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Application and Future Prospective of Lactic Acid Bacteria As Natural Additives for Silage Production—A Review

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applied sciences Review Application and Future Prospective of Lactic Acid Bacteria as Natural Additives for Silage Production—A Review Ilavenil Soundharrajan 1, Hyung Soo Park 1, Sathya Rengasamy 2, Ravikumar Sivanesan 3 and Ki Choon Choi 1,* 1 Grassland and Forages Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea; [email protected] (I.S.); [email protected] (H.S.P.) 2 Centre for Research and Development PRIST University, Thanjavur 613-403, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Zoology, Rajah Serfoji Government College (Autonomous), Thanjavur 613-005, India; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-41-580-6752; Fax: +82-41-580-6779 Abstract: Ensiling is one of the essential processes to preserve fodder with high nutrients and microbiological quality. The forages before ensiling have a limited number of bacteria associated with the controlled fermentation process. Undesirable microbes can grow in silages when there is not efficient fermentation. Such kinds of microbes might cause pathogenic or toxic compounds that affect animal and human health. Therefore, it is necessary to inoculate potent starter cultures. Lactic acid bacteria’s (LABs) have been considered the most prominent microbial additives used to improve the quality of silage. Currently, LABs have been used in modern and sustainable agriculture systems due to their biological potential. Recently, many scientists have increased their focus on developing nutrient-rich animal feed from forages with LAB. This current review focuses on issues related to Citation: Soundharrajan, I.; Park, forage preservation in the form of silages, how undesirable microbes affect the fermentation process, H.S.; Rengasamy, S.; Sivanesan, R.; Choi, K.C. Application and Future the critical role of LAB in silage production, and the selection of potent LABs to effectively control Prospective of Lactic Acid Bacteria as unwanted microbial growth and promote those which favor animal growth. Natural Additives for Silage Production—A Review. Appl. Sci. Keywords: ensiling; forages; fermentation; LAB; animal and human health 2021, 11, 8127. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/app11178127 Academic Editors: 1. Introduction Anabela Raymundo and Ensiling is a method to preserve raw plant materials based on spontaneous lactic Raffaella Boggia acid production by controlling fermentation under anaerobic conditions. It has been used for many decades for the preservation of silages produced from various legumes, fodder, Received: 3 June 2021 and residue crops (Figure1). Forage preservation by the ensiling method has attracted Accepted: 31 August 2021 great attention, providing consistent, reliable, and predictable feed supply for ruminant Published: 1 September 2021 production. Risk of digestible nutrient losses by plant oxidation, undesirable microbial pop- ulation in plants, proteolytic activity, Clostridia fermentation, microbial deamination, and Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral decarboxylation of amino acids could negatively affect conservation efficiency and increase with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- energy and nutrient losses as well as the accumulation of anti-nutritional compounds in iations. forages [1]. Epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) utilize water-soluble carbohydrates present in ensiled plants and metabolize them into lactic acid, with a lesser extent of acetic acid which can lower the pH of the silage and prevent undesirable microbial growth, allowing them to be stored for a long time. An abundance of epiphytic bacteria in ensiled plant materials is not sufficient to induce the production of sufficient amounts of lactic acid in Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. silage samples. Populations of LAB in plants are often heterofermentative and low in num- Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. bers [2]. Heterofermentative bacteria can increase the converting ratio of lactic acid into This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and other metabolites such as acetic acid and ethanol. However, homo-fermentative bacteria do conditions of the Creative Commons not convert lactic acid to other organic acids. Thus, a high level of lactic acid is sustained Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// in the silage. In general, lactic acid found at the highest concentration is an indicator of creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ good silage [3]. To make high-quality silage with strong digestibility, stimulation of the 4.0/). ensiling process is required by adding different types of chemical and biological additives. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 8127. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178127 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 19 Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 8127 2 of 15 an indicator of good silage [3]. To make high-quality silage with strong digestibility, stim- ulation of the ensiling process is required by adding different types of chemical and bio- logical additives. Currently, the use of additives is recommended to ensile green folder Currently,with significant the use concentrations of additives of is mono-, recommended di-, and oligo-saccharides to ensile green folder and high with protein significant con- concentrationstent with high buffer of mono-, capacity. di-, and Expected oligo-saccharides changes in silage and high production protein when content ensiled with highwith buffer capacity. Expected changes in silage production when ensiled with LAB include an LAB include an increased ratio of lactic acid with marginal amounts of acetic acid, reduced increased ratio of lactic acid with marginal amounts of acetic acid, reduced proteolysis, and proteolysis, and increased dry matter recovery [4]. increased dry matter recovery [4]. Figure 1. Sources of silages production fromfrom variousvarious crops.crops 2. Features and the Procedure in Producing Silage 2. Features and the Procedure in Producing Silage Ensiling is an alternative and essential technique to preserve silage for a long time. Ensiling is an alternative and essential technique to preserve silage for a long time. Silage has been produced from grass and other green fodders and fermented by naturally Silage has been produced from grass and other green fodders and fermented by naturally occurring microbes under anaerobic conditions. The process requires consideration of a occurring microbes under anaerobic conditions. The process requires consideration of a broad range of different factors such as plant growth, harvest, storage, and feed practices broad range of different factors such as plant growth, harvest, storage, and feed practices (Figure2). Considering the desirable final products will help us to determine the necessary steps(Figure in 2). silage Considering production. the Indesirable general, final the majorproducts objectives will help are us to to preserve determine the digestiblethe neces- fiber,sary steps protein in silage content, production. and energy In general, in the th forages,e major which objectives can are be utilizedto preserve efficiently the digest- by ruminants.ible fiber, protein Choosing content, an exact and timeenergy to harvestin the forages, (ideal phase which of can maturity) be utilized the forageefficiently plants by couldruminants. directly Choosing influence an exact the quality time to of harvest forage (ideal to be preservedphase of maturity) as silage. the Instead, forage plants when harvestingcould directly the influence plants at the quality mature of stage forage (for to higher be preserved yield purposes) as silage. reduces Instead, the when quality har- ofvesting silage. the Field plants chopping, at the mature transporting stage forage,(for higher and yield filling purposes) the silo are reduces the key the components quality of forsilage. the Field rapid chopping, harvesting transporting of forage crops.forage, Theand qualityfilling the silages silo are are the based key components on timely and for uninterruptedthe rapid harvesting movement of forage from crops. the field The to quality the silo. silages Theforage are based may on be timely cut with and the uninter- sickle barrupted or drummovement mowers from and the will field be to allowed the silo. to The wilt forage in windrows may be cut in the with field. the sickle Developing bar or silagedrum includesmowers and cutting will or be shearing allowed processes. to wilt in Thewindrows forage in cut the is important;field. Developing the specified silage lengthincludes is 6–60cutting mm or and shearing looks shearedprocesses. for The better fora packingge cut is with important; LAB and the air specified extraction length during is the6–60 ensiling mm and process. looks Freshsheared forages for better have packing higher moisture with LAB content and air (>80%), extraction soluble during proteins, the andensiling sugars process. in the Fresh liquid forages that become have higher more suitable moisture for content molds, (> yeasts, 80%), and soluble bacteria; proteins, and theand enzyme sugars in activity the liquid is also that more become active more in the suitable liquid. Therefore,for molds, we yeasts, realize and such bacteria; activity and of microbesthe enzyme and activity enzyme is also is important more active during in the silage liquid. production. Therefore, The we realize good ensiling such activity process of createsmicrobes an and oxygen-free enzyme environmentis important toduring stimulate silage lactic production. acid bacteria The whilegood ensiling inhibiting process yeast,
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