2008 C O RE

A Publication of Industry Tales: Fairchild at 50 the Computer Charles Babbage: Legacy and Legend + Photo Gallery History Museum Valley of Death: Excerpt of The Life and Times of Andy Grove

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM A DEPARTMENTS MUSEUM UPDATES EXPLORE THE COLLECTION 2 36 6 9 38 42 CHM Curators Remarkable People: Preserving Virtual Just a Click Away Moving In ASCI Red 3 Gene Amdahl Worlds 40 43 CHM’s YouTube Chairman’s Letter 46 7 The Amsler Preliminary Channel 4 Donor Appreciation The Silicon Engine Integrator Macintosh 10 Contributors 48 8 Business Plan Conversations: About Us Documenting 44 Volunteer Spotlight BACK a World-class Recent Artifact Mystery Item Collection Donations

C O RE 2008

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12 18 23 32 Industry Tales: Charles Babbage: Extraordinary Images: Excerpt: Valley of Death Cover: The Babbage Engine’s Fairchild at 50 Legacy and Legend The Babbage Engine This excerpt from Richard chapter wheel indicates progress They were there at the very A world expert on Charles A collection of stunning S. Tedlow’s biography of throughout the calculating cycle. beginning. Their legacy Babbage takes a look at images from CHM’s new Andy Grove demonstrates

This page: Babbage Engine’s touches almost every aspect the recent controversy over Babbage Engine exhibit. how he used both leader- bevel gears transmit power from of the computer industry: his status as “Father of the ship and management to dig the crank to the camstack. The Fairchildren. The Modern Computer.” Intel out of debt and make original cast of Fairchild it a world leader. Opposite: The distinct Semiconductor gathered “teardrop” geometry of the fi rst planar transistor invented at CHM to celebrate and by Jean Hoerni of Fairchild. reminisce.

B CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 1 CURATORS

Editor-in-Chief Karae M. Lisle

Executive Editor Fiona Tang CHAIRMAN’S LETTER CHM Technical Editor Curators’ favorite DAG AL Dag Spicer computer-related SPICER KOSSOW Editor-at-Large quotes Christina Tynan-Wood OUR NEW CEO SENIOR CURATOR SOFTWARE CURATOR

Contributors Welcome to John Hollar, our new President and CEO: Paula Jabloner Most of you already know the wonderful news about our new President and ceo: after Karen Kroslowitz months of looking for a great person to lead our institution, we were able to convince David A. Laws John Hollar to take that role and help move chm to the next level in our growth. Jim McClure The diverse worldwide experience and business insights John brings from his major roles Tim Robinson “There’s an old story “If builders built Bob Sanguedolce at the fcc, at pbs, and at Pearson in London are extremely valuable to the Museum. He about the person houses the way Len Shustek combines enthusiasm for the evolution of technology with relevant experience in creating who wished his com- programmers built Dag Spicer and distributing media and web-based content. His professional leadership and fresh ap- Doron Swade proach have already injected a new palpable excitement. For more information about John puter were as easy to programs, the fi rst Fiona Tang Hollar’s background, see the press release at: computerhistory.org/press. use as his telephone. woodpecker to come Richard S. Tedlow John’s priority will be to continue our momentum toward becoming a full-time exhibit- That wish has come along would destroy Marc Weber ing institution and world-class destination. The next phase includes the development of a comprehensive plan for exhibits and programs, completing the $125 million fundraising true, since I no lon- civilization.” Photographer campaign, and adding education and research components to the Museum. One of John’s Marcin Wichary ger know how to use GERALD P. WEINBERG, top goals is to drive the launch of a major exhibit on computer history, tentatively called AUTHOR OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF my telephone.” “Computer History: The First 2,000 Years,” which is scheduled to open both in the build- COMPUTER PROGRAMMING Design BJARNE STROUSTRUP Studio1500 ing and on the web in 2010. We are making great progress on developing this complex and comprehensive exhibit using a mix of staff curators, volunteers, and outside experts. Website Design Team I hope you enjoy the changes you see in this issue of Core. We try to make it an enter- ALEX CHRIS Dana Chrisler taining mix of computer history and information about the Museum. Our fi eld is a rich Ton Luong one, so read about colorful pioneering individuals like Charles Babbage, Andy Grove, and BOCHANNEK GARCIA Bob Sanguedolce Gene Amdahl, and the remarkable story of Fairchild’s role in developing the semiconductor CURATOR CURATOR industry. Learn how the chm collection, the largest collection of computing artifacts in the world, is managed and how it continues to expand. And as always, give us your feedback and stay involved.

Regards,

© 2008 Computer History “Man is still the “I do not fear Museum. All artwork is copy- most extraordinary computers. I fear the right of the Computer History Museum unless otherwise LEN SHUSTEK computer of all.” lack of them.” credited. For reprints and CHAIRMAN, BOARD OF TRUSTEES, COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM JOHN F. KENNEDY ISAAC ASIMOV permissions, contact [email protected]. Subscriptions are a member benefi t. Address changes and other written correspondence may be sent to: Computer History Museum, Core Editor, 1401 N. Shoreline Blvd, Mountain View, CA 94043-1311, USA.

2 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 3 Core 2008 Contributors give us their take on CONTRIBUTORS computer history

Why is CHM important? Why should we celebrate it? Vision David House outputs and informs acquisi- establish a leadership posi- chm gives us the oppor- We celebrate any event to To explore the computing Credence Systems tion of objects for their tion. That is why Compaq DAVID DORON revolution and its tunity to celebrate these refl ect upon the past and to Christine Hughes collections. purchased Intel’s 386 and worldwide impact on the Achievement Plus A. LAWS important milestones and look to the future. We cele- SWADE human experience Computer-related devices incorporated it into its own the stories of the people who brate to see how companies Peter Karpas are arguably the most suc- next-generation pc—the Mission Intuit, Inc. made them happen and to succeed or fail due to any To preserve and present cessful new technology of Compaq DeskPro 386. record them for posterity. one of dozens of complex, for posterity the artifacts David Martin the last half-century and the Together with the Chemical interlocking reasons and to and stories of the infor- 280 Capital Partners preservation of its history Why should we celebrate it? mation age Heritage Foundation and the learn what factors contrib- John Mashey is therefore pre-eminently This caused leadership in the Who has ‘made it’? ieee, chm will host events ute to success and which to Who has ‘made it’? President and CEO Consultant important. chm is the largest pc industry to migrate from John C. Hollar Fairchild Semiconductor in Spring 2009 to celebrate failure. Finally, we celebrate Tim Berners-Lee. By forego- Donald J. Massaro single institution with this the assemblers (such as ibm) the 50th anniversary of the for nostalgia—to satisfy the ing patents, royalties and Board of Trustees Sendmail, Inc. historic mission. It is impor- to the component suppliers Leonard Shustek What milestone events that led to the devel- perpetual longing for an other commercial benefi ts Isaac R. Nassi tant because the history of (Intel and Microsoft). This Chairman contributed the most? opment of the ic. imagined “simpler time.” SAP computing is important. was a change of historic from his work creating the VenCraft, LLC The conception and creation Web, he succeeded in realis- Suhas Patil importance. ibm, Intel, and David Anderson of the fi rst monolithic inte- Why is CHM important? ing a network with access Tufan, Inc. Microsoft are all still very Verari Systems, Inc. chm is home to the world’s much alive but ibm no long- grated circuits (ics). That for all. He transcended the Bernard L. Peuto DAG C. Gordon Bell RICHARD itself involved three distinct largest collection of com- supposed imperatives of Concord Consulting er manufactures pcs. puting artifacts, software, Microsoft Corporation There is often a battle in milestones. (1) Jean Hoerni’s SPICER fi nancial self-interest—a David Rossetti S. TEDLOW Grady Booch invention of the planar media, documents, and remarkable accomplishment Cisco Systems, Inc. the value chain of an indus- ephemera. Since it began IBM Thomas J. Watson try concerning leadership. In transistor manufacturing —and created something Research Center F. Grant Saviers process. (2) Bob Noyce’s collecting in the mid-1970s, bigger than a “commercially Adaptec, Inc. (retired) the automobile industry, the Peggy Burke insight that the oxide insula- it has acquired many of successful product.” Well, so assembler is the most impor- 1185 Design Lawrence Schoenberg tion layer feature of the the most important mach- far anyway. tant player. But sole sourcing process would enable the ines and technologies in Lori Kulvin Crawford John Shoch of the 386 made the suppli- Infi nity Capital LLC Alloy Ventures interconnection of multiple Who has ‘made it’? computing—works that are What milestone Who has ‘made it’? ers more important than the transistors on a chip. And Ibm masterpieces of the machine contributed the most? Andrea Cunningham Heidi Sinclair Intel assemblers in the computer age. chm is the Louvre of CXO Communication Bill & Melinda Gates industry. (3) Jay Last and his team’s The microprocessor. Foundation creative engineering efforts What milestone computing. Mark Dean What milestone IBM Research Stephen Smith that turned these concepts contributed the most? Why should we celebrate it? contributed the most? Why is CHM important? Arma Partners into the reality of the The ibm 7030 (“Stretch”) The cost-performance of Donna Dubinsky Intel’s decision to act as This industry, more than any modern integrated circuit. project resulted in profound large-scale integration was Numenta Richard S. Tedlow the sole source for its 386 other, perhaps, is about the Harvard Business School Fairchild called its fi rst ics changes in the way ibm the engine of the computer’s David Emerson microprocessor instead of future. It also wants to hang “Micrologic.” researched, developed, and remarkable rise. I choose the Clarent Corporation L. Curt Widdoes, Jr. licensing its technology to onto its heritage. Mentor Graphics manufactured electronic microprocessor as a symbol Edward Feigenbaum other companies. Why should we celebrate it? computers. It laid the blue- of semiconductor integration. Stanford University Mitchell Zimmerman Intel took a big gamble Fenwick & West LLP Fairchild’s planar integrated print for dozens of technical Eric Hahn that ibm would buy its 386 circuit is the foundation of innovations in computing Why is CHM Important? Inventures Group even though there was no just about every computer that are still in use today The institutional mandate Dotty Hayes competing manufacturer. chip that has been produced and it laid the foundation of museums of science and Intuit, Inc. In fact, ibm was slow to in the succeeding 50 years. for ibm’s groundbreaking technology is to maintain a Gardner Hendrie accept Intel’s 386. By 1986, Today the computer is System/360 mainframe com- material record of techno- Sigma Partners however, the “clone” market the chip. puter system. logical change. Inseparable Charles House had developed and Compaq from this is historical inter- Media X, Stanford had become a major player pretation of signifi cance as University in the pc industry. Com- this informs all their cultural paq used ibm’s tardiness to

