Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Overall risk level

Medium Exercise caution

Not completely safe, but typically presents predictable security risks

Travel is possible, but there is a potential for disruptions Overview

Emergency Numbers

Medical 911 Emergency 911

Upcoming Events

There are no upcoming events scheduled

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 2 Travel Advisories

High risk: Western border with Haiti Reconsider travel within 10km (6.21 miles) of the border with Haiti until further notice because of unrest and high risk of crime.

The Dominican Republic's border region with Haiti highlights the stark socioeconomic differences between the two countries. When the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) pulled out after 13 years of presence in the neighbouring country in October 2017, the Defence Ministry deployed nearly 2,000 troops to the border as part of Operation Shield – a joint operation with the Border Security Corps to heighten security and surveillance. The deployment also resulted in immigration inspectors and Border Security (Cesfront) guards deporting hundreds of illegal Haitian migrants through the country’s southernmost border crossing of Jimaní – where security was also increased. Frequent unrest in Haiti has also prompted Dominican authorities to reinforce security and increase military personnel along the border region, as seen in February, June, September and November 2019 as well as in May and October 2020, with nearly 9,750 troops deployed in the area. Along with Jimaní, the only other official border crossing is located in the town of Dajabón in the north. These border posts are closed from time to time by the Dominican army to prevent or control the influx of Haitian refugees and economic migrants seeking work in Dominican sugarcane fields; some 11,200 undocumented Haitians were deported in January, only. Border closures with Haiti, triggered by the COVID-19 outbreak, remained in place for most of 2020. Arms and drug smuggling takes place in these border towns, and armed robberies targeting motorists on roads close to the border have been reported. On 10 Febraury 2021, additonal security personnel were deployed to the border area amid rising tensions between Haitian President Jovenel Moïse and local opposition over the end of Moïse's mandate whose end date the opposition claims has already past. By 11 May, security forces had erected 23km (14.3 mile) of razor wire fencing along the border near the Jimani and Elías Piña crossings to once again reinforce security in the area with plans to extend the fence along the entire shared border. On 7 July, following the assassination of Haitian President Jovenel Moïse, border crossings with Haiti were closed indefinitely before

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 3 reopening for humanitarian reasons on 13 July.

Reconsider travel within 10km (6.21 miles) of the border with Haiti until further notice because of unrest and high risk of crime. While foreign nationals are unlikely to be the direct target of any criminal activity or violence associated with it, the risk of incidental or by-stander injury cannot be ruled out. Follow all directives issued by border and security personnel; keep official identification on-hand and stop at all road checkpoint. Maintain a low profile, vary routines regularly and ensure privacy of travel itineraries. Register travel details with local embassies or consulates and consider utilising local reputable guides for travel outside of urban centres.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 4 Summary

The Dominican Republic is a Medium Risk destination: exercise caution. Medium Risk locations are not completely safe, but typically present predictable security risks. Travel is possible, but there is a potential for disruptions.

Covid-19 Medium Risk Despite restrictions on the movement of people and business operations, the incident rate has grown to be considerably higher than that reported by neighbouring Haiti and Puerto Rico, particularly in the worst-affected National District, Santo Domingo and Santiago provinces. Last spike in infections was reported in June, while in August authorities relaxed curfew measures in areas with high vaccination rates. International travel has resumed.

Political Instability Moderate Risk Since the death of military dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo in 1961, the Dominican Republic (DR) has endeavored to consolidate a liberal democracy. However, socio- economic and racial tensions, problems of Haitian immigration, high levels of crime and impunity, insecurity and corruption continue to threaten political stability.

Conflict Moderate Risk Illegal immigration has been a perennial problem affecting relations between the DR and neighbouring Haiti. It also has the potential to trigger demonstrations including in the capital, Santo Domingo. In response, DR troops have been permanently deployed along the porous border to confront trafficking of persons, drugs and arms.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 5 Terrorism Low Risk Transnational terrorism is a possibility due to porous borders, corruption, weak anti- money laundering legislation and oversight, and minimal police resources. However, the country does not have a history of attacks or other terrorist-related incidents, and no known international or domestic terrorist groups are active in the country. The United States (US) has provided training and assistance to intercept vessels carrying arms, narcotics and undocumented individuals.

Unrest Medium Risk Protests, demonstrations and strikes occur periodically and have the potential to turn violent. Civil unrest is common ahead of presidential elections; rioters have been known to erect roadblocks and restrict travel, while police may resort to excessive force. Mass migration of Haitians to the DR and related increases in racism and communal tensions are growing concerns.

Crime High Risk Crime is a serious problem and is more frequent during Christmas, Carnival and power outages, with drive-by robberies, pickpocketing including in public buses and taxis, burglaries and theft from vehicles being the most commonly reported crimes. Foreign nationals are often considered attractive targets. Rates of violent crime are on the rise, particularly in Santo Domingo, Santiago, San Cristobal, National District and La Altagracia, with armed assaults more frequent during nighttime and when victims travel alone.

Natural and Environmental Moderate Risk Located in the Caribbean hurricane belt, the Dominican Republic may experience hurricanes and tropical storm systems between June and November. Flooding is a concern in the island's coastal and low-lying regions. Although infrequent, the country may also experience tornadoes as well as earthquakes, being located in an active seismic zone.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 6 Health and Medical Medium Risk Medical care is adequate in Santo Domingo, but limited outside of major urban centres, where the quality of care varies widely among facilities. Medical complications in rural areas may require medical evacuation to the capital and life-threatening conditions abroad. There are periodic outbreaks of mosquito-borne viruses including dengue fever, and ciguatera poisoning is prevalent.

Local Travel Medium Risk Road travel is dangerous due to poorly lit and poorly maintained roads, cars and buses in various states of disrepair, and drivers operating vehicles under the influence of alcohol or other substances. Bus travel carries risks of accident and petty theft. Taxis are the preferred mode of transport around the country and are considered safe, reliable and inexpensive. Taking internal flights is not recommended, since there is not sufficient infrastructure or oversight to guarantee safety.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 7 Political Overview : Moderate Risk

The Dominican Republic is governed as a representative democratic republic wherein the president functions as both head of state and head of government. The death of military dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo in 1961 heralded a new era for democracy in the Dominican Republic, but democratic transition has not been without difficulty or interference. Trujillo was assassinated in 1961 and was succeeded by his Vice- President Joaquín Balaguer. A year and a half later, democratic elections returned another president, Juan Bosch, of the socialist Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD), who was removed by a coup within nine months. The ensuing chaos led to a popular uprising in 1965, but a United States intervention returned Balaguer to power for another 12 years. He was defeated in the 1978 elections by the head of the socialist PRD, Antonio Guzmán Fernández, while the first term of Leonel Fernández of the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD) in 1996 marked a transition from autocratic strongmen to full-fledged democratic rule. Despite democratic elections and the slow consolidation of democratic practices ever since, the political system is characterised by clientelism and corruption within the main parties: the PRD, the conservative Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), and the increasingly conservative PLD as well as the social-democratic Modern Revolutionary Party (PRM) which emerged from a PRD division in 2014.

The 16-year rule of PLD and two-term rule of Daniel Medina came to an end on 5 July 2020, when opposition candidate Luís Abinader of the PRM won the presidential election with over 52 percent of the vote compared to 37 percent for PLD's Gonzalo Castillo. Voter turnout was relatively high after the vote was postponed from 17 May due to the COVID-19 outbreak and related restrictions. One incident saw a PRM politician killed and two others wounded when a gunman opened fire outside a polling station in Santo Domingo. In comparison, Medina's May 2016 re-election was marred by political violence that left at least six people dead.

President Abinader, an economist, tourism sector businessman and COVID-19 recoveree, who earlier lost the run-off to then-President Medina in 2016, will be challenged to revive the country's tourism sector amid the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak – the country has among the highest number of cases in the Caribbean. Following economic progress, but also corruption and impunity scandals of the PLD-era, Abinader plans to undertake a public policy program to eliminate corruption and

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 8 impunity, establish an efficient public administration, implement a tax reform which stimulates investment as well as to promote exports, productivity, competitiveness and formal job creation throughout the island-state. Having a PRM-majority in the senate (18 of 32 seats) and 80 out of 190 seats in the lower chamber will likely facilitate the task. In addition, Abinader has expressed his respect towards the LGBT community and that he supports abortion under the three grounds (incest, when the life of the mother is in danger and for poor formation of the fetus) which were first approved by a law and later invalidated in 2014.

Despite an economic upswing and diminishing poverty rates, large gaps remain between the rich and the poor in the Dominican Republic. The mixed race majority (European and African origins) controls most of the commerce, but the white descendants of Spanish settlers own most of the land. Racial tensions are further polarised by hundreds of thousands of Haitian immigrants who now live and work illegally in the Dominican Republic. President Abinader announced plans to build a wall between the two countries to curb illegal immigration. Border violence and unrest have soured relations with its neighbour, Haiti, and the government has carried out mass deportations.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 9 Conflict : Moderate Risk

Border Conflicts: History has contributed to antagonism and conflict between nations in the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, from Haiti's 22-year rule over the DR in the early 1800's to the 1937 massacre of approximately 30,000 Haitian migrants in a campaign ordered by then-Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo. Today, ongoing economic woes and political instability has led thousands of Haitians to flee to the DR in search of better-paying jobs. The unexplained growth of the Lake Azuey and Lake Enriquillo in the southwestern border region – with multiple border markers submerged – has also caused an influx of displaced Haitians since 2004. The continual influx of Haitians is seen by some high-level DR officials as an attack on national sovereignty. In response, DR troops have been permanently deployed along the porous 391-km (243-mile) border to confront trafficking of persons, drugs and arms. The Secretary of the Armed Forces formed a specialised border corps (Cuerpo Especializado Fronterizo - CESFRONT) that was deployed along the Dominican Republic/Haiti border in September 2007. When the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) pulled out after 13 years of presence in the neighbouring country in October 2017, the Defence Ministry deployed nearly 2,000 troops to the border as part of Operation Shield – a joint operation with the Border Security Corps to heighten security and surveillance. Nearly 9,750 troops are deployed in the area, as of October 2020.

