C. The Glorious Revolution in England and high fees imposed by wealthy, America primarily Catholic proprietary officials. 1. In 1688, James’s Spanish Catholic wife d. In New York, the rebellion against the gave birth to a son, raising the prospect of Dominion of New England began a a Catholic heir to the throne. decade of violent political conflict. 2. To forestall such an event, Protestant e. The uprisings in Boston and New York parliamentary leaders carried out a nearly toppled the authoritarian Dominion of bloodless coup known as the Glorious New England and won the restoration Revolution. of internal self-government. 3. Mary Stuart, James’s Protestant daughter f. In England, the new constitutional by his first wife, and her husband, William monarchs promoted an empire based of Orange, were enthroned. on commerce; Parliament created a 4. Queen Mary II and King William III new Board of Trade (1696) to agreed to rule as constitutional monarchs supervise the American settlements. loyal to “the Protestant reformed religion” The overall result was a period of lax and accepted a bill of rights that limited administration and colonial autonomy. royal prerogatives and increased personal II. Imperial Wars and Native Peoples liberties and parliamentary powers. A. Tribalization 5. Parliamentary leaders relied on John 1. Between 1689 and 1815, Britain and Locke’s Two Treatises on Government France fought wars for dominance of (1690) to justify their coup. Locke Western Europe. rejected divine-right theories of 2. As the wars spread to the Americas, they monarchical rule. involved a number of Native American warriors armed with European weapons. 3. Native Americans reacted to declining III. The Imperial Slave Economy population, encroaching Europeans, and A. The South Atlantic System increased warfare with tribalization, or the 1. England and the West Indies creation of new or transformed political a. The South Atlantic System had its entities. center in Brazil and the West Indies; 4. Native Americans empowered themselves sugar was its main product. during imperial wars between European b. European merchants, investors, and powers. The Iroquois, for example, signed planters garnered the profits of the “aggressive neutrality” agreements with South Atlantic System by following both France and Great Britain, promising mercantilist principles; they provided to trade with both sides but refusing to the organizational skill, ships, and fight with either side. In return they money needed to grow and process received diplomacy gifts such as guns, sugarcane, carry the refined sugar to lead, and clothing. market, and supply the plantations with 5. The War of the Spanish Succession European tools and equipment. (1702–1713) pitted Britain against France However, it was the Atlantic slave and Spain and prompted English settlers trade that made the system run. in the Carolinas to arm the Creek people c. The English began plantation-style and attack Spanish Florida as a combined production in the Caribbean later than force. their European counterparts, but they B. Indian Goals created thriving colonies and attracted 1. The Creeks took this opportunity to more settlers than the Chesapeake and become the dominant tribe in the region. New England regions combined. When Carolinians demanded trade debt d. Sugar, the most profitable crop grown payments in 1715, the Creeks revolted in America and Europe, transformed against their former allies and killed 400 Barbados and the other islands into colonists. slave-based plantation societies, run by 2. Native Americans also played a central an elite group of ruthless planters who role in the fighting in the Northeast; aided owned the majority of land, servants, by the French, the Catholic Abenakis and and slaves and ruled by instilling fear. Mohawks took revenge on the Puritans, e. Sugar could be produced most attacking settlements in Maine and effectively on large plantations, using Massachusetts. New Englanders expensive equipment and the labor of responded by joining British forces in slaves who planted, cut, and processed attacks on French strongholds in Nova sugarcane into raw sugar, molasses, Scotia and Quebec. and rum. 3. Britain used victories in Europe to win 2. The Impact on Britain territorial and commercial concessions in a. As a result of the Navigation Acts, the the Americas. In the Treaty of Utrecht re-exports of American sugar and (1713), Britain obtained Newfoundland, tobacco accounted for half of all Acadia, and the Hudson Bay region of British exports by 1750. northern Canada from France, as well as b. The slave trade was also massively access through Albany to the western profitable. Indian trade. The treaty solidified c. The trade in sugar, tobacco, and slaves Britain’s supremacy and brought peace to resulted in an economic boom in the North America. British Empire by expanding the 4 CHAPTER 3 • THE BRITISH ATLANTIC WORLD