4 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 5 The last minutes of Electronic Arts’ ever greater capabilities and exhibit was created through EA-Land, captured on August 1, 2008 speeds over the last 50 years. a collaborative effort of the “I think young by Stanford University’s “How They The Computer History Mu- Museum’s Semiconductor Got Game Project” for its Archiving THE people can come Virtual Worlds collection. seum’s new Silicon Engine Special Interest Group and to the Museum and SILICON web exhibit explores the the Museum’s Exhibit and history of semiconductors Information Systems teams, think, ‘Wow, look through a timeline of major and made possible by a grant how they started ENGINE development milestones, from the Gordon and Betty with such simple biographies, and snapshots Moore Foundation. The little things.’” of the companies responsible Silicon Engine online exhibit STEVE WOZNIAK ing with Damer, Hughes, Semiconductors are the for them. It also includes can be found on CHM’s CO-FOUNDER OF APPLE and timeline company, Dip- silicon engines that have a section on resources for website at: computerhistory. AND CHM FELLOW ity.com to adapt a wiki-like powered computers toward students and teachers. The org/semiconductor. timeline system that will let pioneers enter and edit recollections and materials at: nethistory.org/timelines/ virtual_worlds. This effort is an evolution of digital library ideas Hughes and Weber fi rst posted online in 1996, which are now greatly aided by the maturation of PRESERVING VIRTUAL wiki-like systems. Damer’s 1997 Avatars! WORLDS Exploring and Building MUSEUM Virtual Worlds on the In- UPDATES ternet (Peachpit Press), was the fi rst book about shared social Virtual Worlds. He is Virtual worlds like Second of the Stanford Humanities co-founder of the Digibarn “Capturing oral Life have gotten a great deal Lab will use as part of a new Computer Museum, and has histories now, is of press attention in recent project,“Preserving Virtual donated over 175 hours of critical…wouldn’t years. Few know they have a Worlds,” funded by the U.S. unique historic video to the rich history stretching back Library of Congress through Virtual Worlds video archive, you love to be to the 1976 computer game the National Digital Infor- now hosted by the Internet able to hear “Adventure.”Multi-User mation Infrastructure Pres- Archive. He also engaged Michaelangelo talk Dungeons (muds), the inven- ervation Program (ndipp). the community in pioneering about what it was tion of virtual reality, and Groups at the University of experimentation that helped full-blown simulated cities Illinois, University of Mary- to defi ne the medium, such like to paint the were some of the markers land, and Rochester Institute as the fi rst cyber-conference Sistine Chapel? ” along the way. But most of Technology are also held in 1998. DONNA DUBINSKY of this history is being lost partners. Henry Lowood is In Spring 2009, chm will CEO OF NUMENTA, because the complex interac- a long-time friend of chm’s collaborate with Damer, AND MEMBER OF CHM’S tive environments of virtual activities and is Curator Lowood and Weber to BOARD OF TRUSTEES worlds are so challenging for History of Science & produce a lecture program to archive. Technology Collections at exploring the history of In an effort to preserve re- Stanford, which include the Virtual Worlds. cords of these worlds, chm Silicon Valley Archives and curator Marc Weber, Bruce Silicon Genesis oral history Damer of the Digibarn, and project. Virtual worlds like Kevin Hughes of Com- Weber, who is founding Second Life have...a merceNet are developing curator of CHM’s Internet The distinctive “teardrop” wiki timelines that Henry History program and co- rich history stretch- geometry of the 2N1613, the fi rst planar transistor invented Lowood and the “How founder of the Web History ing back to...1976... by Jean Hoerni in 1959.

They Got Game” Project Center and Project, is work- & INSTRUMENT CORPORATION CAMERA FAIRCHILD

6 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 7 JUST A

CLICK AWAY The CHM YouTube channel—with more than 50 computing history lectures and historic videos, such as the video below of our legacy institution, The Computer Museum. The Computer History an integrated image viewer. Museum’s collection of Even the Museum’s Special artifacts including hard- Collections can be searched ware, software, documents, and viewed online: Oral His- ephemera, photographs and tories, Computer Chess, dec moving images is now avail- pdp-1, ibm Stretch, Fortran able using the new online Archive and Marketing “Computing tech- Catalog Search feature, Brochures. Additionally, nology is such a which is a result of the new artifacts are frequently Collection Cataloging and cataloged and added to the remarkable Reconciliation Project. More vast collection. The new revolution that it than 61,000 items from our Catalog Search tool can be would be tragic if enormous collection can found on chm’s website at: we didn’t record now be viewed on chm’s computerhistory.org/collec- website, using the Catalog tions/search. and save the Search. You will now fi nd information neces- improved search tools and sary for future generations to CHM’S understand how it happened.” YOUTUBE CHANNEL LEN SHUSTEK CHAIRMAN OF CHM’S BOARD OF TRUSTEES

11,000 digital photographs Did you know you can drop Thousands more have to pre-existing records in on chm from anywhere clicked through from the DOCUMENTING A WORLD- within the artifact database. in the world? Thanks to YouTube channel to chm’s In early November, chm an in-kind donation from own website to explore the happily reported that our Google, chm has created Museum’s online exhibits. CLASS COLLECTION staff and volunteer catalog- a fully branded YouTube The Computer History Mu- ers exceeded the two goals channel that highlights the seum’s YouTube channel can by achieving 9,222 new Museum and brings chm’s be found at: youtube.com/ object records and attaching lectures and video collec- computerhistory. After cataloging was A museum ensures the safe- Museum received a federal 14,264 digital images. CHM’s Collection Catalog tion to a huge worldwide completed at the Museum, keeping of its collections, de- two-year grant of more than The Museum’s online Cata- Search webpage—over audience. Since the channel objects larger than a “The computer is termines how to grow them, $144,000 from the presti- log Search now contains 61,000 artifact records opened in November 2007, miniature refrigerator now available on the web. the single most have been palletized and and decides which items gious Institute of Museum more than 61,000 artifact the chm YouTube channel carefully stowed, fl oor to make publicly available and Library Services (imls) records. has been visited by more important inven- to ceiling, in offsite storage. through exhibits, programs to support chm’s Collection than 325,000 people. And tion in the second and reference centers Cataloging and Reconcilia- more than 2,000 people half of the 20th through the fundamental tion Project (ccarp). have subscribed to the chan- century.” processes of inventorying, The project’s goals are nel so they can receive email 400,000 DAG SPICER photographing and cata- to catalog and photograph updates about new videos. CHM videos have been CHM’S SENIOR CURATOR loging its artifacts. In July 9,000 new physical objects viewed on YouTube in just 2007, the Computer History and to attach an additional the past year

8 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 9 CONVERSATIONS a serious interest, and I de- or computer graphics, or cided to do something about mice. The micros from the VOLUNTEER SPOTLIGHT: it. Volunteering at chm was 1980s are more ancient to one result of that. The other them than vacuum tubes to was creating guidebookgal- me—it must be fascinating MARCIN WICHARY & lery.org. for them to be able to look back at computers this way. What draws you to I’m hoping that, for some of HERB KANNER the Computer History those kids, seeing the Differ- Museum? ence Engine No. 2 in action, M: The idea of preserving, or one of the fi rst video- hire me. But I didn’t have Other jobs throughout exploring and demonstrating games, or realizing their cell Computing changes anything to lose. I sent my my career included Assis- the ever-changing relation- phone has more computing fi rst resume to Google, and I tant Professor of Applied ships between computers power that the old refriger- so much and it’s was hired as a user experi- Mathematics at the Institute and people. The fact that ator-sized machine they’re likely that children ence designer, off that fi rst for Computer Research at many people volunteer- looking at will be a transfor- can’t imagine resume, in 2005. After a the University of Chicago, ing or visiting the Museum mative event—perhaps one stint in Switzerland, I moved manager of what they called actually shaped computing that will make them want to life without the to California in 2006, and the Advanced Technology history themselves means I join the computer industry Internet, computer have been volunteering at Department at Control Data get to meet my demigods on themselves. graphics, or mice. the Museum since 2007. Corporation, and stints at seemingly a weekly basis! Herb: I actually started rca, International Comput- Also there are so many What advice do you have out studying music at the ers Limited in England (a different opportunities for for people who want to Music Conservatory of subsidiary of ncr), Mohawk volunteers. I never operated become volunteers? Oberlin College (Oberlin, Data Systems, Tymnet, and a video camera nor cranked M: Don’t be afraid! Even Ohio). Because of insuf- the Development Systems a Difference Engine before I if you think you don’t know fi cient interest in music, I Group at Apple Computer. came here! anything about computer eventually transferred to the H: It was former chm ceo history, you’ll have many Volunteers continue to University of Chicago to ma- How did you both become John Toole’s introductory opportunities to learn—and be the backbone of the jor in physics. When World interested in computing talks at several lectures I tons of fun while doing it. Computer History Museum. War ii intervened, I joined and computer history? attended that drew me to Plus, even people who’ve Core talked to two of our the army and the Metal- H: I was hired at Shell the Museum. The fi rst was been doing this for decades valued volunteers, Marcin lurgical Laboratory, which Development in 1952 as a at Moffett Field. He made are still learning! Wichary and Herb Kanner, was a code name for the physicist. In less than a year me realize the importance of H: Jump in. You’ll have who between them have Chicago part of the Man- there, I started an operations preserving the artifacts and fun and meet some great provided over 2,000 volun- hattan Project, from 1942 research group. This led the stories. And I decided to people. teer hours. to 1946. I entered gradu- me to using computers for volunteer. ate school at University of some of the group’s prob- “We were great Please tell us about your Chicago in 1946 and got a lems. That early, I saw that What thrills you about background. physics Ph.D. in 1951. I then computers would create a showing the Visible Stor- ‘fi nishers’! We Marcin: I got into comput- worked at Shell Develop- second industrial revolution age exhibit to new visitors? didn’t just do the ing at the early age of 8 with ment Company in Houston, and decided to switch to H: I think the biggest thrill fun parts of a a cheap 8-bit machine. It Texas, and while working that fi eld. is when I encounter a visitor project and people didn’t come with software there, I became fascinated M: And I am a product of who worked on one of the so I was forced to learn to with computers, playing this revolution (laughs). As exhibited machines and I always gave us program it. with an ibm 650. for computer history, there learn something signifi cant jobs because of it.” I fi nished my Master’s in was no one single moment and interesting about the JEAN BARTIK Computer Science in Poland, I can recall. While other machine that I did not know. ENIAC PROGRAMMER AND followed by a doctorate in people were moving on to M: Agreed! And I love CHM FELLOW, ON WHY SHE human-computer interaction newer and faster comput- seeing kids in the Museum, WAS SO SUCCESSFUL