Despite improved relations with Haiti during the presidency of Leonel Fernández, tensions again flared in July 2017, with Dajabón province governor Ramona Rodríguez calling the recent influx of undocumented immigrants crossing the border, a "massive invasion of Haitians," which triggered protests in the capital calling for the immediate deportation of the estimated nearly four million undocumented Haitians in the country. In response, immigration inspectors and Border Security (Cesfront) guards deported more than 400 illegal Haitian migrants through the country’s southernmost border crossing of Jimani - where security was also increased. President Abinader has announced plans to build a wall between the two countries to curb illegal immigration.

International Treaties: The Dominican Republic is one of 16 members in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which despite being an economic alliance, has acted as a pacifying force and strengthened relations among states in the region. The DR is a signatory of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) and

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 10 all major inter-American conventions. It is also a member of the United Nations, Organization of American States, African-Caribbean-Pacific Group of States, International Monetary Fund, Inter-American Development Bank and other financial institutions.

Strength of Military Forces: The armed forces of the Dominican Republic consist of the army, air force and navy. A combined 44,000-force is authorised by the Constitution, but in reality, active duty strength is estimated at 32,000. Around 50 percent of those are engaged in non-military activities, such as providing security at government buildings, highways, and prisons. The army is the largest branch of DR forces, with some 20,000 active personnel in six infantry brigades. The air force operates two bases out of the south near Santo Domingo and another in the north near Puerto Plata. The navy has two major naval bases, one in Santo Domingo and on in Las Calderas. Only Cuba has a larger force than the DR in the Caribbean region.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 11 Terrorism

International Terrorism: Transnational terrorism is a possibility due to a number of factors, which include porous borders, corruption, and minimal police resources. Furthermore, its relative proximity to the United States (US) and lax controls at airports and ports continue to raise concerns for its northern neighbour. The US has provided training and assistance, as well as a donation of four go-fast boats to intercept vessels carrying arms, narcotics and individuals attempting to transit DR territorial waters illegally. The DR also signed a Customs Mutual Assistance Agreement (CMAA) with the US to improve security for passenger and cargo processing while facilitating the rapid exchange of intelligence. Despite unease by US officials, however, the country does not have a history of attacks or other terrorist-related incidents.

Domestic Terrorism: There are no indigenous terrorist groups operating in the Dominican Republic. A bigger concern in the DR is the possible financing of terrorist activity given high levels of corruption and weak anti-money laundering legislation and oversight. The Drug Enforcement Agency in the US has tracked large amounts of dollars being smuggled to the DR via Puerto Rico. However, such proceeds are tied to the drug trade and there is no indication international terrorists are involved in money laundering schemes within the country.

Response Preparedness: Although inexperienced and considered to be ill-equipped to combat terrorist threats, a counterterrorism unit operates within the Dominican Armed Forces. There is optimism that the unit will become increasingly productive in assessing and preventing possible terrorist attacks with time, experience, and proper funding.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 12 Unrest : Medium Risk

Protests and Demonstrations: Protests, demonstrations, and strikes occur periodically and have the potential to turn violent. Civil unrest is common in the months ahead of presidential elections; the 2016 general election was marred by large demonstrations and riots in the days that followed, leaving at least six people dead. Political gatherings such as rallies and forums should be avoided, even though they do not target foreign nationals and tend to take place in towns and cities, away from tourist resorts. Rioters have been known to erect road blocks and restrict travel.

The majority of most public protests, demonstrations and strikes, however, are traditionally scheduled well in advance and significant violence uncommon. Investigations into the Odebrecht corruption scandal, which saw the construction company bribe officials to win contracts in the country including funding election campaigns, spawned the rise of the opposition 'Marcha Verde' (Green March) social movement in the beginning of 2017. While the near weekly mass gatherings attracted hundreds of participants in cities and towns across the country, events passed without incident other than to disrupt travel. Visitors should closely monitor local news for developments that may trigger demonstrations.

Civil Disobedience: Mass migration of Haitians to the Dominican Republic is a growing concern. It is estimated that roughly one million Haitians live illegally in the country. This has led to an increase in racism and communal tensions. Dominicans blame Haitians for increased crime and violence and there is tit-for-tat violence between the two communities, including extra-judicial killings. Incidents of Haitians being persecuted, sometimes gagged and burned, are not uncommon. There have also been reports of Dominicans burning shacks occupied by Haitian migrants.

Strikes: Civil disturbances, such as work stoppages and strikes, may cause severe disruption to public services. In the past, workers have organised through local unions, such as the Social Alternative Forum (FSA), for general strikes involving transportation, commerce, education, and the health sector. Walkouts usually involve demands for better salaries and work conditions. Various general strikes in 2013 and 2014 escalated into violent unrest in the streets, leaving at least several dead and dozens others of injured during clashes with police.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 13 Recent incidents

07 August 2021 - 08 August 2021 Moderate risk: Religious groups called for protests in Santo Domingo on 7 August Religious groups called on supporters to stage a protest outside the National Congress in Santo Domingo from 16:00 local time (20:00 GMT) on 7 August to denounce proposed reforms to the Penal Code.

03 August 2021 - 05 August 2021 Moderate risk: Religious groups called for protests in Santo Domingo through 4 August Religious groups called on supporters to stage a Cacerolazo protest outside the National Congress in Santo Domingo from 20:00 local time (24:00 GMT) to denounce proposed reforms to the Penal Code. A prayer and candlelight vigil are also planned outside the National Congress from 19:00 (23:00 GMT) on 4 August.

02 August 2021 - 03 August 2021 Moderate risk: Catholic Church calls for anti-abortion rally in Santo Domingo The Catholic Church called upon supporters to rally outside the National Congress in Santo Domingo to protest abortion, among other issues. No further details were immediately available.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 14 Crime : High Risk

Petty Crime: Visitors should be aware that foreign nationals are often considered attractive targets for criminal activity, and should maintain a low profile to avoid becoming victims of violence or crime. The most common and easily avoidable type of crime in the Dominican Republic is the drive-by robbery. One or two assailants on a motorcycle, scooter, or even a bicycle will drive up in front of or behind the potential victim and grab anything in reach - purses, cellular phones, necklaces, etc. Avoid being victimised by remaining aware of your surroundings, staying alert for scooters and motorcycles approaching you from any direction. In the event of a motorcycle or bicycle approaching you, move away from within striking distance. If the assailant cannot get close enough to you, he will not stop but may circle around and try again later. Overall levels of crime tend to peak during the Christmas and Carnival season, and visitors should take extra precautions when visiting the country between November and January.

In June 2013, local police reports indicated a rise in armed robberies, highlighting the traffic intersections of John F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln, John F. Kennedy and Máximo Gómez, John F. Kennedy and Ortega y Gasset, Ortega y Gasset and San Martín, Ortega y Gasset and Paraguay (entrance to Plaza de la Salud), and 27 de Febrero and Churchill in the National District as hotspots. The robbery incidents typical involved thieves riding on motorcycles and approaching cars stopped at intersections. A rise in armed theft has also been reported on the west side of the district along Avenida Luperón in front of various business establishments, including El Canal, Jumbo, Happyland and La Sirena.

Avoid using carros públicos, the least expensive type of taxi. Passengers in 'carros públicos' are often the victims of pick pocketing, and in some cases, passengers have been robbed by 'carro público' drivers. The same can be said of urban buses, locally known as 'guaguas'. Visitors should opt for established taxi services, or hotel taxis, which are considered safe.

Violent Crime: Rates of violent crime, including armed robberies, assaults and home invasions, are on the rise and more prevalent in Santo Domingo, Santiago, San Cristobal, National District, La Altagracia, El Seibo and Peravia than other areas of the country. In 2018, at least 1,353 homicides were reported nationwide, while

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 15 homicide rates decreased to 12.5 per 100,000 people from 26.3 in 2011. According to the National Police El Seibo, Enriquillo (Barahona province), Rancho Banica (Villa Sombrero), and Matorrales and Los Minas (Santo Domingo Este) are of particular concern. Armed assaults are more frequent during nighttime hours and when victims travel alone. Maintain a low profile, avoid solo travel alone at night and always stick to main thoroughfares and well-lit streets.

Crimes Against Women: Rape is a serious and widely underreported problem, with the cities of Barahona, Peravia, and Santo Domingo Norte reporting the highest number of incidents. However, the majority of cases go unreported due to of fear of social stigma, as well as the popular perception that the judiciary and police would fail to provide redress. Police are often reluctant to handle rape cases and are known to encourage victims to seek assistance from nongovernmental organisations (NGOs). Foreign nationals should be wary of strangers, especially at celebrations or nightspots. Travelling and moving about in a group is advisable.

House Break-ins: Burglaries of private residences continue to be reported as well as crimes of violence. Criminals may also pose as handymen or hotel staff in an effort to gain access to your residence or hotel room. In one 2005 homicide, a foreign national was murdered by two men who posed as repairmen to gain access to the apartment. In a similar case, Dominican police arrested a building's actual maintenance man and his accomplice.