shipbuilding industry, stimulating C. Slavery in the Chesapeake and South construction of port facilities and Carolina warehouses, and increasing the 1. By 1700, planters in Virginia and manufacturing of textiles. Maryland took advantage of the increased B. Africa, Africans, and the Slave Trade British trade in slaves, importing 1. Africans and the Slave Trade thousands of slaves and creating a “slave a. The slave trade changed West African society.” society: it drained the land of people 2. Slavery was increasingly defined in racial and wealth, as well as promoted terms; in Virginia, virtually all resident centralized states and military Africans were declared slaves. conquest. 3. Violence was part of daily life for slaves. b. Many of these African kingdoms Laws allowed even extreme punishments participated in the slave trade to gain such as branding for runaways. wealth and power. Others, such as 4. Living and working conditions in Benin, opposed the trade in slaves for Maryland and Virginia allowed slaves to over a century. live relatively long lives. c. In many African societies, class 5. Many tobacco planters tried to increase divisions hardened as people of noble their workforce through reproduction, birth enslaved and sold those of lesser purchasing female slaves and encouraging status. large families. d. The imbalance of the sexes that 6. By the mid-1700s, slaves constituted over resulted from slave trading allowed 30 percent of the Chesapeake population, some African men to take several and over three-quarters of them were wives, changing the nature of marriage. American-born. e. The Atlantic trade prompted harsher 7. South Carolina slaves were much more forms of slavery in Africa, eroding the oppressed. Growing rice required work dignity of human life there and in the amid pools of putrid water, and mosquito- Western Hemisphere. borne epidemic diseases took thousands of 2. The Middle Passage and Beyond African lives. a. African slaves who were forced to 8. The slave population in South Carolina endure the Middle Passage, the ship suffered many deaths and had few births; journey from Africa to the Americas, therefore, the importation of new slaves suffered the bleakest fate. Countless continually “re-Africanized” the black died from diseases, dehydration, population. suicide, or violent shipboard revolts. D. An African American Community Emerges b. Survivors began a life of endless work 1. Building Community and relentless exploitation upon arrival a. On most plantations, slaves came from in Brazil or the West Indies. different regions in West and Central c. Planters often sexually exploited Africa and spoke diverse languages. female slaves. Planters preferred ethnic diversity, d. Because many planters worked slaves believing that inability to communicate to death quickly and constantly would deter rebellion. purchased new ones, slaves maintained b. Slaves initially did not regard one African languages, religions, and another as Africans or blacks but as culture. members of a specific family, clan, or people. c. Family life was precarious owing to Carolinians reduced slave imports and the threat of sale or punishment. intensified plantation discipline. d. A more equal gender ratio was E. The Rise of the Southern Gentry necessary for the creation of an African 1. White Identity and Equality American community and the passing a. As the southern colonies became slave on of knowledge from Africa to the societies, life changed for whites as American-born generation. well as blacks. e. As enslaved blacks forged a new b. Successful planters such as William identity in America, their lives Byrd believed their wealth would gain continued to be shaped by their African them acceptance in English society; the past, influencing decorative motifs, English gentry, however, rejected them housing design, musical instruments, as inferior. and religious patterns. c. The planter elite exercised authority 2. Resistance and Accommodation over black slaves and yeomen—the a. African creativity was limited because American equivalent of oppressed slaves were denied education and had peasants and serfs of Europe. few material goods or leisure time. d. To prevent rebellion, the southern b. Slaves who resisted their rigorous gentry paid attention to the concerns of work routine were punished with middling and poor whites and beatings, whippings, and mutilation, gradually reduced taxes. including amputation. e. By 1770, the majority of English c. The extent of violence toward slaves Chesapeake families owned at least depended on the size and the density of one slave, giving them a stake in the the slave population; a smaller slave exploitative labor system. population usually meant less violence, f. Poor yeomen and some tenants were while predominantly African- allowed to vote. populated colonies suffered more g. In return, the planter elite expected the violence. yeomen and tenants to elect them to d. Slaves constantly challenged their office and defer to their power. owner’s authority by running away, h. By the 1720s, the gentry took on the working harder for extra food or trappings of wealth, modeling clothing, working slowly, or stealing. themselves after the English e. Although rebellions rarely occurred, aristocracy and practicing gentility, a slave owners nevertheless feared them. refined but elaborate lifestyle. 3. The Stono Rebellion i. The daughters of planters likewise a. The Stono Rebellion (1739) in South imitated the English elite way of life Carolina was the largest slave uprising and in the process created the new of the eighteenth century, but it was ideal of the southern gentlewoman. also a failure. j. The profits of the South Atlantic b. Inspired by Spanish promises of System helped to form an increasingly freedom, 75 Africans revolted and well-educated, refined, and stable killed several whites near the Stono ruling class. River. IV. The Northern Maritime Economy c. White militiamen killed many of the A. The Urban Economy Stono rebels and dispersed the rest, 1. The South Atlantic System tied the whole preventing a general uprising. South British Empire together economically in 6 CHAPTER 3 • THE BRITISH ATLANTIC WORLD