Marcin Wichary (left) in the Netherlands. As I was ers, I never did. With time, I especially as chm is not and Herb Kanner (right) wrapping up my thesis, I actually started slowly going otherwise terribly kid- in front of the Museum’s began thinking of my future back in time. The more I friendly. Computing changes Visible Storage exhibit. 424 career, and sent my resume volunteers learned, the more fascinated so much and it’s likely to those dream companies contributed 18,885 hours I was. After a while I real- that children can’t imagine that I was sure would never total in FY2008 ized this is was becoming life without the Internet,

10 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 11 INDUSTRY FAIRCHILD AT TALES

BY DAVID A. LAWS

50The Museum hosted a celebration for a pioneering company

In October 2007, the Computer History Museum and Stanford University hosted a gala celebration of the 50th anniversary of the

WAYNE MILLER/MAGNUM PHOTOS) PHOTOS) MILLER/MAGNUM WAYNE founding of Fairchild Semiconductor. Accord- ing to Wyn Wachhorst, the founding of Fair- child “will be seen in centuries to come as an epochal turning point in human evolution.” 1 Alumni and friends of Fairchild traveled from around the world to remember the legendary company that delivered some of the most excit- ing, professionally rewarding, technologically The Fairchild Semiconductor challenging, and frustrating experiences of their founders, circa 1960. From careers. Fairchild and its technologies changed left: Gordon Moore, Sheldon the world in ways its founders could never Roberts, Eugene Kleiner, Robert Noyce, Victor Grinich, Julius have imagined. And then it faded into obscur- Blank, Jean Hoerni, and Jay Last. ity in the 1970s.

12 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 13 In the Beginning The planar process, developed by co-founder Fairchild Semiconductor was founded in 1957 Jean Hoerni in early 1959, is the jewel in the by eight young engineers and scientists from crown of Fairchild’s technological achieve- ACCOMPLISHMENTS co-inventor of the transistor William Shock- ments. Hoerni’s approach revolutionized the

ley’s Semiconductor Laboratory in Mountain production of semiconductor devices and en- Metal interconnect lines View, California. Described by Michael Malone abled the development of monolithic integrated on an integrated circuit. as “perhaps the most extraordinary collection circuits (ics). It allowed semiconductors to be Photomicrograph by of business talent ever assembled in a start-up manufactured in a high-volume production Richard Steinheimer of Fairchild Semiconductor, company,” 2 Fairchild employees pioneered an environment that was amenable to continuous circa 1968–1969. entrepreneurial business culture; spawned man- reductions in cost at the same time that it deliv- ufacturing and marketing techniques that gave ered extraordinary increases in the number of birth to the phenomenon later dubbed Silicon transistors on a chip and improvements in their performance. Even today, his basic concept Semiconductor. This exodus of talent combined continues to inform the manufacture of billion- with a capacity shortage, an increase in compe- transistor microprocessor and memory chips. tition, and a steep economic downturn brought Fairchild and its Historian Christophe Lécuyer ranks it as “the about the end of Fairchild’s glory days just ten technologies changed most important innovation in the history of the years after it was founded. semiconductor industry.” 3 the world in ways its Fairchild Semiconductor was initially funded Revival Efforts as a division of Fairchild Camera and Instru- In 1968, C. Lester Hogan (1920–2008), previ- Other important contributions to computer history from founders could never ment Corporation of Syosset, New York. It grew ously from Motorola, headed a new manage- the company’s engineers: have imagined. And rapidly and was highly profi table. At the peak ment team that attempted to revitalize the of its infl uence, the division controlled over 30 fl agging company. He moved the corporate The fi rst high-speed silicon transistors, developed for the CDC 6600 then it faded into percent of the market for integrated circuits. By headquarters to Mountain View, expanded supercomputer, on display in the Museum’s Visible Storage exhibit. the late 1960s, it reached $150 million in an- capacity, and invested in new technologies and “Micrologic,” the fi rst monolithic integrated circuit family. It powered the obscurity in the 1970s. nual sales and employed some 30,000 people. products. Revenues grew substantially under computer that guided the Apollo space missions. this regime but the company didn’t regain its A Vital Diaspora former profi tability and prominence. The fi rst commercially successful analog. also known as “linear,” inte- Despite—or perhaps because of—the rapid Next, French oilfi eld services conglomer- grated circuits. Because of their role in interfacing real-world analog Die photograph of the growth spurred by the division’s extraordinary ate, Schlumberger, purchased the company as signals such as sound, temperature and speed to the language of the fi rst planar integrated outpouring of ideas and innovation, the young a diversifi cation move. But when it, too, was digital computer, these form one of the most important segments of circuit. The Fairchild type company ran into diffi culties meeting customer unable restore the company to its previous for- the industry. “F” fl ip-fl op, comprising 4 transistors and 6 resis- demands, retaining employees, and managing tunes, Schlumberger sold the assets to National Early work in understanding and commercializing the MOS (Metal- tors, was introduced in operations. Rather than invest in expanded Semiconductor in 1987. Oxide-Semiconductor) technology, including the important silicon-gate March 1961. semiconductor manufacturing capacity and Finally in 1997, National Semiconductor process that is the basis of 99 percent of ICs produced today. personnel, though, the Syosset headquarters divested a number of former Fairchild mature decided to drain its semiconductor profi ts to product lines in a leveraged buy-out to a group Invention of the CMOS (Complementary MOS) process that consumes fi nance other ventures. of executives based at Fairchild’s former South the lowest possible power and permits battery operation of many of our Even though Fairchild was an early leader Portland, Maine facility. And today, the reborn most popular electronic devices. when it came to granting stock to engineer- Fairchild Semiconductor is once again a public The observation now known as Moore’s Law, which stated that the ing employees, the number of shares it offered company with annual revenue of more than $1 number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated was extremely small. So the management team billion. circuit doubles approximately every two years. It has provided a yard- had a diffi cult time supporting and rewarding But the legacy of the original Fairchild also stick against which technology progress has been measured for over 40 the many new ideas spawned by its engineers. lives on through the worldwide diffusion of its years. Many of these entrepreneurial-minded engin- technology and culture, which spread through The fi rst commercial CCD (Charge Coupled Devices) optical imaging Valley; and reshaped the worldwide semicon- eers were spurred to leave Fairchild and form the diaspora of former employees. There are sensors used in digital cameras. ductor industry. Fairchild went on to develop companies of their own. The results of this hundreds of companies—among them systems, some of the most important innovations in 20th entrepreneurial outpouring include Advanced software, and service businesses—in the San Some of the earliest dedicated semiconductor memory devices, includ- century technology and sow the seeds of the Micro Devices (amd), Intel, and National Francisco Bay Area and beyond who can trace ing the fi rst commercial shipments of all-semiconductor computer microelectronics-driven computer industry and their roots back to Fairchild. main memory systems; see the ILLIAC IV supercomputer, also in the personal digital products of today. Visible Storage exhibit. 1 Wachorst, Wyn. “The Real Revolutionaries,” Gentry A Celebration of the Legacy Magazine (Menlo Park, California, February 2008) Fairchildren, as former employees of the 2 Malone, Michael S. Bill & Dave: How Hewlett and Packard company are often called, are famous for their Built the World’s Greatest Company (Portfolio, April 5, 2007) affection for the company and their gratitude

3 Lécuyer, Christophe. Making Silicon Valley (MIT Press, 2006) & INSTRUMENT CORPORATION) CAMERA FAIRCHILD THIS AND OPPOSITE PAGES: for the semiconductor industry training and ex-