Drug-related Crime: Due to its strategic location between South America and the United States, the Dominican Republic has served as a transportation hub for Colombian drug cartels. Over 8 percent of all cocaine smuggled into the United States has come through the Dominican Republic.

Carjacking: There have been reports of foreign nationals who were victims of vehicular-armed robberies in the northern provinces of the Dominican Republic. At least three of the reports indicate the victims were intercepted during the morning hours, when there was little traffic, while driving on rural highways connecting Santiago and Puerto Plata. Extreme caution is advised when driving at night. It is best to stay on major highways and avoid secondary roads when possible.

Vehicle Theft: Reports of car thefts have increased of late. Valuables left unattended in parked automobiles are vulnerable to theft; visitors should leave them out of sight and park cars in well-lit and guarded areas.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 16 Scams: When walking around Santo Domingo, foreign nationals should be ware of street hustlers who could be into black marketing currencies. Avoid currency exchange on the street and opt for reputable banks instead. Recently, there have been a number of businesses that advertise 'Quickie Dominican Divorces' on the Internet. Caution is advised if using these services, as they are known to misrepresent the process of obtaining a divorce in the country. Many visitors have reported losing large amounts of money at Dominican casinos by playing games that they said are unclear and misleading.

Human Trafficking: Although the law prohibits trafficking in persons, there were reports that men, women, and children were trafficked to, from, and within the country. Local authorities can prosecute any person engaged in organising the smuggling of aliens into or out of the Dominican Republic, in addition to any charges faced in the other country involved.

Weapon Possession: Many criminals have weapons and are likely to use them if they meet resistance. Riskline strongly urges all foreign nationals to cooperate if confronted with any type of weapon. Crime in the Dominican Republic is generally not violent if you cooperate; however, an assailant will not hesitate to use violence if you resist.

Kidnapping: Although previously not considered common in the Dominican Republic, "express kidnapping" - short-term abductions aimed at extracting cash from the victim - are on the rise. Police list Santo Domingo, National District, Santiago, San Cristobal and La Vega as cities were abductions have occurred in the recent past. To mitigate kidnap risk, particularly express abductions, avoid using curb-side ATMs at night or loitering in the vicinity of banks. Refrain from walking alone after sunset through desolate or unknown neighbourhoods, no matter their perceived economic status. Avoid hailing a taxi off the street; instead, book official taxis through hotels or by phone.

Credit Card Fraud: Credit card fraud is common and recent reports indicate that its incidence has increased significantly. Riskline strongly advises foreign nationals to severely restrict the use of credit/debit cards in the Dominican Republic. The eastern resort areas of the Dominican Republic have seen a marked increase in credit card fraud. According to reports, hotel employees, restaurant service staff and store workers may conceal devices that instantly record credit card information. This device appears to be the usual card reader utilized by businesses. Visitors should only use credit cards when an electronic transaction is possible and when the transaction can

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 17 be completed directly in front of them. Never let a clerk, sales assistant or waiter take a card to another location for the transaction to be processed. If this cannot be avoided, visitors should insist on going with the individual to the point of sale to witness the transaction. Keep an eye on the card at all times. It is also advisable to notify your credit card company of your trip, its duration and general itinerary so they could monitor credit card activity for any irregularities. Foreign nationals should also inform their banks about travel plans, detailing departure and arrival dates, and continue to monitor accounts weeks after their trip.

ATM Fraud: Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) are present throughout Santo Domingo and other major cities. However, like credit cards, the use of ATMs should be limited to prevent theft or misuse. A popular, local ATM fraud scheme involves sticking pieces of paper or photographic film into the ATM card feeder so that an inserted card becomes jammed. Once the victim deems the card is irretrievable, thieves extract the card for their personal use.

Black Markets: In many countries around the world, counterfeit and pirated goods are widely available. Transactions involving such products may be illegal under local law. In addition, bringing carrying them across borders may result in forfeitures and fines.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 18 Law

Overview

The law provides for an independent judiciary; however, judicial independence remained imperilled by corrupt practices. When it occurs, interference by public institutions generally involves selective prosecution and public pronouncements regarding active cases, rather than direct intervention in existing cases. In some cases, however, judges in superior courts attempted to improperly influence decision-making in lower courts.

The judiciary is comprised of a 16-member Supreme Court, several appeals courts, courts of first instance, and justices of the peace. Specialised courts handle labour, tax, land and juvenile matters. A Magistrate's Council appoints supreme court justices based on factors such as time in service and general reputation, but the council's composition leaves open the possibility for patronage appointments. Appointment of lower court judges follows completion of a training program and passage of rigorous entrance examinations.

The professionalism of attorneys remains spotty. Thousands of persons are known to practice law without even minimal academic preparation. This problem is compounded by the lack of formal minimum standards for general attorneys. The Dominican Bar Association consistently opposes a bar examination. Regardless, public prosecutors and defenders were typically well qualified, and their particular organisations warrant passage of examinations prior to employment.

Traffic Infractions and Speeding: By law, drivers must be at least 18 and licensed to drive in the DR. Foreign and international driver's licenses are accepted. The speed limit is 120kph (80mph) on highways and 80kph (50mph) on other roadways. When driving in local and area villages, drivers should reduce their speed to 40kph (25mph).

Drug Laws: On 30 May 1988, the Dominican Congress approved Law 50-88 dealing with narcotic drugs. Under this law, the possession of any quantity of narcotic drugs is a punishable offense. Offenders are categorized by the quantity of drugs found in his/her possession, and most stand trial in a Court of First Instance. The judicial process can take up to several years. During this pre-trial period, a defendant will remain incarcerated in most cases.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 19 Currency: It is legal to exchange currency at hotels, exchange shops, and commercial banks. The Central Bank sets the exchange rate based on prevailing market conditions. No more than USD10,000 or its equivalent in another currency, including Dominican pesos, may be taken out of the Dominican Republic at the time of departure.

Property: Caution is advised if investing in real estate, as property rights are not uniformly enforced. Title insurance is not available and investors often face problems in receiving clear title to land. Real estate investments by US nationals have been subject to both legal and physical takeover attempts. Absentee owners and landlords of undeveloped land are especially vulnerable. In addition to the "carta de constancia", which is often confused with a title by foreigners, investors should seek solid property title.

Importing and Exporting Goods: The Republic regulates several items that visitors can bring into the country. Up to 200 cigarettes, 100 litres of alcohol, and gifts not exceeding USD100 can be brought into the country duty-free. It is illegal to carry arms, ammunitions, and dangerous goods, and those caught can face jail time.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 20 Corruption

Overview

The Government of the Dominican Republic has implemented extensive anti- corruption legislature in a bid to stem the country's rampant corruption. However, the government failed to implement these laws effectively. According to the World Bank's worldwide governance indicators, government and/or bureaucratic corruption was particularly pervasive in the country. Government officials have brought a number of private and public sector corruption cases to trial, although there appears to be a reluctance to investigate seriously and prepare for trial cases involving senior government officials of either the current or former government. In cases that do go to trial, the prosecution usually has little success in obtaining either convictions or prison sentences. The use of non-judicial sanctions, such as dismissal or transfer, against armed service members, police officers, and other minor government officials engaged in bribe taking and other corrupt behaviour has accelerated but ultimately provides insufficient incentive to check pervasive petty corruption. Society's widespread attitude of tolerance toward at least some forms of corruption complicates the problem.

Travellers: Corrupt and extortive practices pose a significant threat to foreign nationals travelling to the Dominican Republic. Foreign nationals may be solicited or extorted for bribes when dealing with members of the country's security services, border patrol officers, customs and tax officials. Visitors who are solicited for a bribe should politely refuse and report the incident at the nearest police station. Both the soliciting and payment of a bribe is considered a criminal offense according to Dominican Republican law and perpetrators will be punished accordingly.

Residents: Citizens of the Dominican Republic consider corruption to be pervasive at both the administrative and bureaucratic level. Dominican Republicans consider the country's policing services as being particularly corrupt, with reports delineating that both low-ranking and senior police officials often solicited bribes from individuals facing arrest or imposition of fines. There are similarly reports of widespread corruption among members of the country's armed forces and migration officials stationed at border posts. Corruption and inefficiency is also considered to be widespread in the Dominican Republic's judicial system.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 21 Business: Corruption is perceived to pervasive in the Dominican Republic's business sector. Despite ongoing reforms and extensive anti-corruption legislature, both foreign and domestic enterprises consider that judicial and administrative corruption continues to affect the settlement of business disputes. Foreign businesses have also reported that corruption and extortion may occur when tendering for government and/or public procurements. When tendering for contracts in a foreign country, businesses should adhere to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) conventions to avoid prosecution by their home country.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 22 Security Services

Overview

The National Police, the National Department of Investigations (DNI), the National Department of Drug Control (DNCD), the Airport Security Authority (CESA), Port Security Authority (CESEP), Border Authority (CESFRONT), and the armed forces (army, air force, and navy) form the security forces. Policy decisions affecting the police force fall under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior and Police. Domestic responsibilities of the military include protecting persons and property, as well as maintaining public order. The military, CESEP, CESA, and CESFRONT fall under the secretary of the armed forces; the DNCD and the DNI, which have personnel both from the military and police, report directly to the president.