part through bills of exchange, a form of were content to rule the colonies with a credit offered by London merchants, gentle hand, and the colonists were in a which was used by planters to buy slaves position to challenge the rules of the from Africa and to pay North American mercantilist system. farmers and merchants. 2. In England, the Glorious Revolution 2. West Indian trade created the first strengthened the powers of the House of American merchant fortunes and the first Commons at the expense of the crown. urban industries—in particular, 3. American representative assemblies also shipbuilding and the distilling of rum from wished to limit the powers of the crown West Indies sugar. and gradually won control over taxation 3. In the eighteenth century, the expansion of and local appointments. Atlantic commerce in lumber and 4. The rising power of the colonial shipbuilding fueled rapid growth in the assemblies created an elitist rather than a North American interior, as well as in democratic political system, although seaport cities and coastal towns. every property-owning white male could 4. Increase in commerce also impacted the vote. interior as farm products traveled by small 5. Neither elitist assemblies nor wealthy vessel or wagon to eastern seaports for property owners could impose unpopular export, and European manufactured edicts on the people. imports made their way to backcountry 6. Crowd actions were a regular part of farms along the same routes now donned political life in America and were used to with taverns, horse stables, and barrel- enforce community values. making shops. 7. By the 1750s, most colonies had B. Urban Society representative political institutions that 1. A small group of wealthy merchants were responsive to popular pressure and formed the top rank of the seaport society increasingly immune from British control. and practiced a genteel lifestyle. B. Salutary Neglect 2. Artisan and shopkeeper families formed 1. Salutary neglect—under which royal the middle ranks of seaport society. bureaucrats relaxed their supervision of Although wives and husbands often internal colonial affairs, focusing instead worked as teams and passed their skills on on defense and trade—was a by-product to their children, they labored hard to earn of the political system developed by Sir a modest living. Robert Walpole, a British Whig. 3. Laboring men, women, and children 2. Radical Whigs argued that Walpole used formed the lowest ranks of urban society. patronage and bribery to create a strong 4. Between 1660 and 1750, the South Court Party. Atlantic System constantly fluctuated 3. Landed gentlemen argued that Walpole’s between cycles of growth and stagnation high taxes and bloated, incompetent royal that created economic opportunity as well bureaucracy threatened the liberties of the as uncertainty for merchants, artisans, British people. workers, and farmers alike. 4. Colonists, maintaining that royal V. The New Politics of Empire, 1713–1750 governors likewise abused their patronage A. The Rise of Colonial Assemblies powers, enhanced the powers of 1. The triumph of the South Atlantic System provincial representative assemblies. changed the politics of empire; the British C. Protecting the Mercantile System 1. Walpole’s main concern was to protect British commercial interests in America from the Spanish and the French. 2. Walpole arranged for Parliament to subsidize Georgia in order to protect the valuable rice colony of South Carolina. 3. Resisting British expansion into Georgia and growing trade with Mesoamerica, Spanish naval forces sparked the War of Jenkins’s Ear in 1739. 4. Walpole used this provocation to launch a predatory, but largely unsuccessful, war against Spain’s American Empire. 5. The War of Jenkins’s Ear became a part of the War of Austrian Succession (1740– 1749), bringing a new threat from France. 6. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) returned the French naval fortress of Louisbourg to France after its capture by New England militiamen, but the treaty also reaffirmed British military superiority over Spain, effectively giving Georgia to the British. D. Mercantilism and the American Colonies 1. English laws limiting manufacturing in the colonies could not prevent American merchants from controlling transatlantic trade. 2. The Molasses Act of 1733 placed a high tariff on imports of French molasses to make British molasses competitive, but sugar prices rose in the late 1730s, so the act was not enforced. 3. The Currency Act (1751) prevented colonies from establishing new land banks and prohibited the use of public currency to pay private debts. This act was in response to abuse of the land bank system by some colonial assemblies that issued too much paper currency and then required merchants to accept the worthless paper as legal tender. 4. In the 1740s, British officials vowed to replace salutary neglect with rigorous imperial control.