14 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 15 • Manufacturing and Support Services - tering hole, “Walker’s Wagon Wheel,” which c. e. “Ed” Pausa included wagon wheels from the Museum col- • Discrete Products - George Wells lection and a section of the original bar rescued • International Sales & Marketing - from the demolition site. Founders Julius Blank, Robert Blair Jay Last and Gordon Moore ceremonially cut a • North American Sales & Marketing - “Happy 50th Birthday” cake. Bernie Marren The events held at Stanford were co-spon- In all, more than 30 panelists recounted— sored by Stanford Libraries and the Bill Lane and no doubt embellished—stories from Center for the Study of the North American their days at the company. These sessions were West. Celebrations that took place at the recorded on video and the content was tran- Museum were made possible through the Although Fairchildrens’ legendary scribed and added to the Museum’s oral history generous donation of funds, materials and archives at: computerhistory.org/ time by dozens of dedicated alumni volunteers, capacity for “working long days collections/oralhistories. Fairchildren and family and friends, as well as and partying long nights” has Before a packed house in the Museum’s the Computer History Museum. Hahn Auditorium, Fairchild alumnus and David A. Laws joined Fairchild affi liate SGS- been diminished...that didn’t stop noted venture capitalist Floyd Kvamme led Fairchild in London, England in 1966. He moved to the nearly 1,000 former employees three distinguished industry leaders through Silicon Valley headquarters in 1968, where he later the “Legacy of Fairchild.” The noted speak- worked for Advanced Micro Devices, Altera and other and friends from reuniting... ers were all chairmen emeritus from industry companies in senior management positions. giants: Wilfred Corrigan of lsi Logic, Gordon Moore of Intel and W.J. “Jerry” Sanders III of amd. They gave a wide-ranging and entertain- ing discussion of their early careers at Fairchild. A video of this session is posted on the chm YouTube Channel at: youtube.com/computer- Panel discussion: perience they gained there. This is an industry history. The transcript is available on the Julius Blank, Jay Last, that has treated many of them very well. And Museum’s oral history page. Gordon Moore, and although Fairchildrens’ legendary capacity for Saturday, October 6 concluded the celebra- Arthur Rock, moder- “working long days and partying long nights” tion with a gala reunion party held at the Mu- ated by Leslie Berlin on October 4, 2007. has no doubt been diminished by the passage seum, which was decorated with photographs, of time, that didn’t stop nearly 1,000 former posters, and banners of memorable people employees and friends of the company from and products. Attendees circulated through an reuniting for three days in October 2007 to re- exhibit of Fairchild artifacts and documents kindle friendships, swap stories, and celebrate donated by attendees. The celebration also fea- their heritage. tured a tour of objects associated with the com- On Thursday, October 4, at the Stanford pany in Visible Storage, a video theater showed University campus, Julius Blank, Jay Last, The Fairchild Chronicles movie, and multiple Gordon Moore, and Arthur Rock—three projectors displayed continuously changing Fairchild Semiconductor founders and the still images of employees in various states of banker who helped them—discussed the fi rm’s decency onto giant screens. There was also a signifi cance and its early years in a panel room of Fairchild-produced consumer products discussion. The panel was moderated by Leslie and video games. The highlight of the décor Berlin, biographer of Fairchild and Intel co- was a re-creation of the popular company wa- founder Robert Noyce. Stanford University President and chm Fellow, John Hennessy introduced this panel of esteemed speakers. David A. Laws, Fairchild Signature of Fairchild co- There are hundreds of alumnus and former founder Gordon Moore. Friday, October 5 began with a series of companies in...the San Director and a member of afternoon panels at the Computer History Mu- the CHM Semiconductor seum. The panels surveyed eight aspects of the Francisco Bay Area and Special Interest Group, Fairchild experience. In order of presentation, addresses the audience. the topics and session moderators comprised: beyond who can trace their • The Founding Years & R&D - Harry Sello roots back to Fairchild. • Bipolar Digital Products - Bill Welling • Linear Products - Norman Doyle

• mos Products - Gil Amelio LEFT: MIKE DUBINSKY / RIGHT:JULIE HENDRIKS OPPOSITE: DUBINSKY.

16 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 17 LEGACYFEATURE AND LEGEND Charles Babbage and modern computing BY DORON SWADE

Charles Babbage (1791-1871) is essential principles of automatic routinely referred to as the father, general-purpose digital computa- grandfather or forefather of the tion. Because he was the fi rst it is modern computer. The language often assumed that the modern of fatherhood implies an unbroken computer has descended directly line of descent to our own age from his work. But the lineage with Babbage as the patrilinear of the modern computer is not Portrait of Charles Babbage source. His designs for vast but as clear-cut as these genealogical (1791–1871) aged 68. The last unbuilt mechanical calculating en- tributes imply. known portrait of Babbage.

gines were the fi rst to embody the SCIENCE MUSEUM, LONDON Taken in London, 1860.

18 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 19 In 1991, the bicentennial year of Babbage’s for their pioneering work on electricity, the jet birth, the cover of New Scientist declared engine, and radar respectively. The implication Babbage the “architect of modern computing.”1 is clear—that Babbage contributed as much to Two years later Scientifi c American carried a modern computing as his compatriots did to feature article in which the advertising ab- their fi elds. Babbage’s elevation from dismal Wilkes...accuses Babbage stract stated that “Charles Babbage’s plans for failure to national hero was now offi cial. But mechanical calculators and computers paved in the quartet of pioneers, Babbage is arguably not of pioneering the the way for the modern computer revolution.”2 the odd man out. Maurice Wilkes, distinguished pioneer of post-wwii electronic computing at Cambridge, modern computer age, but A detail from one of over The perception of a direct debt to Babbage was While the Royal Mail was minting a stamp 150 modern engineering reinforced when the Royal Mail launched, in in Babbage’s honour, computer scientist and had come to the same conclusion. In 1971, the of actually delaying it. drawings created by the 1991, special-issue postage stamps commemo- historian, Allan Bromley, who had studied Bab- centenary of Babbage’s death, Wilkes wrote London Science Museum. rating British scientifi c achievement. Babbage bage’s designs more closely than anyone, wrote that Babbage “however brilliant and original, This one shows the es- was without infl uence on the modern devel- the grounds that it had already spent vast sums sence of the calculating shared philatelic honours with Michael Fara- that “Babbage had effectively no infl uence on opment of computers.”4 Wilkes and Bromley of public money on Babbage, with no obvious mechanism. day, Frank Whittle, and Robert Watson-Watt the design of the modern digital computer.”3 are not alone. J. G. Brainerd, Director of the result. In retrospect, Fowler’s machine was, in Moore School, wrote in 1965 that “Babbage’s many respects, more promising than Babbage’s. infl uence [on eniac] was nil.” Fowler’s work was not explored by his contem- It gets worse. In the same publication, poraries, and this appears to have been directly Wilkes, who elsewhere describes Babbage as a result of Babbage’s failures. possessing “vision verging on genius,” accuses Others in the 19th-century attempted auto- Babbage not of pioneering the modern com- matic calculating engines—George and Edvard puter age, but of actually delaying it. Wilkes Scheutz, and later Martin Wiberg in Sweden, argues that Babbage’s projected image became Alfred Deacon in London, and Barnard Grant one of failure and that this discouraged others in the United States. But these were isolated from thinking along similar lines.5 splutterings that failed to ignite a movement. At fi rst sight the allegation is shocking. But There was a febrile twitch in the early 20th cen- new evidence has come to light of at least one tury. Percy Ludgate, an Irish auditor, designed instance in which Wilkes’s allegation, however an “analytical machine” in the fi rst decade of originally intended, is specifi cally and histori- the century. The design is original and Ludgate cally vindicated. attests that he had no prior knowledge of Bab- Thomas Fowler, an impoverished self-taught bage’s work.7 The machine was a developmen- Devonshire printer and bookseller, devised an tal cul de sac, with no discernable infl uence on original digital computing device based on ter- what followed. nary arithmetic. The machine, which was dem- It seems then that there is no unbroken line onstrated in the 1840s, calculated logarithms of development from Babbage to the electronic to thirteen places “in a singularly beautiful era. But the gulf between the two is far from and concise manner.”6 The calculator was a total. After Babbage, no one doubted that scientifi c novelty, and luminaries, Babbage in- automatic machine computation was possible, cluded, fl ocked to view it. Fowler’s son wrote, and analysis, based on citation frequency from with unmistakeable bitterness, that the British 1889 to 1948, shows that there are no large government refused to fund Fowler’s work on time gaps in awareness of Babbage amongst the

1 Swade, Doron. “Building Babbage’s Dream Machine.” New 5 Wilkes, 1971. Scientist 1775.29 June (1991): 37-39. 6 See Swade, Doron. The Cogwheel Brain: Charles Babbage 2 Swade, Doron. “Redeeming Charles Babbage’s Mechanical and the Quest to Build the First Computer. London: Little, Computer.” Scientifi c American. February (1993): 86-91. Brown, 2000, pp. 310-312. For an account of the reconstruc- tion of Fowler’s calculator see Glusker, Mark, David M 3 Bromley, Allan G. The Babbage Papers in the Science Mu- Hogan, and Pamela Vass. “The Ternary Calculating Machine seum: A Cross-Referenced List. London: Science Museum, of Thomas Fowler.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 1991, p. 9. 27.3 (2005): 4-22. 4 Wilkes, Maurice V. Babbage as a Computer Pioneer: Brit- 7 For details of Ludgate’s machine see Randell, B. “Lud- ish Computer Society and the Royal Statistical Society, 1971, gate’s Analytical Machine of 1909.” Computer Journal 14.3 p. 1. L.J Comrie, an acknowledged authority on the calcula- (1971): 317-26. Also Randell, Brian. “From Analytical Engine tion and production of mathematical tables, is reported to to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Lud- have remarked that “this dark age in computing machinery, gate, Torres, and Bush.” Annals of the History of Computing that lasted 100 years, was due to the colossal failure of 4.4 October (1982): 327-41. Charles Babbage.” See Cohen, I. B. “Babbage and Aiken.” Annals of the History of Computing 10.3 (1988), p. 180.