A specially trained police known Politur assists tourists in need. This public institution represents a cooperative effort between the Secretary of the Armed Forces, National Police, and the Secretary of Tourism. Politur personnel are typically deployed to tourist areas to provide first responder type assistance to foreign travellers. Politur can direct victims to a police station and assist them in filing a police report. Politur's headquarters are located at the corner of 30 de Marzo and Mexico, Bloque D, Governmental Building, Santo Domingo. The contact number is 809-686-8639.

Efficiency: Police response in DR is generally poor. Generally speaking, police are poorly trained and corruption remains a serious problem. The one police agency that stands out positively among the rest is the Tourist Police (PoliTur), whose officers are accustomed to dealing with foreign nationals in distress, respond quickly to incidents involving visitors, and often speak at least some English. However, their numbers are very small.

Professionalism: In dealing with local police, foreign nationals should be aware that the standard of professionalism might vary. Reports of police attempts to solicit bribes abound, as do incidents of police using excessive force. On many occasions, police attempted to extort bribes from individuals facing imposition of fines or arrest. NGOs alleged corruption among the military and migration officials stationed at border posts and noted that these officials sometimes were complicit in the illegal transit of Haitian workers into the country.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 23 Abuses/Miscarriages of Justice: Human rights NGOs stated that the police continued to employ unwarranted deadly force. The DR's Internal Affairs Unit conducted investigations into charges of gross misconduct against members of the National Police. These cases involved verbal and physical aggression, death threats, theft, muggins and improper use of a firearm.

Areas Active: The armed forces continued to provide troops to support the National Police in its nightly patrols of Santo Domingo, Santiago, and other areas of the country. The National Police and military are security providers for government-owned non-military facilities, highway toll stations, prisons, forestry work, state enterprises, and private businesses. The tourist police has personnel around tourist hotspots and hotels.

Force Strength: The Dominican National Police force contains about 32,000 agents. While the police are not part of the Dominican armed forces, they share some overlapping functions. Similar to the situation of their military counterparts, an estimated 63 percent of the force serve in areas outside traditional police functions.

Emergency Contact: In the event of an emergency the police can be contacted by dialling telephone number 911

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 24 Natural Risks : Moderate Risk

Located in the Caribbean hurricane belt, the Dominican Republic may experience hurricanes and tropical storm systems between June and November. Flooding is a concern in the island's coastal and low-lying regions. Although infrequent, the country may also experience tornadoes as well as earthquakes, being located in an active seismic zone.

Earthquakes

An earthquake is the sudden, rapid shaking of the earth, caused by the breaking and shifting of subterranean rock as it releases strain that has accumulated over a long period. Initial mild shaking may worsen and become extremely violent within a matter of seconds. Additional earthquakes, called aftershocks, may follow the initial earthquake.

The Dominican Republic is located in an active seismic zone and earthquakes are known to occur. Most buildings are not constructed to international seismic standards and many – particularly buildings that have parking lots underneath – may suffer severe damage or collapse during an earthquake.

When shaking begins, drop to the ground and take cover under, and hold on to, a sturdy piece of furniture, such as a heavy desk or table that can provide you with air space if the building collapses. If you're not near a strong piece of furniture, crouch down and protect your head and face in an inner corner of a building; only stand in a doorway if you know it is strongly supported. Stay away from windows or glass panels. Most deaths and injuries in an earthquake are caused by collapsing building materials and heavy falling objects. Stay indoors until the tremors stop and you are sure it is safe to exit. Avoid all areas in the vicinity of outer walls and doorways, as these are most prone to falling debris. In a high-rise building, the electricity may go out and the sprinkler systems may come on. Do not use the elevators. If the lights go out, avoid using candles, matches or lighters during or after the earthquake; if there is a gas leak, an explosion could result. If outdoors, move to an open space away from buildings, electric poles and street lights which are prone to collapse. Do not travel on roads and

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 25 bridges which may have been damaged by the earthquake. Be prepared for secondary earth movements that follow the initial earthquake; some of these may be large enough to cause additional damage or bring down weakened structures.

Tsunami

Tsunamis are commonly generated by an earthquake-induced movement of the ocean floor. A strong earthquake lasting 20 seconds or more near the coast is likely to generate a tsunami and imminent coastal impact, possibly before warnings can be issued. However, all offshore or coastal earthquakes carry the potential of generating tsunamis. Warning signs of a tsunami include a sudden rise and fall in coastal sea levels.

Strong and shallow offshore and coastal earthquakes have the potential to trigger tsunamis in coastal areas. While warnings are normally issued by the US Tsunami Warning Centre, the territory has not been hit by any hazardous tsunamis in recent years.

In areas at risk of tsunamis, know the height of your street above sea level and the distance of your street from the coast or other at-risk waters. Areas which are less than 7.5 metres (25 feet) above sea level and/or within 1.5 kilometres (one mile) of the coastline are perceived to be the most at risk. Evacuation orders may be based on these numbers. Immediately move inland or to higher ground in the event of a tsunami alert/warning; stay away from the beach. In the absence of an official warning, if you are on the coast and feel an earthquake, or if there is a noticeable recession in water away from the shoreline this is a natural warning of a possible tsunami and should be heeded; move away immediately. Remain out of the tsunami hazard zone until local officials advise otherwise.

Hurricanes/Typhoons/Tropical Cyclones

A cyclone/typhoon/hurricane is essentially a large mass of air that spirals around a low-pressure centre. It is an organised collection of thunderstorms embedded in a swirling mass of air. This mass of air is called a cyclone if it forms in the Indian or South Pacific oceans, a typhoon if formed in the West Pacific Ocean and a hurricane if formed in the East Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Cyclones/typhoons/hurricanes normally

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 26 bring gale-force winds, heavy rainfall and high tides, with the potential of causing significant or destructive damage and widespread travel disruptions.

The Dominican Republic is subject to hurricanes and other tropical storm systems, particularly from June to November. Hurricanes can bring excessive rain and flash flooding. In September 2017, the island was impacted twice by hurricanes Irma and Maria, which destroyed hundreds of homes and caused the deaths of at least five people.

Follow local radio or television broadcasts for information and evacuation instructions. If not under an area with mandatory evacuation orders, remain indoors. Locate and secure important documentation, including passports, photo identification, travel permits and any indispensable personal effects. Be advised that the calm 'eye' is deceptive and should by no means be interpreted as a sign that the storm has passed. The second winds are likely to be worse and may destroy trees and buildings damaged in the first pass. If caught in a region hit by a cyclone/typhoon/hurricane, remain indoors until the storm passes. If there is a need to move to an evacuation centre, evacuate in a calm manner and ensure you carry important personal identification. Avoid all low-lying coastal areas due to storm surges. Confirm the viability of overland travel routes due to the risk of flooding. Air and sea travel are also likely to be impacted. Anticipate disruptions to power, communications and other essential services.

Tornadoes

A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground and is commonly - although not always - visible as a funnel cloud. Lightning and hail are common in thunderstorms that produce tornadoes.

Although infrequent, the Dominican Republic occasionally experiences tornadoes, which are often spawned from hurricanes and tropical storms as they pass through the region. A tornado swept through Oviedo, Pedernales, in October 2016, destroying 12 homes and caused the collapse of several radio antennas.

Though not every thunderstorm will produce a tornado, if your area is under

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 27 thunderstorm warning and otherwise prone to tornado formation, pay close attention to changing weather conditions and be prepared to take shelter immediately. It is important to note that the appearance of a funnel cannot always be used to predict tornado landfall. Clouds or rain may block your view thus necessitating reliance on accompanying conditions including: dark or green-coloured sky; large, dark, low-lying clouds; large hail; and a loud roar that sounds like a freight train. Upon observing any of these weather conditions, take cover immediately and turn on your radio or television to get the latest emergency information from local authorities. Because electrical power is often interrupted during thunderstorms, a battery powered radio or television set is a worthwhile investment. Seek shelter away from windows in the interior part of a basement. In the absence of a basement, move to an interior room without windows on the lowest floor (centre hallway, bathroom, closet). Flying debris causes most deaths and injuries during a tornado and an exploding window can injure or kill. For added protection, cover your body with a blanket and take cover under a heavy table or workbench.

Flooding

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. It is normally triggered by an extended period of heavy rainfall and can be exarcebated by poor drainage systems in the affected area.

During the hurricane season (June to November), tropical storm systems can cause extensive flooding in the Dominican Republic's low-lying and coastal areas.

If instructed of the possibility that flash-flooding may affect the area you are in, monitor local updates and move immediately to higher ground away from rivers, streams, creeks and storm drains. Though flash-flooding is commonly attributable to excess upstream precipitation, be aware that flooding can occur without typical warning signs of rain clouds or heavy rain. This is especially true near streams, drainage channels, canyons and other areas known to flood suddenly. If you happen across a flooded road in your car, turn around and drive in the opposite direction. When trapped on a flooded road, vacate your vehicle immediately and climb to higher ground.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 28 Recent incidents

16 August 2021 - 17 August 2021 Moderate risk: Tropical Depression Grace triggers disruptions to flights at Santo Domingo Airport - Update Officials indicated that at least 18 flights were cancelled at Santo Domingo's Las Américas Airport (SDQ/MDSD) since late morning hours local time, as Tropical Depression Grace was tracking west-northwest over the Barahona peninsula. A tropical storm watch was in effect across coastal areas nationwide, with heavy rainfall and possible flooding and landslides expected through the end of the day.

15 August 2021 - 16 August 2021 Moderate risk: Warning issued for Tropical Storm Grace A tropical storm warning was issued from the southern Haitian border to Samana, as Tropical Storm Grace, churning 335km (220 miles) east-southeast of Santo Domingo as of afternoon hours local time, is forecast to bring tropical storm conditions from evening hours local time and move over Hispaniola on 16 August.

15 August 2021 - 16 August 2021 Moderate risk: Tropical Storm Warning discontinued as Grace weakens to tropical depression - Update A Tropical Storm Warning was discontinued as of evening hours local time, after Grace weakened to a tropical depression. Despite weakening, the system is forecast to bring heavy rainfall as it moves over Hispaniola on 16 August.

11 August 2021 - 12 August 2021 Moderate risk: Officials issue warning for Tropical Storm Fred - Update Officials issued a tropical storm warning for the the south coast from Punta Palenque eastward and on the north coast from the border with Haiti eastward, as Tropical Storm Fred was churning approximately 40km (25 miles) south-southeast of Santo Domingo as of morning hours local time. The storm is forecast to move near or over Hispaniola during afternoon and evening hours local time.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 29 Health and Medical: Medium Risk

Overview

Medical care is adequate in Santo Domingo, but limited outside of major urban centres, where the quality of care varies widely among facilities. Medical complications in rural areas may require medical evacuation to the capital and life-threatening conditions abroad. There are periodic outbreaks of mosquito-borne viruses including dengue fever, and ciguatera poisoning is prevalent.

Before you travel

Consult your doctor or a healthcare provider who specialises in travel medicine at least six weeks before your departure. If you have a medical condition, you should also share your travel plans with your doctor.

Note: Requirements and recommendations for vaccines and other medicines are based on guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Documentation requirements are based on World Health Organisation guidelines.

Outbreaks

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 30 Malaria

Areas with Malaria: Primarily in the provinces by the border with Haiti, and the provinces (including resort areas) of Santo Domingo and La Altagracia. Rare locally transmitted cases in the city of Santo Domingo (Distrito Nacional) and other provinces.

Recommended chemoprophylaxis: Provinces bordering Haiti, and provinces of Santo Domingo (except Santo Domingo city [Distrito Nacional]) and La Altagracia: Atovaquone-proguanil, chloroquine, doxycycline, mefloquine, or tafenoquine. Santo Domingo (Distrito Nacional) city and other provinces: None (practice mosquito avoidance).

Yellow Fever

There is no risk of Yellow Fever infection.

Vaccine requirement: A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travelers aged ≥1 year arriving from the states of Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Sao Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, including transit for >12 hours in an airport in these states.

Vaccine recommendation: None

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 31 Recommended for all travellers

Measles

Infants (6 through 11 months old): 1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine before travel. This dose does not count as the first dose in the routine childhood vaccination series. People 12 months old or older, with no evidence of immunity or no written documentation of any doses: 2 doses of MMR vaccine before travel. The 2 doses must be given 28 days apart. People 12 months old or older who have written documentation of 1 dose and no other evidence of immunity: 1 additional dose before travel, at least 28 days after the previous dose.

Recommended for most travellers

Hepatitis A

CDC recommends this vaccine because you can get hepatitis A through contaminated food or water in the Dominican Republic, regardless of where you are eating or staying.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 32 Recommended for some travellers

Cholera

There is no longer active cholera transmission, and vaccine is not recommended.

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Required documentation

Yellow Fever entry requirement: A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers aged 1 year or over arriving from the states of mina gerais, espirito santo, sao paulo, and rio de janeiro in brazil and for travellers having transited for more than 12 hours through an airport of the same states in brazil mentioned above.

Other entry requirements: None

Note: Documentation requirements are subject to change. Consult your destination embassy or consulate prior to departure for confirmation.

While you are there

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 33 Emergency Numbers

Medical: 911

Emergency: 911

Emergency services

There is an emergency ambulance service within Santo Domingo, but it is not wholly reliable. Outside the capital, emergency services are either limited or non-existent. A private nationwide ambulance service, 'Movimed', operates in Santo Domingo, Santiago, Puerto Plata and La Romana. Pro Med is another option. Ambulance response times vary between 15 and 45 minutes. Both companies expect full payment at the time of transport. Blood supplies at both private and public hospitals are limited, and not all facilities have blood on hand even for emergencies.

Evacuation

In the event of life-threatening injury or illness, medical evacuation may be required. Note some rural hospitals may be unable to treat major medical complications and in such cases, evacuation to Santo Domingo will be required.

Routine care

Medical care is limited in the Dominican Republic, especially outside Santo Domingo, and the quality of care varies widely among facilities. Several clinics and physicians are located near popular tourist areas; visitors should consult with their concierge before making the trip to the hospital. Private hospitals and clinics are better equipped than public ones and English-speaking staff more available.

Medicine

Access to high-quality prescription medication is limited, but most widely used over- the-counter drugs are available. While travellers are unlikely to experience any difficulties in entering the country with their own prescription medicine it is advisable

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 34 that all prescription drugs are kept in their original container noting the patient’s name.

Payment

Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services and foreign medical insurance is not always valid. There have been reports of overcharging for medical services at private facilities, variable pricing and unnecessary overnight hospital stays. Beware of aggressive sales tactics of in-house resort doctors, who are often contracted by private hospitals.

Ailments

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever is a viral infection, transmitted via mosquito bite. Generally non- fatal, the symptoms of Chikungunya fever include a high fever, joint pain and headaches. In most cases those infected recover after seven to ten days. There are no vaccines or treatments for chikungunya.

Cholera

Cholera is a bacterial infection transmitted through contact with infected food or water – usually by infected faeces – and is most prevalent in areas with poor sanitary standards. Symptoms include heavy, watery diarrhoea, vomiting and muscle cramps. If left untreated, cholera can rapidly become fatal. Cholera can be treated with a course of rehydration and antibiotics.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 35 Ciguatera

Ciguatera poisoning is present in the Caribbean.

Ciguatera is a marine toxin transmitted by the consumption of infected fish, particularly those that live or feed near reefs. Symptoms include vomiting, nausea and a reversal of the infected person's perception of hot and cold. While not fatal, symptoms may last for a number of years; there is no treatment for ciguatera.

Dengue Fever

More than 1,250 cases of dengue fever were registered in 2018, a slight increase over 2017.

Dengue fever is a viral infection, transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, which is most active during early morning and late afternoon hours and is commonly found in urban areas. Symptoms include a high fever, joint pain and headaches, although severe cases may cause significant falls in blood pressure and/or haemorrhaging, which can be fatal. There are no vaccines or treatments for dengue fever.

Hepatitis (A, B, C, D and E)

Hepatitis A is prevalent. The overall hepatitis B carrier rate in the general population is estimated at five to seven percent, while hepatitis C is endemic with a prevalence of 2.4 percent.

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. The three main variations (A, B and C) are

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 36 caused by infections from parasites, bacteria or viruses, but are transmitted by different means.

HIV/AIDS

The Caribbean has the highest HIV prevalence of any region outside sub-Saharan Africa. HIV prevalence, however, has receded in the Dominican Republic.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that induces Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and is transmitted through contact with the blood, sexual and rectal fluids of an infected person, usually via sexual intercourse. AIDS weakens the body's immune system, making the body susceptible to numerous other diseases and ailments. There is no cure for AIDS or HIV.

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection transmitted by the bite of sand flies, which are most active during early morning and late evening hours. Symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniasis include swollen glands and sores; symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis include fever, swelling of the liver or spleen and weight loss. Leishmaniasis can be treated with a course of Amphotericin B, an antifungal.

Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection transmitted through contact with (or consumption of) soil, water or food contaminated by infected animal urine. Symptoms can occur in two phases: first stage symptoms include fever, diarrhoea,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 37 vomiting, jaundice, headaches and muscle and stomach aches; second stage – also known as Weil's disease – symptoms are more severe and may include meningitis and kidney or liver failure. Leptospirosis can be treated with a course of antibiotics.

Malaria

With the exception of the cities of Santiago and Santo Domingo, malaria transmission is country-wide, including the popular tourist resorts such as Punta Cana and Puerto Plata.

Malaria is a serious parasitic infection, transmitted by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Symptoms can be flu-like and include a high fever, joint pain, anaemia, chills and headaches; if left untreated, symptoms can quickly complicate and become life-threatening. While pre-departure courses of anti-malarial prophylactics are available, these do not guarantee immunity to malaria. Caught early, malaria can be treated easily with a range of anti-malarial medications.

Traveller's diarrhoea (TD)

There is a high risk of TD outside of deluxe resorts.

Traveller's diarrhoea (TD) is a catch-all term for a number of minor or moderate bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, generally transmitted through infected food or water. In the majority of cases antibiotics or anti-diarrhoeal medication is unnecessary; travellers experiencing TD should ensure that they remain hydrated and well rested until their symptoms dissipate. Most cases of TD last less than three days; if diarrhoea continues for longer periods, travellers should consider consulting a medical professional.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 38 Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis is highly endemic in the Dominican Republic.

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection transmitted via the coughing and sneezing of infected persons. Symptoms – which may take years to develop if a person has latent TB – include fever, night sweats, chest pain, coughing up blood, weight loss and fatigue. TB can be treated with a course of antibiotics; the length of treatment is significantly longer once the disease becomes active and is no longer latent.

Zika Virus

Zika virus is a viral infection transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, which is most active during early morning and late afternoon hours and commonly found in urban areas, as well as through sexual contact with an infected person. Most cases of zika virus are asymptomatic; where symptoms occur they are usually mild and include fever, headaches, conjunctivitis, rash and joint and muscle pain. Zika has been linked to microcephaly in unborn children. There is no treatment for Zika virus, beyond rehydration and bed rest.

Recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 39 28 August 2021 - 29 August 2021 Medium risk: Authorities extend COVID-19 curfew until 11 October - Update Authorities announced that a daily 23:00-05:00 local time (03:00-09:00 GMT)- curfew was extended nationwide, excluding the National District and La Altagracia province, until at least 11 October, as part of an ongoing state of emergency which was extended for 45 days from today. A two-hour grace period is in effect for returning home; essential workers and medical personnel are exempt from the curfew.

09 August 2021 - 10 August 2021 Moderate risk: Russia to resume flights with multiple countries from 9 August - Update Russia will resume flights with Egypt, Bahrain, the Dominican Republic and Moldova starting 9 August, easing international flight restrictions that had been in place due to COVID-19.

09 August 2021 - 18 August 2021 Moderate risk: Authorities lift curfew in Santo Domingo and La Altagracia – Update Officials lifted an overnight curfew which was previously imposed in Santo Domingo and La Altagracia province, on 9 August, after at least 70 percent of the population in these areas were vaccinated against COVID-19; many business venues were allowed to operate at 75 percent capacity, alcohol sales were banned daily from 00:00 to 05:00 local time (04:00-09:00 GMT) and face masks were mandatory in public. Public sector staff can return to offices from 17 August.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 40 Covid-19: Medium Risk

Summary

Despite restrictions on the movement of people and business operations, the incident rate has grown to be considerably higher than that reported by neighbouring Haiti and Puerto Rico, particularly in the worst-affected National District, Santo Domingo and Santiago provinces. Last spike in infections was reported in June, while in August authorities relaxed curfew measures in areas with high vaccination rates. International travel has resumed.

What is the current nationwide Policy?: Curfew

Policy starts: 21 July 2020 Policy ends: 11 October 2021

Policy explanation:

An overnight curfew is in place nationwide, excluding the National District – including the city of Santo Domingo – and La Altagracia province, as part of a state of emergency until 11 October.

Policy source: https://presidencia.gob.do/decretos/253-21

Last update: 28 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 41 Infection

Infection Level: Medium Infection rate: 31.35 cases per 100k in the last 14 days As of date: 22 August 2021 Distrito Nacional, Santiago, Santo Hotspots: Domingo

Domestic Infection Map: https://coronavirusrd.gob.do/

International Travel

International Flights

Is there a ban on international commercial flights? Partial Through what date? indef

Flight Ban Explanation:

International flights have resumed, including at Santo Domingo Las Américas (SDQ/MDSD), Santiago de los Caballeros (STI/MDST) and Punta Cana (PUJ/MDPC) airports. Terminal access will be restricted and temperature checks required.

Flight suspensions may be imposed on a short notice; incoming passenger flights from the United Kingdom (UK) were briefly banned in December 2020- January 2021, after a mutated variant of COVID-19 was discovered in the UK.

Laser Airlines flights between Venezuela’s Simón Bolívar International Airport (CCS/SVMI), and Santo Domingo (SDQ/MDSD) and Punta Cana (PUJ/MDPC) airports are halted, due to alleged non-compliance with biosafety protocols suspected to be related to COVID-19.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 42 Last Update: 17 August 2021

Entry and Borders

Is there a ban on entry for any travellers? No Through what date?

Travellers from where are banned?

Land border: Open Maritime border: Open

Entry Rules Explanation:

International tourists are allowed entry by air and ports, marinas and anchorage facilities were reopened to receive yachts, ferries, and cruise ships.

Authorities have imposed closures at land border crossings with Haiti on a short notice, including from 7-13 July, due to political instability in Haiti. Haitian authorities have reopened all four land border crossings with Dominican Republic, including Anse-a-Pitres/Pedernales, Malpasse/Jimaní, Belladere/Comendador and Ouanaminthe/Dajabon. Bi-directional commercial traffic earlier resumed through the Ouanaminthe/Dajabon crossing. Face masks are required at the borders.

All travellers entering or leaving Dominican Republic must complete the electronic entry and exit form, which can be found at https://eticket.migracion.gob.do/.

Entry Rules: https://www.godominicanrepublic.com/newsroom/coronavirus/ Last Update:

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 43 Testing

Do travellers need to take a COVID-19 test Yes, conditional When? Before travel Is it mandatory or optional? Mandatory Test Type: PCR Minimum age requirement: 5 Pre-travel test validity, in hours: 72 before Arrival After arrival test days:

Testing Explanation:

Most inbound travellers are not required to provide a negative COVID-19 test result for entry; rapid tests will be administered to travellers of age five and older at random upon arrival - travellers with a proof of vaccination or a negative pre-travel PCR test are exempted. Travellers will also be able to obtain a travel assistance plan with emergency coverage.

Travellers arriving from Australia, Brazil, Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Ireland, Kuwait, Monaco, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, South Africa, Sweden, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, the United Kingdom or Spain, or who have been to those countries in the last two weeks prior to arrival are required to present a negative COVID-19 PCR test result no older than 72 hours prior to arrival or proof of a full vaccination dating at least three weeks prior to arrival.

Testing https://www.godominicanrepublic.com/newsroom/coronavirus/ Rules: Last 25 August 2021 Update:

Health and Travel Documentations

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 44 Do arriving travellers need any health and/or travel documentation? Yes

Documentation Explanation:

All travellers entering or leaving Dominican Republic must complete electronic entry and exit form, which combines the forms from the National Directorate of Migration, the National Directorate of Customs and the Ministry of Public Health. Travellers will be required to declare that they have not felt any COVID- 19 related symptoms in the past 72 hours and provide contact details for the next 30 days.

Health Document: Travel Document: https://eticket.migracion.gob.do Last Update: 17 August 2021

Tracing App

Do travellers need to use a contact tracing app after arriving? Recommended

Tracing App Explanation:

"App COVID-RD" is an optional mobile app for contact tracing.

IOS App: https://apps.apple.com/do/app/covid-rd/id1506071684 Andriod https://play.google.com/store/apps/details? App: id=com.optic.covdr&hl=en Last 17 August 2021 Update:

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 45 Quarantine on Arrival

Who needs to quarantine on arrival None

Travellers from where need to quarantine?

How many days is quarantine? Is it self-quarantine or operated by the government?

Quarantine Explanation:

Travellers are not generally required to quarantine upon arrival. Inbound travellers who test positive upon arrival will, however, be isolated at designated facilities.

Quarantine https://www.godominicanrepublic.com/newsroom/coronavirus/ Rules: Last 2021-08-17 Update:

Exit

Is there a ban on exit for any travellers? No

Are there special requirements to exit the country? Yes

Exit Requirements Explanation:

All travellers entering or leaving Dominican Republic must complete the electronic entry and exit form, which combines the forms from the National Directorate of Migration, the National Directorate of Customs and the Ministry of Public Health. The form can be found at https://eticket.migracion.gob.do/.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 46 Exit Requirements https://eticket.migracion.gob.do (URL): Last Update: 17 August 2021

Vaccination

Percent vaccinated with at least one dose: 52.634 as of 20 Aug 2021 Percent fully vaccinated: 41.94 as of 25 Aug 2021 Is vaccination mandatory for entry? No Are vaccinated travellers exempt from any policies or requirements? Yes Exemptions: Testing Qualified vaccines and timeline: None Specified Certificates accepted: Paper Certificate

Explanation:

Vaccination is not required for entry. Travellers who present a vaccination card with the last dose dating at least three weeks or a negative PCR test taken within 72 hours prior to arrival are exempted from the random test upon arrival.

Source: https://www.godominicanrepublic.com/newsroom/coronavirus/ Last 17 August 2021 Update:

Other International Travel Restrictions

Exit Requirements Explanation:

Last Update:

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 47 Domestic Situation

Areas on Lockdown

Last Update:

Areas under Curfew

A curfew runs from 23:00-05:00 local time daily in areas excluding the National District (including the city of Santo Domingo, but excluding Santo Domingo province) and La Altagracia province, as part of the third phase of relaxation of COVID-19 measures amid an ongoing state of emergency until at least 11 October. A two-hour grace period is permitted for travellers to complete their journeys. The curfew may be lifted once at least 70 percent of the population has received a full vaccination.

Essential workers, medical personnel and international travellers in transit to sea and airports are exempt.

Those over 60 years old or with underlying health conditions are urged to stay at home except for essential trips.

Last Update: 28 August 2021

Domestic Travel

Domistic Travel Explanation:

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 48 Public transport operates with modified schedules, with at least 1.5 metres (five feet) of social distance and a 60 percent capacity. Public transport runs until 24:00 local time daily to allow for people to return home during the ongoing curfew.

In the National District and Santo Domingo province, metro service will run from 06:00-22:00 daily and cable car service will run from 06:00-22:00 on weekdays, 06:00-21:00 on Saturdays and 08:00-21:00 on Sundays.

Last Update: 28 August 2021

Other Domestic Restrictions

A national state of emergency remains in effect to 11 October, allowing the government to impose restrictions related to movement, association and assembly of people. Gatherings of over 10 people in public and private places of public use are banned. Places of worship and hospitality establishments operate at 60 percent capacity. Parks and boardwalks have reopened to non- contact activities, while sports facilities may open at 60 percent capacity.

In the National District (including the city of Santo Domingo, but excluding Santo Domingo province) and La Altagracia province, many business venues were allowed to operate at 75 percent capacity and alcohol sales were banned daily from 00:00 to 05:00 local time. Employees in the public sector were allowed to return to offices from 17 August.