20 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 21 and that “if Babbage had lived seventy fi ve years later, I would have been out of a job.”10 Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine No. 2 is INFLUENCE Aiken repeatedly emphasised his indebtedness one of the earliest designs for an automatic to Babbage, and his frequent tributes publi- computing engine. Weighing fi ve tons, with cised Babbage’s work in the post-war years. 8,000 parts of bronze, cast iron and steel, Aiken styled himself as Babbage’s modern- the Engine is a stunning display of Victorian day heir. It is curious that the historian, I. B. mechanics. This modern construction was led by Doron Small demonstration Cohen, went out of his way to demonstrate piece of Difference not only that Aiken was largely ignorant of Swade (see the previous article on Babbage by Engine No. 1. A similar the detail of Babbage’s work but that some of Swade). It measures 11 feet long and 7 feet high, piece was presented to his perceptions were in fact wrong. Cohen in and automatically calculates and prints tables of Harvard in 1886 by polynomial functions to 31 decimal places. Babbage’s son and seen effect accuses Aiken of band-wagon fame—of by Howard Aiken. attempting to stake a claim to his own place in The Engine’s construction was commissioned history through a public affi liation with Bab- by Nathan Myhrvold, ceo of Intellectual bage. It is an irony that the one pioneer to lay Ventures and former Chief Technology Offi cer a strong claim to direct infl uence is accused of EXTRAORDINARY of Microsoft. The chm Babbage Engine exhibit immodest self-promotion. History, it seems, is THE IMAGES was also made possible through the generosity determined that Babbage shall have no intel- of the following benefactors: Andreas Bech- lectual heirs. tolsheim, Bell Family Trust, Donna Dubinsky Modern recreation of Babbage published practically nothing in & Len Shustek, Judy Estrin, Fry’s Electronics- Thomas Fowler’s ternary Kathryn Kolder, Dorrit & F. Grant Saviers, calculating machine. the way of technical description of his en- gines, and his drawings, which remain largely BABBAGE Marva & John Warnock, and with special unpublished in a manuscript archive, were not thanks to Science Museum, London. studied in any signifi cant detail until the 1970s, The Difference Engine No. 2 will be on notably by Allan Bromley. It is fairly conclusive display at the Computer History Museum until therefore that Babbage’s designs were not the ENGINE Spring 2009. blueprint for the modern computer and that the pioneers of the electronic age reinvented PHOTOGRAPHS BY MARCIN WICHARY many of the principles explored by Babbage in coteries of pioneers who carried the fl ag.8 Some almost complete ignorance of the detail of his of the pioneers of the electrical and electronic work. eras were aware of Babbage. Others were not. Such continuity as there is not in the technol- But almost without exception all claim, with ogy nor in the designs, but in the legend. Bab- credible conviction, that their own efforts were bage and his efforts were an inseparable part of uninfl uenced by any detailed knowledge of the folklore shared by the small communities of Babbage’s work. scientists, mathematicians and engineers who One exception is Howard Aiken, one of two throughout remained involved in calculation, main bridging fi gures between Babbage and the tabulation and computation. Babbage’s failures modern age. 9 Aiken, who championed the con- were failures of practical accomplishment, not struction of the Harvard Mark 1, completed in of principle, and the legend of his extraordinary January 1943, claimed explicitly that he was engines was the vehicle not only for the vision directly infl uenced by Babbage’s work. In the but also for the unquestioned trust that a uni- late 1930s Aiken came across a small demon- versal automatic machine was possible. stration piece that Babbage’s son, Henry, had Doron Swade is a world-renowned expert on Charles sent to Harvard to advertise his father’s work. Babbage and his Engines. Swade was Director of Aiken later claimed that he “felt that Babbage CHM’s Babbage Project and curated the Museum’s was addressing him personally from the past” Babbage Engine Exhibit.

8 Metropolis, N., and J. Worlton. “A Trilogy of Errors in the 10 See Cohen, I. B. “Babbage and Aiken.” Annals of the History of Computing.” Annals of the History of Computing History of Computing 10.3 (1988): 171-91, and Cohen, I B. 2.1 (1980): 49-59. Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer. Cambridge (Mass): MIT Press, 1999. 9 The other main bridging fi gure is Babbage’s son, Henry Prevost, to whom Babbage bequeathed his workshop and drawings. Henry continued his father’s work after Babbage’s death, but without any startling outcome. TOP: SCIENCE MUSEUM, LONDON / BOTTOM: BILL LEUNG, MATRIX PHOTOGRAPHY BILL LEUNG, MATRIX / BOTTOM: SCIENCE MUSEUM, LONDON TOP:

Note the thin line at the bottom - a catgut thread disconnects the main drive at the end of a page. 22 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 23 One of the 248 bronze fi gure wheels. COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 25 A page from Babbage’s celebrated 1827 Table of Logarithms.

Figure wheels engaged with adjacent sector wheels during addition. Closeup of type wheels in the printing section. COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 27 The subtle profi les of these cams encode the Engine’s microprogram. COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 29 Helically arranged carry arms. As these columns rotate, carries are propagated sequentially from low to high digits.

Vertical columns of fi gure wheels store 31-digit decimal numbers. Bevel gears drive a pair of vertical carry axes. COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 31 Andrew S. Grove, born September 2, 1936, has been with Intel since the company was founded in 1968. Currently, his role is Senior Advisor to Intel’s executive management.

VALLEY EXCERPT

Excerpt of Richard S. Tedlow’s Andy Grove: The Life and Times OF DEATH of an American—Chapter 10 Gordon Moore has a small wooden plaque that and inspirational. His or her impact helps peo- had etched on it: “This is a profi t-making orga- ple exceed their own expectations of themselves. nization. That’s the way we intended it… And The problem with these defi nitions is that, that’s the way it is!” in Grove’s words, “there is an implicit value It certainly did not look that way in 1986 judgment that suggests that leadership is better with the loss of $173 million. With the benefi t than management. In reality, you need both of hindsight, we know that Intel pulled out capabilities.” Grove believes that “the same of this dive dramatically in 1987. Sales soared person should be able to do transactional jobs 51 percent to $1.9 billion. The profi t picture when those are needed and transformational was equally exciting, hitting a record $248 mil- jobs when those are needed… A tennis player lion. Market capitalization increased by almost has both a forehand and a backhand. Not all $2 billion to $3.328 billion. In 1987, Intel tennis players are equally good at both, but placed 200 on the Fortune 500, higher than we don’t talk about backhand players and ever before. We know today that Intel reached forehand players.” the precipice in 1986 but was able to leap it True. Indeed, if anything, Grove’s career and continue its climb the following year. indicates a bias toward management and a No one was arguing with Moore’s sign dis- skepticism that borders on the acute when it played in 1987. comes to leadership, especially charismatic Life, however, is not lived in hindsight. leadership. He and others in the company were What if the collapse of 1986 had continued proud when Dun’s Review named Intel one into 1987? If the company experienced another of the “fi ve best-managed” companies in the 7.3 percent decline in sales, they would have United States. There is no similar survey on the dropped to $1.172 billion, well below the level “fi ve best-led” American companies. of 1984. If the company’s losses had continued Grove’s efforts, more than anyone else’s, put at the 1986 rate, it would have been close to Intel deservedly on that list. John Doerr said $350 million in the red, losing almost a million that Grove made Intel the best-managed tech- dollars a day. Its market capitalization would nology company in the world. The semicon- have fallen to $1.767 billion. Intel’s situation ductor industry had historically been plagued EDITED BY RICHARD TEDLOW would have been dire. by poor management. Grove was determined Grove has cautioned against drawing sharp to see Intel break that mold. Remember that distinctions between “management” and Grove’s fi rst full-time experience in a corpora- “leadership.” One hears arguments in the aca- tion was at Fairchild Semiconductor from 1963 demic world about management being “trans- to 1968. If ever a company was “over-led” actional.” Management concerns itself with and “under-managed,” it was Fairchild. Grove the myriad activities that, when undertaken blamed Noyce, the perfect example of a charis- effectively, keep the corporation running and matic leader, for that state of affairs. increasing its profi tability. If people were going to say nasty things Leadership, one can argue, is “transforma- about him because of his Late List and other tional.” The leader drives the company in a such devices to instill discipline at Intel, Grove MICHAEL PRINCE PHOTOGRAPHY whole new direction. The leader is charismatic could not have cared less. He did not need the