Last Update: 28 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 49 Demonstrations and Unrest

On 22 November 2020, Parents for Face-to-Face Education activists rallied on Winston Churchill Avenue in Santo Domingo to protest COVID-19 measures restricting in-person schooling. Further protests are possible, particularly in urban hubs, if the restrictions continue.

Last update: 17 August 2021

Resources

Government COVID Site:

Health Dept COVID Site: https://www.msp.gob.do/web/?page_id=6948

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 50 Recent incidents

28 August 2021 - 29 August 2021 Medium risk: Authorities extend COVID-19 curfew until 11 October - Update Authorities announced that a daily 23:00-05:00 local time (03:00-09:00 GMT)- curfew was extended nationwide, excluding the National District and La Altagracia province, until at least 11 October, as part of an ongoing state of emergency which was extended for 45 days from today. A two-hour grace period is in effect for returning home; essential workers and medical personnel are exempt from the curfew.

09 August 2021 - 10 August 2021 Moderate risk: Russia to resume flights with multiple countries from 9 August - Update Russia will resume flights with Egypt, Bahrain, the Dominican Republic and Moldova starting 9 August, easing international flight restrictions that had been in place due to COVID-19.

09 August 2021 - 18 August 2021 Moderate risk: Authorities lift curfew in Santo Domingo and La Altagracia – Update Officials lifted an overnight curfew which was previously imposed in Santo Domingo and La Altagracia province, on 9 August, after at least 70 percent of the population in these areas were vaccinated against COVID-19; many business venues were allowed to operate at 75 percent capacity, alcohol sales were banned daily from 00:00 to 05:00 local time (04:00-09:00 GMT) and face masks were mandatory in public. Public sector staff can return to offices from 17 August.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 51 Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 52 Local Travel : Medium Risk

Travel Safety

Travel is somewhat unreliable and unsafe in the Dominican Republic.

Dial 911 nationwide in case of emergency.

Air Travel and Airports: Travellers arriving on US and European airlines are most likely to arrive at the Las Américas International Airport which serves Santo Domingo, the capital. Immigration procedures are a little cramped at Las Américas, and at peak arrival times there is often a long queue at the booth where foreigners must pay the required USD10 for a tourist card. Checked-in luggage is usually dispensed quickly on the carousels in the arrivals lounge. Las Américas airport is about a half-hour drive from central Santo Domingo, along a partially-completed motorway. Taxis of varying degrees of reliability are in abundance outside the airport. It is safest to hire a taxi that is visibly marked with the logo of recognisable cab company, or if unsure, seek assistance from tourist police officers who patrol near the airport exit. A taxi ride into central Santo Domingo costs about USD20. Alternatively, most of the large hotel chains operate airport shuttle mini-buses to the city at no cost to visitors who have a reservation with the hotel.

Package tourists might also arrive at Las Américas, but the majority is more likely to arrive in the country aboard a charter flight and head straight to one of the self- contained resorts on the eastern and northern coasts of the Dominican Republic. These resorts are served by dedicated airports at Punta Cana, La Romana, Puerto Plata and Samaná. Unlike Las Américas, these locations are more like airstrips that have been lengthened to accommodate Boeing 757s, with a wire-mesh perimeter fence and a palm thatched-roof building added to house a single immigration officer. While rudimentary, they are usually conveniently close to the resorts (about 10 to 20 minutes in a taxi, at a cost of about USD10).

The Dominican Republic is currently listed as being in compliance with international aviation safety standards for operations and maintenance of air carriers. However, it is important to note that the country has failed this safety assessment program in the past. Because of the many airlines providing service in and out of the Dominican Republic, travellers should fly with companies that they are familiar with and trust.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 53 Although the Dominican Republic is a holiday destination and its people are laid-back, customs officials are on full alert for a growing number of individual drugs traffickers, or mules, using the island of Hispaniola as a transhipment location for ferrying drugs despatched from Venezuela and Colombia to the United States (US) and Europe. Bag and documentation searches are common on departure from both Las Américas and the other regional airports. For safety concerns, do not allow others to handle your bags. It may be wise to consider using some sort of added security on your luggage, such as locks, wraps or cases.

Taxi-plane services are available. Taking internal flights is not recommended, however, since there isn't sufficient infrastructure or oversight to guarantee safety.

Road Travel: Traffic moves on the right. Road travel in the Dominican Republic is dangerous due to poorly lit and poorly maintained roads, cars and buses in various states of disrepair, and drivers operating vehicles under the influence of alcohol or controlled substances. Locals often ignore traffic signs, drive aggressively and have unpredictable driving habits, and there is a lack of traffic police to enforce laws. Defensive driving is recommended at all times. Insist on paying any traffic fine at the nearest police station so that officers will not simply pocket the money. In the event of an accident, foreign visitors should be aware that crowds might gather and become aggressive, particularly if the accident involves a motorcycle, bus, or a taxi.

Throughout the island, rural roads tend to be narrow and steep, often lacking guardrails or protective crash barriers. Drivers in rural areas should be alert for wandering animals on the road. Extra caution when driving in the rain is necessary as visibility may be dangerously limited. Heavy rains have the potential to damage or wash out roads, such as in May 2004, when landslides and severe flooding extensively damaged road infrastructure throughout the country.

In urban areas, streets tend to be in poor condition and poorly maintained. Streets are frequently unpaved and many are heavily potholed. One-way streets may not be signposted, so travellers should check the direction of parked cars and watch traffic flow before driving on a particular street. On multi-lane boulevards, locals often switch lanes quickly without signalling. Traffic jams are common in Santo Domingo and major urban centres.

Take precautions when walking, as pedestrians do not have the right of way and many die every year crossing the street. Motorcycles and motor scooters are ubiquitous, and

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 54 nearly 50 percent of all accidents involve motorcycles. Penalties for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs and those causing accidents resulting in injury or death can be severe.

Public Transport

Boats/Ferries: Ferries del Caribe, a ferry service, travels between Mayagüez in Puerto Rico and Santo Domingo. The journey usually takes 12 hours, leaving Puerto Rico on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 20:00 and arriving in the Dominican Republic at 08:00 the next day. There are no reports of accidents, but travel is not recommended for those who become easily sea-sick.

Buses: Bus travel carries risks of accident and petty theft. The safety of public transport is poor as many buses are in poor mechanical condition. Tourist buses, however, are a safer alternative for intercity travel. Budget travellers can move around the Dominican Republic safely using intercity bus services, which are comfortable, safe and cheap. A bus ride from Santo Domingo to Santiago de los Caballeros costs about USD10. Air-conditioned Express buses run daily from Santo Domingo to La Romana, San Pedro de Macoris, Moca, Puerto Plata, La Vaga, and Santiago. Other options include Caribe Tours and Metro Tours, which have large, comfortable and air- conditioned buses.

For inner-city travel, the privately-owned mini-vans locally known as guaguas are often overcrowded and unsafe. The driver may stop anywhere to let passengers on and off the bus. Pollitos (yellow Nissan minivans) and grazas (white Nissan minivans) are often much newer vehicles. Visitors should negotiate fares before boarding. Fares double at night.

Metro: The first stage of the Santo Domingo metro system was completed in February 2008. The line connects the northern and southern parts of the capital, extending approximately 14.2km (8.8 miles), with the ride lasting about 20 minutes. No reports on reliability or security are available yet.

Taxis: Taxis are the best way of travelling around Santo Domingo, and they are safe and cheap, with an average urban cab ride costing USD5 to USD10. Many taxis are in fact públicos (private cars, used as taxis), and users should not be surprised to discover that a taxi driver will pick up and drop off other fare-paying passengers along the journey, usually incorporating detours en route to your own destination. Radio- dispatched taxis are a better option, and are available in Santo Domingo, Santiago,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 55 Puerto Plata, and a few smaller cities and resort areas. Most mid and upper-range hotels have their own taxi or limousine drivers, which are preferable to domestic air travel for business travellers with tight schedules. Drivers can be hired by the hour or by the day, and are therefore the best option for travelling further afield, such as to the towns of Barahona, Bonao, La Romana, La Vega, and Santiago de los Caballeros, the latter being the second-largest city. Motoconchos ('motorcycle taxis') are popular and inexpensive, but can be very dangerous and are often involved in road accidents.

Vehicle Rental: International and local car rental agencies are available at airports and in major cities. Vehicle hire is relatively cheap in the Dominican Republic, costing from USD35 to USD80 per day, depending on the type of vehicle. Best value is obtained when hiring cars for a minimum period of a week. Roads beyond the main highways are often unpaved, requiring a more robust car or a four-wheel drive (4x4) vehicle. Foreign drivers require an International Driving Permit. For safety reasons, travellers should avoid renting motorcycles or scooters.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 56 Country Hotspots

Cities, Towns, Villages: Santo Domingo has several top-class hotels located in the colonial centre of the city, featuring single-storey colonial houses, baroque Catholic churches with throbbing bars pumping out merengue music, and numerous lively restaurants. It's a delightful area in which to wander for an evening stroll. However, precautionary measures, such as avoiding displays of personal wealth, need to be exercised when walking along streets outside the colonial centre towards the west, and near the port, as bag-snatchers are active. Furthermore, shanty towns near the banks of the Ozama River, which cuts through the city, should be considered no-go areas, as crime and violent drug gangs are active here. ATMs can be found easily in Santo Domingo and other towns, and most credit cards can be used to extract cash in Dominican pesos. Care should be taken when using cash machines in secluded streets. There have been a few apparently isolated cases of armed robbery and express kidnapping of foreign visitors in Santo Domingo and in other parts of the Dominican Republic, but in general the country is safer than many other places in Latin America.