32 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 33 affection of Intel’s workforce. What he needed, Intel could not provide that service, its custom- memory business. It had taken three years. A future, not without reason. what he demanded, was that Intel’s employees ers might defect to someone else who would. decade later, Grove recalled that the mechan- Grove gathered them into an auditorium and manage their work lives rigorously. At one point in mid-1985, after a year of ics of getting out of that business were “very delivered a speech whose theme was “Welcome Grove’s fi rst book not on a technical topic, “aimless wandering,” Grove said to Moore, “If hard.” It was a “year-and-a-half-long process to the mainstream.” Intel was making the High Output Management, is all about man- we got kicked out and the board brought in of shutting down factories, letting people go, transition from a memory company to a micro- agement, not leadership. The book makes a new ceo, what do you think he would do?” telling customers we are no longer in the busi- processor company. In fact, the transition had reference to “leadership” only in passing. The Moore immediately replied, “He would get us ness, and facing the employees who all grew words, “charisma,” “transformation,” and out of memories.” “I stared at him, numb, then up in the memory business, who all prided even “strategy” do not appear in the index. said, ‘Why shouldn’t you and I walk out the themselves on their skills and those skills were The fi rst two chapters concern themselves with door, come back, and do it ourselves?’” no longer appropriate for the direction that we running a restaurant called “Andy’s Better This was a real moment of truth in the hist- were going to take with microprocessors.” The Breakfasts.” The chapter titles are “The Basics ory of Intel, and it should be part of every man- wounds remained always fresh for Grove. No of Production: Delivering a Breakfast (or a Col- agement course at our business schools. Grove matter what success Intel achieved, he never lege Graduate, or a Compiler, or a Convicted was able, by self-creating new management, to ceased to believe that what had happened Criminal…)” and “Managing the Breakfast adopt a different frame for his decision making. before could happen again. Factory.” He did not have a chapter on “Lead- He was no longer the actor. Now he was the Lessons learned? For Grove, the whole ing the Breakfast Factory” or “Transforming audience. The audience was so displeased with memory episode reinforced in his mind the im- Andy’s Better Breakfasts into Chez Panisse.” the actor that it would give him the “hook” portance of middle management. “While [top] Even conceding these points, the fact is that if it could. He was no longer the subject. He management was kept from responding by in 1986, Grove acted as a “leader,” if that was the object. He got outside himself and beliefs that were shaped by our earlier success, word has any meaning. What did Grove do? looked at the situation as a fantasized, rational our production planners and fi nancial analysts In Intel’s beginning, Gordon Moore To make a long story short, he presided over actor would. dealt with allocations and numbers in an objec- and Robert Noyce used the name the creation of a new product line for Intel. This was a cognitive tour de force. It was tive world.” So it was simply vital to have the NM Electronics before deciding on Under his leadership—his management also, made possible by Grove’s capacity to frame ranks of middle management populated by top- the name Integrated Electronics or but preeminently his leadership—Intel exited issues differently from the way others do. fl ight executives and then to pay careful heed “Intel” for short. the memory business and became a micropro- Grove said that even after this moment of to what they say and do. cessor company. Or, as he put it, “The most clarity, effective action was inhibited by the Second, in Grove’s words, “It is always easier signifi cant thing was the transformation of the intensity of emotion around this product and to start something than to kill something.” company from a broadly around the thought that Intel had been beaten Therefore, you better be careful about what already been made for Intel by marketplace positioned, across-the-board at its own game. When he started talking you start. That is, however, another example of realities. Although this group had not been “There is an implicit semiconductor supplier that about jettisoning memories, “I had a hard time a lesson that may have been learned too well. involved in microprocessors, there was plenty did OK to a highly focused, getting the words out of my mouth without With the triumphant exception of microproces- of room for them, and the company would do value judgment highly tuned producer of equivocation.” sors in personal computers, Intel has not set the what it could to help them make the contribu- that suggests that microprocessors, which did How do you get something like this done? world on fi re introducing new products into tion Grove knew they could. better than OK.” Once you know that you have got to get rid of new markets. The speech “actually went a lot better than I leadership is better Two beliefs that Grove said a product, how do you implement the decision? Third, when your failure has been of the no- had expected.” Grove’s audience, knowledge- were “as strong as religious When I started teaching at the Harvard Busi- ble variety rather than the result of stupid mis- able people below the ranks of top manage- than management. dogmas” made it more dif- ness School more than a quarter of a century takes, you as the top manager have to fi gure ment, had seen the handwriting on the wall In reality, you need fi cult than it otherwise would ago, a businessman said to me that if you are out a way to keep the talent that was involved and wanted some resolution of the situation. have been to get out of a going to cut off a dog’s tail, it is best to cut in that unavoidable failure in the company. Thus Grove narrates this story as one in which both capabilities.” product [memory] that any it right at the torso rather than half an inch The dram technology development group was “the ceo is the last to know” what others inside objective outsider could see at a time. The observation struck me as quite unquestionably highly talented. “The dram td and outside the company had already fi gured was a loser for Intel. One of uncalled-for and even sadistic. We were talk- group led the company in linewidth reduction. out. Perhaps. However, that would not be the these “dogmas” was that memory was Intel’s ing about business, not mutilation of animals. They were already developing a 1-micron pro- case as Intel moved self-consciously forward as “technology driver.” Because memory devices The point he was dramatically making was cess while the logic group was still developing a a microprocessor company. were easier to test than other Intel products, that if you have a tough decision, you should 1.5-micron process. Sunlin Chou and his group For Andy Grove’s other valuable lessons learned, they were traditionally the products that were implement it cleanly, completely, and without were widely regarded as Intel’s best resource please refer to Richard S. Tedlow’s book Andy Grove: debugged fi rst. The lessons learned could then hesitation. The pain will only be greater if you for process development.” Grove had hired The Life and Times of an American. be applied to other products. Intel’s identity move in stages. Sunlin Chou at Fairchild in 1964 and always Richard S. Tedlow is a member of CHM’s Board was rooted in its excellence in technology. In Intel moved in stages, as if its executives were held him in particularly high regard. of Trustees and the Class of 1949 Professor at its industry, technology and testosterone were working their way through a trance. At one What is called for in situations like this can Harvard Business School, where he is a specialist in the history of business. linked. Real men live on the technological edge. point, Grove, to his own amazement, allowed legitimately be denominated as something The second dogma dealt with marketing. another executive to persuade him “to continue more than management. What is called for is Intel owed it to its customers and therefore its to do r&d for a [memory] product that he and leadership. “So I went up to Oregon,” Grove salesforce to fi eld a full line of products. The I both knew we had no plans to sell.” tells us. Oregon was the headquarters of the customers demanded one-stop shopping, and if At last, at long last, Intel got out of the dram team. The team was worried about its

34 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 35 REMARKABLE AN PEOPLE Intellectual leadership— served him well INTELLECTUAL through a long and remarkable career but it required a subtle BUSINESS approach.

Gene Amdahl’s thoughts LEADER on leadership

BY FIONA TANG When asked to describe his success as an decades of entrepreneurship including the entrepreneur and business leader, Gene Myron founding of Amdahl Corporation, Trilogy Amdahl declared, “I did not view myself as a Systems, Andor International, and Commercial manager. I liked to work with things, not manage Data Servers. people. But I appreciate people and they knew Does he have advice for today’s startups? that. So they would do their part because they Amdahl doesn’t say people are doing things were contributing to something valuable.” This wrong but he notes a fundamental change in approach—one he calls intellectual leadership— the business plan of today’s startups: they don’t served him well through a long and remarkable often take a direct path toward a public offer- career but it required a subtle approach. ing these days and those that do take a long Amdahl, born November 16, 1922, is indeed time to do it because the process is risky. “To- a remarkable person. He received numer- day’s new companies work on getting bought ous prestigious awards within the technology by bigger companies,” he observes. industry, most notably the chm 1998 Fellow While Amdahl admits this may be the best Award, Harry H. Goode Memorial Award way to attain fi nancial success, he also advises by the ieee Computer Society, and the sigda that entrepreneurs pay attention to the design Pioneering Achievement Award. He is an ibm integrity of their technologies—hard though Fellow, a member of the National Academy of that may be. Given Amdahl’s notable success

Engineering and a Distinguished Centennial as an intellectual business leader, professional A pencil drawing of Gene Alumnus of South Dakota State University. project manager and entrepreneur, this advice Amdahl, created in 1965. Amdahl’s career was highlighted by many is worth heeding. Donated to the Museum’s years of project leadership within ibm and collection by Amdahl.

36 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 37 The move project was planned to occur over four phases. Phase 1 commenced in September 2007 when seven cargo container loads of the sap-funded collection from Germany arrived COLLECTION at the new facility (Read “Rescued Treasures,” Core, Spring/Summer 2007, pages 4–9). The The Museum’s collection settles curators, feverish with rediscovery, hastily into a new home opened crates and were followed by the regis- BY KAREN KROSLOWITZ trars and archivists, who inspected the contents to assess condition and identify any unwanted Anyone looking at the beige building that has pests. Volunteers arrived soon after to begin become the Computer History Museum’s new inventorying, cleaning, numbering and photo- collections storage from the outside would graphing the materials. Phase 2 followed a few never suspect that a world-class collection re- months later with the transfer of objects from MOVING sides in such a non-descript industrial Bay Area the aged storehouse at Moffett Federal Air neighborhood. Often, visitors and contrac- Field. Spring 2008 brought the start of Phase 3: tors who have toured the chm’s new building the relocation of all physical objects and about proclaim with surprise that it is “the cleanest half the text collection from the Museum’s warehouse” they’ve ever been in. In one sense, main storage areas. Since the project began, I deny that the Museum even has a warehouse chm has relocated roughly 25,000 physical ob- because, as a collections management profes- jects and 1,800 linear feet of text. We still have sional, I prefer to emphasize its status as a more to go with Phase 4, the temporary shift of “museum artifact storage facility.” 3-d objects currently on display in the Visible In need of space for the highly-anticipated And what about all those big machines? It Storage exhibit, which will conclude the move IN “Computer History: The First 2,000 Years” turns out pallet racks aren’t useful solely to project in the very near future. exhibition, the Museum purchased and then big lot wholesalers. Mainframe units, operator For any museum or archive, a collection relocated its collection just a few miles away consoles, punched card sorters and more have move is the right time to ensure its collections from our Mountain View campus. Maintaining been strapped to pallets and set aloft using a inventory is complete. For chm, the move a separate and distinct building for collections specialized forklift, whose forks can swivel has been serendipitous. In August 2007, the storage offered numerous advantages. We 180 degrees and whose driver can ride with Museum received a two-year cataloging grant gained the markedly improved ability to sustain the pallet upwards to 20 feet. A scissor lift to further document its physical objects (See consistent temperature and humidity levels; helps collections staff access the upper levels of “Documenting a World-class Collection” in we can now more closely monitor collections- 11-foot high shelving, where box after box of this issue, page 8). With a collection estimated related activities and facilities issues, including systems manuals, magnetic tapes, calculating at about 100,000 artifacts, the Museum relies heightening security and minimizing possible machines, keyboards, and conference keepsakes on an accurate database to locate exactly which pest infestations. now reside. artifacts researchers want to see and identify So, in 2007, a never-before-occupied steel Exceptional organization and cleanliness the ones the curators plan to exhibit in “Com- shell was converted into a modern artifact are clear indicators of fi rst-rate conservation puter History: The First 2,000 Years.” This vault. Hired contractors wallpapered the walls practices in all museums and archives. So, move has also been the perfect time to procure and ceiling with insulation, boarded up the when I hear the “cleanest warehouse” compli- specialty conservation supplies and time to windows to reduce damaging uv rays, and in- ment, I feel quite proud because the praise assert extra effort in carefully packaging many stalled enormous air-conditioning units to keep truly belongs to the dozens of people who have artifacts into acid-free boxes for long-term temperatures constant. All of these measures contributed to cataloging the collection, to storage. not only contribute to a longer life span for reorganizing the text archives, and to this move Boxing and protecting the physical objects the artifacts the chm will house there, but they project overall. Our visitors’ observations are during the move has been challenging. As my save energy too. evidence that we’re managing our artifacts with predecessor, former Registrar Allison Akbay care. During an open house event, long-time noted, “Boxes only come in two sizes—too big volunteer Dave Babcock exclaimed, “It’s so “Boxes only come in or too small.” Our expert team of move spe- wonderful to see all the artifacts being stored cialists consists of museum professionals and properly and getting the care they deserve. This The smallest of physical computer industry retirees, whose expertise has objects are securely nestled in two sizes—too big new facility is like a dream come true!” a sea of white archival boxes. been invaluable. They’ve pooled their collec- I couldn’t agree more. or too small.” tive knowledge and creativity when packing Karen Kroslowitz, the Museum’s Registrar, has scores of circuit boards; a potentially explosive extensive experience in managing museum collections Stromberg-Carlson Charactron tube; commem- within institutions such as the William K. Vanderbilt orative champagne bottles; and the most fragile Museum & Planetarium on Long Island and the Wing of core memory boards. Luke Asian Museum, Seattle, WA.