The National District traffic intersections of John F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln, John F. Kennedy and Máximo Gómez, John F. Kennedy and Ortega y Gasset, Ortega y Gasset and San Martín, Ortega y Gasset and Paraguay (entrance to Plaza de la Salud), and 27 de Febrero and Churchill have recently seen a rise in armed robbery by thieves riding on motorcycle targeting motorists stopped at traffic lights. A rise in armed theft has also been reported on the west side of the district along Avenida Luperón in front of various business establishments, including El Canal, Jumbo, Happyland and La Sirena.

Regions: The Dominican Republic's border region with Haiti is not safe. The stark socio-economic differences between the two countries are evident along the border, where the relatively green lushness of the Dominican Republic ends sharply, giving way to the scorched earth and deforestation of Haiti to the west. There are two official border crossings, just west of the Dominican towns of Jimaní (in the south) and Dajabón (in the north). These border posts are seedy and from time to time are closed by the Dominican army to prevent or control the influx of Haitian refugees and economic migrants seeking work in Dominican sugarcane fields. Arms and drug smuggling takes place in these border towns, and violence occasionally bubbles over

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 57 from Haiti, so foreign visitors should generally avoid visiting the border area.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 58 Safety

Crime: The crime rate is increasing, including incidents of violent crime against both tourists and residents. Home invasions, car thefts and break-ins, and petty theft are the most common. Use of carros publicos (privately owned cars with driver for hire) is not recommended, as passengers are often victims of petty crimes; incidences of carros publicos drivers robbing passengers have occurred. An increasingly common street crime against pedestrians involves moped riders coasting up behind them and snatching purses or wallets and speeding off. Visitors should be particularly alert in heavily trafficated areas.

Discrimination: Societal abuses and discrimination occur against persons of dark complexion, particularly Haitian immigrants in the Dominican Republic. Although the government denies the existence of discrimination, darker-skinned persons report being denied entry into stores, nightclubs, and restaurants. In July 2007, several foreign nationals where denied entry to a popular Santo Domingo nightclub, the Loft. Local non-governmental organisations (NGOs) reported incidents where darker- skinned persons were denied access or services in banks, denied enrolment in private schools, and denied birth registrations at hospitals.

Food and Drink: A vast range of food is available in Dominican resorts, and the quality is invariably good, so no precautions need to be taken. Beyond the clinical safety of beach resorts, however, visitors should avoid eating food sold by street vendors, especially uncooked vegetables and fried food. Visitors with delicate stomachs should refrain from the eating hamburgers and hotdogs sold by street vendors, however tasty they may appear. Bottled water and soft drinks are safe, and preferable to drinking tap water.

Gambling: Business travellers might be tempted to try their luck at one of the numerous casinos in Santo Domingo. However, although casinos are legal businesses, there have been numerous reports of gamblers being tricked into losing large amounts of money on gaming methods where the odds of winning may seem high but are in fact overwhelmingly stacked against the player. Again, there is negligible recourse available from police or other official authorities.

Police: The Dominican Republic has a specially trained tourist police called Politur. Politur typically has personnel in tourist hotspots to provide first responder type

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 59 assistance to foreigners. If visitors become victims of a crime, Politur can help guide them to a police station and file a police report or seek further assistance. The central offices for Politur are located at the corner of 30 de Marzo and Mexico, Bloque D, Governmental Building, in Santo Domingo (tel: 809-686-8639).

Power Outages: Visitors should note that power cuts are a sad fact of life in Santo Domingo and across the country. Dominicans face some 2,000 hours per year without electricity - or almost a full quarter of the year - which is about 1,300 times more than in the US or ten times worse than anywhere else in Latin America, where the power is cut for an average of 200 hours per year. This is largely due to chronic problems with the Dominican Republic's power distribution companies. While this does not amount to a complication for visitors who stay in the better-off hotels in Santo Domingo or in self-contained resorts, both of which invariably have their own diesel-fired generators that kick in automatically, it can add a secondary security risk. Street, shop and restaurant lighting can all suddenly go out without notice, plunging relatively safe areas into darkness, thus leaving visitors more prone to street robbery.

Protests: Political demonstrations are common during elections periods. Unrest may become violent, in which case the police will usually set up roadblocks and respond with force. These demonstrations, however, are not common in tourist areas and do not target foreign nationals. However, staying on main routes in cities and avoiding street crowds is recommended.

Sexual Solicitation: Sex tourism is a thriving activity in Santo Domingo and elsewhere in the Dominican Republic, but it teems with risks. HIV/AIDS and other sexually-transmitted diseases are common in the country. Furthermore, users of prostitutes run the risk of being tricked or drugged, and subsequently robbed, with no recourse to police assistance.

Water Safety: Visitors should never drink tap water. Even locals in the most rural areas will either boil their water or purchase bottled water. Eating food, such as salads, that may be washed in tap water, is not recommended. Ice should also be avoided, except in luxury hotels and restaurants.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 60 Culture

Cultural/Religious Sensitivities: The majority of the population of the Dominican Republic is Roman Catholic. While there are no major religious sensitivities to bear in mind, when visiting churches modest dress is preferred: keep knees and bare shoulders covered. Beach attire should be relegated to the beach, and is considered inappropriate for towns, shops, or at restaurants.

Political Sensitivities: The influx of both legal and illegal immigration from neighbouring Haiti can be a contentious issue among locals; while some see Haitians as escaping poverty and trying to achieve better lives, others may insist they bring higher rates of crime and steal jobs. It is best not to bring this topic up in conversation with strangers or new acquaintances or approach it carefully.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 61 Specific Traveller Advice

Female Travellers Local Customs and Laws: There are some local customs or laws that a female traveller should take into consideration in the Dominican Republic. Be aware that although local women generally do not attend bars, clubs or sporting events alone, it is acceptable for foreign female travellers to do so. Dress according to the country’s culture, especially when visiting places of cultural and religious importance. Blend in and try not to draw attention to yourself. Familiarise yourself with your destination prior to travel, and be respectful and mindful of any possible cultural sensitivities, which may include dress, behaviour and topics of discussions.

Safety: There are many safety concerns female travellers should take into consideration in the Dominican Republic. Harassment, sexual assaults and violence targeting women do occur in the Dominican Republic, including in Santo Domingo, Barahona, Peravia and Punta Cana. Female travellers may receive unwanted attention from men, ranging from open displays of catcalling and staring to physical groping, including during the daytime. It is best to ignore these advances or confrontations and walk away. In the event that harassment escalates, draw attention to what is happening and locals will likely come to your aid. Do not walk alone at night, especially through desolate areas, beaches or unfamiliar neighbourhoods, including in Santo Domingo and other cities and beach resort areas such as Punta Cana where isolated cases of harassment and sexual assault, even by hotel employees, have been reported. Never leave your drink unattended or accept drinks from strangers or new acquaintances that you have not seen poured. Be cautious about accepting invitations to join a new acquaintance in non-public places. Taxis and public transport are among the most common places for harassment in the Dominican Republic. Only use official and registered taxis or reputed radio cabs and avoid public transport, especially at night, to limit exposure to possible cases of harassment. Female travellers should exercise caution when reporting crimes to local police as there have been reports of law enforcement undermining incidents of harassment and assault. Consider consulting your home consulate/embassy for legal advice and ensure you receive a copy of the police report. When available consider reporting crimes to Tourist Police Units (PoliTur), Female Police Units or gender-based violence units who maintain a high degree of professionalism.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 62 Health and Wellness: Women have access to some specialised gynaecological and reproductive health services, medicines and products in the Dominican Republic. Abortion is illegal in the Dominican Republic in all circumstances. Specialised clinics, emergency contraceptives without prescription and prescription contraceptives, and feminine hygiene products may not be readily available outside Santo Domingo, other major urban hubs and popular tourist areas. Consider bringing an adequate supply of female-specific OTC drugs, feminine hygiene products and oral contraceptive pills, which may not be available locally. Consult a health professional prior to travel, especially if pregnant or planning to become pregnant, due to a potential risk of Zika virus.

LGBT+ Homosexuality is legal in the Dominican Republic. There are few legal protections for LGBT+ persons in the country. Same-sex marriage is illegal. LGBT+ activity and persons are somewhat socially accepted. Despite the legal status of LGBT+ rights, social conservatism may be prevalent in some parts of the country. Travellers may prefer to be discreet about sexual orientation and avoid excessive public displays of affection in areas where attitudes towards the LGBT+ community are unknown or generally not accepted. Use caution in conversations about sexuality or LGBT+ issues with strangers or recent acquaintances. Considering booking hotel rooms with two separate beds. Transgender travellers may wish to consider having their passport and identification changed to reflect their new gender before travelling.

Technology & Communication Risk Travellers are unlikely to face risks related to information and communication technology (ICT) in the Dominican Republic.

Internet access and social media have no restrictions in most of the country. There are no concerns related to device searches or sensitive technology. Device searches and inspections at the border are unlikely. There are no restrictions in relation to bringing or operating sensitive equipment, which may include photo cameras, satellite phones, drones, and other GPS systems, in the country. State or criminal penetration of private data is unlikely. Authorities implement minimal state surveillance of ICT networks in the country.

Travellers should exercise basic ICT safety precautions. However, travellers should note that ICT laws and practices are subject to change on short notice, and travellers are recommended to confirm the legality/appropriateness of their specific ICT needs

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 63 prior to departure.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 64 Legal notice

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Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Dominican Republic 65