38 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 39 COLLECTION EXPLORE THE COLLECTION

AMSLER INTEGRATOR MODEL 4282 & ASSOCIATED GUIDE RAIL

BY JIM MCCLURE CHM#: B1506.01 and ty—and publishing their research. 102630325, respectively But the calculations needed to assess DATE: c.1900 stability were so complex that they DONOR: Gwen and Gordon Bell could take years. It wasn’t until 1855 that Jakob Ship stability was a great concern to Amsler, a Swiss mathematician, shipbuilders in the 1870s and 1880s. conceived of a device—the Amsler Ships frequently capsized during Integrator—that would solve exactly initial sea trials or even upon an initial this sort of calculation. It looked de- The Integrator quickly launch. This happened often with loss ceptively simple yet Amsler worked for calculates the bending proper- of life and goods, so Lloyd’s of London years to produce a commercial version ties of any railroad rail design placed under it. The user need of it in 1878. insisted new ships be launched and only trace the outline. This rolled to see if they capsized before it The Integrator’s popularity quickly complex mechanism calculates would insure them. grew. In 1880, shipbuilder William static and inertial moments In the 1700s, scientists such as Pierre White declared, “This is a thing for as a drawing is traced. Bouguer, Daniel Bernoulli and Leon- which we have been longing for years hard Euler, began studying principles because it will save us an immense of stability—specifi cally ship stabili- amount of mere routine work.” The Integrator could determine the area, center of gravity, and static and inertial moments around any axes of the cross section of any ship almost as quickly as the Integrator’s opera- tor could trace its outline. A stability analysis that once took a year could now be performed in hours.

This training drawing illustrates the measurement of stiffness, displacement, and stability of a complex ship’s hull design. A few measurements replaced weeks of hand calculations.

40 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 41 CHM#: X4554.2008 made the personal computer accessible PRELIMINARY DATE: July 12, 1981 to the novice computer user. DONOR: Mike Markkula In July 1981, an internal Apple MACINTOSH document outlined the Preliminary BUSINESS PLAN Super Bowl xviii was a turning point Macintosh Business Plan: “Jobs’ in the history of personal computers. Product Timeline” stated that Apple BY PAULA JABLONER During that game, the mass-marketing aimed to produce the Mac by mid- of personal computers kicked off with 1982 at a price of $1,000 to $1,500 the phrase, “On January 24, Apple with no mouse. Eighteen months later, Computer will introduce Macintosh. for $2,500, the Mac—with a mouse— And you’ll see why 1984 won’t be like launched. The strategy was to offer a 1984.” Not only was this Ridley Scott computer to an audience of hobbyists directed television ad ground-breaking, (Band 1) who were already using Vic the Mac it promoted was itself revolu- and trs color computers and small tionary. The Mac offered a graphical businesses (Band 3) who had been ASCI RED: user interface and mouse at a price that buying the hp-85 or Xerox 820. Apple identifi ed a market where no one else THE WORLD’S saw one and developed this computer to reach it: “… The job of Macintosh FIRST TERAFLOP and vlc is to migrate the remaining CHM#: X4603.2008 directive, Intel and Sandia National Band 3 customers down to Band 2, COMPUTER DATE: 1997–2006 Laboratories created asci Red to simu- leaving Band 3 manufacturers out in BY DAG SPICER DONOR: Sandia National late those tests. While pursuing this the cold!!” Laboratories goal, it became the fi rst computer in the world to reach one trillion calcula- In the time it took you to read this sen- tions per second (1 Terafl op or tf). A tence, asci Red could breeze through later cpu upgrade pushed asci Red’s fi ve trillion calculations. This pioneer speed to a stunning 3tf. For much of of supercomputers may be retired— its amazing run—between the years of with portions resting in the Computer 1997 and 2000—asci Red was the fast- History Museum’s permanent collec- est computer in the world. tion—but the breakthroughs it made Remarkably, asci Red’s service life will long be felt. was nearly 10 years, unheard of in the At asci Red’s decommissioning fi eld of rapidly-obsolescent supercom- ceremony, supercomputing pioneer puters. It owed both its speed and lon- Justin Rattner observed, “When Chuck gevity to a “massively-parallel” process- Yeager cracked the sound barrier or ing system, using over 9,000 standard Armstrong landed on the moon, I Intel cpus (Pentium Pro). This allowed wonder if they had the same feeling. it to break large calculations down into It is with great fondness that we say smaller ones for each cpu to work on— goodbye to asci Red. It’s been a great resulting in enormous speed. run and we’ll never forget it.” asci Red owes its creation—in De- The ASCI Red supercom- cember 1996—to a 1992 Federal policy puter required 1,600 sq. Cover of the business ft. and was comprised directive to discontinue live nuclear plan, dated July 12, of 85 cabinets, of which weapons testing. In order to obey this 1981, and the CHM has fi ve in its per- Product Hardware manent collection. Comparisons page.

42 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 43 RECENT ARTIFACT DONATIONS COLLECTION BY DAG SPICER

LIONS’ COMMENTARY ON UNIX THE AMAZING DR. NIM BOARD GAME SILICON RUN – 7 DVD SET ROCKET E-BOOK 6TH EDITION, 2 VOLS., E.S.R. INC., U.S.A., CA. WITH SOURCE CODE CHM#: 102688881 CHM#: 102707368 / X5022.2009 CHM#: 102691369 CHM#: 102707366 DATE: 1965 DATE: 1985–2004 DATE: 1998 DATE: 1976 DONOR: Warren Yogi DONOR: Ruth Carranza DONOR: Donna Dubinsky DONOR: John Mashey This deceptively simple plastic board Acclaimed as one of the world’s best The Rocket e-Book was an early hand- John Lions, professor of computer game actually teaches binary arith- documentaries on the semiconductor held book reader. It held about 4,000 science at the University of New South metic. It is a strategy game where one manufacturing process, Silicon Run pages of words and images—equal to IBM THINKPAD 701CS LAPTOP Wales, wrote these two books as player (human versus Dr. Nim) takes began in 1998 as an introduction to about 10 novels—and weighed just COMPUTER (“BUTTERFLY”) course notes on the unix operating sys- turns removing marbles from a row. the design and assembly of Integrated 22 ounces. Users could connect to tem for his students in May of 1976. On each turn, this player must remove Circuits (ics). This newly-issued, 7-part web-based retailers by connecting it to CHM#: 102707367 When at&t announced unix Version one, two, or three marbles. The player series includes two introductory-level a pc. The battery lasted an average of DATE: 1995 7 in June 1979, its new academic and who gets stuck with the last marble dvds and four specialized programs on 20 hours. DONOR: Gregory Joseph Badros research license no longer permitted loses. Etching, Lithography, Implantation, Several other companies also made ibm’s ThinkPad 701cs was cutting edge in its day. It featured a large color classroom use. Despite this, thousands The game’s easy-to-read and enter- and Deposition—four key stages in (and still make) electronic book readers display and keyboard packed into a “sub notebook” size that would still of students made photocopies—and taining manual includes philosophical how chips are made. but none have sold all that well. Wheth- appeal today. It weighed only 4.5 lbs, ran for six hours on its battery, photocopies of those photocopies. Be- speculations about whether computers In time, even these advanced manu- er this technology will acquire mass and had 16 mb of ram and a 720-mb hard drive. A clever split keyboard cause of this, the popularity of the book can think. facturing techniques will appear dated. appeal remains an open question. expanded to a standard 85-key layout when you opened the lid. Because spread quickly and widely. At which time, these dvds will become of the keyboard, the 701cs was dubbed the “Butterfl y.” In fact, for many years, the Lions’ a useful historical record of late 20th- The 701 is also in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Book was the only unix kernel docu- century chip making. Art and was featured in the movies Golden Eye, Mission Impossible, and mentation available outside of Bell Batman Forever. Labs. It is considered one of the classic works in computer science.

44 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 45 Ronee and Ike Nassi Joyce Wheeler Jean E. Sammet Irwin and Concepcion J. Duane Northcutt FOUNDING LEVEL Federman $50K+ Ken and Barbara Oshman Bruce Wonnacott Greg Shaw Bob and Carol Peters Feigenbaum Nii IBM DONOR APPRECIATION Dr. Gregory M. Peter H. and Cindy Rob Shaw Donald and Sharon SUPPORT Foundation Papadopoulos Ziebelman Pezzolo National Semiconductor John and Elizabeth Toole James Forster Suhas and Jayashree Patil Paul R. Pierce NVIDIA Tosa Foundation Family Fund CORE CONTRIBUTOR Peter A. Freeman Dennis M. Ritchie KLA Tencor 2K ($2,048+) Karen and Mark Tucker Bernard L. Peuto John Galloway Mark Roos and Catherine HP Shai and Nili Agassi Vern Watts Frank and Denise John Gustafson Rossi-Roos Quattrone Foundation Allan and Katie Alcorn L. Curtis Widdoes, Jr. Rob and Yukari Haitani Peter and Valerie Samson INVESTING LEVEL Dave Rossetti and Jan Gene and Marian Amdahl Paul Winalski $25K+ Kenneth and Constance John and Christine Avent David Anderson Anonymous Hess Sanguinetti Rambus The Stephen S. Smith and AS OF FY2008 Arthur and Jeanne Astrin Urs Hoelzle and Geeske Jean Shuler SVB Financial Group Paula K. Smith Family CORE FRIEND Joel Foundation Barry and Sharla Boehm Richard L. Sites Microsoft 1K ($1,024+) CAPITAL CAMPAIGN Pierluigi Zappacosta and Carol and Chris Espinosa CORE SPONSOR Marcian and Judith Hoff Richard S. Tedlow Jack and Cathy Bradley Thomas Skibo Mountain Winery DONORS Enrica D’Ettorre 16K ($16,384+) Frances Allen Samuel H. Fuller Dan G. and Janet L. The Vadasz Family June and Ned Chapin Alvy Ray and Zu Smith Accenture Forest Baskett and Hisa Ando Hutcheson EXA ($10M+) Terry and Dotty Hayes Foundation MEGA ($100K – $499K) Carolyn Bell Bruce and Gail Chizen Verna and Bob Spinrad Lam Research Connie and Charlie George and Emily Jaquette Donna Dubinsky and Peter Hirshberg Corporation Applied Materials David Bohnett Foundation R. Tim Coslet Bachman Lee and Robert Sproull Leonard J. Shustek THE CORE CLUB Craig Jensen Jennifer and Chuck House MARVELL Steve Blank and Alison Bill Carrico and Suzan CORE INVESTOR 4K Andrea Cunningham and Rick and Molly Bahr Pamela and Edward Taft Bill & Melinda Gates Pitch and Cathie Johnson Elliott Christine Hughes and Abe Woods Carrico ($4,096+) Rand Siegfried Applied Materials Foundation HBI Helga Bailey GmbH John and Mary Kay Ostrovsky The Ted and Ruth Johnson Campbell Fund Lawrence and Janice Association for Corporate Esther John and Aart de Tannebring Elaine and Eric Hahn John and Sheila Banning Family Foundation Irwin and Joan Jacobs Finch Growth Silicon Valley Geus SUPPORTING LEVEL Patricia and Gene Carter John and Mary Ellen The Steven and Michele The Krause Foundation Joe Bardwell and Anita Derry and Charlene $10K+ PETA ($5M – $9.99M) Dunlevie Family Craig and Barbara Barrett Michael Frank Deering Toebes Kirsch Foundation Lenk Kabcenell Carver A. Mead and Sigma Partners L. John Doerr and Fairchild Semiconductor Robin Beresford and Reid and Peggy Dennis Timothy J. Toole KLA-Tencor Barbara Smith Allen Baum and Donya Robert Kahn and Patrice Ann Doerr Robert Garner Sun Microsystems Robert Garner and David Emerson White Lyons Jeanie Treichel Lam Research Donald and Helen Nielson Peggy Burke and Dennis Imation Jeff Hawkins and Janet Robin Beresford Joe and Lori Fabris Brian A. Berg Jeff Kellem Naoya and Masako Ukai Boyle Strauss Pierre and Pam Omidyar Pierre and Pam Omidyar SanDisk Corporation Harvey Family Tracey Stewart and Barry Mark Bessey Jerry and Judy Klein Lorna and Duane Jack and Mary Carsten Gardner Hendrie and Stephen Squires and Ann Jon Rubinstein and Karen James Folsom Wadsworth FATTOC John and Andrea Joel and Francine Bion Donald and Jill Knuth Karen Johansen Mamour-Squires Richardson Yogen and Peggy Dalal Hennessy Nan and Chuck Geschke Peter Wexler Xilinx, Inc. Dave House Family Karen and Mark Tucker Grant and Dorrit Saviers Erich Bloch Tom Kopec and Leah Mark Horowitz and Eleanor and Lloyd Foundation Kathleen and Philip Gust Carneiro Jody Buckley Peter and Cindy David Sheraton Dickman Michael and Lorna Boich Christine Hughes and Abe Bernard LaCroute Intuit, in honor of founder Ziebelman Fusun Ertemalp Robert and Stacey “Having a place that will capture John Mashey and Ostrovsky Scott Cook Bressler Lucio L. Lanza Angela Hey CORE PARTNER Carol and Chris Espinosa the history of the computing Matthew and Connie Ives INDIVIDUAL ANNUAL 8K ($8,192+) Richard M. Burnes Jr. Lev and Galina Leytes Burton and Deedee Federico and Elvia Faggin industry is phenomenal. This TERA ($1M - $4.99M) DONORS Laurel and Ray Kaleda McMurtry Paul and Evelyn Baran Gene and Patricia Carter Dr. Joyce Currie Little Terry and Dotty Hayes Gwen and C. Gordon Bell Peter and Beth Karpas Museum is a remarkable institu- Ike and Ronee Nassi THE CORE CIRCLE Vinton and Sigrid Cerf Harry Chesley and Suzana Karen and Walter Mike and Kristina Homer CORE BENEFACTOR Peter Hirshberg tion with an important mission— National Semiconductor Danny Cohen Laura and Gary Lauder Seban Loewenstern 64K ($65,536+) Joanna Hoffman and Alain Burgess and Elizabeth Catherine P. Lego Ed and Patti Cluss Joseph and Winifred I support the heck out of it!” Bernard L. Peuto Ed and Lisa Colligan Rossmann Jamieson Bell Family Trust Marasco BILL CAMPBELL Mark and Deb Leslie William and Claudia The Harry and Carol Saal David N. Cutler Jennifer and Chuck House Gloria Miner Donna Dubinsky and Coleman David Martin INTUIT’S CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD Family Foundation Roy Levin and Jan Leonard J. Shustek Sonja and William Davidow David W. Jeske John and Sheree Shoch Thomson Wallace Colyer Frank McConnell Bill & Melinda Gates John and Andrea Anonymous KILO (< $100K+) Michael and Carole Marks Warren Yogi Google Foundation Hennessy Shawn and Doug John and Norma Crawford George A. Michael John Mashey and Angela Mackenzie Anonymous (2) RSA, the Security Division Sally M. Abel and Mogens Peter and Dorothy Debby Meredith and Curtis Elaine and Eric Hahn Hitz Foundation Hey of EMC GIGA ($500K – $999K) Lauritzen James and Patricia Denning Cole Gardner Hendrie and C. Lester and Audrey Carver A. Mead and Markevitch CORPORATE PARTNERS Bill and Roberta Campbell David and Robin Anderson Monalisa DiAngelo The Avram Miller Family Karen Johansen Hogan Barbara Smith CONTRIBUTING LEVEL Sheldon Laube and David Babcock Joyce and Donald J. Foundation Dave House Mark Horowitz and Jody Les Earnest SUSTAINING LEVEL $5K+ Dr. Nancy Engel Jim and Stephanie Nisbet Massaro Peggy Burke and Dennis David and Lisa Mooring $100K+ Buckley John R. 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46 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 47 SUPPORT ABOUT US

The Computer History Museum is dedicated to the preservation and celebration of the computing revolution and its worldwide impact on the human experience. It is home to the largest international collection of computer artifacts in the world, encompassing computer hardware, software, documentation, ephemera, photographs and moving images. chm brings computer history to life through an acclaimed speaker se- ries, dynamic website, onsite tours, as well as physical and online exhibits. We have a wide variety of programs and participation opportunities. Support computer history by becoming involved as a member, attendee, donor, corporate sponsor or volunteer.

HOURS Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Sunday: 12 noon – 4 pm Saturday: 11 am – 5 pm BABBAGE ENGINE DEMONSTRATIONS Weekdays: 2 pm Saturday and Sunday: 1 pm and 2 pm

“Men and women who TOURS innovate, who invent, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday: 1 pm and 2:30 pm who engineer and Saturday: 12 noon, 1:30 pm and 3:15 pm succeed—they’re the Sunday: 12 noon, 1:30 pm and 2:30 pm heroes of our age. The Museum is a tribute INFO to those innovators, Events: computerhistory.org/events and to their spirit.” Membership: computerhistory.org/giving JOHN HOLLAR Artifact Donations: computerhistory.org/collections/donateArtifact PRESIDENT AND CEO OF CHM Volunteering: computerhistory.org/volunteers Contact: [email protected]

48 CORE 2008 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM C MYSTERY ITEM Take your best guess! The fi rst two Core readers who submit the correct answers by March 1, 2009, will receive a free copy of Core Memory: A Visual Survey of Vintage Computers. Email your guess to: WHAT’S THIS? [email protected]. Good luck!

Previous Core Mystery right: William Williams, Presper Item Description Eckert, Angie Dickinson, Pat This is a black and white image of Boone and Mort Sahl. The com- eniac co-designer Presper Eckert puter is a Univac 422, a medium- with guests of abc’s “Nightlife” scale mainframe system that was television program. The episode sold to colleges and universities

aired March 24, 1965. From left to for educational purposes. INC. PICTORIALS, REGENCY